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A Reference Book For Class XII

S.L. ARORA

DHANPAT RAl & Co.

 VOLUME II

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A Reference Book Por Class XII

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S.L. Arora
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DHANPAT RAI & CO. (Pvt.) Ltd.

EDUCATIONAL & TECHNICAL PUBUSHERS
Published by : GAGAN KAPUR
Dhanpat Rai & Co. (P) Ltd., Delhi

Regd. Office : 4576/15, Agarwal Road

Darya Ganj, New Delhi-110002
Phone : 2324 7736, 37, 38, [email protected]

Edited by: Bhupesh Arora and Kanta Arora

© S.L. Arora

No part and style of the book may be copied in any form without the written
permission of the author.

EDITIONS : 2006, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2013, 2014, 2016-2021, 2022

REPRINTS : 2008, 2011, 2012, 2015
FOURTEENTH EDITION \ 2023

PRICE : ? 1450/- {For Vol. I & II + Lab Manual of Physics)

T)rpesetting by: North Delhi Computer Convention, Delhi-110009,

[email protected]
Printed at: Natraj Offeet, Delhi
 Confents

Chapters 1 to 7 are in Vol. I

8.1 - 8.70
(^hapt er 8 Electromagnetic Waves

8.12
8.1 Introduction 8.1 8.10 Properties of Electromagnetic Waves

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8.16
8.2 Maxwell's Displacement Current 8.1 8.11 Electromagnetic Spectrum
8.7 8.12 Earth's Atmosphere* 8.20
8.3 Maxwell's Equations
8.4 Maxwell's Prediction of 8.13 Effect of Earth's Atmosphere on
Electromagnetic Waves
8.5 Sources of Electromagnetic Waves
8.7

8.8
Flo Electromagnetic Radiation*
Very short answer conceptual problems
8.21

8.21

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Short answer conceptual problems 8.24
8.9
8.6 hertz's Experiment*
8.28
Problems on higher order thinking skills

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8.10
8.7 history of the Observation of EM Waves
Guidelines to MCERT exercises 8.32
8.8 Transverse Mature of
8.10 8.36
Electromagnetic Waves (OTQs) Objective Type Questions
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8.42
8.9 Energy Density, Intensity and Momentum Text Based Exercises
of Electromagnetic Waves 8.10 8.52
Competition Section
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9.1 - 9.248
^^hapter 9 Ray Optics and Optical Instruments
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9.24
9.1 Introduction 9.1 9.18 Optical Fibres
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9.29
9.2 Behaviour of Light at the Interfece of 9.19 Spherical Lenses
Two Media 9.1 9.20 Definitions in Connection with
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9.30
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9.3 Spherical Mirrors 9.2 Spherical Lenses

9.4 The Mirror Formula 9.5 9.21 Mew Cartesian Sign Convention
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9.31
9.8 for Spherical Lenses
9.5 Spherical Aberration
9.22 Refraction at a Convex Spherical Surfece 9.31
9.8
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9.6 Uses of Curved Mirrors

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9.13 9.23 Refraction at a Concave Spherical Surface 9.34

9.7 Refraction of Light
9.24 Lens Maker's Formula 9.40
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9.8 Laws of Refraction of Light 9.14

9.14 9.25 Rules for Drawing Images formed by

9.9 Refractive Index
9.46
Spherical Lenses
9.10 Cause of Refraction 9.15.
9.26 Thin Lens Formula 9.47
9.15
9.11 Principle of Reversibility of Light 9.48
9.27 Linear Magnification
9.12 Refraction Through a Rectangular 9.56
9.16
9.28 Power of a Lens
Glass Slab and Lateral Shift
9.29 Combination of Thin Lenses 9.56
9.13 Refraction Through a
9.30 Combination of a Lens and a Mirror 9.63
Combination of Media 9.17

9.31 Refraction Through a Prism 9.67

9.14 Practical Applications of Refraction 9.17

9.15 Total Internal Reflection 9.22 9.32 Deviation Through a Prism of Small Angle 9.68
9.68
9.16 Applications of Total Internal Reflection 9.23 9.33 Dispersion of White Light
9.69
9.17 Totally Reflecting Prisms 9.23 9.34 Angular Dispersion and Dispersive Power
 9.35 Pure and Impure Spectra* 9.76
9.46 Astronomical Telescope 9.95
9.36 Spectrometer" 9.77
9.47 Terrestrial Telescope’ 9.97
9.37 Measurement of Refractive Index by a 9.48 Reflecting Telescopes 9.97
Spectrometer* 9.78
Very short answer conceptual problems 9.103
9.38 Scattering of Light 9.79
Short answer conceptual problems 9.110
9.39 Rainbow 9.80
Problems on higher order thinKing skills 9.120
9.40 Optical Instruments 9.80
Guidelines to MCERT exercises 9.131
9.41 The human Eye’ 9.80
(OTQs) Objective Type Questions 9.144
9.42 Defect of Vision and their Correction’ 9.82
Text Based Exercises 9.162
9.43 Simple Microscope 9.87
Competition Section 9.179
9.44 Compound Microscope 9.91

9.45 Telescope 9.94

^Jhapter 10 Wave Optics

10.1 -10.144

10.1 Mature of Light: Introductory Concepts 10.1

10.24 Validity of Ray Optics : Fresnel's Distance 10.32
10.2 Wavefronts and Rays 10.1 10.25 Difference Between Interference
10.3 Muygens' Principle of Secondary Wavelets 10.2 and Diffraction 10.37

10.4 Reflection on the Basis of Wave Theory 10.3 10.26 Diffraction as a Limit on

10.5 Refraction on the Basis of Wave Theory 10.4 Resolving Power 10.38

10,6 Effect on Wavelength, Frequency and 10.27 Resolving Power of Microscope and
Speed During Refraction 10.5 Telescope 10.38

10.7 Behaviour of a Prism, Lens and Mirror 10.5 10.28 Polarisation of Waves : Introduction 10.41

10.8 Principle of Superposition of Waves 10.8 10.29 Unpolarised and Plane Polarised Light 10.42
10.30 Polarisers
10.9 Interference of Light: Young's Double 10.42

Slit Experiment 10.9 10.31 Experiment to Demonstrate Polarisation

10.10 Conditions for Constructive and of Light 10.43
Destructive Interference 10.9 10.32 Law of Malus 10.43

10.11 Coherent and Incoherent Sources 10.10 10.33 Planes of Polarisation and Vibration 10.47

10.12 Theory of Interference Fringes : 10.34 Circularly and Elliptically Polarised Lights 10.47
Fringe Width 10.13
10.35 Methods of Producing Plane
10.13 Conditions for Sustained Interference 10.20 Polarised Light 10.47

10.14 Intensity Distribution Curve for Interference 10.36 Polarisation by Reflection :

Brewster Law 10.47
10.21

10.15 Conservation of Energy in Interference 10.21 10.37 Polarisation by Scattering 10.49

10.16 Comparison of Intensities at Maxima 10.38 Polarisation by Double Refraction :

and Minima Ulcol Prism 10.50
10.21

10.17 Interference Pattern with White Light 10.23 10.39 Polarisation by Selective Absorption :
Dichroism 10.51
10.18 Interference in Thin Films* 10.23
10.40 Polaroids 10.51
10.19 Displacement of Interference Fringes 10.27
10.41 Uses of Polaroids 10.52
10.20 Diffraction of Light 10.28

10.21 Fresnel and Fraunhoffer Diffraction 10.29

10.42 Detection of Plane Polarised Light by
Polaroids 10.52
10.22 Diffraction at a Single Slit 10.29
10.43 Doppler Effect of Light* 10.52
10.23 Widths of Central and
Secondary Maxima 10.31
Very short answer conceptual problems 10.55

Short answer conceptual problems 10.60

 10.70 Text Based Exercises 10.95
Problems on higher order thinking shills
10.80 Competition Section 10.111
Quideiines to MCERT exercises

(OTQs) Objective Type Questions 10.85

^ha pter 11 Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter 11.1 -11.113

11.1 11.12 Dual Mature of Radiation 11.18

11.1 Free Electrons in Metals
11.1 11.13 Dual Mature of Matter ;de-Broglie Waves 11.18
11.2 Electron Emission
11.2 11.14 de-Broglie Wavelength of an Electron 11.20
11.3 Photoelectric Effect

11.4 Experimental Study of 11.15 Experimental Demonstration of Wave

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11.3 Mature of Electrons 11.20
Photoelectric Effect
11.5 11.16 Electron Microscope 11.21
11.5 Laws of Photoelectric Emission
11.5 Very short answer conceptual problems 11.25
11.6 Failure of Classical Wave Theory
11.7

11.8
Einstein's Theory of Photoelectric Effect
Particle Mature of Light: The Photon
11.5

11.6
Flo Short answer conceptual problems
Problems on higher order thinking skills
11.28

11.40

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Quidelines to MCERT exercises 11.43
11.9 Determination of Planck's Constant and

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11.7 11.54
Work Function (OTQs) Objective Type Questions
11.10 Photo-ceir 11.16 Text Based Exercises 11.68

ll.li Applications of Photo-cells* 11.17 11.80

Competition Section
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12.1 -12.76
Yo

apter 12 Atoms
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12.9
12.1 Thomson's Model of an Atom 12.1 12.10 Energy Level Diagram for Hydrogen
B

12.1 12.11 Limitations of BohFs Theory 12.10

12.2 Alpha Particle Scattering Experiment
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12.12 Excitation and Ionisation Potentials 12.11

12.3 Distance of Closest Approach :
Estimation of Muclear Size 12.2 12.19
Very short answer conceptual problems
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12.4 12.3 Short answer conceptual problems 12.21

impact Parameter
Rutherford's Model of an Atom and Problems on higher order thinking skills 12.24
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12.5
Its Limitations 12.4 12.28
Guidelines to MCERT exercises
12.6 Bohr's Quantisation Condition 12.6
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12.32
(OTQs) Objective Type Questions
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12.7 BohFs Atomic Model : Postulates 12.7 12.39

Text Based Exercises
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12.8 Bohr's Theory of Hydrogen Atom 12.7 12.47

Competition Section
12.9 Spectral Series of Hydrogen Atom 12.8

^^hapter 13 Nuclei 13.1 -13.128

13.6
13.1 Atomic Mucleus : Its Constituents 13.1 13.7 Discovery of Meutrons
13.1 13.8 Muclear Force 13.7
13.2 Composition of a Mucleus
13.2 13.9 Mass Defect and Packing Fraction 13.8
13.3 Isotopes, Isobars, Isotones and Isomers
13.4 Atomic Masses 13.3 13.10 Binding Energy and Binding Energy
13.8
13.5 Muclear Size 13.3 per Mudeon
13.11 Binding Energy Curve 13.9
13.6 Muclear Density 13.4
 13.12 Muclear Energy Levels 13.12 13.32 Theory of Nuclear Fission 13.32
13.13 huclear Stability and (Jnstabiiity 13.12
13.33 Nuclear Fission as a Source of Energy 13.32
13.14 Radioactivity 13.13
13.34 Nuclear Chain Reaction 13.33
13.15 Electrical Nature of
13.35 Thermal Neutrons and Moderator 13.33
Becquerei Radiations 13.13
13.36 Difficulties in Sustaining a
13.16 Properties of a-, p- and y-Rays 13.14
Chain Reaction 13.34
13.17 Comparison Between the Properties of 13.37 Multiplication Factor and Critical Size 13.34
a-, p- and y-rays 13.15
13.38 Nuclear Reactor* 13.34
13.18 Soddy-Fajan's Displacement Laws 13.15
13.39 Breeder Reactors* 13.35
13.19 Radioactive Decay Law 13.16
13.40 Nuclear Fusion 13.36
13.20 Naif-Life 13.17
13.41 Necessary Conditions for Nuclear Fusion 13.36
13.21 Mean Life 13.18
13.42 Fusion as a Source of Energy in
13.22 Activity of a Radioactive Substance 13.18 Sun and Stars 13.36
13.23 Alpha Decay 13.19
13.43 Controlled Thermonuclear Reactions 13.37
13.24 Beta Decay 13.20
13.44 Nuclear Fission Versus Nuclear Fusion 13.42
13.25 Gamma Decay 13.22
13.45 Nuclear holocaust 13.42
13.26 Natural and Artificial Radioactivity 13.29
Very short answer conceptual problems 13.43
13.27 Nuclear Reaction 13.29
Short answer conceptual problems 13.46
13.28 A Nuclear Reaction vs.
Problems on higher order thinhing skills 13.54
A Chemical Reaction 13.30
Guidelines to NCERT exercises 13.57
13.29 Types of Nuclear Reactions 13.30
(OTQs) Objective Type Questions 13.65
13.30 Energy from the Nucleus 13.31
Text Based Exercises 13.78
13.31 Nuclear Fission 13.31
Competition Section 13.91

^.Jhapter 14 Semiconductor Devices and Digital Circuits 14.1 -14.164

14.1 Electronic Devices 14.1 14.12 holes 14.9

14.2 Classification of Solids on the Basis of 14.13 Mobility of a Charge Carrier 14.11
their Electrical Properties 14.2
14.14 Electrical Conductivity of a
14.3 Classification of Semiconductors 14.2 Semiconductor 14.11
14.4 Valence Bond Model for Intrinsic 14.15 Effect of Temperature on the
Semiconductors 14.3 Conductivity of Semiconductors 14.12
14.5 Doping 14.4 14.16 Photoconductivity 14.12
14.6 Valence Bond Model of Extrinsic 14.17 p-n Junction 14.15
Semiconductors 14.4
14.18 Working of a p-n Junction 14.16
14.7 Energy Bands in Solids 14.6
14.19 V-/ Characteristics of a
14.8 Distinction between Metals, p-n Junction Diode 14.17
Insulators and Semiconductors on the
14.20 Dynamic Resistance of a Junction Diode 14.18
Basis of Band Theory 14.7
14.21 Junction Diode as a Rectifier 14,18
14.9 Energy Bands of Intrinsic and
Extrinsic Semiconductors 14.22 Junction Diode as a half-wave Rectifier 14.19
14.8
14.10 Difference Between Intrinsic and 14.23 Junction Diode as a Full Wave Rectifier 14.19

Extrinsic Semiconductors 14.9 14.24 Filter Circuits 14.20

14.11 Difference between n-type and 14.25 Cause of Reverse Breakdown of a

p-type semiconductors 14.9 Junction Diode 14.20
 14.21 14.44 Boolean Algebra* 14.50
14.26 Zener Diode as a Voltage Regulator
14.22 14.45 Boolean Operators* 14.50
14.27 Photonic p-n Junction Devices
14.52
14.28 Photodiodes 14.22 14.46 Logic Gates*
14.23 14.47 The 'OR' Gate* 14.52
14.29 Light Emitting Diode
14.30 Solar Ceil 14.24 14.48 The 'AND' Gate* 14.53

14.31 Advantages of Semiconductor Diodes 14.49 The 'NOT' Gate* 14.54

over Vacum Diodes 14.25 14.55
14.50 The 'NAND' Gate*
14.32 Junction Transistor* 14.30 14.56
14.51 The 'NOR' Gate*
14.33 Action of n-p-n Transistor* 14.31
14.52 NAND and NOR Gates as
14.34 Action of p-n-p Transistor* 14.31 Digital Building Blocks* 14.57

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14.35 Three Configurations of a Transistor 14.32 14.63
14.53 Integrated Circuits*
14.36 Current Gains in a Transistor* 14.32 14.65
Very short answer conceptual problems
14.37 Common Emitter Characteristics* 14.33 14.69
Short answer conceptual problems
14.38 Transistor as a Switch*

14.39 Concept of an Amplifier

14.35

14.36
Flo Problems on higher order thinking skills
Guidelines to NCERT exercises
14.83

14.87

ee
14.40 Transistor as a Common Base Amplifier 14.36 14.91
(OTQs) Objective Type Questions

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14.41 Transistor as a Common Emitter Amplifier* 14.38 Text Based Exercises 14.104

14.42 Transistor as an Oscillator 14.48 14.122

Competition Section
14.43 Analog and Digital Circuits* 14.50
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^^hapter 15 Communication Systems (Not In Syllabus) 15.1 -15.68

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15.1 Introduction 15.1 15.14 Demodulation 15.18

B

15.2 Communication System 15.2 15.15 Communication Channels and their

15.19
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Bandwidths
15.3 Basic Terminology Used in Electronic
Communication Systems 15.3 15.16 Space Communication : Propagation of
EM Waves 15.21
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15.4 Transmitter
15.17 Ground Wave Propagation 15.22
15.5 Message Signals 15.4
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15.6 Bandwidth of Signals 15.5 15.18 Space or Tropospheric Wave Propagation 15.22
15.19 Sky Wave or Ionospheric Propagation 15.24
15.7 Types of Communication Systems 15.5
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Very short answer conceptual problems 15.28

15.8 Analog and Digital Communications 15.6
Short answer conceptual problems 15.30
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15.9 Modulation 15.6

15.10 Types of Continuous Wave Modulation 15.7 Problems on higher order thinking skills 15.35

Guidelines to NCERT exercises 15.38

15.11 Production of Amplitude Modulated Wave 15.12
Text Based Exercises 15.39
15.12 Antenna 15.17
Competition Section 15.49
15.13 Receiver 15.17