1. Construct elastic curve of a given beam or frame.

(CO1)

2. Derive the equations for the beam slope and deflection

using the Double Integration Method based on a given
beam loading. (CO2)

3. Calculate the slope and deflection of the beam using

Double Integration Method. (CO2)
1-1
▪ Deflection of structures can occur from various
sources such as
▪ Loads
▪ Temperatures
▪ Fabrication errors
▪ Settlement
▪ Represents the elastic curve for the points at centroids of the cross-
sectional area along each of the members
 REFER TO SLIDE #5 FOR SUPPORTS:

1.
∆=0
ϴ =?
∆=0
ϴ =0

✓ Deflection in all supports are zero.

✓ Notice at support A, the deflection is drawn starting with a straight line unlike at support B. It is
to show that the slope at A is zero (when you draw a tangent line at point A, it is in horizontal
manner) and B has value.
✓ The deflection curve drawn is exaggerated, it is for representation on how the beam deflects.
2.

∆=0 ∆=0
ϴ =0 ϴ =0
 3.
M

A B C D

✓ For free-end, there is slope and deflection.

 4.
P

A B C D

✓ If there is internal hinge, it acts like scissor. And the deflection at span C would be
maximum at internal hinge B.
5.
6.
If there is lateral/horizontal force
present in the frame, the frame
tends to sway with respect to the
direction of the force.
1-2
1-3
Assign x in every discontinuity of loads: AB, BC and CD as x1, x2, and x3,
respectively.
▪ INTEGRATION METHOD used to determine the slope
and deflection of a beam.
▪ Elastic deformation – beam’s slope is very small
▪ Only deflection due to bending
▪ Additional deflection due to shear generally represents few
percent of the bending deformation.
1. Draw an exaggerated view of the beam’s elastic curve. Recall that
points of zero slope and zero displacement occur at fixed support,
and zero displacement occurs at pin and roller supports.
2. Establish the x and y coordinate axes. The x-axis must be parallel
to the undeflected beam and its origin at the left side of the beam,
with a positive direction to the right.
3. If several discontinuous loads are present, establish x-
coordinates that are valid for each region of the beam between
the discontinuities.
4. In all cases, the associated positive y-axis should be directed
upward.
▪ For each region in which there is an x-coordinate, express the

internal moment M as a function of x.

▪ Always assume that M acts in the positive direction when applying

the equation of the moment equilibrium to determine M = f(x).

▪ Provided EI is constant, apply the moment equation EI d2y/dx2 =
M(x), which requires two integrations. For each integration it is
important to include a constant of integration. The constants are
determined using the boundary conditions for the supports and the
continuity conditions that apply to slope and displacements at points
where two functions meet.
▪ Once the integration constants are determined and substituted back
into the slope and deflection equations, the slope and displacement
at specific points on the elastic curve can be determined. The
numerical values obtained can be checked graphically by
comparing them with the sketch of the elastic curve.
▪ Positivevalues for slope are counterclockwise and positive
displacement is upward.
Each simply supported floor
joist shown in the photo is
subjected to a uniform design
loading of 4 kN/m. Determine
the maximum deflection of
the joist. EI is constant.
1. Solve the reactions (if not yet given).
2. Establish reference line. Say the leftmost would be the reference line. The reference line would be
set as x = 0; and the other end of the beam would be the x = length of the beam.
3. Cut the beam just before the other end of the beam as shown (consider sec A-A). It is to cover
mostly the loads acting on the beam except all the loads/reactions at the other end of the beam
(like 20 KN in the rightmost part of the beam). Assign a distance “x” from reference line up to
where you cut the beam.
A
Reference line

x=0 x=10

x
A
4. Take moment about where you cut to derive the equation of M as function of x, M(x).
5. Perform the first integration (slope equation) and second integration (deflection equation).

A
Reference line 𝑥
+↺ ෍ 𝑀 = 0: 𝑀 − 20𝑥 + 4 𝑥 =0
2
M
𝑀 = 20𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 = 𝑀 𝑥 = 𝐸𝐼𝑦"
x=0
𝐸𝐼𝑦" = 20𝑥 − 2𝑥 2

x 2 3
𝑥 𝑥
A 𝐸𝐼𝑦 ′ = 𝐸𝐼𝜃 = 20 −2 + 𝐶1
2 3

𝑥3 𝑥4
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 𝐸𝐼Δ = 20 −2 + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2
6 12
6. Solve the constants, C1 and C2 using values at SUPPORTS.
The location of supports and the values of slope
and/or deflection:
Assume supports to be simply supported since it has x=0 x=10
vertical reaction only.

@x = 0; 𝜃 = 𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 and Δ = 0
@x = 10; 𝜃 = 𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 and Δ = 0

Since only deflection for both supports are known. 𝑥3 𝑥4

Solve C1 and C2 using the deflection equation: 𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 𝐸𝐼Δ = 20 −2 + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2
6 12

03 04
Substitute: x = 0; Δ = 0: 𝐸𝐼 0 = 20 −2 + 𝐶1 0 + 𝐶2 𝑪𝟐 = 𝟎
6 12

103 104 𝟓𝟎𝟎

Substitute: x = 10; Δ = 0: 𝐸𝐼 0 = 20 −2 + 𝐶1 10 + 0 𝑪𝟏 = −
𝟑
6 12
7. Since, we already have the slope and deflection equation as shown below, SOLVE THE
REQUIREMENT OF THE PROBLEM WHICH IS MAXIMUM DEFLECTION ACITING ON THE BEAM.
2 3
′
𝑥 𝑥 500
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 𝐸𝐼𝜃 = 20 −2 −
2 3 3
𝑥3 𝑥4 500
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 𝐸𝐼Δ = 20 −2 − 𝑥
6 12 3

The maximum deflection can be solve in two ways:

OPTION 1:
Determine the location of maximum shear by setting 𝜃=0. Note that at max deflection, if you will draw a
tangent line at that point, it will results to horizontal line due to zero slope. Use slope equation, substitute 𝜃=0
and find x. Then, the calculated x will be substitute to deflection equation to calculate the max. deflection.
𝑥2 𝑥3 500
𝐸𝐼(0) = 20 −2 − 𝑥=5
2 3 3
53 54 500 520.83
𝐸𝐼Δ𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 20 −2 − 𝑥 Δ𝑚𝑎𝑥 = − KN ∙ 𝑚3
6 12 3 EI
7. Since, we already have the slope and deflection equation as shown below, SOLVE THE
REQUIREMENT OF THE PROBLEM WHICH IS MAXIMUM DEFLECTION ACITING ON THE BEAM.
2 3
′
𝑥 𝑥 500
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 𝐸𝐼𝜃 = 20 −2 −
2 3 3
𝑥3 𝑥4 500
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 𝐸𝐼Δ = 20 −2 − 𝑥
6 12 3

The maximum deflection can be solve in two ways:

OPTION 2:
By investigation, the beam is symmetric. So it is obvious that the maximum deflection will occur at the
midspan which is x = 5.

53 54 500 520.83
𝐸𝐼Δ𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 20 −2 − 𝑥 Δ𝑚𝑎𝑥 = − KN ∙ 𝑚3
6 12 3 EI
Determine the slope and deflection at point C of the beam.
▪ E = 200 GPa and I = 6 x 106 mm4.
1. Solve the reactions (if not yet given).
2. Establish reference line. Say the leftmost would be the reference line. The reference line would be
set as x = 0; and the other end of the beam would be the x = length of the beam.
3. Cut the beam just before the other end of the beam as shown (consider sec A-A). It is to cover
mostly the loads acting on the beam except all the loads/reactions at the other end of the beam
(like 10 KN in the rightmost part of the beam). Assign a distance “x” from reference line up to
where you cut the beam.
Reference line

x=0
Ax=0
x=12
Ay=10
x By=10

A
4. Take moment about where you cut to derive the equation of M as function of x, M(x). Notice that the
beam has discontinuity of loads/forces at A-D and D-B.
5. Perform the first integration (slope equation) and second integration (deflection equation).

+↺ ෍ 𝑀 = 0: 𝑀 − 10𝑥 + 20(𝑥 − 6) = 0
M
𝑀 = 10𝑥 − 20(𝑥 − 6) = 𝑀 𝑥 = 𝐸𝐼𝑦"

𝐸𝐼𝑦" = 10𝑥 − 20(𝑥 − 6)

𝑥1 (0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 6) 𝑥2 (6 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 12)
2 2
′
𝑥 𝑥−6 Integrate this expression just like
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 𝐸𝐼𝜃 = 10 − 20 + 𝐶1 “x” because it just represents x2 in
2 2 the equation.

𝑥3 𝑥−6 3
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 𝐸𝐼Δ = 10 − 20 + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2
6 6
6. Solve the constants, C1 and C2 using values at SUPPORTS.
The location of supports and the values of slope
and/or deflection:
x=0
x=12
@x = 0; 𝜃 = 𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 and Δ = 0
@x = 12; 𝜃 = 𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 and Δ = 0

Since only deflection for both supports are known. 𝑥3 𝑥−6 3

Solve C1 and C2 using the deflection equation: 𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 𝐸𝐼Δ = 10 − 20 + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2
6 6
3
0
Substitute: x = 0; Δ = 0: 𝐸𝐼(0) = 10 + 𝐶1 (0) + 𝐶2 𝑪𝟐 = 𝟎
6
𝑥−6 3
The expression 20 6
is not included in the equation since the x substituted (which is x = 0) is within
the range of 𝑥1 (0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 6) only.

123 12 − 6 3
Substitute: x = 12; Δ = 0: 𝐸𝐼(0) = 10 − 20 + 𝐶1 (12) + 0 𝑪𝟏 = −𝟏𝟖𝟎
6 6
All expression is included in the equation since the x substituted (which is x = 12) already covers the
entire beam. It means if there is many discontinuity of loads, the equations is becoming complete once
your reaching the end of the beam.
 𝑥3 𝑥−6 3
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 𝐸𝐼Δ = 10 − 20 + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2
6 6
TIP: if you substitute a value of “x” in the expression, the value inside the parenthesis should not be a
negative value. If it is a positive value, then it should be included in the equation. Otherwise, it should
not be included in the equation (if it is a negative value).

- That is why at x = 0: this value is negative (which is -6), then it should not be included in the equation.

03 0−6 3
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 𝐸𝐼Δ = 10 − 20 + 𝐶1 (0) + 𝐶2
6 6

03
✔ 𝐸𝐼(0) = 10
6
+ 𝐶1 (0) + 𝐶2 This is a positive value, so it is
included in the equation.

123 3

✔
12 − 6
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 𝐸𝐼Δ = 10 − 20 + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2
6 6
7. Since, we already have the slope and deflection equation as shown below, SOLVE THE
REQUIREMENT OF THE PROBLEM WHICH IS SLOPE AND DEFLECTION ACITING AT POINT C.
2 2
′
𝑥 𝑥−6
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 𝐸𝐼𝜃 = 10 − 20 − 180
2 2

𝑥3 𝑥−6 3
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 𝐸𝐼Δ = 10 − 20 − 180𝑥
6 6
Moreover, The slope and deflection at any point can be solved using these equations.
𝑥−6 2
To solve slope and deflection at point C, substitute x = 3. Note that 20 should not be included
2
in the equation when x = 3 since it is only within the range of (0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 6) only. And based from the
tip, if the value inside the parenthesis is negative, then it should not be included in the equation.

𝑘𝑁 3 2
𝐸𝐼𝑦 ′ = (200 × 106 2 )(6 𝑥10−6 𝑚4 )𝜃 = 10 − 180 𝜃 = −0.1125 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑚 2
𝑘𝑁 3 3
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = (200 × 106 2 )(6 𝑥10−6 𝑚4 )Δ = 10 − 180(3) Δ = −0.4125 𝑚
𝑚 6
Δ = −412.5 𝑚𝑚
Compute the value of EI δ at midspan for the beam loaded as shown. If E = 10 GPa,
what value of I is required to limit the midspan deflection to 1/360 of the span?
A A

x x
A A

If the uniformly distributed load is not subjected on the entire beam, the load should be extended up to point
where you cut. This can be solve in two ways.
1. Extend the load up to the point where you cut the beam if the reference line is at the leftmost part of the
beam. However the addition of loads corresponds with subtraction of load so that it will be just equal with
the original loading of the beam.
2. Set the reference line at the rightmost part of the beam, then the uniformly distributed load is already
beside of the point where you cut. There will be no addition and subtraction of loads needed.
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