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Lecture3 - Cellular System Concept

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11 views16 pages

Lecture3 - Cellular System Concept

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mahmoudelgendy606
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HIGHER TECHNNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE

TENTH OF RAMADAN CITY


ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Communication (4)
(EEC 251)

Prepared by :
Dr. Eng. Eslam Samy EL-Mokadem
Communication (4)
(EEC 251)

Lecture (3)
Cellular system concept
Traditional mobile
( Single cell system)
❑Traditional mobile (Single cell system) was structured in a way
similar to television broadcasting: One very powerful transmitter
located at the highest spot in an area would broadcast in a radius
of up to 50 kilometers.
❑Introduced in the 40th of the last century ( 1945-1946).
❑Introduced by AT & T company
❑Based on Analog technology
❑Uses FDD Technique
❑Uses FDMA technique
❑The system consist of single cell coverage
Disadvantages of Single cell system

❑ High elevation for Station


❑ High power transmitter (power level was not safe)
❑ Heavy, bulky and expensive Mobile equipment
❑ No switching between regions ( No coverage continuity or No
Handover)
❑ low quality
❑ limited capacity
❑ No Roaming
Cellular System Concept

The Cellular System concept is a process of replacing, a single,


high power transmitter with many low power transmitters, each
providing coverage to only small portion of the service area(Cell).
Cell

❑ Definition : Is a basic geographical unit of cellular


communication system. which is a small geographical area that is
covered by a single tower (station)

❑ All cells must be symmetrical in shape


Cell Geometry

❑ The simplest shape of a cell is to be circular with its transceiver at the


center.
❑ But it is obvious from the following figure that there will be dead spots
between the adjacent cells, which will have no any coverage by any
Base Stations .
❑ To solve this problem, the cells might be square, triangular, or
hexagonal shaped.
Cell Geometry

❑ Differentiation between these three shapes will be in order to optimize


the number of cells required to cover a given service area against the
cell transceiver power.
❑ By some calculations, you will find that using hexagonal shaped cells
achieves the optimum.
❑ Area(Hexagon) >Area(square) >Area (Equilateral Triangle)
Types of Cells

Micro Cell Umbrella


Pico Cell Macro Cell
Cell
Cluster
❑ Cluster : is a set of cells that uses unrepeated frequencies
❑ Cluster Size is not fixed but it depends on the requirements of the area
❑ Cluster Size can be calculated by :

𝑵 = 𝒊𝟐 + 𝒊𝒋 + 𝒋𝟐
❑ Where N : is the number of cells in cluster
❑ i and j :are system parameters that used to determine cluster size
(positive integer numbers and( i , 𝐣 ≠ 𝟎 𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒂𝒎𝒆 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 )

i j N
1 0 1
1 1 3
2 0 4
2 1 7
2 2 12
Frequency Reuse

▪The frequency reuse : is performed by dividing the whole


available frequencies between a group of neighboring cells which
is called a “Cluster”, and then repeat this cluster over the whole
network which is called frequency reuse pattern.

Example :
❑ If the GSM 900 system has 124 Absolute Radio
Frequency Traffic Channels, and if we are
using only in our network 62 of them, then we
can only serve 8 x 62= 496 Calls if we only use
the frequency once.
❑ However, a cellular network overcome this
constraint and maximizes the number of
subscribers that it can serve by using
frequency re-use.
Advantages of Frequency Reuse

▪Reduces the height of the Base transceiver station

▪ Many transmitters of Small output power operating the same


frequency Can be used

Hight of tower without Hight of tower after


Frequency reuse Frequency reuse

Frequency reuse
Disadvantages of Frequency reuse
❑Co-Channel Interference can occur if the system is not properly
designed
❑Co-Channel Interference is occurred due to the same frequency is
used by the two different radio transmitters and the distance
between them is less than reuse distance that leading to a cross
talk
To find the nearest co-channel neighbors of a particular cell (A)
must do the following:
1 Move (i) cells along any chain Of hexagon
2 Turn 60 degrees counter-clockwise
3 Move (j) cells.
Example:
For i=3 and j = 2
Frequency Reuse Calculation
❑For hexagonal cells, the reuse distance is given by :

𝑫= 𝟑𝑵 ∗R
D : Distance between cells using the same frequency
R : cell radius
N : reuse pattern (cluster size).
❑ Frequency Reuse Factor ( F )is given by :
𝟏
F=
𝑵
❑Co-channel Reuse Factor ( Q )is
given by :
Q=𝑫 = 𝟑𝑵
𝑹
System Capacity

❑ Assume , A cellular system having (S) duplex channels


❑ Each cell is allocated (k) channels (S > 𝐊)
❑ If S channels are allocated to a cluster with N cells into
unique and disjoint channels, then the total no of
available channel in cluster is

S=k*N
❑ To cover a given geographical region, a cluster can be
repeated (M) times, the system capacity (C ) is given as:
C = M*k*N = M*S
OR
C = no of channels per cell * total no of cells
Thank You

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