1OX22MC068 SMART AGRICULTURE USING IOT

SMART AGRICULTURE OPTIMIZING CROP YIELD AND

RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

ABSTRACT
There has always been a vital role of agriculture in country like India and issues concerning
agriculture have become very common these days. Smart agriculture can act as a pillar to the
development of the country. The methodology proposed in this paper gives an idea about
smart agriculture using Internet of Things (IoT). IoT sensors have capability of providing
meaningful information for agriculture making this concept more emerging and attractive day
by day. This paper aims in making a technology which is completely automated. The paper
takes care of all major factors of agriculture i.e. monitoring, irrigation and security. The
methodology used in this system can monitor the humidity, moisture level and can even
detect motions. According to the data received from all the sensors the water pump, cutter
and sprayer get automatically activated or deactivated. The methodology not only focuses on
the crop field but also takes care of the warehouse where all cultivated crops are being stored.
The warehouse is embedded with various sensors which help in detection of humidity and
theft. Based on the humidity sensor reading heater or cooling fan is automatically turned on.
Similar way the motion sensor if detects any theft then an alarm is turned on to notify the
farmer.

INTRODUCTION

Agriculture is a most popular and common source of income in India, about 70% of India’s
population depends on agriculture to fulfil their basic necessities. The methods used for the
irrigation system in our country is more manual rather the being automatic. Farmers in India
still use manual techniques for soil fertilisation, monitoring, irrigation, ploughing, etc. This
shows a need for automating this process to enhance the productivity of crops which in turn
will give us better revenues. Statistics says that in the past few years the production of crops
in India has been fallen down to a greater extent which in turn is affecting the prices of the
food availability in the market, hiking it day by day. Multiple factors like low soil fertility,
climate change or disease become the most common reason for reducing in crop production.
This makes the need inventions in process of agriculture very important. By 2050, the global
population is about to reach 9.6 billion. The implementation of Morden techniques in the
field of agriculture can get us humongous changes in the productivity of crops, making the

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1OX22MC068 SMART AGRICULTURE USING IOT

farming techniques more efficient for the farmers. IoT can play a huge role in automating the
process of agriculture. Farming based on IoT will help the farmers to improve the
productivity of the crops and to reduce the waste.

Smart agriculture using IoT can be basically termed as building a wireless system for
automating the irrigation process and monitoring the crop field with the help of various
sensors. These various sensors can be light, humidity, temperature, soil moisture, etc. using
these modern technique farmers Sweksha Goyal etc al, International Journal of Computer
Science and Mobile Computing can monitor the crop anytime and from anywhere. These
reasons make the modern technique of agriculture i.e. IoT highly efficient and reliable
technique to persuade with. When it comes to environmental problems, smart agriculture
using IoT provides us with multiple advantages which include efficient use of water, use of
pesticides, etc. IoT helps agriculture in multiple ways such as precision farming, agricultural
drones, livestock monitoring, smart greenhouses, etc. Precision farming is been used in
agriculture from last few years. It is a method to make the procedure of farming more precise
and accurate.

The key components used for precision farming are automated hardwares, wireless sensors,
robotics, etc. Two types of agriculture drones i.e. ground-based and aerial-based drones are
used in this area to improve the productivity of crops. Livestock monitoring helps the farmers
to keep an eye on crops and cattle from any place and at any time which reduces the labour
cost. Temperature, humidity, heating and water are the four components of IoT for smart
farming. These four components are used as sensors in the field of agriculture and is used to
measure various environmental parameters.

The combination of both traditional techniques and IoT using wireless sensors can lead to a
modern and useful technique and monitoring irrigation and security of crops. Wireless
sensors can be used to collect meaningful information from the soil and accordingly
fertilisers and pesticides can be used for soil to grow crops. IoT within agriculture helps the
producers of crops to collect meaningful and sustainable data with the help of sensors.

FORMER WORK

Agriculture using IoT has constantly been valuable to farmers across the globe. The
fundamental objective of smart agriculture using IoT is to improve the productivity and
irrigation facilities of the crop field and generate better revenues.

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1OX22MC068 SMART AGRICULTURE USING IOT

A. Analysis of existing IoT techniques used for agriculture

There are various methodologies available in the field of agriculture but there is a need to
deploy a model which is cost effective and easily understandable to all the common
people providing all the farming necessities like irrigation, theft control, monitoring,
security, etc.
One way is “A Model for Smart Agriculture Using IoT” proposed in [1]. This model
implements a real-time soil monitoring system which monitors the soil moisture content,
its ph level, and temperature and these values are used to deploy a decision-support
system. This decision support system helps in pest and crop disease identification and
sends SMS based alert to the owner. The proposed architecture consists of three
modules: client side, server side, and farm side. A generic sensor board called Ubi-Sense
Mote (M) is used to measure temperature, humidity, barometric pressure, and proximity
sensing.
The data collected by Ubi-Sense Mote is then sent to the server side. Server-side consists
of a decision support system. Decision support system then sends the required
information received from the sensors to the client side which consists of web application
and mobile application for Android. The drawback within this system is that there is no
technique proposed for improving the irrigation facilities and the mobile app isn't
available for iOS-based phones.
Another system proposed is “ IoT based smart crop-field monitoring and automation
irrigation system” proposed in [2]. In the methodology, two sensors i.e. the soil moisture
sensor and the temperature sensor is placed in the crop field. The data is collected from
this sensor with the help of Raspberry Pi microcontroller. Data is then sent to the
database i.e cloud with the help of wifi. There is Sweksha Goyal et al, International
Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing, a user login available for the
owner to check and facilitate the further process.
If the soil moisture content is less or if the temperature level is less than that of the
threshold value than the motor is turned on and a buzzer sound is made. Vice versa
happens when the soil moisture content is either equal to or greater than that of the
threshold value. The drawback with this methodology is that no security protocols have
been implemented in the system.
Another approach for smart agriculture is ” IoT based smart agriculture system”
proposed in [3]. The aim for implementation of this system is to allow decisions to be
taken for watering the plants according to the soil moisture content and continuous

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environmental conditions on the field. The system contains temperature, humidity sensor,
motion sensor and soil moisture sensor which are deployed near the plant root area. The
value of these sensors is sent to the Arduino board which is a microcontroller and acts as
a gateway to transfer information.
The data from the Arduino board is uploaded to the cloud which is further sent to the
mobile application created. User can access to all this information using the same mobile
app. The software is designed in such a way that whenever the values of sensors cross the
threshold level notification is sent to the user of the app. The user has control over the
water pump from anyplace.
When the user selects TURN ON the notification is sent to cloud and the same is
received by Arduino board which in turn switches the motor ON.
Another approach that can be taken into picture is “Real Time Automation of
Agricultural Environment” proposed in [4]. In the proposed system deals with the
irrigation facilities of the farm. There is a soil moisture sensor available which gives us
the value of moisture content in the soil at fixed time intervals. If this value is less then
that of the predefined threshold value the motor is turned on if the following conditions
are met:
I) Availability of water in water source.
II) Continuous power supply.

If the above mentioned conditions are not met the farmer is notified via SMS. The motor
will automatically get turned off when the sensor again detects the soil moisture content
and it is equal to greater than that of the threshold value . The hardware used for this
implementation is a RTC i.e. a real time clock, a GSM modem, water level sensor, and a
soil moisture sensor. The limitation with this methodology is that data is sent at a fixed
interval which may sometime lead to damage of crop and there is no security system
implemented with this methodology.

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Figure 1. GPS Based Vehicle

METHODOLOGY
The general methodology of the system is represented in figure 1. The system basically
consists of two sections:

A) GPS based vehicle attached with all sensors and a camera.

B) A warehouse where crops are stored.
In this methodology, the entire farming process is divided into two sections i.e. the
crop field where the production is done and the warehouse where the cultivated crops
are stored. Both the sections consists of different and multiple sensors. The first
section shown in figure 1. i.e. the crop field consist of a GPS based vehicle which can
be controlled manually as well as we can automate it. This GPS vehicle is attached
with a microcontroller. The microcontroller is further connected with power supply,
GPS module, moisture, temperature, humidity, and obstacle sensor.

The GPS based vehicle can be moved automatically or manually all over the field. The
values from the sensors are recorded each and every moment and these values are sent to
micro controller i.e. Raspberry Pi. Raspberry Pi can take its own decisions if the system
is working on automated mode or the user can give commands to Raspberry Pi
manually. The advantage to this system is that the GPS vehicle also consist of cutter and
sprayer. The system automates the process of spraying pesticides and fertilisers with the

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help of sprayer attached to it. The soil moisture sensor detects the data from the soil and
send it to microcontroller and accordingly the motor pump is switched on or off. The
obstacle sensor helps to detect any obstacle that comes infant of the vehicle so that
vehicle do not collide with something and change its directions as soon as an obstacle is
detected.

Figure 2. Smart Warehouse

The second section shown in figure 2. i.e. the warehouse consist of motion detector
sensor, temperature sensor, humidity sensor, cooling fan, heater, water pump and
alarm. The motion detector sensor is used to detects any theft in the warehouse. As
soon as someone comes in contact with the motion detection sensor and alert is made
to the owner so that the owner can take actions regarding this. The temperature and
humidity sensors are used to detect humidity and if the humidity crosses the
threshold then the cooling fan is switched on automatically until it reaches back to
the threshold level. Heater is switched on in case the humidity reaches below the
threshold level. All this sensors are again connected to a microcontroller and a power
supply. In this section the power supply do not need to be wireless as the system
stays in a particular area and do not need move prominently.

The information gathered from both the sections are then sent to cloud which further
send the data to a mobile app. The farmer can connect to the mobile app and get all
information regarding the crop field and the warehouse. There are multiple options
available in the app through which the farmer can have a control over the field as

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well as the warehouse. Whenever there is a theft in the warehouse a buzzer sound is
automatically made by the app so that the farmer can take the necessary actions
regarding theft control.

Another important technique added to this methodology is the detection of pests on

the crops. Pests plays a major role in productivity of crops. As the amount of pest
increases the farmer needs to increase the amount of pesticide spraying too. This may
intern affect the productivity and cultivation of crops. So to detect the presence of
crop and image processing technique has been used which is faster and reliable. In
this process a video is recorded every time the GPS vehicle is moving. This video is
then converted into multiple images and the images are segmented into RGB scale
for comparison. All images are compared with each other and if any changes in
image is seen then the necessary action is taken regarding that.

CONCLUSION
Smart Agriculture using IoT can have a booming effect on today‟s agricultural growth.
The environmental conditions and the soil conditions can be easily and accurately
monitored with the help of IoT based sensors. This methodology has a capability of
sensing the moisture, humidity, temperature and obstacle. These values can be used in
an efficient and effective way to take all necessary steps and automate the process to
agriculture.

REFERENCES
1. Prof K.A. Patil and Prof N.R. Kale “ A Model of Smart Agriculture Using IoT ” in
Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, 2016.
2. Nageswara Rao and B. Sridhar “ IoT based smart crop-field monitoring and
automation irrigation system” in Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers,
2018.
3. G. Sushanth and S. Sujatha” IoT Based Smart Agriculture System ” in Institute of
Electrical and Electronic Engineers, 2018.
4. Prachi Patil, Akshay Narkhede, Ajita Chalke, Harshali Kalaskar and Manita Rajput
“Real Time Automation of Agricultural Environment ” in Institute of Electrical and
Electronic Engineers, 2014.

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