IPE 431

Machine Tools

Zahin Ar Rafi
Lecturer, Department of IPE, BUET

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Infinitely Variable Drive System for
Machine Tools

Reference Book

Elements of Machine Tools by M. Anwarul Azim (2.4)

Machine Tool Design and Numerical Control (3rd Edition) by N K Mehta (2.9.3)

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 Advantages
➢ Possible to attain optimum cutting condition (as it’s stepless)

➢ Important in reduction of handling time (because speed and feed can be

changed without stopping the machine)

➢ Constant cutting speed can be obtained for stepped shaft and irregular contour

➢ Improved tool life and better surface quality (for carbide and ceramic tools)

➢ Drives of friction type run more quietly than gear or chain drives

➢ Construction of an infinitely variable drive along with a simple gearbox is

usually more compact and less costly than a stepped drive
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The transmission of power in the infinitely variable drives of friction type takes place
amount of slip. In cases, where the slip is not permissible, the torque transmission
must be positive. A stepless drive, which satisfies this condition, is the PIV.

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 Friction Drive
The most elementary type of drive, in which a friction roller (diameter) drives a large
disc. Through the axial displacement of roller A (driver), the effective diameter of
roller B (driven) is varied infinitely, and thus the transmission ratio (i) is changed
continuously.

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 Friction Drive
➢ If the transmitted power, the coefficient of friction, the contact pressure and
mechanical efficiency (η=0.85-0.98) remain constant, the torque at the output
shaft is inversely proportional to its speed.

➢ The friction material of the driving roller should be softer than that of the driven
disc, in order to ensure that the former remains round, even if the driven disc is
stalled by an overload. The driving roller is, therefore, often covered by a leather
or fibre ring, whilst the disc is made of steel.

➢ Given the relatively small area over which the friction force between the roller
and the disc is transmitted, and because of the finite width of the driving roller, a
certain amount of slip cannot be avoided. For this reason, such drives are only
suitable for transmitting relatively small torques, and are limited to reduction
ratios of not more than 1 : 4.
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Double Disc Friction Drive

https://www.youtube.com/shorts/JlULYqF2hkA 7
 Friction Drive using Cones
The transmission ratio varies by moving a wheel or belt along the axis of one or more conical rollers.

https://www.youtube.com/shorts/GFEXGw7uXr8
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 Wuelfel Kopp Tourator
The effective diameters d1 and d2 of discs 1 and 2 on the driving and driven shafts are constant,
the steel spheres 4 supported on the shafts 3 acting as intermediate members. By changing the
angular position of the shafts 3, the effective driving radii r of the spheres are varied.

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Wuelfel Kopp Tourator

( )

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Wuelfel Kopp Tourator

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 Heynau Drive
➢ Consists of two twin cones and an intermediate
link which is a hardened ground ring.

➢ When two halves of two cones (1a-1b) move apart,

other twin cone(2a-2b) come closer, so that
ground ring 3 is always in tight contact.

➢ Ensures continuous transfer of energy and motion

without slip.

➢ The moving apart and closer of the twin cones are

achieved through the rotation screw d and the
linkage consisting of c, e
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 Heynau Drive

The transfer of energy takes place through friction. The maximum and the
minimum transmission ratios are 3:1 and 1:3. Thus the speed range ratio is 9.
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 Positive Infinitely Variable (PIV) Drive

➢ An endless chain transmits the torque between

two chain wheels with variable pitch circle
diameters.

➢ Each chain wheel consists of a pair of cones

which can be axially displaced like Heynau
drive.

➢ The teeth of the chain wheels are produced on

the conical surfaces by the machining of radial
grooves. Thus the slip avoided.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aOYFsIVqBDE 14
 Positive Infinitely Variable (PIV) Drive

n1 < n2 n1 = n2 n1 > n2
To change the transmission ratio, the diameter of
contact of the steel chain is increased or decreased by
moving the two halves of one cone to one another or
away (Fig. 2.41). Because the chain has a fixed length, a
kinematic arrangement is made to increase the
effective diameter of one chain wheel, while
decreasing that of the other simultaneously.

The maximum speed range ratio is 6. Because of the

weakest element, the chain, the maximum transmitted
power is limited to 40 kW. As both the cones are of the
same size, the transmission is symmetrical.

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 Applications

➢ Faceplate variators are simple in design and cheap. They are used in the spindle
drive of cutting-off machines and in the cam-shaft drive of multiple-spindle
automats. In some cases, faceplate variators are indispensable as they are probably
the only frictional drive that provides transmission between perpendicular shafts.

➢ All types of cone variators are widely used in the spindle drive of small- and
medium-sized vertical and radial drilling machines.

➢ Variators with a chain are used in spindle drives of lathes, turrets, drilling and milling
machines and also in feed drives of lathes and drilling machines.

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THANK YOU

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