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13 views

Unit Third

Cloud computing

Uploaded by

krraja870
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PHP Form Handling

We can create and use forms in PHP. To get form data, we need to use PHP superglobals $_GET and $_POST. The
form request may be get or post. To retrieve data from get request, we need to use $_GET, for post request $_POST.

<html>

<body>

<form action="welcome.php" method="post">

Name: <input type="text" name="name"><br>

E-mail: <input type="text" name="email"><br>

<input type="submit">

</form>

</body>

</html>

PHP Get Form


Get request is the default form request. The data passed through get request is visible on the URL browser so it is
not secured. You can send limited amount of data through get request.

Let's see a simple example to receive data from get request in PHP

1. <form action="welcome.php" method="get">


2. Name: <input type="text" name="name"/>
3. <input type="submit" value="visit"/>
4. </form>

1. <?php
2. $name=$_GET["name"];//receiving name field value in $name variable
3. echo "Welcome, $name";
4. ?>

PHP Post Form


Post request is widely used to submit form that have large amount of data such as file upload, image upload, login
form, registration form etc.

The data passed through post request is not visible on the URL browser so it is secured. You can send large amount
of data through post request.
Let's see a simple example to receive data from post request in PHP

1. <form action="login.php" method="post">


2. <table>
3. <tr><td>Name:</td><td> <input type="text" name="name"/></td></tr>
4. <tr><td>Password:</td><td> <input type="password" name="password"/></td></tr>
5. <tr><td colspan="2"><input type="submit" value="login"/> </td></tr>
6. </table>
7. </form>

1. <?php
2. $name=$_POST["name"];//receiving name field value in $name variable
3. $password=$_POST["password"];//receiving password field value in $password variable
4.
5. echo "Welcome: $name, your password is: $password";
6. ?>

Output:

PHP Global Variables - Superglobals


Some predefined variables in PHP are "superglobals", which means that they are always accessible, regardless of
scope - and you can access them from any function, class or file without having to do anything special.

The PHP superglobal variables are:

 $GLOBALS
 $_SERVER
 $_REQUEST
 $_POST
 $_GET

PHP $GLOBALS
$GLOBALS is a PHP super global variable which is used to access global variables from anywhere in the PHP
script (also from within functions or methods).

PHP stores all global variables in an array called $GLOBALS[index]. The index holds the name of the variable.

The example below shows how to use the super global variable $GLOBALS:
Example
<?php
$x = 75;
$y = 25;
function addition() {
$GLOBALS['z'] = $GLOBALS['x'] + $GLOBALS['y'];
}
addition();
echo $z;
?>

PHP $_SERVER
$_SERVER is a PHP super global variable which holds information about headers, paths, and script locations.

The example below shows how to use some of the elements in $_SERVER:

Example
<?php
echo $_SERVER['PHP_SELF'];
echo "<br>";
echo $_SERVER['SERVER_NAME'];
echo "<br>";
echo $_SERVER['HTTP_HOST'];
echo "<br>";
echo $_SERVER['HTTP_REFERER'];
echo "<br>";
echo $_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT'];
echo "<br>";
echo $_SERVER['SCRIPT_NAME'];
?>

PHP $_REQUEST
PHP $_REQUEST is a PHP super global variable which is used to collect data after submitting an HTML form.

The example below shows a form with an input field and a submit button. When a user submits the data by clicking
on "Submit", the form data is sent to the file specified in the action attribute of the <form> tag. In this example, we
point to this file itself for processing form data. If you wish to use another PHP file to process form data, replace that
with the filename of your choice. Then, we can use the super global variable $_REQUEST to collect the value of the
input field:

Example
<html>
<body>

<form method="post" action="<?php echo $_SERVER['PHP_SELF'];?>">


Name: <input type="text" name="fname">
<input type="submit">
</form>

<?php
if ($_SERVER["REQUEST_METHOD"] == "POST") {
// collect value of input field
$name = $_REQUEST['fname'];
if (empty($name)) {
echo "Name is empty";
} else {
echo $name;
}
}

?>
</body>
</html>

PHP $_POST
PHP $_POST is a PHP super global variable which is used to collect form data after submitting an HTML form with
method="post". $_POST is also widely used to pass variables.

The example below shows a form with an input field and a submit button. When a user submits the data by clicking
on "Submit", the form data is sent to the file specified in the action attribute of the <form> tag. In this example, we
point to the file itself for processing form data. If you wish to use another PHP file to process form data, replace that
with the filename of your choice. Then, we can use the super global variable $_POST to collect the value of the
input field:

Example
<html>
<body>

<form method="post" action="<?php echo $_SERVER['PHP_SELF'];?>">


Name: <input type="text" name="fname">
<input type="submit">
</form>

<?php
if ($_SERVER["REQUEST_METHOD"] == "POST") {
// collect value of input field
$name = $_POST['fname'];
if (empty($name)) {
echo "Name is empty";
} else {
echo $name;
}
}
?>
</body>
</html>

PHP $_GET
PHP $_GET is a PHP super global variable which is used to collect form data after submitting an HTML form with
method="get".

$_GET can also collect data sent in the URL.

Assume we have an HTML page that contains a hyperlink with parameters:

<html>
<body>

<a href="test_get.php?subject=PHP&web=W3schools.com">Test $GET</a>

</body>
</html>

When a user clicks on the link "Test $GET", the parameters "subject" and "web" are sent to "test_get.php", and you
can then access their values in "test_get.php" with $_GET.

The example below shows the code in "test_get.php":

Example
<html>
<body>

<?php
echo "Study " . $_GET['subject'] . " at " . $_GET['web'];
?>
</body>
</html>

Superglobal Arrays
The PHP Superglobals are a handful of arrays that provide to a PHP script global access to data originating
externally. Whereas PHP scripts contain variables that are local to that script and functions may have variables that
are only accessible within that function therefore the PHP Superglobals represent data coming from URLs, HTML
forms, cookies, sessions, and the Web server itself.

$HTTP_GET_VARS, $HTTP_POST_VARS, etc., served these same purposes but the PHP superglobal variables
are better in that they can also be accessed within any functions (i.e., they have global scope).

Superglobal Arrays in PHP


$GLOBALS
PHP $GLOBALS it's an associative array containing references to all variables which are currently defined in the
global scope of the script. The variable names are the keys of the array.

$_GET

The $_GET Superglobal represents data sent to the PHP script in a URL. This applies both to directly accessed
URLs (e.g., http://www.example.com/page.php?id=2) and form submissions that use the GET method.

$_POST

The $_POST Superglobal are used to send data to the PHP script via HTTP POST. This is normally a form with a
method of POST.

$_COOKIE

The $_COOKIE Superglobal represents data available to a PHP script via HTTP cookies.

$_REQUEST

The $_REQUEST Superglobal is a combination of $_GET, $_POST, and $_COOKIE.

$_SESSION

The $_SESSION Superglobal represents data available to a PHP script that has previously been stored in a session.

$_SERVER

The $_SERVER Superglobal represents data available to a PHP script from the Web server itself. Common uses of
$_SERVER is to refer to the current PHP script ($_SERVER[‘PHP_SELF’]), the path on the server to that script,
the hostname, and so on.

$_ENV

The $_ENV Superglobal represents data available to a PHP script from the environment in which PHP is running.

$_FILES

The $_FILES Superglobal represents data available to a PHP script from HTTP POST file uploads. Using $_FILES
is the currently preferred way to handle uploaded files in PHP.

Importing User Input into Global Scope

It is possible, but not recommended, to import fields from a form submission into global variables. This behavior
was once the default for PHP. Although it was useful for quick scripts, it represented a security risk, with the
prospect of user-submitted values overwriting script variables. You can change the new default by altering
the php.ini file. You can also import user input explicitly with the import_request_variables() function. This function
requires a string representing the types to import and another optional but advisable string that adds a prefix to all
imported variable names. The types argument can be any combination of g, p and c, standing for get, post,
and cookies, respectively. If you only use one or two of these letters, then only the corresponding parameters are
imported. The order is important in that earlier types are overwritten by later ones. That is, with the
string gp, get variables are overwritten by post variables of the same name. Suppose an input element
called username is submitted via the get method:
<input type="text" name="username" />

We could call import_request_variables() in the following way:

import_request_variables( "g", "import_" );

This line would create a global variable called $import_username, containing the user-submitted value for
the username field. All other fields submitted would be similarly imported.

You can also import user input explicitly with the import_request_variables() function. This function requires a
string representing the types to import and another optional but advisable string that adds a prefix to all imported
variable names.

Accessing user input in php


To get input from users, you also have to prompt them to enter something. You can use PHP's `readline() function to
get this input from the console.

Accessing Form Input with User Defined Arrays

The examples so far enable us to gather information from HTML elements that submit a single value per element
name. This leaves us with a problem when working with SELECT elements. These elements make it possible for the
user to choose multiple items. If we name the SELECT element with a plain name

<select name="products" multiple>

the script that receives this data will only have access to a single value corresponding to this name. We can change
this behavior by renaming any elements of this kind so that its name ends with an empty set of square brackets.

How to use PHP in HTML


In this article, we will use PHP in HTML. There are various methods to integrate PHP and HTML, some of them are
discussed below.

You can add PHP tags to your HTML Page. You simply need to enclose the PHP code with the PHP starts tag <?
php and the PHP end tag ?>. The code wrapped between these two tags is considered to be PHP code, and it will be
executed on the server-side before the requested file is sent to the client browser.

Syntax:

<html>

<?php echo "welcome to geeksforgeeks" ?>

</html>

Example

<html>
<head>

<style>

h1 {

color: green;

</style>

</head>

<body>

<center>

<h1>Welcome To
GFG</h1>

<p>

<?php

echo "Complete
<strong>Portal</strong> for
Geeks."

?>

<br><br>

<?php

echo 'Explore, learn and


grow.'

?>

</p>

</center>

</body>

</html>
Output:

HTML <input type=”hidden”>


The HTML <input type=”hidden”> is used to define a input Hidden field. A hidden field also includes those data
that could not be seen or modified by the users when submitted the form. A hidden field only stores those database
records that need to be updated when submitting the form.

Syntax:

<input type="hidden">
Example:

<html>

<head>

<title>

HTML input type hidden

</title>

<style>

h1 {

color: green;

body {

text-align: center;

</style>

</head>

<body>

<h1>
GeeksforGeeks

</h1>

<h3>

HTML &lt;input type = "hidden"&gt;

</h3>

<form action="#">

<input type="hidden" id="myFile" value="1234"

Name: <input type="text">

<input type="submit" value="Submit">

</form>

</body>

</html>

Output:

Redirection in PHP
Redirection from one page to another in PHP is commonly achieved using the following two ways:

Using Header Function in PHP:

The header() function is an inbuilt function in PHP which is used to send the raw HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer
Protocol) header to the client.

Syntax:

header( $header, $replace, $http_response_code )

Parameters: This function accepts three parameters as mentioned above and described below:

$header: This parameter is used to hold the header string.

$replace: This parameter is used to hold the replace parameter which indicates the header should replace a previous
similar header, or add a second header of the same type. It is optional parameter.
$http_response_code: This parameter hold the HTTP response code.

<?php

// Redirect browser

header("Location: https://www.geeksforgeeks.org");

exit;

?>

PHP File Handling


PHP File System allows us to create file, read file line by line, read file character by character, write file, append
file, delete file and close file.

PHP Open File - fopen()


The PHP fopen() function is used to open a file.

Syntax

1. resource fopen ( string $filename , string $mode [, bool $use_include_path = false [, resource $context ]] )

Example

1. <?php
2. $handle = fopen("c:\\folder\\file.txt", "r");
3. ?>

PHP Close File - fclose()


The PHP fclose() function is used to close an open file pointer.

Syntax

ool fclose ( resource $handle )

Example

<?php

fclose($handle);

?>

PHP Read File - fread()


The PHP fread() function is used to read the content of the file. It accepts two arguments: resource and file size.
Syntax

string fread ( resource $handle , int $length )

Example

<?php

$filename = "c:\\myfile.txt";

$handle = fopen($filename, "r");//open file in read mode

$contents = fread($handle, filesize($filename));//read file

echo $contents;//printing data of file

fclose($handle);//close file

?>

Output

hello php file

PHP Write File - fwrite()


The PHP fwrite() function is used to write content of the string into file.

Syntax

int fwrite ( resource $handle , string $string [, int $length ] )

Example

<?php

$fp = fopen('data.txt', 'w');//open file in write mode

fwrite($fp, 'hello ');

fwrite($fp, 'php file');

fclose($fp);

echo "File written successfully";

?>

Output

File written successfully


PHP Delete File - unlink()
The PHP unlink() function is used to delete file.

Syntax

bool unlink ( string $filename [, resource $context ] )

Example

<?php

unlink('data.txt');

echo "File deleted successfully";

?>

PHP - Directory Functions

The directory functions allow you to retrieve information about directories and their contents.

Installation

The PHP directory functions are part of the PHP core. No installation is required to use these functions.

PHP Directory Functions

Function Description

chdir() Changes the current directory

chroot() Changes the root directory

closedir() Closes a directory handle

dir() Returns an instance of the Directory class

getcwd() Returns the current working directory

opendir() Opens a directory handle


readdir() Returns an entry from a directory handle

rewinddir() Resets a directory handle

scandir() Returns an array of files and directories of a specified directory

PHP chdir() Function


Example

Change the current directory:

<?php

// Get current directory

echo getcwd() . "<br>";

// Change directory

chdir("images");

// Get current directory

echo getcwd();

?>

Result:

/home/php

/home/php/images

PHP chroot() Function


Example

Change the root directory:

<?php

// Change root directory

chroot("/path/to/chroot/");
// Get current directory

echo getcwd();

?>

Result:

PHP closedir() Function


Example

Open a directory, read its contents, then close:

<?php

$dir = "/images/";

// Open a directory, and read its contents

if (is_dir($dir)){

if ($dh = opendir($dir)){

while (($file = readdir($dh)) !== false){

echo "filename:" . $file . "<br>";

closedir($dh);

?>

Result:

filename: cat.gif

filename: dog.gif

filename: horse.gif

PHP dir() Function


Example

Use the dir() function:


<?php

$d = dir(getcwd());

echo "Handle: " . $d->handle . "<br>";

echo "Path: " . $d->path . "<br>";

while (($file = $d->read()) !== false){

echo "filename: " . $file . "<br>";

$d->close();

?>

Result:

Handle: Resource id #2

Path: /etc/php

filename: .

filename: ..

filename: ajax.gif

filename: books.xml

filename: cdcatalog.xml

filename: cd_catalog.xml

filename: default.asp

filename: demo_array.asp

filename: demo_array.htm

...

...

...

PHP getcwd() Function


Example

Get the current working directory:

<?php
echo getcwd();

?>

Result:

/home/php

PHP opendir() Function


Example

Open a directory, read its contents, then close:

<?php

$dir = "/images/";

// Open a directory, and read its contents

if (is_dir($dir)){

if ($dh = opendir($dir)){

while (($file = readdir($dh)) !== false){

echo "filename:" . $file . "<br>";

closedir($dh);

?>

Result:

filename: cat.gif

filename: dog.gif

filename: horse.gif

PHP readdir() Function


Example

List all entries in the images directory, then close:


<?php

$dir = "/images/";

// Open a directory, and read its contents

if (is_dir($dir)){

if ($dh = opendir($dir)){

while (($file = readdir($dh)) !== false){

echo "filename:" . $file . "<br>";

closedir($dh);

?>

Result:

filename: cat.gif

filename: dog.gif

filename: horse.gif

PHP rewinddir() Function


Example

Open a directory, list its files, reset directory handle, list its files once again, then close:

<?php

$dir = "/images/";

// Open a directory, and read its contents

if (is_dir($dir)){

if ($dh = opendir($dir)){

// List files in images directory

while (($file = readdir($dh)) !== false){

echo "filename:" . $file . "<br>";

}
rewinddir();

// List once again files in images directory

while (($file = readdir($dh)) !== false){

echo "filename:" . $file . "<br>";

closedir($dh);

?>

Result:

filename: cat.gif

filename: dog.gif

filename: horse.gif

filename: cat.gif

filename: dog.gif

filename: horse.gif

PHP scandir() Function


Example

List files and directories inside the images directory:

<?php

$dir = "/images/";

// Sort in ascending order - this is default

$a = scandir($dir);

// Sort in descending order

$b = scandir($dir,1);

print_r($a);

print_r($b);

?>
Result:

Array

[0] => .

[1] => ..

[2] => cat.gif

[3] => dog.gif

[4] => horse.gif

[5] => myimages

Array

[0] => myimages

[1] => horse.gif

[2] => dog.gif

[3] => cat.gif

[4] => ..

[5] => .

PHP | rename( ) Function


The rename() function in PHP is an inbuilt function which is used to rename a file or directory. It makes an attempt
to change an old name of a file or directory with a new name specified by the user and it may move between
directories if necessary.

If the new name specified by the user already exists, the rename() function overwrites it. The old name of the file
and the new name specified by the user are sent as parameters to the rename() function and it returns True on
success and a False on failure.

Syntax:

rename(oldname, newname, context)


Parameters Used:

The rename() function in PHP accepts three parameter.

oldname : It is a mandatory parameter which specifies the old name of the file or directory.

newname : It is a mandatory parameter which specifies the new name of the file or directory.

context : It is an optional parameter which specifies the behavior of the stream .

Return Value:

It returns True on success and a False on failure.

Errors And Exception

The rename() function generates a Warning if the newname already exists while renaming a directory.

The wrapper used in oldname must match the wrapper used in newname.

If the destination filesystem doesn’t permit chown() or chmod() system calls to be made on files, then rename()
function may generate Warnings.

Examples:

Input : $old_name = "gfg.txt" ;

$new_name = "newgfg.txt" ;

rename( $new_name, $old_name) ;

PHP | copy( ) Function


The copy() function in PHP is an inbuilt function which is used to make a copy of a specified file. It makes a copy of
the source file to the destination file and if the destination file already exists, it gets overwritten. The copy() function
returns true on success and false on failure.

Syntax:

bool copy ( $source, $dest )

Parameters: The copy() function in PHP accepts two parameters which are source and destination.

$source: It specifies the path to the source file.

$dest: It is used to specify the path to the destination file.

Return Value: It returns true on success and false on failure.

Errors And Exception:


The copy() function in PHP doesn’t works for remote files.It only works on files which are accessible by the
server’s filesystem.

If the destination file already exists, it gets overwritten.

Examples:

Input : echo copy("gfg.txt", "geeksforgeeks.txt");

Output : true

Input : $srcfile = '/user01/Desktop/admin/gfg.txt';

$destfile = 'user01/Desktop/admin/geeksforgeeks.txt';

echo copy($srcfile, $destfilefile);

Output : true

PHP File Upload


With PHP, it is easy to upload files to the server.

However, with ease comes danger, so always be careful when allowing file uploads!

Configure The "php.ini" File

First, ensure that PHP is configured to allow file uploads.

In your "php.ini" file, search for the file_uploads directive, and set it to On:

file_uploads = On

Create The HTML Form

Next, create an HTML form that allow users to choose the image file they want to upload:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<body>

<form action="upload.php" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">

Select image to upload:

<input type="file" name="fileToUpload" id="fileToUpload">

<input type="submit" value="Upload Image" name="submit">

</form>

</body>
</html>

Download file from URL using PHP


In this article, we will see how to download & save the file from the URL in PHP, & will also understand the
different ways to implement it through the examples. There are many approaches to download a file from a URL,
some of them are discussed below:

Using file_get_contents() function: The file_get_contents() function is used to read a file into a string. This
function uses memory mapping techniques that are supported by the server and thus enhances the performance
making it a preferred way of reading the contents of a file.

Syntax:

file_get_contents($path, $include_path, $context,

$start, $max_length)

Example 1: This example illustrates the use of file_get_contents() function to read the file into a string.

<?php

// Initialize a file URL to the variable

$url = 'https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/wp-content/uploads/gfg-40.png';

// Use basename() function to return the base name of file

$file_name = basename($url);

// Use file_get_contents() function to get the file

// from url and use file_put_contents() function to

// save the file by using base name

if (file_put_contents($file_name, file_get_contents($url)))

echo "File downloaded successfully";

else

echo "File downloading failed.";

?>
PHP Imagecreate( ) Function
Image create ( ) function is another inbuilt PHP function mainly used to create a new image. The function returns the
given image in a specific size. We need to define the width and height of the required image. Instead of the image
create ( ) function, we can also use other creative functions like imagecreatetruecolor( ), which is a better alternative
as it will return a better image quality.

Syntax

In PHP, imagecreate( ) function follows the following syntax.

Imagecreate( $width, $height )

S.No Parameter Description Optional / mandatory

1 $ width This parameter is used to define the image's width that we want to display. Mandatory

2 $ height This parameter is used to define the height of the image that we want to display Mandatory

The image creates ( ) function returns the resource identifier of an image on successful execution of the program and
FALSE on a failed attempt.

Example 1: PHP program to display the basic use of imagecreate( ) function

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html lang="en">

<head>

<meta charset="UTF - 8">

<meta http - equiv="X - UA - Compatible" content="IE=edge">

<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial - scale=1.0">

<title>PHP</title>

</head>

<body>

<?php

// to define the size of the image

$image= imagecreate(400, 200);

// to define the background color of the image

$background-color= imagecolorallocate($image, 0, 150, 2);

// to define the text color of the image


$text-color= imagecolorallocate($image, 255, 255, 255);

// function which will define the character to be displayed on the screen

Imagestring($image, 5, 180, 100, "GOOD MORNING EVERYONE", $text-color);

Imagestring($image, 3, 160, 120, "HELLO WORLD", $text-color);

Header("Content - Type: image/png");

Imagepng($image);

Imagedestroy($image);

?>

</body>

</html>

Output

The above code shows the following Output.

PHP Imagecreate( ) FunctionHere in this program, we have declared various variables like $image to define the
size of the image that we require, $background color to define the color of background we require, $text color to
define the color of text we require. We have used the image string ( ) function to declare the string we want to
display as an image. To display the output of the image, we have used an inbuilt PHP command header and
imagepng to display on the browser.

Computer Graphics Basics

Computer graphics is an art of drawing pictures on computer screens with the help of programming. It involves
computations, creation, and manipulation of data. In other words, we can say that computer graphics is a rendering
tool for the generation and manipulation of images.

Cathode Ray Tube

The primary output device in a graphical system is the video monitor. The main element of a video monitor is the
Cathode Ray Tube CRT, shown in the following illustration.
The operation of CRT is very simple −

The electron gun emits a beam of electrons cathode rays.

The electron beam passes through focusing and deflection systems that direct it towards specified positions on the
phosphor-coated screen.

When the beam hits the screen, the phosphor emits a small spot of light at each position contacted by the electron
beam.

It redraws the picture by directing the electron beam back over the same screen points quickly.

Cathode Ray Tube

There are two ways Random scan and Raster scan by which we can display an object on the screen.

Raster Scan

In a raster scan system, the electron beam is swept across the screen, one row at a time from top to bottom. As the
electron beam moves across each row, the beam intensity is turned on and off to create a pattern of illuminated spots.

Picture definition is stored in memory area called the Refresh Buffer or Frame Buffer. This memory area holds the
set of intensity values for all the screen points. Stored intensity values are then retrieved from the refresh buffer and
“painted” on the screen one row scan line at a time as shown in the following illustration.

Each screen point is referred to as a pixel picture element. At the end of each scan line, the electron beam returns to
the left side of the screen to begin displaying the next scan line.

Raster Scan

Random Scan Vector Scan

In this technique, the electron beam is directed only to the part of the screen where the picture is to be drawn rather
than scanning from left to right and top to bottom as in raster scan. It is also called vector display, stroke-writing
display, or calligraphic display.

Picture definition is stored as a set of line-drawing commands in an area of memory referred to as the refresh display
file. To display a specified picture, the system cycles through the set of commands in the display file, drawing each
component line in turn. After all the line-drawing commands are processed, the system cycles back to the first line
command in the list.

Random-scan displays are designed to draw all the component lines of a picture 30 to 60 times each second.

Random Scan

Application of Computer Graphics

Computer Graphics has numerous applications, some of which are listed below −

Computer graphics user interfaces GUIs − A graphic, mouse-oriented paradigm which allows the user to interact
with a computer.

Business presentation graphics − "A picture is worth a thousand words".

Cartography − Drawing maps.

Weather Maps − Real-time mapping, symbolic representations.

Satellite Imaging − Geodesic images.

Photo Enhancement − Sharpening blurred photos.

Medical imaging − MRIs, CAT scans, etc. - Non-invasive internal examination.

Engineering drawings − mechanical, electrical, civil, etc. - Replacing the blueprints of the past.

Typography − The use of character images in publishing - replacing the hard type of the past.

Architecture − Construction plans, exterior sketches - replacing the blueprints and hand drawings of the past.

Art − Computers provide a new medium for artists.

Training − Flight simulators, computer aided instruction, etc.

Entertainment − Movies and games.


Simulation and modeling − Replacing physical modeling and enactments

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