ASAN Cadet Colleges Admission Guide

General Science (7th)

For Students seeking admission in 8th Class in
Cadet/Military/PAF Colleges

Subjective + Objective + Solved Exercises +

Multiple Choice Questions

By:
Engr. Khawar Mahmood
Principal: Foundation Pre-Cadet School & Academy, Islamabad

Published by

Academic Solutions & Assessment Network

Lahore – Islamabad – Quetta
2 General Science for Class 7:

Contents
Unit No. 1. Plant System ................................... 3 Unit No. 7. Solutions ........................................ 79
Short &Long Q/As ........................ 3 Short &Long Q/As ....................... 79
Key Points ............................... ..... 11 Key Points ............................... ..... 83
Exercise Solution .......................... 11 Exercise Solution .......................... 83
Additional MCQs.......................... 16 Additional MCQs..........................84

Unit No. 2. Human Respiratory & Circulatory Unit No. 8. Force & Motion ............................ 87
System ................................................................... 19 Short &Long Q/As ....................... 87
Short &Long Q/As ....................... 19 Key Points ............................... .....94
Key Points ............................... ..... 26 Exercise Solution ..........................94
Exercise Solution .......................... 26 Additional MCQs..........................96
Additional MCQs.......................... 28
Unit No. 9. Waves and Energy........................ 98
Unit No. 3. Immunity & Diseases ................... 32 Short &Long Q/As .......................98
Short &Long Q/As ....................... 32 Key Points ............................... ... 104
Key Points ............................... ..... 38 Exercise Solution ........................ 105
Exercise Solution .......................... 38 Additional MCQs........................ 109
Additional MCQs..........................40
Unit No. 10. Heat and Temperature ............... 112
Unit No. 4. Structure of Atom......................... 42 Short &Long Q/As ..................... 112
Short &Long Q/As ....................... 42 Key Points ............................... ... 119
Key Points ............................... .....47 Exercise Solution ........................ 119
Exercise Solution ..........................48 Additional MCQs........................ 121
Additional MCQs.......................... 50
Unit No. 11. Technology in Everyday Life .... 125
Unit No. 5. Physical and Chemical Changes . 54 Short &Long Q/As ..................... 125
Short &Long Q/As .......................54 Key Points ............................... ... 128
Key Points ............................... ..... 62 Exercise Solution ........................ 128
Exercise Solution .......................... 62 Additional MCQs........................ 129
Additional MCQs..........................65
Unit No. 12. Earth & Space ............................ 132
Unit No. 6. Chemical Bonds............................ 68 Short &Long Q/As ..................... 132
Short &Long Q/As .......................68 Key Points ............................... ... 136
Key Points ............................... .....74 Exercise Solution ........................ 137
Exercise Solution .......................... 75 Additional MCQs........................ 139
Additional MCQs.......................... 77
General Science for Class 7: Unit # 1 – Plant System 3

Q. 3. Name the two major systems of plants.

Unit # 1 Ans: Plants have two major systems:
(a) Roots system (b) Shoot system

Plant System Q. 4. Describe the structure and function of the

Root system in plants.
Ans: Root System:
Roots are the underground parts of the plants
Short & Long Q/As forming a system specialized for absorption of water
and minerals from the soil (Figure).
Secondary root
Q. 1. Define Science. Why do we study science?
Ans: Science: Primary root

Science came from the Latin word, “Scien- Tertiary root

tia” which means knowledge, a knowing, expertness
Root hairs
or experience, covering general truth.
Why we study science: Region of
maturation
Science is research-based knowledge, prac-
tice-based skill and inquiry-based approach to inves-
tigate and learn further through scientific method. Region of
elongation
The key activities involved in scientific method are Region of cell
observation, experimentation and deduction. Tech- division
Root cap
nology is application of scientific knowledge for
Parts of root
solving daily life problems, making arduous works
easy and improving quality of life. In order to meet The initial root which grows from radicle
the globally recognized standards, we need to broad- of the embryo is the primary root or tap root. Its
en our educating horizons and adopt scientific meth- further branches form secondary and tertiary root
od to learn science. system. The tips of roots and shoots in plants consist
The inquiries and activities of scientific meth- of tissues formed by the cells called meristematic tis-
od involve observations, experimentations and con- sues. These cells are specialized for growth. These
clusions. Hypothesis, theory and principle, etc., are cells increase in number by rapid cell division.
the developmental stages in scientific research. Root tip is covered by hard and protective
structure called root cap. It protects the newly born
Q. 2.Name the organs and organ system in
soft cells from being damaged and environmen-
plants.
tal stresses. It enables root tip to grow through soil.
Ans: Organs and Organ System in Plants:
More and more cells are formed by rapid cell divi-
sions in this region causing the root to grow deep into
Leaf the soil and elongate the root behind. The region of
maturation has root hairs. Root hairs are thread like
outgrowths of epidermal cells which increase the sur-
face area for absorption of water. Plants, like grasses
Stem
and strawberry have thread like roots spread in soil
but not growing deep. Such roots are called fibrous
Root
Dermal tissue roots (Figure).
Vascular tissue
Ground tissue

Organs and organ systems in plants

4 General Science for Class 7: Unit # 1 – Plant System

cells having unicellular outgrowths called root hairs.

Epidermis provides protection and helps in absorp-
tion of water and minerals from the soil.
Cortex:
Inside the epidermis, many layers of thin
walled and rounded cells form cortex. Water and
minerals absorbed by root hairs in epidermis are
transported towards xylem through cortex for onward
conduction to leaves.
Endodermis:
The innermost layer of cortex which consists
of barrel shaped cells is called endodermis. It regu-
Fibrous lates the movement of water and hormones, etc., into
Taproot
Root
and out of the vascular system.
Taproot and fibrous roots Vascular system:
Xylem and phloem form vascular system.
Internal structure of root
Xylem conducts water and minerals absorbed from
The main parts in the internal structure of root
roots to leaves through stem. Phloem transports food
are epidermis, cortex, endodermis, vascular bundles,
from leaves to roots and other parts of the plants.
i.e., xylem and phloem (Figure a). The arrangement of
these parts are shown in a transverse section (TS) of Q. 5. Describe the structure and function of the
the root. (Figure b). Shoot system in plants.
Phloem Xylem Cortex Ans: Shoot System:
pharenchyma cells The areal parts of the plants such as stem, its
branches, leaves, flowers and fruit, etc., specialized
Root hair for different functions make the shoot system. Here
Xylem we will discuss stem and leaves.
a. Stem:
Stem is usually the aerial part of the plant. It
provides support to its branches, leaves, flowers and
fruit, etc. Vascular bundles (xylem and phloem) run
through stem to leaves for transport of material with-
Apical Meristem in the plant body. A sketch of internal structure of
stem (Figure) is self-explanatory with regards to the
a. Structures inside the root
arrangement of different tissues in the plants.
Root hair
Epidermal hair
Cuticle
Epidermis
Epidermis Collenchyma
Chlorenchyma
Cortex
Parenchyma
Endodermis Endodermis
Pericycle Phloem Bundle Cap
Pith Phloem
Metaxylem
Cambium
Protoxylem
Xylem

b. Internal structure of root Pith

Epidermis:
Epidermis is an outermost layer of thin walled Internal structure of stem
General Science for Class 7: Unit # 1 – Plant System 5

b. Leaf: Q. 6. Describe the importance of vascular bundles

Stem and its branches bear leaves. Leaves are in plants.
the organs which are well exposed to light and well Ans: Role of vascular bundles in transport of
adapted for preparation of food during photosynthe- water and food:
sis. A leaf is provided with the stalk called petiole. Its Water and minerals diffuse from soil to roots
flat green part is called blade or lamina, which has and are conducted towards leaves through stem by
many veins. The middle strong vein is called midrib xylem and the food prepared in leaves is transported
(Figure). to different parts of the plant through phloem (Fig-
ure).
Margin
Phloem tissues
carry food up
from leaf

Midrib Food made Evaporation

by the leaf of water
from leaves
Veins Stem (Transpiration)
Water and
minerals from
the soil
Petiol
Xylem tissues Leaf
carry water Phloem tissues
and dissolved carry food down
minerals up from leaf
Leaf from roots

Different shaped cells, as shown in the cross Roots

section of a leaf (Figure), perform different functions. Soil

Transportation of materials in plants

Palisade Mesophyll cells Conduction of water and dissolved minerals:
Xylem
Cuticle Movement of material particles from the area
where they are more to the area where they are less
is called diffusion. The diffusion through membranes
Spongy mesophyll
cells
Air space (like cell membranes) is called osmosis. As the con-
Phloem centration of water and dissolved minerals is more in
Lower epidermis soil as compared to the root cells, they move in the
Cuticle
root tissue (osmosis). The xylem is a tissue in plants
Guard cell
Low water vapor Stomatal pore which forms a system of pipelines (xylem vessels)
Internal structure of leaf from roots to leaves through stem for the conduction
of water, only in one direction (Figure).
Epidermal cells are tile-like and forming pro-
tective layers (upper epidermis and lower epidermis). water

Palisade mesophyll cells are elongated, spongy mes-

ophyll cells are irregularly shaped having air spaces
among them. Their function is to prepare food. Xy- water
water

lem tissue consists of tubular shaped cells used to water

Transpiration
conduct water. Phloem cells are also tubular in shape
water

and used for transport of food. There are openings

in the lower epidermis called stomata (sing. stoma).
Each pore is surounded by a pair of guard cells. They
water
water

allow exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen. They

also diffuse out water vapour.
Conduction of water in plants
6 General Science for Class 7: Unit # 1 – Plant System

Transport of food (Translocation): intensity. Photosynthesis stops at night, because,

Food prepared by photosynthesis in leaves there is no sunlight at night.
(carbohydrates, i.e., glucose, sucrose, etc.) enters Carbon Dioxide:
the phloem sieve tube elements in dissolved form Air contains 0.35 to 0.4 % carbon dioxide. If
through companion cells. It is then transported to all there is more amount of carbon dioxide in the envi-
other parts of plant body through phloem (Figure). ronment, the rate of photosynthesis will be fast, but
Xylem Phloem once the carbon dioxide concentration reaches a cer-
Companion tain level, there is no further increase in the rate of
cell
Water photosynthesis. Less quantity of carbon dioxide in an
environment slows down the process of photosynthe-
Leaf cell sis.
Water:
Besides carbon dioxide, water is also an es-
Steve-tube elements sential requirement for photosynthesis. If it is not
available as much as require, the rate of photosynthe-
sis will be affected and plant will produce less food.
Root cell Chlorophyll:
Water The process of photosynthesis cannot take
Companion
cell place without chlorophyll. It is only the chlorophyll
Transport of food in plants which absorbs sunlight and makes it usable in the
Xylem tissue consists of dead cells joined end photosynthesis process. Chlorophyll is present in
to end with no end walls to form a continuous tube. chloroplasts which are present in photosynthetic cells
Phloem is composed of living cells called sieve tubes, (mesophyll).
companion cells and phloem parenchyma. Paren- Temperature:
chyma is a type of permanent tissue forming major Like many other chemical reactions, photo-
part of ground tissue in plants. The main function of synthesis is also affected by temperature. The suita-
parenchyma is to store and assimilate food. ble temperature for this process is 25 – 35°C. At very
high or very low temperatures, the process of photo-
Q. 7. Define the process of photosynthesis and synthesis either stops or slows down.
derive word equation for it.
Ans: Photosynthesis: Q. 8. Explain that the structure of leaves is
Photosynthesis is defined as the process dur- adopted to the process of photosynthesis.
ing which carbon dioxide and water combine in the Ans: Adaptations in leaf structure for photosyn-
presence of sunlight and chlorophyll to form glucose thesis:
(food) and oxygen. 1. The blades of leaves are flat and absorb
Carbon dioxide + Water + Sunlight energy maximum light required for photosynthesis.
Food (Glucose) + Oxygen 2. Thin blades of leaves make the light and
The process of photosynthesis depends on the carbon dioxide reach the internal parts easily.
following factors: 3. Thick layer of palisade mesophyll containing
Light: large number of chloroplasts just beneath
Photosynthesis requires energy for combin- the upper epidermis can make maximum
ing carbon dioxide and water to form glucose (food). absorption of light to make food for the plant.
Sunlight provides this energy. The rate of photosyn- 4. Maximum air spaces among spongy
thesis depends upon the intensity of light. There is mesophyll near the lower epidermis provide
more light intensity at noon, so, the rate of photosyn- an easy passage for carbon dioxide to diffuse
thesis is fast at the noon. In the evening or morning, into cells containing chloroplasts to facilitate
the rate of photosynthesis is slower due to less light photosynthesis.
General Science for Class 7: Unit # 1 – Plant System 7

5. Numerous stomata in the lower epidermis ing bodies. The mitochondria which are found in the
absorb maximum carbon dioxide from the air cells perform the process of respiration. For this rea-
needed for photosynthesis. son, mitochondria (Figure) are called power house of
6. Division of vascular bundles into small the cell.
branches spread throughout the leaf makes an
easy and maximum water supply needed for
Light
photosynthesis.
Q. 9. Which minerals are required by plants to Energy
maintain healthy growth and life processes?
OR Describe the role of magnesium and Chloroplast
nitrogen in plants nutrition. Photosynthesis
Ans: Mineral Nutrition in Plants:
CO + H O VS Glucose + O2
Minerals are the chemical substances required by an
organism for growth and other vital functions. Car- Cellular respiration
bon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, magnesium, etc. Mitochondria
are the nutrients required by plants in large quanti-
ties. Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen are obtained from
carbon dioxide and water. The other nutrients like
magnesium and nitrogen are obtained from the soil
dissolved in water. Energy
Magnesium:
Comparison between photosynthesis
Magnesium is required by plants for the for-
and respiration
mation of chlorophyll. It is helpful for the function-
ing of enzymes to produce carbohydrates and fats. Its Importance of Respiration:
deficiency causes poor growth, yellowing and wilt- Respiration is the only process which provides
ing of leaves. energy in usable form by living things. This process
Nitrogen: continues all the time in all kinds of living organisms.
Nitrogen in the form of its compounds, (ni- Stopping of respiration means death of the organism.
trates) dissolved in soil water, is required by plants In plants, the oxygen required for respiration comes
for making chlorophyll and amino acids. Amino ac- from photosynthesis.
ids form proteins. Chlorophyll is necessary for pho- Q. 11. Compare and contrast the process of
tosynthesis. Proteins are necessary for growth, repair photosynthesis and respiration.
and other developments and defensive functions. Ans: Comparison and Contrast between Photo-
Deficiency in nitrogen makes the leaves pale green synthesis and Respiration:
or yellow. It affects the rate of photosynthesis and 1. Photosynthesis takes place in green plants,
growth in plants. algae and some bacteria, whereas, respiration
Q. 10. Describe the process of respiration and takes place in all the living things.
write word equation for it. 2. Photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts,
Ans: Respiration in Plants: whereas, respiration takes place in
Respiration is defined as the process during mitochondria.
which glucose (food) reacts with oxygen to produce 3. Photosynthesis uses sunlight energy to
carbon dioxide, water and energy required for surviv- prepare food, whereas, respiration releases
al of life. energy from food which is used for growth
Food (Glucose) + Oxygen Carbon dioxide + and performing all other body functions.
Water + Chemical energy 4. The products made during photosynthesis,
Respiration takes place in all the cells of liv- i.e., glucose and oxygen are the reactants of
8 General Science for Class 7: Unit # 1 – Plant System

respiration.  Water filled in a glass tube faces two types of

5. The products of respiration, i.e., carbon forces. One is the attractive force between the
dioxide and water are the reactants of molecules of water (intermolecular force) and
photosynthesis. the other is the force between the molecules
Q. 12. Describe the phenomena and importance of water and glass surface.
of transpiration in plants. OR Explore the  The force between the molecules of water
natural raise of water based on the principle is termed as cohesive force, whereas, the
of transpiration. forces between the water molecules and glass
Ans: Transpiration: surface is termed as adhesive force.
Plants continuously absorb water from soil
 If the adhesive force is greater than the
through roots. The same is being conducted to leaves
cohesive force, water rises up the tube through
where it is used in photosynthesis. The excessive wa-
ter is removed through stomata and from the aerial capillary action.
parts of the plants. The loss of water from aerial parts  In narrow tubes, the adhesive force becomes
of the plants is called transpiration (Figure). greater than the cohesive force which makes
the water rise up the tubes through capillary
action.
 Water rises up in xylem vessels is a natural
example of capillary action.
b. Natural Raise of Water Based on Principle
of Transpiration:
Transpiration is the water escape from the pores in
leaves or stems (stomata). It develops suction force
in the xylem bundles, causing the water rise up. Tall
trees having more surface area for transpiration cause
strong suction force or transpiration pull on water in
the xylem bundles. The increased transpiration pull
in tall trees causes the plant to absorb more water.
Explanation:
Transpiration in plants
Capillary action and transpiration pull are the
a. Capillary action: causes of natural raise of water in the materials.
Very narrow glass tubes are called capillary Examples:
tubes. Water moves up in the capillary tubes due to a. Building materials such as bricks and
interaction between water molecules and surface of concrete blocks, etc., when come in contact
the tubes (Figure). This effect is called capillary ac- with moisture, water rises into their pores due
tion. to capillary action and makes the material
damped.
Water level is lower
b. Water is also raised in the pores of paper and
in wider spaces where
surface tension is
plaster.
reduced c. Wicking of paint between the hairs of a
Water is attracted to the
paintbrush and movement water through sand
sides of the container are also the examples in this regard.
Capillary action Importance of transpiration:
Capillary action in narrow xylem vessels in Transpiration pulls the water through air spaces in
small plants helps water move up towards leaves. spongy mesophyll and keeps the mesophyll moist,
Explanation: which is essential for the exchange of gases. Effects
General Science for Class 7: Unit # 1 – Plant System 9

of evaporation of water from leaves or stems are: c. Mesophyll cells:

• cools the surface of the leaves and the sur- Cells which are rich in chloroplast and
roundings as well, specialized for preparation of food during
• allows the movement of minerals from the photosynthesis are called Mesophyll cells.
soil to different parts of the plant, Q. 15. Define the following:
• helps in growth and development. a. Chlorophyll b. Stomata;
• controls the temperature of the plants. c. Transpiration
Q. 13. Describe the factors affecting the rate of Ans:
transpiration. a. Chlorophyll:
Ans: Factors Affecting the Rate of Transpira- Green coloured pigment in chloroplast which
tion : absorbs light for photosynthesis is called
Wind, temperature, light and humidity are the chlorophyll.
main factors that affect the rate of transpiration. b. Stomata:
Wind: Tiny openings in plant leaves for gaseous
The still air surrounding the plant leaves be- exchange and removal of extra water are
comes humid and resists the diffusion of water from called stomata.
leaves into the air. It decreases the rate of transpi- c. Transpiration:
ration. Wind sweeps the humidity away from leaves Loss or removal of extra water from aerial
surroundings and increases the rate of transpiration. parts of plants
Temperature: Q. 16. Define zygote. How zygot grows to embryo?
Rise in temperature provides more energy to Ans:• Zygote is the first cell formed by the fusion of
the water molecules for evaporation from the leaves reproductive cells (male and female gametes)
surfaces, hence, increases the rate of transpiration. during sexual reproduction of plants and
Light: animals.
In sunlight, the stomata remain open for re- • The initial stage of development of
moval of water through them. At night stomata are multicellular organisms formed by the cell
closed. In this way light also affects the rate of tran- divisions and growth of zygote is called
spiration. embryo.
Humidity:
Humid air surrounding the plants contains Q. 17. Define solvent, solute and concentration of
more amount of water, thus, decreasing the rate of the solute.
diffusion of water molecules from plants leaves into Ans:• Solvent is the component of a solution which
air. It slows down the transpiration. The rate of tran- is present comparatively in large quantity.
spiration is rapid in dry air. • Water in the air is solute not solvent.
• The quantity of a solute dissolved in a given
Q. 14. Define the following: quantity of solution is termed as concentration.
a. Root hairs; b. Vascular bundles • 1L sugar solution containing 3 teaspoonful of
c. Mesophyll cells sugar dissolved in it, is more concentrated as
Ans: compared to 1L sugar solution containing 1
a. Root hairs: teaspoonful of sugar dissolved in it.
Outgrowths of epidermal cells in plant roots
which absorb water and nutrients from the Q. 18. How and when do the stomata open and
soil are called root hairs. close?
b. Vascular bundles: Ans:• When guard cells of stomata absorb water,
A system consisting of xylem and phloem for they swell up and make the stomata open.
conduction of water and transport of food in • When guard cells lose water, stomata are
plants is called vascular bundles. closed.
10 General Science for Class 7: Unit # 1 – Plant System

• Generally, stomata remain open during day Q. 26. Name the factors that affect the rate of
time and transpiration.
are closed at night. Ans: Wind, temperature, light and humidity are the
Guard cells Guard cells main factors that affect the rate of transpiration.
(swollen) (shrunken)
Q. 27. What is the cause of natural raise of water
Chloroplast Vacuole in plants?
Ans: Capillary action and transpiration pull are
Cell Wall the causes of natural raise of water based on the prin-
ciple of transpiration
Stoma
Nucleus Q. 28. Does the photosynthesis occur in the leaves
Inner cell wall Stoma open Stoma closed
of plants only?
Open and Closed Stomata Ans: Photosynthesis takes place mainly in leaves;
but, in some plants it occurs in green stems also. The
Q. 19. Define roots. process actually occurs inside the chloroplasts in the
Ans: Roots are the underground parts of the plants cells of leaves and stem.
forming a system specialized for absorption of water
Q. 29. Gravity does not affect the capillary action.
and nutrients from the soil.
Why?
Q. 20. Define root hairs. Ans: Capillary action can only pull water upto a
Ans: Root hairs are thread like outgrowths of epi- small distance, after which it cannot overcome grav-
dermal cells which increase the surface area for ab- ity. Water rises against gravity in capillary tube when
sorption of water and minerals. its one end is dipped into water because pressure be-
Q. 21. What is shoot system? low the meniscus is less than atmospheric pressure.
Ans: The areal parts of the plants such as stem, its Water sticks together to form round droplets, which
branches, leaves, flowers and fruit, etc., specialized is unique to other liquids. Because of this ability to
for different functions make the shoot system. stick together water molecules can actually help each
other up the xylem or tube of a plant, defying gravity.
Q. 22. What is the function of xylem and phloem?
Ans: Xylem and phloem form vascular system. Q. 30. Write ‘C’ against the correct and ‘I’
Xylem conducts water from roots to leaves through against the incorrect statement in the
stem. Phloem transports food from leaves to roots middle column. Also correct the incorrect
and other parts of the plants. statement and write it in the next column.
Ans:
Q. 23. Define photosynthesis.
Ans: Photosynthesis is process during which car- Correct/ C/I Correct
bon dioxide and water combine in the presence of Incorrect statement
light and chlorophyll to produce food (glucose) and Leaves in plants absorb water I Roots in plants
oxygen. and nutrients from soil. absorb water and
nutrients from soil.
Q. 24. Define respiration.
Photosynthesis takes place in I Photosynthesis takes
Ans: Respiration is a process during which food the underground parts of the place in the leaves.
(glucose) reacts with oxygen to produce carbon diox- plants.
ide, water and energy. Xylem tissue conducts water C
Q. 25. Define transpiration. from roots to leaves.
Ans: The loss of water from aerial parts of the Phloem transports food from C
plants is called transpiration. leaves to other parts of the
plant.
General Science for Class 7: Unit # 1 – Plant System 11

(iii) What is required for photosynthesis in addi-

Key Points tion to light?
a. oxygen and carbon dioxide
 Roots are the underground parts of the plants
b. oxygen and water
forming a system specialized for absorption c. carbon dioxide and water
of water and nutrients from the soil. d. nitrogen and water
 Root hairs are thread like outgrowths of (iv) Oxygen and ........... are the products of pho-
epidermal cells which increase the surface tosynthesis:
area for absorption of water and minerals. a. water b. carbon dioxide
 The areal parts of the plants such as stem, c. glucose d. chlorophyll
its branches, leaves, flowers and fruit, etc., (v) The products of respiration are carbon diox-
specialized for different functions make the ide and:
shoot system. a. water b. oxygen
 Xylem and phloem form vascular system. c. mitochondria d. chloroplast
Xylem conducts water from roots to leaves (vi) The loss of water from aerial parts of the
through stem. Phloem transports food from plants:
leaves to roots and other parts of the plants. a. respiration b. photosynthesis
c. evaporation d. transpiration
 Photosynthesis is process during which
(vii) Chlorophyll is present in:
carbon dioxide and water combine in the
a. mesophyll cells b. upper epidermis
presence of light and chlorophyll to produce c. lower epidermis d. endodermis
food (glucose) and oxygen. (viii) Mineral required in the formation of chloro-
 Respiration is a process during which food phyll:
(glucose) reacts with oxygen to produce a. iodine b. iron
carbon dioxide, water and energy. c. phosphorus d. magnesium
 The loss of water from aerial parts of the (ix) The force between the molecules of water:
plants is called transpiration. a. adhesive force b. cohesive force
 Wind, temperature, light and humidity c. repulsive force d. magnetic force
are the main factors that affect the rate of (x) Rate of transpiration decreases with the in-
transpiration. crease of:
 Capillary action and transpiration pull are the a. temperature b. light intensity
causes of natural raise of water based on the c. humidity in air d. wind speed
Solution:
principle of transpiration.
(i) b (ii) b (iii) c (iv) c (v) a
Exercise Solution (vi) d (vii) a (viii) d (ix) b (x) c

1.2 Give short answers.

1.1 Encircle the correct option.
1. What is primary root?
(i) Water and dissolved salts are conducted Ans: The initial root which grows from radical of
from roots to leaves by: the embryo is called primary root.
a. root hairs b. xylem
2. What is secondary root?
c. phloem d. stomata
Ans: The branch of primary root is called secondary
(ii) The innermost layer of cortex in the root:
root.
a. epidermis b. endodermis
c. pericycle d. cambium 3. State the function of root cap.
Ans: The root cap protects the new born soft cells
12 General Science for Class 7: Unit # 1 – Plant System

from being damaged and environmental 3. Diffusion and osmosis

diseases. Ans:
4. Write word equation for photosynthesis. Diffusion Osmosis
Ans: CO 2  H 2 O 
Sunlight
C6 H12 O6  O 2 1. Movement of mole- The diffusion through
Carbon dioxide + Water Glucose cules (material par- membranes (like cell
+ Oxygen ticles) from the area membrane) is called
where they are more, osmosis.
5. Write word equation for respiration to the area where they
Ans: Glucose+Oxygen Carbon dioxide + are less is called diffu-
Water + Energy sion.
2. The movement of mol- The movement of sol-
1.3 Differentiate between:
ecules from a higher vent from lower con-
1. Root system and shoot system concentration of solute centration of solute to
Ans: to a lower concentra- a higher concentration
tion of solute. of solute.
Root System Shoot System
1. The underground sys- The areal parts of the 4. Epidermis and endodermis
tem of plants is called plants (stem, branches, Ans:
root system. leaves, flowers, fruits) Epidermis Endodermis
form shoot system of
1. The outermost layer of
Inner protective layer
plants.
plants. found in roots.
2. Root system contains Shoot system consists
2. Protects the plant from
Helps the plant to reg-
root hairs, primary of stem, branches,
outside world. ulate the flow of water
root (tap root) and sec- flowers and fruits.
in and out of plant.
ondary root.
3. Replaced by periderm Surrounds the vascular
3. Root system contains Shoot system contains
in secondary growth. bundles.
xylem, phloem, cortex xylem, phloem, cartex
and apical meristem. and pith. 4. Contains cells with Contains tightly
thick walls. packed cells.
2. Xylem and phloem
Ans: 5. Transpiration and evaporation
Ans:
Xylem Phloem
Transpiration Evaporation
1. Xylem is a plant tissue
Phloem is a plant tis-
(Vascular bundle). sue (Vascular bundle). 1. Water evaporates from Surface water absorbs
leaves of the plant. heat energy from Sun,
2. Xylem conducts water Phloem transports
changes from liquid to
and minerals absorbed food from leaves to
gaseous form i.e. va-
from the roots to roots and other parts
pours.
leaves through stem. of a plant.
2. Transpiration is faster Evaporation is slower
3. Xylem vessels form a Phloem sieve tube ele-
than evaporation. than transpiration.
pipeline from roots toments receive through
leaves, in only one di-
companion cells are 3. Regulated process. Non-regulated pro-
rection. transported to all other cess.
parts of plant body. 4. Guard cells involved. No role of guard cells.
4. Xylem tissue consists Phloem tissue consists 5. Loss of water from Loss of water from the
of dead cells. of living cells. free surface of cells. free surface of water.
General Science for Class 7: Unit # 1 – Plant System 13

6. Capillary action and transpiration pull 4. Describe the factors affecting the rate of
transpiration.
Capillary action Transpiration pull
Ans: See answer of question No. 13
1. Spontaneous move- Movement of water
ment of a liquid through a plant in the 5. Describe the importance of vascular bundles
through a narrow tube upward direction. in plants.
(capillary). Ans: See answer of question No. 6
2. Spontaneous move- Movement of water
1.5 Constructed Response Questions
ment of liquid through through a plant from
a narrow tube. roots to leaves. 1. Photosynthesis does not take place in
3. Due to adhesive forces Evaporation of water animals but it is beneficial for animals also.
between liquid mole- from the surface of How?
cules and walls of the leaves. Ans: Animals eat plants or other animals. Animals
capillary. depend on plants directly or indirectly. So
4. Can occur in plants Occurs in xylem and photosynthesis is beneficial for animals.
uptake of water by pa- phloem of the plants. 2. Plants produce food and oxygen during
per or plasters. photosynthesis, which does not take place
5. Loss of water from Loss of water from the at night. Where do plants get oxygen from
free surface of cells. free surface of leaves. for respiration at night?
Ans: At night, the plant absorbs oxygen from the
1.4 Answer the following questions: atmosphere. The oxygen that plants produced
during day is also used by plants during night.
1. Describe the following in plants:
3. Why should not we sleep under tree at
(i) Photosynthesis
night?
(ii) Respiration; (iii) Transpiration
Ans: During night there is no photosynthesis.
Ans:
Oxygen is not produced and plants use oxygen
(i) Photosynthesis
for their respiration.
Ans: See answer of question No. 7
The processes of respiration take place in
(ii) Respiration
plant and animal cell all the time.
Ans: See answer of question No. 10
Less amount of oxygen and higher amount of
(iii) Transpiration
CO2 is present in air under trees during night
Ans: See answer of question No. 12
because at night photosynthesis is stopped.
2. Draw and label the internal structures of No oxygen is produced and plants use oxygen
the following: for their respiration, so we should not sleep
(i) Root (ii) Stem (iii) Leaf under trees at night.
(i) Root
4. How the structure of leaf is adapted to the
Ans: See answer of question No. 4
process of photosynthesis?
(ii) Stem
Ans: See answer of question No. 8
Ans: See answer of question No. 5a
(iii) Leaf 5. Why is transpiration important for plants?
Ans: See answer of question No. 5b Ans: Transpiration is important for plants because:
a. Transpiration provides evaporative
3. Compare and contrast the process of
cooling, forming leaf energy balance.
photosynthesis and respiration.
b. Transpiration provides the driving
Ans: See answer of question No. 11
force for transport of water and
nutrients from roots to shoots.
14 General Science for Class 7: Unit # 1 – Plant System

6. Describe the role of magnesium and nitrogen

in plants nutrition.
Ans: See answer of question No. 9
7. Explore the natural raise of water based on
the principle of transpiration.
Ans: See answer of question No. 12

1.6 Investigate:
(i) Function of the following in plants:
(a) Root hairs (ii) Internal structure and functions of the
Ans: Root hairs are thread like outgrowths of following in plants:
epidermal cells which increase the surface (a) root
area for absorption of water. Plant spreads Ans: Internal structure of root
roots and other thread like root hairs, that The main parts in the internal structure of root
absorb water from the soil. are epidermis, cortex, endodermis, vascular bundles,
(b) Stomata i.e., xylem and phloem (Figure a). The arrangement
Ans: A large number of stomata (Figure) in lower of these parts are shown in a transverse section (TS)
epidermis of the leaf helps in absorption of of the root. (Figure b).
Phloem Xylem Cortex
carbon dioxide and release of surplus oxygen pharenchyma cells
in the environment.

Stomata Stoma open Stoma closed Root hair

Xylem

Stoma

Stomata in leaves
Distribution of chloroplast in mesophyll Apical Meristem
tissue for maximum absorption of sunlight,
regular supply of water through xylem tissue a. Structures inside the root
and carbon dioxide through stomata are the Root hair
features of leaf that facilitate photosynthesis.
(c) Spongy mesophyll Epidermis
Ans: Between the upper and lower epidermis is the Cortex
mesophyll. The mesophyll is made of cells Endodermis
that contain chloroplasts. Pericycle Phloem
Green pigment chlorophyll is present in Pith
Metaxylem
chloroplasts. Chlorophyll traps light energy Protoxylem
which is used in food making process.
The mesophyll is the region where food Internal structure of root
making process called photosynthesis, takes
place. Epidermis:
Epidermis is an outermost layer of thin walled
cells having unicellular outgrowths called root hairs.
Epidermis provides protection and helps in absorp-
tion of water and minerals from the soil.
General Science for Class 7: Unit # 1 – Plant System 15

Cortex: middle strong vein is called midrib (Figure).

Inside the epidermis, many layers of thin
walled and rounded cells form cortex. Water and Margin
minerals absorbed by root hairs in epidermis are
transported towards xylem through cortex for onward
conduction to leaves. Midrib
Endodermis: Veins
The innermost layer of cortex which consists
of barrel shaped cells is called endodermis. It regu-
Petiol
lates the movement of water and hormones, etc., into
and out of the vascular system.
Vascular system: Leaf
Xylem and phloem form vascular system.
Xylem conducts water and minerals absorbed from Different shaped cells, as shown in the cross
roots to leaves through stem. Phloem transports food section of a leaf (Figure), perform different
from leaves to roots and other parts of the plants. functions.
(b) stem
Ans: Stem:
Palisade Mesophyll cells
Stem is usually the aerial part of the plant. It Xylem
Cuticle
provides support to its branches, leaves, flowers and
fruit, etc. Vascular bundles (xylem and phloem) run
through stem to leaves for transport of material with- Spongy mesophyll Air space
in the plant body. A sketch of internal structure of cells
Phloem
stem (Figure) is self-explanatory with regards to the
Lower epidermis
arrangement of different tissues in the plants. Cuticle
Guard cell
Epidermal hair Low water vapor Stomatal pore
Cuticle
Epidermis Internal structure of leaf
Collenchyma
Chlorenchyma Epidermal cells are tile-like and forming
Parenchyma
Endodermis protective layers (upper epidermis and
Bundle Cap lower epidermis). Palisade mesophyll cells
Phloem are elongated, spongy mesophyll cells are
Cambium
irregularly shaped having air spaces among
Xylem
them. Their function is to prepare food.
Pith Xylem tissue consists of tubular shaped
cells used to conduct water. Phloem cells are
also tubular in shape and used for transport
Internal structure of stem
of food. There are openings in the lower
(c) leaf epidermis called stomata (sing. stoma). Each
Ans: Leaf: pore is surrounded by a pair of guard cells.
Stem and its branches bear leaves. Leaves are They allow exchange of carbon dioxide and
the organs which are well exposed to light and oxygen. They also diffuse out water vapour.
well adapted for preparation of food during
photosynthesis. A leaf is provided with the
stalk called petiole. Its flat green part is called
blade or lamina, which has many veins. The
16 General Science for Class 7: Unit # 1 – Plant System

1.7 Project: (Scientific Investigation). getting oxygen relights and bursts back into
flame.
Prove that oxygen is produced by plants during
Conclusion:
photosynthesis. Conduct the experiment to
The plants produced oxygen during
prove it:
photosynthesis. The oxygen produced during
Gas photosynthesis helped in relighting the
glowing splint.

Su
nl
Additional MCQs
ig Water
ht
1. Chlorophyll reflects:
a. red colour b. white colour
Support to
c. green colour d. blue colour
keep 2. Xylem transports:
Hydrilla
funnel at a. water b. food
the bottom c. fats d. none of these
3. Stomata open to allow _______ the plant.
Procedure:
a. sugar into b. sugar out of
1. Take a few twigs of hydrilla plant and insert
c. carbon dioxide into d. light into
them in a short stemmed funnel as shown in
4. Products of photosynthesis are:
the Figure.
a. carbon dioxide and water water
2. Place the funnel in a beaker containing water
b. hydrogen and water
and provide support to keep the funnel at the
c. glucose and carbon dioxide
bottom of the beaker.
d. glucose and oxygen
3. Invert a test tube full of water over the stem of
5. How does chlorophyll help a plant?
the funnel.
a. It absorbs light energy in photosynthesis
4. Make sure that the inverted test tube over the
b. It moves water and minerals through the
stem of the funnel remains fixed there.
plant
5. To increase the amount of dissolved carbon
c. It moves sugar and water through the plant
dioxide in the water, a little quantity of sodium
d. It absorbs water
bicarbonate (backing powder) may be added
6. Which is correct for leaves to make food?
in the beaker.
a. flat surface
6. Carefully, place the apparatus in the sun for 2
b. presence of large number of stomata
to 3 hours.
c. thick layer of mesophyll cells
Observation: d. all of these
• Gas bubbles liberated from the hydrilla plant 7. Respiration takes place in _______ of cells.
reach the top of the inverted test tube. a. chloroplasts b. mitochondria
• The gas displaces the water downwards. c. nucleus d. cell membrane
Prediction: 8. Food making process of plants is
Gas reached the top of the inverted test tube a. Photosynthesis b. respiration
stem is oxygen which is produced during photosyn- c. Both a and b d. none of these
thesis in hydrilla in the presence of sunlight. 9. Energy Producing Process of living things is
a. Respiration b. Photosynthesis
Test:
c. Both a and b d. None of these.
Test the gas produced during the experiment
10. The Food Factories of the plants are
by applying the test for oxygen as under:
a. Roots b. Stem
Test for oxygen gas: The glowing splint on
c. Leaves d. None of these
General Science for Class 7: Unit # 1 – Plant System 17

11. Parts of internal leaf of plants are 21. What is the most important constitute of
a. 1 b. 2 photosynthesis
c. 3 d. 4 a. Chlorophyll b. Water
12. The lower epidermis of the leaf has an open- c. Light d. Temperature
ing and two bean shaped guard cells called 22. The word equation for respiration is
a. Stomata b. Mesophyll a. Carbon dioxide + water Glucose +
c. Vascular bundles d. None of these oxygen
13. Functions of stomata are b. Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide +
a. Exchange of oxygen water + Energy
b. Exchange of carbon dioxide c. Sucrose + oxygen Carbon dioxide +
c. Exchange of water vapours between leaf water + Energy
cells d. Carbon dioxide + water Glucose +
d. All of these oxygen
14. Between the upper and lower epidermis of 23. Respiration occurs in
leaf is a. Mitochondria b. Chloroplasts
a. Chloroplasts b. Stomata c. Nucleus d. None of these
c. Xylem d. Mesophyll 24. Products of Photosynthesis are
15. Photosynthesis takes place in which part of a. Sucrose + Oxygen b. Glucose + CO2
the leaf c. Glucose + Oxygen d. Glucose + water
a. Mesophyll b. Stomata 25. What is the effect of increasing light intensi-
c. Chloroplasts d. Xylem ty on photosynthesis?
16. The central part of the mesophyll tissue is a. It increases b. It decreases
made of c. No effect d. Increases first then
a. Vascular bundles decreases
b. Xylern 26. The level of Carbon dioxide in the air is
c. Phloem about
d. All of these a. 0.03 to 0.04 percent
17. The tissue that carries water from roots to b. 0:03 to 0.05 percent
leaves is c. 0.02 to 0.04 percent
a. Phloem b. Xylem d. 0.03 to 0.06 percent
c. Both d. None of these 27. What is the most suitable temperature for
18. The word equation for Photosynthesis is plant growth?
a. Carbon dioxide + water glucose + a. 20 - 30°C b. 20 - 35°C
Oxygen c. 25 - 30°C d. 25 - 35°C
b. Carbon dioxide + water Oxygen + 28. Plants transport prepared food through:
Salt a. Phloem vessels
c. Carbon dioxide + water Oxygen + b. Xylem vessels
Food c. Parenchyma tissues
d. None of these d. None of these
19. The word Photosynthesis is a combination 29. The loss of water by evaporation from plant
of two Greek words photo means is called:
a. Dark b. Light a. Translocation b. Transpiration
c. Heat d. None of these c. Transformation d. Transportation
20. Rate of Photosynthesis increases with in- 30. The movement of prepared food from leaves
crease of to those parts of plants body where it is
a. Temperature b. Carbon dioxide needed is called:
c. Light d. All of these a. Translocation b. Transpiration
18 General Science for Class 7: Unit # 1 – Plant System

c. Transformation d. Transportation b. Two atoms of hydrogen

31. Plants transport prepared food through: c. Three atoms of hydrogen
a. Phloem vessels b. Xylem vessels d. Four atoms of hydrogen
c. Parenchyma tissues d. None of these 43. One molecule of Carbon dioxide contains:
32. Plants transport water through: a. One atom of carbon
a. Phloem b. Xylem b. Two atoms of carbon
c. Parenchyma d. None of these c. Three atoms of carbon
33. The loss of water by evaporation from plant d. Four atoms of carbon
is called: 44. The root system which can get water from
a. Translocation b. Transpiration deep underground sources is:
c. Transformation d. Transportation a. Fibrous roots b. Tap roots
34. The movement of prepared food from leaves c. Storage roots d. Root nodules
to those parts of plants body where it is 45. Which of the following is not an organ of
needed is called: plant?
a. Translocation b. Transpiration a. Epidermis b. Root
c. Transformation d. Transportation c. Stem d. Leaf
35. The waxy layer cuticle around the stem: 46. Vascular bundles are present in every part
a. Increases water loss of the plant. They are made up of:
b. Reduces water loss a. Xylem only b. Phloem only
c. Increases flow of food c. Xylem and phloem
d. Decreases flow of food d. Xylem, phloem and root hair cells
36. These are the food factories in plants: 47. Amna liked to grow plants on her terrace.
a. Stem b. Roots The plants were getting light and water
c. Leaves d. Branches everyday but they were not growing proper-
37. Stomata are present in the: ly. What suggestion can you give her to im-
a. Lower layer of the leaves prove plant growth?
b. Upper layer of the leaves a. Add sugar to plant pots
c. Middle layer of the leaves b. Give water once a week
d. All of these c. Add compost fertilizer to plant pots
38. Midrib and veins of a leaf have: d. Shift them indoors
a. Xylem vessels b. Phloem vessels 48. If water available to plants become less, then
c. Both a. & b. d. None of these stomata are closed even at daytime. This
39. Midrib is present in: protects plants from:
a. Leaves b. Roots a. photosynthesis b. Respiration
c. Stem d. All of these c. Wilting d. Transport of water
40. In an area equal to the size of the head of a 49. The protective layer around plant parts is:
pin, there may be: a. Epidermis b. Cortex
a. 10 stomata b. 20 stomata c. Mesophyll d. Vascular bundle
c. 50 stomata 50. If the concentration of carbon dioxide in-
d. 100 or more stomata creases in the air during daytime the process
41. Glucose contains: of
a. Carbon, Hydrogen and Nitrogen a. photosynthesis will decrease.
b. Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen b. respiration will decrease.
c. Carbon, Hydrogen and Phospherous c. photosynthesis will increase.
d. All of these d. respiration will increase.
42. One molecule of water contains:
a. One atom of hydrogen
General Science for Class 7: Unit # 2 – Human Respiratory & Circulatory System 19

51. Plants perform respiration all the time. The

purpose of respiration in plants is to Unit # 2
a. prepare food.
b. release energy.
c. absorb energy. Human Respiratory &
d. maintain healthy growth.
52. If you stay under trees at night, you can feel
dizziness due to
Circulatory System
a. high level of oxygen and low level of
carbon dioxide.
b. low level of oxygen and high level of
Short & Long Q/As
carbon dioxide.
c. poisonous gases released by trees. Q. 1.Describe the structure and function of the
d. ghosts living in trees. organs of respiratory system (breathing) in
53. Which of the following is the correct word man.
equation for respiration? Ans: Breathing/Respiratory System in man:
a. Carbon Dioxide + Water Glucose +
oxygen
b. Carbon Dioxide + Water + sunlight
Glucose + Oxygen
c. Glucose + Oxygen Carbon Dioxide +
Water
d. Glucose + Oxygen Carbon Dioxide
+Water +Energy
54. Roots contain:
a. Phloem and cuticle
b. Xylem and mesophyll
c. Pharenchyma cells and cortex
d. Pharenchyma cells and mesophyll
Solution:
1. c 2. a 3. c 4. d 5. a
6. d 7. b 8. a 9. a 10. c
Respiratory system in man
11. c 12. a 13. d 14. d 15. c
16. d 17. b 18. a 19. b 20. d Air enters the body through the nostrils. The
nostrils lead into nasal passage or nasal cavity
21. a 22. b 23. a 24. c 25. a
(Figure). Dust and bacteria, etc., are trapped by the
26. a 27. d 28. a 29. b 30. a
hair and mucus in the nasal passage. The air is also
31. a 32. b 33. b 34. a 35. b warmed and moistened in the nasal passage. From
36. c 37. a 38. c 39. a 40. d here, air is passed to windpipe or trachea through lar-
41. b 42. b 43. a 44. b 45. a ynx or voice box. The opening of air passage in the
46. c 47. c 48. c 49. a 50. c larynx is called glottis which has a lid called epiglot-
51. b 52. b 53. d tis. The epiglottis prevents food from entering the tra-

n
chea. Trachea divides into two tubes called bronchi
(singular: bronchus). The bronchi carry air into the
lungs, one to each lung. The walls of the trachea and
bronchi bear cilia and have mucus, which trap dust
20 General Science for Class 7: Unit # 2 – Human Respiratory & Circulatory System

particles and bacteria. Inside the lungs, the bronchi

branch into smaller tubes called bronchioles. Each
bronchiole ends in a group of air sacs or alveoli (sin-
gular alveolus).The lungs look like sponges due to
the presence of alveoli. Millions of alveoli are found
in the lungs. They are surrounded by thick network of
blood capillaries.
Gaseous exchange takes place in the alveo-
li (Figure). Oxygen from the air diffuses into blood
through the walls of the alveoli. At the same time,
carbon dioxide carried by the blood from the body
Mechanism of breathing
cells diffuses out into the alveoli. From Air sacs the
alveoli, it passes out of the body. Blood during its Q. 3. How will you make a model in an activity
circulation supplies each of the body cells with oxy- experiment like an actual breathing system
gen and collects carbon dioxide produced in the cells in human body.
during oxidation of food. Ans: • Take a plastic bottle. Cut its bottom. Take a
Y-shaped glass tube. Bind a balloon at each of
the forked ends of the glass tube as shown in
the Figure. Pass stem of the tube through the
hole in a cork. Fix the cork at the mouth of the
bottle. Make it air tight with wax. The stem of
glass tube represents the trachea, branch tubes
are the bronchi, and balloons represent the
lungs. The bottle represents the chest cavity.
• Take a large balloon and cut off its mouth.
Stretch this balloon across the bottom of the
bottle. Fix it with a rubber band or gum. Tie
Blood supply to alveoli
a thread or rubber band at the bottom of the
Q. 2. Explain the mechanism of breathing and the stretched balloon sheath. The balloon sheath
role of chest and rib muscles in breathing will represent the diaphragm.
system. Q. Can you predict what will happen
Ans: Mechanism of Breathing: to the internal balloons if you
When we breathe in, rib muscles contract pull down the balloon sheath
pulling the ribs up and out and chest cavity expands. (diaphragm)?
At the same time, diaphragm contracts and flattens.
The space inside the chest cavity becomes larger.
As a result, air enters into the lungs. This
is called inspiration. The reverse of this process is
called expiration (Figure). Inspiration and expiration
complete the process of breathing.
General Science for Class 7: Unit # 2 – Human Respiratory & Circulatory System 21

Ans: When we pull down the balloon exhalation.

sheath, the volume inside the bottle c. Respiration
increases, pressure decreases and air Reaction of oxygen with food (glucose) to
enters from the glass tube and the release energy is called respiration.
balloons inflate. d. Arteries
Q. How is this model like an actual Vessels that carry blood from heart to other
breathing system in our body? body parts are called arteries.
Ans: Yes: this model is like an actual e. Veins
breathing system in our body. We Vessels that carry blood back to heart from
intake, when ribs go outside, by the other body parts are called veins.
increasing volume in the chest cavity. f. Capillaries
Q. 4. Define and explain the process of Tiny branches of arteries for exchange of
respiration. How does aerobic respiration materials in body tissues are called capillaries.
take place? Describe with the help of the Q. 6. Draw the diagrams of breathing and blood
chemical equations. circulatory system.
Ans: Respiration: Ans:
Blood during its circulation, provides oxygen
to every cell in the body. In the cells of our body,
oxygen reacts with food (glucose) molecules to con-
vert them into carbon dioxide and water along with
the release of energy in the form of ATP (Adenosine
triphosphate). The process is called respiration. The
whole process of respiration is completed in a series
of reactions, each of which is facilitated by a specific
enzyme.
Respiration is of two types; aerobic respira-
tion and anaerobic respiration.
Aerobic Respiration:
The respiration process during which food is
broken down to release energy in the presence of ox- Breathing System
ygen is called aerobic respiration.
C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₂ CO2 + H2O + ATP
Glucose + Oxygen Carbon dioxide +
Water + Energy.
Aerobic respiration takes place in the mito-
chondria of the cells in all plants, animals and our
own body cells.
Q. 5. Define the following:
a. Inhalation b. Exhalation
c. Respiration d. Arteries
e. Veins f. Capillaries
Ans:
a. Inhalation
Breathing the air into lungs is called inhalation.
b. Exhalation
Breathing the air out of lungs is called Blood Circulatory System
22 General Science for Class 7: Unit # 2 – Human Respiratory & Circulatory System

Q. 7. Write ‘C’ against the correct and ‘I’ liver which converts it back into glucose.
against the incorrect statement in the Q. 9.Differentiate between aerobic and
middle column. Also correct the incorrect anaerobic respiration.
statement and write it in the next column. Ans: Difference between aerobic and anaerobic
Ans: respiration:
Correct/ C/I Correct
Incorrect statement Aerobic respiration Anaerobic
respiration
We breathe in, to get carbon I We breath in to get
dioxide. oxygen. 1. It takes place in the It takes place in the ab-
Chloroplasts are the cell orga- I Mitochondria are the
presence of oxygen. sence of oxygen.
nelles where food is oxidized cell organelles where 2. Large amount of ener- Small amount of ener-
to release energy. food is oxidized to gy is released in aero- gy is released in anaer-
release energy. bic respiration. obic respiration.
Cardiac muscles in the heart C 3. Carbon dioxide and Lactic acid is produced
contract and relax to pump the water are the products in muscles. Ethanol
blood and circulate it through- of aerobic respiration. and carbon dioxide are
out the body. produced in yeasts.
It is the chlorophyll which I It is haemoglobin
gives red colour to the blood. which gives red Q. 10. Define the following:
colour to the blood a. Catalyst
b. Biochemical reactions
Q. 8. Anaerobic respiration occurs when the
c. Enzymes
body cannot get enough oxygen for aerobic
Ans:
respiration to take place. Explain with
a. Catalyst
example of the situation when and where
A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction
anaerobic respiration takes place in human
is called catalyst.
body?
b. Biochemical reactions
Ans: Anaerobic Respiration:
The chemical reactions taking place In living
The breakdown of food substances in the ab-
bodies are called biochemical reactions.
sence of oxygen is called anaerobic respiration. This
c. Enzymes
process releases energy less than aerobic respiration.
The catalysts of biochemical reactions are the
Yeast respires aerobically in the presence of oxygen.
enzymes which are special types of proteins.
It can also respire anaerobically in the absence of ox-
ygen. The products of anaerobic respiration in yeast Q. 11. Differentiate between breathing and
are ethanol, carbon dioxide and energy. respiration.
Glucose Ethanol (alcohol) + Carbon dioxide Ans: Difference between breathing and
+ Energy respiration:
Due to production of alcohol, the anaerobic Breathing Respiration
respiration in yeast is also known as alcoholic fer-
1. Breathing is the ex- Respiration is a pro-
mentation.
change of gases by cess to release energy
Our muscles normally respire aerobically.
inhalation and exhala- from food during a se-
When we run fast, enough oxygen is not available
tion of the air. ries of reactions, each
for the muscle cells to respire aerobically. Our mus-
of which is catalyzed
cles respire anaerobically. Lactic acid is the product
by a specific enzyme.
in this reaction.
Glucose Lactic acid + Energy 2. It takes place in alveoli It takes place in mito-
Lactic acid thus produced is transported to of the lungs. chondria of the cells.
General Science for Class 7: Unit # 2 – Human Respiratory & Circulatory System 23

3. The purpose of breath- The purpose of respi- is produced during breathing. Asthma can be avoid-
ing is to provide ox- ration is to provide en- ed by keeping ourselves safe from pollen, household
ygen to all the body ergy to the whole body dust and feathers from pillow.
cells and getting rid for carrying on the ac-
Q. 13. Define and explain the task of transport
of carbon dioxide pro- tivities of life.
(circulatory) system. Name the types of
duced in the cells.
vessels in human circulatory system.
Rib muscles in the Muscles are not in- Ans: Blood Circulation System/Transport
chest cavity and dia- volved during the pro- System:
phragm play key role cess of respiration. Living organisms need essential substances in
in inhaling and exhal- every cell to carry on its activities. They also need
ing the air. to get rid of the waste matters produced in each cell.
Enzymes are not in- Enzymes are involved In unicellular organisms, this is achieved simply by
volved in breathing in all the reactions of diffusion. In multicellular organisms, there is a need
activity. respiration. of transport system. Transport system can be defined
as a system by which materials are carried from one
Q. 12. Name the common respiratory diseases,
part of the body to another.
their symptoms and preventive measures.
A system that works for transport of mate-
Ans: Common Respiratory Diseases:
rials in our body is called circulatory system (Fig-
The common respiratory diseases or disor-
ure). The human circulatory system consists of heart,
ders are common cold, pneumonia and asthma.
blood vessels and blood. Blood is a fluid which cir-
Common cold:
culates throughout the body. The blood circulates in
Common cold is the most common infectious
two types of vessels. One type of blood vessels (ar-
disease of human respiratory system. It is a viral in-
teries) takes the blood out of the heart to all over the
fection. Its symptoms are cough, sore throat, running
body. The other type of blood vessels (veins) brings
nose, nasal congestion and sneezing. The best way to
the blood towards the heart from all over the body.
avoid this problem is thorough and regular washing
of hands, getting rest and using liquids in diets. There
is no proper medicine for common cold. If the symp-
toms persist, consult your doctor.
Pneumonia:
It is another common illness which occurs in
all age groups. Pneumonia is a lungs disease. It can
be caused by bacterial, viral and fungal infections.
The symptoms are cough, chest pain, fever and dif-
ficulty in breathing. During pneumonia, the alveoli
are filled with a fluid (pus), which prevents oxygen
from reaching the blood and makes breathing painful.
Pneumonia is treated with antibiotics as advised by
the physician.
As a preventive measure, wash hands fre-
quently to avoid germs, use tissue paper or handker-
chief while coughing or sneezing.
Asthma: Circulatory System
It is a form of difficult breathing. Common-
ly, it is an allergic response of the body to substanc- Q. 14. How does human heart work?
es like pollen, household dust, a particular food or Ans: Structure of Heart:
feathers from pillow. A characteristic whistling sound The organ that pumps the blood in blood ves-
24 General Science for Class 7: Unit # 2 – Human Respiratory & Circulatory System

sels is called heart. Where is heart located? Put your pumped towards the lungs.
hand on the upper left side of your chest. Do you feel
something beating? The organ which is beating is Q. 15. Explain the structures and functions of the
your heart. What is the shape of the heart? The heart following:
is somewhat cone-shaped (Figure). The size of hu- a. Arteries
man heart is about the size of the fist. It is present in b. Veins
the chest cavity between the two lungs. It is a muscu- c. Capillaries
lar organ. The heart is enclosed in a thin double-lay- Ans: Blood Vessels (Arteries, Veins, Capillaries):
ered transparent membrane called pericardium. a. Arteries
The blood vessels that carry blood away from
the heart are called arteries. Aorta is the main
artery. It branches to form small arteries. The
arteries branch again to form arterioles.
Structure of Arteries:
Arteries are thick-walled. When an artery
constricts, its lumen (space) becomes
narrower and less blood flows through it in a
given time. Arteries have no valves. In places
where the arteries are close to the skin, such
External structure of human heart as wrist, one can feel the expansion of the
Internally, the heart consists of four cham- arteries as pulse. The pulse tells us the rate
bers. The upper two chambers are called atria and of heart beat. The blood flows under high
the lower two chambers are called ventricles. The pressure in the arteries.
atria are divided into left atrium and right atrium. b. Veins
The ventricles are also divided into right ventricle Capillaries re-unite to form small veins called
and left ventricle. Atria are thin-walled chambers as venules. The venules join to form bigger
compared to ventricles. Left ventricle is thicker than veins. The veins carry blood back to the heart.
the right ventricle. The left atrium opens into the left Structure of Veins:
ventricle. The right atrium opens into the right ven- When the blood reaches a vein, it flows slowly
tricle. The flow of blood from atria to ventricles is and smoothly. So the walls of the veins need
regulated by valves which prevent the backflow of not be as thick and muscular as those of the
the blood. arteries.
Working of Heart: Veins have larger lumen. Most of the veins
The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood have internal valves to prevent backflow of
(blood with less oxygen) through two veins; one car- the blood.
rying blood from upper part of the body and the other c. Capillaries
from lower part of the body. The left atrium receives The arterioles divide and become tiny vessels
oxygenated blood (blood with more oxygen) from called capillaries. Capillaries provide a large
the lungs. surface area for the exchange of materials
Both atria contract at the same time and pump between the blood and the tissues.
the blood from left atrium to left ventricle and from Structure of Capillaries:
right atrium to right ventricle. The two ventricles Capillaries are very thin walled vessels
contract at the same time. During this contraction, through which the exchange of materials
the blood from left ventricle is pumped towards all between blood and tissues takes place.
the body parts (except lungs) through the main ar-
tery called aorta and the blood from right ventricle is
General Science for Class 7: Unit # 2 – Human Respiratory & Circulatory System 25

Q. 18. Who is a respiratory therapist and

pulmonologist?
Ans: Respiratory Therapist:
Respiratory therapists have an advanced
knowledge of healthcare for human lungs
and breathing system. They can examine
our breathing system, diagnose and treat
problems, recommend exercises and monitor
progress.
Pulmonologist:
Pulmonologists are the specialists of chest
and respiratory problems. They can assist
and treat patients of pneumonia, tuberculosis,
asthma and other chest related issues.
Q. 19. Describe the composition of blood.
Ans: Composition of Blood:
Structure and Function of Blood Vessels
Our blood is 55 % plasma and 45 % blood
Q. 16. What type of blood is received by right cells are suspended in the plasma. Plasma is 92 %
atrium. Oxygenated or deoxygenated blood? water. Plasma without fibrinogen (blood clotting pro-
Ans: Deoxygenated blood. teins) and blood cells is called serum.
Blood cells:
Q. 17. Differentiate between Arteries, veins and
Blood cells are of three cells (RBCs), white
capillaries.
blood cells and platelets (Figure).
Ans: Difference between Arteries, Veins and
Capillaries:
Arteries Veins Capillaries
Carry blood away Carry blood to- Provide surface
from the heart wards the heart area for exchange
of materials be-
tween the body Blood Cells
cells and blood Red blood cells (RBCs):
cells Red blood cells (RBCs) are disc shaped and
Thick walled ves- Thin walled vessels Very thin walled slightly concave on both sides They contain haemo-
sels globin (a red coloured protein) which gives them red
Facing high blood Facing low blood Facing low blood colour. This is the haemoglobin in the red blood cells
pressure pressure pressure which carries oxygen from the lungs and supplies it
Having no valves Veins have valve No valve to all the body cells during blood circulation. Hae-
Carry blood hav- Return blood carry- Provide oxygen moglobin also carries carbon dioxide from the blood
ing oxygen and ing carbon dioxide and nutrients to the cells and leaves it at the lungs for its removal from
nutrients for the and other wastes, cells and collect the body. Red blood cells exist for 120 days in the
body cells, except except pulmonary carbon dioxide and blood stream. They are finally fragmented in the liv-
pulmonary artery vein which carries other wastes from er.
which carries de- oxygenated blood the cells. White blood cells (WBCs):
oxygenated blood.
White blood cells (WBCs) are colourless.
They have no coloured pigment. They are part of
the body’s immune system. They help the body fight
26 General Science for Class 7: Unit # 2 – Human Respiratory & Circulatory System

infection and other diseases. There are five types of can prevent hypertension.
white blood cells which are different in their struc-
ture and function. These are larger in size than the red Key Points
blood cells. Their main function is to protect the body
from disease causing microorganisms (pathogens).  Inhalation and exhalation of air is called
Platelets: breathing
Platelets are not complete cells. These are  Respiration a process during which energy
fragments of cytoplasm enclosed by membranes. is released from food in series or reactions,
Platelets play an important role in blood clotting. each of which is catalyzed by a special type
They also help to slow or stop bleeding and healing of enzyme.
wounds.
 Respiration which takes place using oxygen is
Q. 20. How do the platelets help to heal the wounds called aerobic respiration. Respiration which
and bleeding? takes place in the absence of oxygen is called
Ans: If there is an injury or cut in our body, plate- anaerobic respiration.
lets break apart and release a special chemical that
 Circulatory system consists of heart, blood
works with proteins in the plasma and produce a web
vessels and blood.
which traps red blood cells. The trapped red blood
cells then dry and form a scab on injured site.  Blood vessels that carry blood from heart to
other parts of the body are called arteries.
Q. 21. Describe the causes and symptoms of heart
 Blood vessels that bring the blood back to
attacks.
heart from the other body parts are called
Ans: Heart Attack:
A heart attack is the death of the part of heart veins.
muscle due to lack of blood supply. Coronary arteries  The tiny blood vessels which provide surface
supply blood to the heart. If a blood clot is made in in the body tissues for exchange of materials
coronary artery, it may block coronary artery. As a between blood cells and body cells are called
result, blood as well as oxygen supply to the heart is capillaries.
blocked. This condition leads to death of heart mus-  Our blood is 55 % plasma and 45 % blood
cles. cells suspended in the plasma. Plasma is 92
In his situation, suddenly, the person feels % water.
discomfort or intense pain in the centre of chest. The  Plasma without fibrinogen (blood colouring
pain may spread to shoulders, arm, neck or jaw. Other proteins) and blood cells is called serum.
symptoms of heart attack include shortness of breath,
 Blood cells are of three types, i.e., red blood
sweating, and fainting. Coronary bypass is widely
cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs) and
used surgical process to remove the blockage in cor-
onary arteries. platelets.

Q. 22. Describe the causes and symptoms of Exercise Solution

hypertension.
Ans: Hypertension:
Blood pressure is the force, blood exerts on 2.1 Encircle the correct option.
the walls of arteries or veins in the body. Prolonged 1. Exchange of gases takes place in:
high blood pressure is called hypertension. During a. lungs b. bronchioles
hypertension, the heart has to pump the blood harder. c. alveoli d. blood
Obesity and lack of exercise lead to hypertension. In- 2. Trachea divides into two :
crease in rate of heart beat, sweating, discomfort and a. bronchi b. veins
sinking of heart are the common symptoms. Weight c. villi d. ribs
loss, regular exercise, healthy food and medication
General Science for Class 7: Unit # 2 – Human Respiratory & Circulatory System 27

3. The part of the heart which receives blood Oxygen Carbon dioxide
from lungs: 1. Diatomic molecule, Triatomic molecule,
a. left atrium b. right atrium having two oxygen at- having one carbon
c. left ventricle d. right ventricle oms. (O2) atom and two oxygen
4. Left atrium opens into: atoms. (CO2)
a. right atrium b. right ventricle 2. Molar mass = 16 gm Molar mass = 44 gm
c. left ventricle d. aorta
3. We inhale oxygen. We exhale CO2.
5. Right atrium receives:
4. Used in hospitals for Used by plants to pre-
a. oxygenated blood
respiration of patients. pare their own food by
b. deoxygenated blood
photosynthesis pro-
c. both types of blood
cess.
d. no blood
6. Blood vessels that carry blood away from 5. In air = 21% In air = 0.03%
the heart are: 6. Plants produce oxygen Animals and plants re-
a. capillaries b. veins during photosynthesis lease carbon dioxide
c. arteries d. venules process. during respiration pro-
7. Aerobic respiration takes place in: cess.
a. mitochondria b. chloroplasts 3. Breathing and respiration
c. nucleus d. blood vessels Ans: See Question No. 11
8. Products of anaerobic respiration in yeasts
4. Arteries and veins
are ................ along with energy:
Ans: See Question No. 17
a. carbon dioxide and water
b. ethanol and carbon dioxide 5. Capillaries and alveoli
c. oxygen and water Ans:
d. lactic acid and water Capillaries Alveoli
9. Exchange of material in the body tissues and
1. Blood vessels in the Very small air sacs.
blood takes place in: walls of alveoli.
a. aorta b. ventricles
2. Blood passes through Exchange of gases
c. veins d. capillaries
the capillaries. (oxygen and CO2)
10. Which of the following plays an important
takes place.
role in blood clotting?
3. Fine branching blood During diffusion oxy-
a. red blood cells b. white blood cells
vessels that form a gen moves from alveo-
c. platelets d. bone cells
network throughout li to the blood through
Solution:
our body. capillaries.
1. c 2. a 3. a 4. c 5. b
6. c 7. a 8. b 9. d 10. c
2.3 Give short answers.
2.2 Differentiate between: 1. Name the body parts involved in breathing
1. Aerobic and anaerobic respiration system.
Ans: See Question No. 9 Ans: Nasal cavity, Pharynx, Larynx, trachea,
bronchus, bronchioles and lungs are the body
2. Oxygen and carbon dioxide parts that take part in breathing.
Ans:
2. Name the products of anaerobic respiration
which occurs in muscles.
Ans: Glucose Ethanol (alcohol) + Carbon
28 General Science for Class 7: Unit # 2 – Human Respiratory & Circulatory System

dioxide + Energy can be compared as follows:

So ethanol and carbondioxide are the products. • During both processes energy is released
3. Name different blood cells. from a fuel.
Ans: a. Red Blood Cells • Both processes use oxygen and release carbon
b. White Blood Cells dioxide.
c. Platelets. • The main difference between the two
processes is the rate at which they release
4. Where does blood oxygenate? energy. During breathing, release of energy
Ans: Blood is oxygenated in the lungs. When blood is very slow than burning and its rate can be
comes from the right ventricle (heart) to the controlled.
lungs, blood gets oxygen in the lungs and gets
rid of CO2. 2. Blood circulatory system plays a key role in
cellular respiration. Explain how?
5. Name different chambers of human heart. Ans: The blood transports the gases to and from
Ans: Human heart has these chambers: the tissue cells. The exchange of gases
a. Right atrium between the blood and tissue cells is internal
b. Right ventricle respiration. Finally the cells utilize the
c. Left atrium oxygen for their specific activities (cellular
d. Left ventricle metabolism or cellular respiration.).
The heart, blood and blood vessels work
2.4 Answer the following questions. together to serve the cells of the body. Using
1. Describe the functions of different valves in the network of arteries, veins and capillaries,
human heart and veins. blood carries CO2 to the lungs for exhalation
Ans: There are valves between each atrium and and picks up oxygen. From the intestine, the
ventricle on the both sides of the heart. Valves blood gathers food, nutrients and delivers
are also present in veins. These valves keep them to every cell, for cellular respiration.
the blood flowing in one direction. 3. Anaerobic respiration occurs when the
2. How does human heart work? body cannot get enough oxygen for aerobic
Ans: See Question No. 14 respiration to take place. Explain with
example of the situation when and where
3. Explain the structures and functions of the
anaerobic respiration takes place in human
following
body.
(a) Arteries Ans: See Question No. 8
(b) Veins
(c) Capillaries
Additional MCQs
Ans: See Question No. 15
1. Our body needs energy and food:
4. Explain the role of chest and rib muscles in a. To move b. To grow
breathing system. c. To stay alive d. All of these
Ans: See Question No. 2 2. The process of changing the food into sim-
5. Describe the composition of blood. pler form is called:
Ans: See Question No. 19 a. Assimilation b. Excretion
c. Respiration d. Digestion
2.5 Constructed Response Questions 3. These are the nutrients:
a. Carbohydrates and proteins
1. Explain the difference between burning and b. Fats and vitamins
respiration. c. Vitamins and minerals d. All of
Ans: Breathing (respiration) and burning processes
General Science for Class 7: Unit # 2 – Human Respiratory & Circulatory System 29

these 16. Final digestion of carbohydrates, fats and

4. The alimentary canal starts from the mouth proteins occurs in the:
and ends at the: a. Stomach b. Small intestine
a. Oesophagus b. Stomach c. Large intestine d. Oesophagus
c. Small intestine d. Anus 17. It provides bile salts to make fats easier to
5. The wave like muscular movements in oe- absorb:
sophagus, that pushes the food from oesoph- a. Stomach b. Pancreas
agus to the stomach are called: c. Liver d. Oesophagus
a. Paralytic movement b. Paralistic 18. Villi, finger like structures that absorb the
movement digested food are present in:
c. Peristaltic movements d. None of a. Large intestine b. Small intestine
these c. Stomach d. Liver
6. Our stomach is: 19. The main job of large intestine is:
a. U-shaped b. L-shaped a. To digest fats
c. M-shaped d. J-shaped b. To digest carbohydrates
7. The process of digestion begins from our: c. To absorb extra water
a. Oesophagus b. Mouth d. To digest protein
c. Stomach d. Small intestines 20. Vomiting is the reverse process of:
8. Saliva starts digestion of: a. Hydration b. Peristalsis
a. Protein b. Fats c. Hydrolysis d. Paralysis
c. Carbohydrates d. Vitamins 21. It is cause/causes of diarrhoea:
9. Starch and sugar are included in a. Anxiety or excitement
a. Protein b. Fats b. Contaminated food or infection
c. Carbohydrates d. Vitamins c. Contaminated food or reaction of some
10. Salivary glands are present in: medicine
a. Mouth b. Oesophagus d. All of these
c. Stomach d. Small intestine 22. Lemonade contains:
11. The digestive juices are produced in: a. Carbohydrates b. Protein
a. Mouth b. Oesophagus c. Sugar and slat d. Fats
c. Stomach d. Small intestine 23. The cause/causes of constipation is:
12. The digestive juices starts digestion of: a. Taking food high in fibre
a. Fats b. Carbohydrates b. Taking food low in fibre
c. Proteins d. All of these c. Not drinking enough water
13. The food remains in stomach for: d. Both b. and c.
a. 1 hour b. 2 hour 24. The bile produced in liver is stored in:
c. 4 hours d. 6 hours a. Pancreas b. Gallbladder
14. Hydrochloric acid present in digestive juice c. Bladder d. stomach
in the stomach: 25. The juice, produced by the pancreas digest:
a. Kills germs present in the food a. Carbohydrates b. Protein
b. Helps in digestion of protein c. Fats d. All of these
c. Helps in the digestion of carbohydrates 26. We need it to break down the food in every
d. Both a. & b. cell of our body.
15. As food leaves our stomach, it enters into: a. Hydrogen b. Oxygen
a. Oesophagus b. Large intestine c. Nitrogen d. All of these
c. Small intestine d. Rectum
30 General Science for Class 7: Unit # 2 – Human Respiratory & Circulatory System

27. The process by which living organisms use 36. In this disease, the alveoli are filled with pus,
oxygen of air and food to produce energy is which make breathing painful:
called: a. Constipation b. Pneumonia
a. Breathing b. Expiration c. Common cold d. Influenza
c. Respiration d. Excretion 37. Loss of appetite, nasal congestion with
28. Our respiratory system consists of: wheezing sound and chest pain are symp-
a. Nose, throat, lungs and oesophagus toms of:
b. Nose, throat, lungs and pancreas a. Diarrhoea b. Common cold
c. Nose, throat, lungs and trachea c. Pneumonia d. Heart attack
d. Nose, throat, lungs and gallbladder 38. The intercostals muscles pull the ribs out-
29. It covers the windpipe, when we eat or drink ward during:
something. a. Inhaling b. Exhaling
a. Trachea b. Epiglottis c. Breathing d. Respiration
c. Larynx d. phanynx 39. The place where digested food is absorbed:
30. It is made of rings of cartilage: a. small intestine b. large intestine
a. Oesophagus b. Lungs c. stomach d. mouth
c. Trachea d. Alveoli 40. What part of our body contracts and moves
31. The true route of inhaled air is: down when we inhale?
a. Nose Larynx Trachea Bronchi a. bronchioles b. alveoli
Bronchiole c. diaphragm d. kidneys
b. Nose Larynx Alveoli Bronchi 41. Air is moistened, filtered, and warmed in
Bronchiole the:
c. Nose Alveoli Trachea Bronchi a. oesophagus b. nose
Bronchiole c. mouth d. stomach
d. Alveoli Larynx Trachea 42. A large muscle that separates the chest cav-
Bronchi Bronchiole ity from the abdominal cavity and helps in
32. Tiny air sacs at the end of each bronchiole breathing.
are called: a. larynx b. trachea
a. Bronchi b. Alveoli c. diaphragm d. alveolus
c. Villi d. None of these 43. Which produces juice for the final digestion
33. It carries oxygen from lungs to every part of of proteins, fats and carbohydrates?
our body: a. mouth b. large intestine
a. White blood cells b. Platelets c. pancreas d. gallbladder
c. Red blood cells d. None of these 44. The reverse process of peristalsis:
34. Cells of our body use oxygen and food to a. breathing b. burning
produce: c. vomiting d. blood circulation
a. Energy and carbon dioxide 45. True sequence is:
b. Energy and carbon monoxide a. Right atrium Left atrium body
c. Energy and hydrogen peroxide b. Right atrium Left atrium Left
d. All of these ventricle
35. It is a muscular organ, that works during c. Right atrium Right ventrical
the breathing process. Left atrium
a. Lungs d. None of these
b. Intercostals muscles of ribs 46. True sequence is::
c. Dome-shaped diaphragm a. Oesophagus stomach Atrium
d. Both a. and c. b. Oesophagus stomach Ventricle
c. Oesophagus Stomach Lungs
General Science for Class 7: Unit # 2 – Human Respiratory & Circulatory System 31

d. Oesophagus stomach small 56. The diagram shows different types of blood
intestine cells Which cell is filled with hemoglobin?
47. Inhaled air contains oxygen: a. A (WBCs) b. B (RBCs)
a. 15% b. 21% c. C (Platelets) d. D (All of these)
c. 45% d. 5%
48. A team of climbers was climbing a high
mountain When they reached near top they
felt difficulty in breathing because at high
altitude there is
a. more oxygen b. less oxygen
c. more carbon dioxide
d. low temperature
49. The exchange of substances between blood
and body cells can take place at the: 57. The diagram shows blood flow through a
a. Capillaries b. Veins human heart Which chamber pumps the
c. Arteries d. Heart blood to lungs?
50. A person affected with anaemia looks pale a. A (Right atrium)
and feels tired. All his body cells are getting b. B (Left atrium)
a. less food c. C (Right ventricle)
b. less oxygen d. D (Left ventricle)
c. less water
d. less carbon dioxide
51. The exchange of gases between blood and
air takes place at:
a. Trachea b. Bronchi
c. Bronchioles d. Alveoli
52. Cellular respiration always requires
a. glucose and oxygen
b. glucose Solution:
c. glucose, oxygen and carbon dioxide
1. d 2. d 3. d 4. d 5. c
d. alcohol, Lactic acid and carbon dioxide
6. d 7. b 8. c 9. c 10. a
53. Valves are flaps that keep blood flowing in
one direction. Valves are found in 11. c 12. c 13. c 14. d 15. c
a. Artery and vein 16. b 17. c 18. b 19. c 20. b
b. Artery, vein and capillary 21. d 22. c 23. d 24. b 25. d
c. Vein and heart 26. b 27. c 28. c 29. b 30. c
d. Artery, vein, capillary and heart 31. a 32. b 33. c 34. a 35. d
54. Oxygenated blood is found in two chambers 36. b 37. c 38. a 39. a 40. c
of heart including
41. b 42. c 43. c 44. c 45. c
a. Right and left atrium
b. Right and left ventricle 46. d 47. b 48. b 49. a 50. b
c. Right atrium and right ventricle 51. d 52. a 53. c 54. d 55. a
d. Left atrium and left ventricle 56. b 57. c

n
55. Which component of blood is liquid?
a. Plasma b. Red blood cell
c. White blood cell d. Platelets
32 General Science for Class 7: Unit # 3 – Immunity & Diseases

b. Infection
Unit # 3 c. Antibodies
d. Pathogens

Immunity & Diseases Ans:

e. Parasites

a. Immunity
Ability of an organism’s body to defend itself
Short & Long Q/As against disease-causing organisms is called
immunity.
Q. 1. Name the disease causing organisms b. Infection
(agents). Entry and growth of microorganisms into
Ans: The disease causing organisms (agents) are as bodies of other organisms is called infection.
under: c. Antibodies
Proteins that protect human body when
an unwanted substance enters it are called
antibodies.
d. Pathogens
Disease causing microorganisms are called
pathogens.
e. Parasites
Virus An organism living in the body of another
organism for food that may cause diseases are
called parasites.
Q. 3. Write ‘C’ against the correct and ‘I’
against the incorrect statement in the
middle column. Also correct the incorrect
statement and write it in the next column.
Bacteria Ans:
Correct/Incorrect C/I Correct state-
ment
Diseases that can be trans- C
mitted from one person to
another are called contagious
diseases.
Diseases that are not trans- I Diseases that are not
Plasmodium ferred from one person to transferred from one
another are called contagious person to another
diseases. are called non-conta-
gious diseases.
Cancer and diabetes are I Cancer and diabetes
the examples of contagious are the examples
diseases. of non-contagious
diseases.
Fungus
Q. 2. Define the following:
a. Immunity
General Science for Class 7: Unit # 3 – Immunity & Diseases 33

Flu, polio, TB, COVID-19 and I Flu, polio, TB, COV- bacteria.
hepatitis are the examples of ID-19 and hepatitis (c) Penicillin and amoxcil are antibiotics.
non-contagious diseases. are the examples of Antibiotics are used for the treatment
contagious diseases. of bacterial diseases.
Vaccination is a method of C (d) Conclusion: Prevention is better than
keeping us safe from a disease cure. We should get vaccinated to
by injecting weak or killed
prevent infectious diseases.
germs of that disease into our
body. Q. 5. Define pathogens.
Wearing mask can allow I Wearing mask will Ans: Pathogens:
germs enter into our body from not allow germs Microorganisms that cause diseases in hu-
environment through nose and enter into our body man body are called pathogens. Entry and growth of
mouth. from environment pathogens into our body is called infection. Patho-
through nose and gens are found everywhere in our surrounding. They
mouth. enter our body when we breathe, eat, touch surround-
Penicillin was the first antibi- C ing and through injuries. Physical barriers and im-
otic munity make us safe from their harmful effects.
Q. 4. Conduct an interactive discussion on the Q. 6. Describe the physical barriers against the
following: pathogens in human body?
Ans: Physical Barriers:
Our skin, mucous membranes, hairs, cilia,
saliva, etc., make the first line of defence against in-
fections. They act as barriers to the entry of foreign
organisms into body cells. Human skin has an outer
multi-layered thick cover of mostly dead cells called
epidermis. The dead cells of epidermis keep on
shedding (Figure) and expelling the pathogens away
from skin. A pigment called melanin is present in ep-
idermis. It darkens skin and protects us from harmful
effects of sunlight.

(a) What do you think about the disease shown

in the picture and how can it be avoided?
(b) What is antibiotic?
(c) Penicillin was the first antibiotic derived
from a fungus known as Penicillium.
(d) What do you conclude from the discussion?
Shedding of dead cells from human skin
Ans: (a) The person in the picture is a polio
patient. Polio is a disabling disease Q. 7. Explain the non-specific defence agents
caused by polio virus. We can avoid pathogens in human body.
by taking polio drops (vaccination). Ans: Nonspecific Defence
(b) Antibiotic is an antimicrobial Nonspecific defence includes phagocytosis,
substance that acts against bacteria. inflammatory response, fever and complementary re-
They may kill or inhibit growth of actions, etc.
34 General Science for Class 7: Unit # 3 – Immunity & Diseases

Phagocytosis: Antigen
Phagocytosis is a cellular process of ingesting
and eliminating foreign substance and microorgan-
Antigen
isms. A type of white blood cells called phagocytes binding
perform this function. (Figure). site
Antibody
Bacteria

White blood cell Pseudopodia engulf bacteria Bacteria are digested

Antigens and
(Phagocyte)
antibodies have a
Phagocytosis lock-and-key
relationship.
Inflammatory response: Depending on the
When a body tissue is damaged or injured, it
causes inflammation. Heat or burning effect, pain, antibodies are produced.
redness, swelling, loss of function, etc., are the signs Antibody produced for a particular antigen
of inflammation. Inflammatory response is a part of
Two types of white blood cells called B-lym-
the body’s defence mechanism in which special cells
phocytes and T-lymphocytes are involved in immuni-
called inflammatory cells are sent at the affected site.
ty production.
They remove the harmful foreign substances / patho-
B-lymphocytes show response by production
gens from the site and begin the healing process.
of antibodies and antitoxins. This is called humoral
Q. 8. How are antibodies produced against response. (Adaptive Immune Response) T-lympho-
antigens by specific defence system? cytes directly fight with pathogens to remove them
Ans: Immunity or Specific Defence: from body. It is called cell-mediated response.
The pathogens like virus, bacteria, fungi, tox-
Q. 9. Write a note on innate immunity?
ins, etc., cause the body to produce special proteins
Ans: Innate immunity:
called antibodies. Antibodies are produced by lym-
The innate immunity is inherited from par-
phocytes, in response to antigens present on path-
ents and protects the individual since birth. It is al-
ogens. The antibodies work to destroy only those
ways present in the body and generates a rapid re-
antigens which stimulate their production. After pro-
sponse. It exhibits less potency. Innate immunity
duction, an antibody identifies the antigen, develops
generates a non- specific immune response. Redness
a lock and key relationship with it and neutralizes it
and swelling caused by white blood cells around a
(Figure). As the antibodies work against particular
wound is an example of innate immunity (Figure).
antigens, the defence system so developed is called
specific defence.
Antigens

Antigens
Antigen-binding site

Redness and swelling around a wound

Q. 10. What is adaptive immunity? Describe the
types of adaptive immunity.
Ans: Adaptive immunity:
The immunity acquired by an individual after
Antibody
the birth is called adaptive immunity. It is devel-
General Science for Class 7: Unit # 3 – Immunity & Diseases 35

oped in response to external factors. It generates a

delayed response in 5 – 6 days. It exhibits higher po-
tency and produces specific immune response. Vac-
cination against a virus is the example of adaptive
immunity (Figure).
Adaptive immunity is again of two types, ac-
tive immunity and passive immunity.
Immunity produced by breast feeding
Q. 11. Give introduction of pathogens (virus,
bacteria, fungi). Explain how can they enter
human body?
Ans: Pathogens Causing Infectious Diseases:
Infectious diseases are those which are caused
by the entry and growth of pathogens in the body of
an individual. Viruses, bacteria, fungi and other para-
Vaccination against a virus sites are the pathogens causing infectious diseases.
a. Active immunity Viruses:
Active immunity is a type of adaptive (ac- Viruses are tiny particles which can cause in-
quired) immunity by which a body produces its own fectious diseases. A complete virus is composed of
antibodies in response to the pathogens entered in the genetic material called genome covered by a coat
the body. Active immunity takes time in producing called capsid. In some cases an additional coat called
antibodies and giving response. It is more effective envelope is also present around the capsid (Figure).
and long lasting. In order to acquire active immunity Capsid is the protective coat made of proteins. Enve-
against a disease, weak or dead pathogens of the said lope, where present, is often covered with spikes that
disease are injected in the body in the form of vaccine help to identify the host cell.
(Figure). Envelope
Genome

Capsid
Spikes

A typical enveloped virus

Tetanus vaccine
A virus after invading a host cell uses compo-
b. Passive immunity: nents of the host cell and replicates rapidly for pro-
Passive immunity is a type of adaptive (ac- ducing more and more viruses of its own kind. On
quired) immunity by which readymade antibodies are completion of replication cycle, the new viruses dam-
transferred to the individual. Passive immunity is fast age the host cell and are released to invade the other
in providing immediate response. It is less effective cells of the host body. In this way, the host cells are
and not long lasting. Immunity produced by the an- damaged and destroyed rapidly. The diseases caused
tibodies present in mother’s milk is the example of by viruses in human are AIDS, COVID-19, hepatitis,
passive immunity (Figure). polio, common cold, measles, etc. (Figure).
36 General Science for Class 7: Unit # 3 – Immunity & Diseases

Fungi:
Fungi are simple organisms that can be single
celled or multicellular. They cannot make their own
food as fungal cells don’t have chlorophyll. They of-
Polio virus Hepatitis B virus COVID-19 virus ten grow on dead bodies or decaying matter. A typi-
cal fungal cell contains a true nucleus, mitochondria,
endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus. They
have thick walls. The organism’s body consists of fil-
Smallpox virus Measles virus Common cold virus aments called hyphae. Fungi reproduce by means of
Viruses causing different diseases spores. Yeast, mould, mushroom, etc. are examples of
fungi (Figure).
Bacteria:
Bacteria are single celled microorganisms
found in every type of environment. A bacterial cell
is simply a nucleoid or DNA without any nuclear
membrane present in the cytoplasm surrounded by a
plasma membrane and an outer protective cell wall. Yeast Mould Mushroom

Some bacteria have protective capsule over the cell Common fungi
wall (Figure). Ribosomes are the sites for protein syn- Athletes foot, jock itch, ringworm, etc., are
thesis. the diseases caused by fungi (Figure).
Cytoplasm DNA
Ribosomes

Pilus
Capsule

Athletes foot Jock itch Ringworm

Cell Wall Diseases caused by fungi
Plasma
Bacterial Flagellum
Membrane
Parasites:
The organisms that live in or on the body of
Bacterial cell
other organisms are called parasites. The organisms
One or more flagella help the cell to move. on which parasites live are called hosts. Parasites ob-
Pili can help certain bacteria attach with host cell. tain food from the hosts. The two main types of para-
Cholera, diarrhea, typhoid, tuberculosis, tetanus, sites which cause diseases in humans are endopara-
etc., are the diseases caused by bacteria (Figure). sites and ectoparasites. The parasites that live inside
the body of host (most commonly in blood stream)
are called endoparasites. e.g., malarial parasite, tape
worm, round worm, etc. are the examples of endopar-
asites (Figure ).
Typhoid Cholera Tetanus
causing bacteria causing bacteria causing bacteria

Malarial parasite Tapeworm Roundworms

Diarrhea Tuberculosis Endoparasites
causing bacteria causing bacteria
The parasites that live outside the bodies of
Bacteria causing diseases
the hosts are called ectoparasites. Insects, such as
General Science for Class 7: Unit # 3 – Immunity & Diseases 37

ticks, lice and mosquitoes, etc., are examples of ec- them to fight off the invader (pathogen).
toparasites (Figure). Worms are larger, multicellular Thymus:
organisms that can live inside as well as outside the Thymus is found in the upper part of the chest,
human body. beneath the breast bone. It facilitates maturation of ‘T
lymphocytes’ which provide cell mediated immunity.
The specific task of thymus is to learn, recognize or
remember the invader and initiate for the production
Tick Lice Mosquito or selection of T lymphocytes so that their attack can
Ectoparasites be quickly mounted the next time this invader is en-
countered.
Q. 12. Describe the parts of immune system. Spleen:
Ans: Parts of Immune System: Spleen is purple coloured organ, found in the
The system of body parts (cells, tissues, or- upper region of left abdomen and protected by rib
gans) that work together to defend the body against cage. It stores white blood cells that defend human
the attacks of pathogens is called immune system body against foreign invaders. It filters the blood to
(Figure). destroy old and damaged red blood cells.
The organs involved in immune system are Bone marrow:
found throughout the body and work to produce Bone marrow inside the bones produces bil-
‘lymphocytes’ and are thus known as lymphoid or- lions of new blood cells every day and releases them
gans. Lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, bone marrow, into the blood stream. Bone marrow has stem cells
tonsils, adenoids, appendix and peyer’s patches, etc., which differentiate into specific cell types, red blood
are the organs called lymphoid organs. cells, white blood cells, platelets and many other
types of immune cells. It strengthens the immune
Tonsils and system in our body.
Adenoids Tonsils:
Tonsils are a pair of soft tissues present inside
the throat that fight against the infections. They swell
Thymus Bone up in response to infection.
marrow Adenoids:
Axillary
lymph nodes Adenoids are a patch of soft tissues located
behind the nasal cavity. Like tonsils, they help to
keep the body healthy. They trap harmful bacteria or
Spleen viruses we breathe in or swallow. They are important
Peyer's
patch infection fighters in babies and young children.
Appendix:
Appendix Inguinal Appendix is a pouch like organ between the
lymph nodes
small intestine and large intestine. It helps in the mat-
uration of B lymphocytes and takes part in the pro-
duction of some antibodies.
Parts of human immune system Peyer’s patches:
Peyer’s patches are the lymphoid tissues pres-
Lymph nodes: ent in small intestine. They form an important part of
Lymph nodes are small glands that contain immune system for preventing the growth of patho-
immune cells and found in different parts of the body. genic bacteria in the intestines.
When foreign invader enters the body, lymph nodes
are activated. They replicate themselves, analyze the
foreign body, produce specific lymphocytes and send
38 General Science for Class 7: Unit # 3 – Immunity & Diseases

Q. 13. Write a note on development of adoptive Q. 15. What are infectious diseases? Give
immunity. examples.
Ans: Adaptive Immunity Developed Over Time Ans: Viruses, bacteria, fungi and other parasites
Adaptive immunity is not present at birth. It are the pathogens causing infectious diseases.
develops when a person’s immune system finds and Hepatitis, typhoid, COVID-19, etc., are the
recognizes some foreign invader. Development of examples of infectious diseases.
adaptive immunity takes days or even weeks. Adap-
tive immunity is more specific to the pathogens and Key Points
has memory. It develops after the exposure to an an-
tigen either from a pathogen or some vaccine.  The ability of human body to defend itself
Q. 14. How can we avoid infections? against disease causing agents (pathogens) is
Ans: Avoiding Infections: called immunity.
Understanding the ways microorganisms en-  The response of human body to a foreign
ter our bodies can help to prevent infection. The best particle (pathogen) in the form of producing
way to avoid infection is to keep our bodies and envi- antibodies against a specific antigen is called
ronment clean. Following are some ways that help to immune response.
prevent infection:  The innate immunity is inherited from parents
1. Dirty hands are major source of germs. The and protects the individual since birth. It is
germs enter into our body, when we touch always present in the body and generates a
our eyes, nose and mouth with dirty hands.
rapid response.
Wash our hands before we eat, after we use
 The immunity acquired by an individual after
washroom/toilet, and whenever we touch
something used by a sick person (Figure). the birth is called adaptive immunity. It is
developed in response to external factors.
 Active immunity is a type of adaptive
(acquired) immunity by which a body
produces its own antibodies in response to the
pathogens entered in the body.
 Passive immunity is a type of adaptive
(acquired) immunity by which readymade
antibodies are transferred to the individual.
Washing hands with soap washes off the germs
 Viruses, bacteria, fungi and other parasites
2. Take a bath at least once a day. are the pathogens causing infectious diseases.
3. We can protect ourselves from food infections
 Hepatitis, typhoid, COVID-19, etc., are the
by eating healthy and fresh food that is free
examples of infectious diseases.
of germs. Wash fruit and vegetables before
eating. Avoid eating items that are not
properly covered from dust.
Exercise Solution
4. We should keep our home, school and
surrounding clean. 3.1 Encircle the correct option.
5. Clean cuts and bruises in the skin right
away with soap and clean water. Covering 1. A pigment in the skin that protects harmful
the wound with bandage also helps to keep effects of sunlight:
infection away. a. melanin b. haemoglobin
6. We should learn principles of good health and c. lymphocyte d. lysozyme
act accordingly. 2. Hydrochloric acid is found in:
a. salavia b. gastric juice
General Science for Class 7: Unit # 3 – Immunity & Diseases 39

c. bile d. pancreatic juice 4. What are infectious diseases? Give

3. ............. is the inflammation of liver. examples.
a. tuberculosis b. typhoid Ans: See Question No. 15
c. COVID-19 d. hepatitis 5. Describe the parts of immune system.
4. Billions of new blood cells are produced dai- Ans: See Question No. 12
ly in:
6. How can we avoid infections?
a. heart b. lever
Ans: See Question No. 14
c. spleen d. bone-marrow
5. Nuclear membrane is not found in: 3.4 Constructed Response Questions
a. plant cell b. animal cell
c. bacterial cell d. fungal cell 1. What do you think are the modes of
Solution: transmission of diseases?
1. a 2. b 3. d 4. d 5. c Ans: Modes of Transmission of Diseases:
a. Airborn (aerosol) droplet transmission.
3.2 Give short answers. b. Vector-burn transmission. Spread
through vectors such as mosquitoes
1. Define the following: and flies.
(a) Pathogen (b) Antigen c. Faecal-oral spread. Eating
(c) Infection (d) Phagocytosis contaminated food.
Ans: d. Skin or mucous membrane contact.
(a) Pathogen e. Some animals transmit diseases to
Disease causing microorganisms are called human beings.
pathogens.
(b) Antigen 2. What do you mean by personal hygiene?
Substance that causes the body to make an Describe some basic principles in this regard.
immune response against a specific disease. Ans: Personal Hygiene:
(c) Infection Hygiene means cleaning own body every day.
An infection occurs when germs enter the Washing hands with soap after going to toilet. Brush-
body, increase in number and cause a disease. ing teeth twice a day. Covering your mouth and nose
(d) Phagocytosis with a tissue when coughing or sneezing.
The process by which a white blood cell  Keep hands clean
(phagocyta) surrounds or destroys a foreign  Nail hygiene
substance.  Facial cleanliness
 Hair and scalp hygiene
3.3 Answer the following questions Why:
1. Describe the physical barriers against the  Cleanliness promotes mental clarity.
pathogens in human body.  Regular hand washing prevents the spread of
Ans: See Question No. 6 infectious diseases.
2. Explain the non-specific defence against 3. Illustrate and give brief introduction of
pathogens in human body. lymphoid organs.
Ans: See Question No. 7 Ans: The organs involved in immune system are
3. Give brief introduction of pathogens (virus, found throughout the body and work to produce
bacteria, fungi). Explain how can they enter ‘lymphocytes’ and are thus known as lymphoid or-
human body? gans. Lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, bone marrow,
Ans: See Question No. 11 tonsils, adenoids, appendix and peyer’s patches, etc.,
are the organs called lymphoid organs.
40 General Science for Class 7: Unit # 3 – Immunity & Diseases

2. It is an infectious disease:
Tonsils and a. Flu caused by virus
Adenoids
b. Typhoid caused by bacteria
c. Typhoid caused by virus
Thymus Bone
d. Both a & b
marrow 3. Second line of defense include:
Axillary
lymph nodes a. White blood cells b. Chemicals
c. Fever d. All of these
4. Adaptive immunity is:
Spleen
Peyer's a. Learned immunity
patch b. Third line of immunity
Appendix Inguinal c. Second line of immunity
lymph nodes d. Both a & b
5. Adaptive immunity:
a. Identifies the germ
Parts of human immune system b. Make special type of white blood cells
c. Make specific type of red blood cells
Lymph nodes: d. Both a & b
Lymph nodes are small glands that contain 6. Memory cells are formed by:
immune cells and found in different parts of the body. a. B and C cells b. B and D cells
When foreign invader enters the body, lymph nodes c. B and T cells d. B and F cells
are activated. They replicate themselves, analyze the 7. Infectious diseases are spread by:
foreign body, produce specific lymphocytes and send a. The air (droplets)
them to fight off the invader (pathogen). b. Faecal-oral route
c. Blood or other body fluid
d. All of these
3.5 Investigate how can we strengthen
8. Covid-19 is spread by:
our immune system? a. Direct contact
Ans: Steps to Improve Our Immune System: b. Breath droplet
a. Eat well i.e. diet high in fruits and vegetables. c. Coughing and sneezing
b. Be physically active. Regular physical d. All of these
activities help us feel better. 9. It is the symptom of Covid-19:
c. Sleep better and reduce anxiety. a. Pneumonia b. Kidney failure
d. Maintain a healthy weight. c. Cough and cold d. All of these
e. Do not smoke. 10. Dengue fever is caused by:
f. Vitamin B, C and E boost our immune system a. Anopheles mosquito
but should be taken on doctor’s advice. b. Aedes mosquito
g. Foods like garlic, onions, bananas and sea c. Bacillus bacteria
weeds increase immunity. d. None of these
h. Drinking ginger tea and lemon juice help to 11. Hepatitis is caused by:
improve immunity. a. Bacteria b. Mosquito
c. Virus d. None of these
Additional MCQs 12. Typhoid is caused by:
a. Virus b. Fungus
1. It is a pathogen: c. Mosquitoes
a. Virus b. Bacteria d. Salmonella typhi bacteria
c. Fungi d. All of these
General Science for Class 7: Unit # 3 – Immunity & Diseases 41

13. Types of immunities: 25. Which disease is caused by bacteria?

a. 2 b. 3 a. Covid-19 b. Dengue
c. 4 d. 5 c. Hepatitis d. Typhoid
14. Innate immunity has: 26. Lines of defences are of:
a. 2 types b. 3 types a. 2 types b. 3 types
c. 4 types d. 5 types c. 4 types d. 5 types
15. Vaccination can prevent: 27. First two lines of defences are included in:
a. Typhoid b. Hepatitis-B a. Innate immunity
c. Dengue d. Both a & b b. Adoptive immunity
16. Test of Saliva help in the diagnosis of: c. Passive immunity
a. Malaria b. Hepatitis-B d. None of these
c. Typhoid d. Covid-19 28. It is most effective and long term protection:
17. Skin and mucous membrane are: a. Innate immunity
a. Innate immunity b. 1st line defense b. Adoptive immunity
c. 2nd line defense d. Both a & b c. Passive immunity
18. Antibodies are: d. None of these
a. Antibiotics b. Proteins 29. It is temporary protection
c. Vitamins d. None of these a. Innate immunity
19. Our body has a powerful army is called: b. Adoptive immunity
a. Nervous system c. Passive immunity
b. Immune system d. None of these
c. digestive system 30. When the skin is damaged, bacteria enter in
d. circulatory system our body. Which line of defence is crossed by
20. Which line of defence cells eating patho- these bacteria?
gens? a. First line of defence
a. First line of defence b. Second line of defence
b. Second line of defence c. Third line of defence
c. Third line of defence d. Fourth line of defence
d. None of them 31. A new born baby has less immunity as com-
21. T-cells and B-cells are the: pared to other people. The baby has only:
a. platelets b. Red blood cells a. innate immunity
c. white blood cells b. Adaptive immunity
d. muscles cells c. Passive immunity
22. Antibodies are special d. Innate and natural passive immunity
a. Proteins b. fats 32. The Army of your body has special bullets
c. vitamins d. carbohydrates which can identify the enemy and kill it.
23. Which one works by training the immune These bullets are small proteins called:
system to recognize and fight pathogens? a. Pathogens b. Antibodies
a. Antibodies b. Tablets c. Virus d. Bacteria
c. drugs d. vaccine 33. Third line of defence learns about the enemy
24. Which type of immunity we get naturally and adapts accordingly. It is also called
from our mother? a. adaptive/ learned immunity
a. Passive immunity b. innate immunity
b. Innate immunity c. passive immunity
c. adaptive immunity d. natural passive immunity
d. learned immunity
42 General Science for Class 7: Unit # 4 – Structure of Atom

34. Banish is allergic to dust and pollen. Her

Health issue is a/an Unit # 4
a. infectious disease
b. disease due to pathogen
c. viral attack Structure of Atom
d. non infectious disease
35. Rabies is a very serious threat to health and
life of a person. If a rabies infected dog bites Short & Long Q/As
a person, the only way to save him is by pro-
viding Q. 1. What is atom?
a. innate immunity Ans: Atom:
b. adaptive immunity An atom is the smallest particle of an element
c. passive immunity that can take part in a chemical reaction. Atoms of
d. learned immunity a particular element are alike but they are different
36. Maximum number of additional defence from the atoms of other elements.
layers is required for
Q. 2. Describe and explain the structure of an
a. medical staff b. teachers
atom. Which smaller particles are present
c. students d. lawyers
in an atom?
37. Typhoid and polio spread by faecal oral
Ans: Structure of an Atom:
route. If we want to prevent such diseases in
The major part of an atom is empty. Its cen-
our area we should
tral part is called nucleus. Modern research on atomic
a. control mosquitoes
structure shows that it consists of a number of smaller
b. control air pollution
particles, the most important of which are • Proton
c. improve hospitals
• Electron • Neutron (Figure):
d. improve sanitation and hygiene condition.
38. Respiratory system related disease mostly + Proton
–
spread through
a. water b. food + Neutron
c. blood d. droplets in air +
39. Which of these can provide you with long –
term immunity against infectious diseases? – Electron
a. Antibiotics b. Vitamins
Structure of helium atom
c. Vaccines d. Red blood cells
Solution: Q. 3. Define symbol. How are symbols derived?
1. d 2. d 3. d 4. d 5. d Give examples.
6. c 7. d 8. d 9. d 10. b Ans: One or two letters from the English or Latin
11. c 12. d 13. b 14. a 15. d name of an element used to represent its one atom is
16. d 17. d 18. b 19. b 20. b called symbol.
Usually the first capital letter of the name of
21. c 22. a 23. d 24. a 25. d
the element is used as symbol. If there are two letters
26. b 27. a 28. b 29. c 30. a in the symbol, the first is capital and the second is
31. a 32. b 33. a 34. d 35. c small.
36. a 37. d 38. d 39. c Example:

n
H is the symbol of hydrogen and Na is the
symbol of sodium taken from its Latin name (Natri-
um).
General Science for Class 7: Unit # 4 – Structure of Atom 43

Q. 4. What do you mean by atomic number? Q. 7. Examine the structures shown below
Ans: Atomic number (Z): –
–
The number of protons present in an atom of – –
an element is called atomic number of that element. It + +
+ + +
is denoted as Z. All the atoms of an element have the +
same number of protons. –
–
Q. 5. What is mass number? Hydrogen atom Helium atom Lithium atom
Ans: Mass number (A):
The total number of protons plus neutrons Record your observation in the chart given
present in an atom of an element is called mass num- below:
ber of that element. It is denoted as A. Name of Atomic Mass
Symbol
element Number (Z) Number (A)
Q. 6. Define the following:
a. Electron
b. Proton
c. Neutron
d. Atomic number Ans:
e. Mass number Name of Atomic Mass
Symbol
f. Isotopes element Number (Z) Number (A)
Ans: Hydrogen H I 1
a. Electron Helium He 2 4
A negatively charged particle of an atom Lithium Li 3 7
found around its nucleus is called electron.
b. Proton Q. 8. How can we find the number of protons,
A positively charged particle of an atom found electrons and neutrons by knowing its
in its nucleus is called proton. atomic number and mass number? Give
c. Neutron example.
A neutral particle of an atom found in its Ans: Mass number = Number of protons + Number
nucleus is called neutron. of neutrons.
d. Atomic number A = Z + Number of neutrons.
Number of protons present in an atom is Number of neutrons = A – Z
called its atomic number. We can find the number of protons, electrons
e. Mass number and neutrons in an atom of an element by knowing its
Total number of protons and neutrons present atomic number and mass number.
in an atom is called its mass number. Example: Atomic number of phosphorus is 15 and
f. Isotopes its mass number is 31. Since atomic number is the
Atoms of the same element having different number of protons present in an atom, it means that:
mass numbers are called isotopes. The number of protons in phosphorus
atom = 15 We know that, in an atom, the number of
protons is equal to the number of electrons. Hence,
the number of electrons in phosphorus atom =
15 Mass number = Number of protons + Number of
neutrons
A = Z + Number of neutrons. Number of neu-
trons = A – Z
Number of neutrons in phosphorus atom
= 31 – 15 = 16
44 General Science for Class 7: Unit # 4 – Structure of Atom

Q. 9. Find out and write the number of protons, Q. 11. Define shell (orbit). How many number of
electrons and neutrons in the atoms of the maximum electrons each shell can hold?
following elements: Ans: Shells Or Orbits:
Name Atomic Mass Number Number No. of Areas around the nucleus of an atom where
of ele- Symbol Number Number of Pro- of Elec- Neu- electrons are found are known as shells or orbits.
ment (Z) (A) tons trons trons
First, second, third and fourth shells are named as K,
Oxygen O 8 16
L, M and N respectively. An integer ‘n’ is used to
Magne-
sium
Mg 12 24 describe the position of these shells around the nu-
Phos-
cleus of an atom. For the first K shell n = 1, for the
P 15 31 second L shell n = 2, for the third M shell n = 3 and
phorus
Potassi- for the fourth N shell n = 4. The maximum number of
K 19 39
um electrons which each shell can accommodate can be
Ans: determined by using the formula 2n² Table.
Name Atomic Mass Number Number No. of Table: Electrons in different shells around an atom
of ele- Symbol Number Number of Pro- of Elec- Neu-
Name
ment (Z) (A) tons trons trons Value Maximum of number of electrons
Shell of the
Oxygen O 8 16 8 8 8 of n = 2n²
shell
Magne-
Mg 12 24 12 12 12 First 1 K 2n² = 2 x 1² = 2 x 1 = 2
sium
Phos- Second 2 L 2n² = 2 x 2² = 2 x 4 = 8
P 15 31 15 15 16
phorus Third 3 M 2n² = 2 x 3² = 2 x 9 = 18
Potassi-
um
K 19 39 19 19 20 Fourth 4 N 2n² = 2 x 4² = 2 x 16 = 32

Q. 10. Why atom is considered a neutral particle? Q. 12. Draw the atomic structure of elements
Ans: Atom – As a Neutral Particle: having number 1 to 6.
Like charges repel each other and opposite Ans:
charges attract each other. The number of positive-
ly charged protons present in an atom is equal to
the number of negatively charged electrons present P=1 P=2
N=0 N=2
there. It means that the total positive charge on an
atom (due to protons) is equal to the total negative
charge on it (due to electrons). The equal amounts
of positive and negative charges cancel the effect of Hydrogen (11H) Helium (42He)
each other. An atom is therefore electrically neutral
particle (Figure).

P=3 P=4
N=4 N=5

Lithium ( 73 Li) Beryllium (94Be)

Neon atom
General Science for Class 7: Unit # 4 – Structure of Atom 45

P=5 P=6 P=15 P=16

N=6 N=6 N=16 N=16

Boron (115B) Carbon (12

6
C) Phosphorus (31
15
P) Sulphur (32
16
S)

Q. 13. Draw the atomic structure of elements

having number 7 to 12.
P=17 P=18
Ans: N=18 N=22

P=7
N=7
P=8
N=8
Chlorine (35
17
Cl) Argon (40
18
Ar)

Q. 15. Complete the structure of the given atoms

by filling electrons in different shells.
Nitrogen (14
7
N) Oxygen (16
8
O)

P= 8
N=8
P=9 P=10
N=10 N=10

Carbon atom (Z = 6, A=12) Oxygen atom (Z = 8, A = 16)

Ans:
Fluorine (19
9
F) Neon (20
10
Ne)

P= 8
N=8
P=11 P=12
N=12 N=12

Carbon atom (Z = 6, A=12) Oxygen atom (Z = 8, A = 16)

Sodium (23
11
Na) Magnesium (24
12
Ar) Q. 16. How has scientists arranged the elements
in Periodic Table. How groups and periods
Q. 14. Draw the atomic structure of elements are formed?
having number 13 to 18. Ans: Periodic Table
Ans: Scientists have arranged the elements in a table called
the Periodic Table (Figure). Elements in the Periodic
Table are arranged on the basis of their properties and
arrangement of electrons around the nuclei in their
P=13 P=14
N=14 N=14 atoms. Elements kept in columns (groups) have same
number of electrons in their outermost shells. They
have similar properties. In the rows (periods) from
left to right, elements are arranged in an order of in-
Aluminum (37
13
Al) Silicon (28
14
Si) creasing atomic numbers.
46 General Science for Class 7: Unit # 4 – Structure of Atom

Q. 17. Define periods. Write down the number their atoms.

of elements and their ranges of atomic Example:
numbers of the different periods of the Each element of group 1 contains one elec-
periodic table. tron in the outermost shell or valence shell of its at-
Ans: Periods: oms. Each element of group 2 contains two electrons
Horizontal rows of elements in the Periodic in the outermost shell or valence shell of its atoms.
Table are called periods. Table given below shows Groups 1 and 2 and 13 to 17 contain normal
the number of elements kept in different periods of elements. Groups 3 to 12 contain transition elements.
the Periodic Table based on an order of their increas- The elements of group 18 are called noble gases. Ta-
ing atomic numbers. ble below shows distribution of different families of
Table: Different Periods of the Periodic Table elements in groups 1 to 18.
Period Name of the Number of Range of Atomic Table: Different Groups of the Periodic Table
No. Period Elements Numbers Group No. Number electrons in Family name of
1st Short Period 2 1 to 2 valence shell elements
2nd Normal Period 8 3 to 10 1 1 Alkali metals
3rd Normal Period 8 11 to 18 2 2 Alkaline earth metals
4th Long Period 18 19 to 36 3 to 12 Transition metals
5th Long Period 18 37 to 54 13 3 Boron family
6th Very Long Period 32 55 to 86 14 4 Carbon family
7th Very Long Period 32 87 to 118* 15 5 Nitrogen family
Q. 18. Define groups of the periodic table. Name 16 6 Oxygen family
the groups and describe their family names. 17 7 Halogen family
Ans: Groups: 18 8 Noble gases
Columns of the Periodic Table are called Q. 19. Which elements are found in abundance in
groups. There are eighteen groups in the Periodic Ta- our body?
ble. Groups are numbered on the basis of number of Ans: Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phos-
electrons in the outermost shells or valence shells of phorus and calcium are the six elements which con-
General Science for Class 7: Unit # 4 – Structure of Atom 47

tribute about 99 % of our body mass. e. Sulphur (Z = 16, A = 32)

Q. 20. Draw diagrams of atomic structures of the
following atoms:
a. Magnesium (Z = 12, A = 24) P=16
N=16
b. Aluminum (Z = 13, A = 27)
c. Silicon (Z = 14, A = 28)
d. Phosophorus (Z = 15, A = 31)
e. Sulphur (Z = 16, A = 32) Sulphur (32 S)
16
Ans:
a. Magnesium (Z = 12, A = 24)
Key Points
 An atom is the smallest particle of an element
P=12
N=12
that can take part in a chemical reaction.
 Electrons, protons and neutrons are the
fundamental particles of an atom.
 Protons and neutrons are located in the central
Magnesium (24 Ar)
12
part of an atom called nucleus, whereas,
b. Aluminum (Z = 13, A = 27) electrons are found around the nucleus in
different shells.
 The number of protons present in the nucleus
P=13 of an atom is equal to the number of electrons
N=14
found around the nucleus in different shells.
 The number of protons present in the nucleus
of an atom of an element is called atomic
Aluminum (37
13
Al) number of that element.
c. Silicon (Z = 14, A = 28)  Total number of protons and neutrons present
in the nucleus of the atom of an element is
called mass number of that element.
 The areas around the nucleus of an atom where
P=14
N=14 electrons are found are known as shells.
 First, second, third and fourth shells are
named as K, L, M and N shells.
Silicon (28 Si)  An integer ‘n’ is used to describe the position
14
of a shell around the nucleus of an atom.
d. Phosphorus (Z = 15, A = 31)
 The maximum number of electrons which a
shell can accommodate can be determined by
the formula 2n².
P=15
N=16  Scientists have arranged the elements in a
table called the Periodic Table.
 Elements in the Periodic Table are arranged on
the basis of their properties and arrangement
Phosphorus (31 P)
15
of electrons around the nuclei of their atoms.
48 General Science for Class 7: Unit # 4 – Structure of Atom

Exercise Solution 4.2 Write short answers.

1. What is atom?
Ans: See Question No. 1
4.1 Encircle the correct option.
2. Define element.
1. An element with fifteen protons in its atomic Ans: A substance that cannot be broken down into
nucleus has atomic number: smaller substances by chemical means is
a. 5 b. 10 called element.
c. 15 d. 20
2. The central part of an atom is called: 3. What type of charge is present on neutron?
a. electron b. proton Ans: Neutrons are neutral, having no charge.
c. neutron c. nucleus 4. What do you mean by atomic number?
3. Letter K is used to express the.......shell Ans: See Question No. 4
around the nucleus of an atom. 5. What is mass number?
a. 1st b. 2nd Ans: See Question No. 5
c. 3rd d. 4th
4. The total number of electrons which M shell 4.3 Constructed Response Questions
can accommodate:
a. 2 b. 8 1. Oxygen is a non-metallic element.
c. 18 d. 32 (a) What is atomic number of oxygen?
Ans: 8
5. The particle of an atom having negative
(b) In which group of the Periodic Table, oxy-
charge on it:
gen is located?
a. electron b. proton
Ans: Group 1
c. neutron d. nucleus
(c) In which period of the Periodic Table, oxy-
6. Atomic number of element present in period
gen is located?
2 and group 15 of the Periodic Table:
Ans: Period 1
a. 4 b. 5
(d) How many electrons are required by oxy-
c. 6 d. 7
gen atom to complete its valence shell
7. How many periods are there in the Periodic Ans: 2
Table?
a. five b. six 2. Sodium is a metallic element.
c. seven d. eight (a) What is symbol of sodium?
8. Formula showing maximum number of elec- Ans: Na
(b) What is atomic number of sodium?
trons in a shell:
Ans: 11
a. n² b. 2n²
(c) What is the period number of sodium in
c. 3n² d. 4n²
Periodic Table?
9. The mass of an atom is almost due to the:
Ans: 3
a. electrons b. protons
(d) What is the group number of sodium in Pe-
c. neutrons d. nucleus
riodic Table?
10. The particles of an element having different
Ans: 1
mass numbers:
(e) Name the family of metals, sodium belongs
a. protons b. neutrons
to.
c. atoms d. isotopes
Ans: Transition elements.
Solution:
1. c 2. d 3. a 4. c 5. a
6. d 7. c 8. b 9. d 10. d
General Science for Class 7: Unit # 4 – Structure of Atom 49

3. Name the members of the following families 8. What is the difference between an atom
in the Periodic Table: and isotope?
(a) Alkali metals Ans:
Ans: Group I = Sodium, Potassium, Rubidium
Atom Isotope
(b) Alkaline earth metals
Ans: Group II = Beryllium, Magnesium, Calcium, 1. Atom of each element Isotopes are the atoms
Strontium, Barium, Radium has same number of of the same element,
(c) Halogens electrons and protons. having same number
Ans: Group 17 = Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, of proton but different
Iodine, Astatine. numbers of neutrons.
(d) Nobel gases 2. Atoms of the same Different isotopes of
Ans: Group 18 = Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, elements have same the same element have
Xenon, Radon chemical properties. different mass num-
bers.
4. Name the element having the same period
3. In each atom of an Different atoms of dif-
number and group number.
element neutrons are ferent isotopes of the
Ans: Hydrogen
equal. same element, have
5. What does 13
27 Al indicate? different number of
Ans: One atom of aluminum contains 13 protons. neutrons.
Its atomic mass is 27. So it contains 14
neutrons.
4.4 Investigate the isotopes and their
6. Why do H and Be exist as atoms while He
uses.
and Ne as molecules?
Ans: Beryllium does not react directly with Ans: Isotopes: Atoms of the same element with the
hydrogen because the oxidation potential same number of protons but different numbers
of Beryllium is very low. It does not donate of neutrons are called isotopes. They have
electrons. mostly same chemical properties, but differ
Helium is considered monoatomic because it in mass number and physical properties.
has one atom in one molecule but hydrogen is Uses of Isotopes:
considered diatomic because it has 2 atoms of a. Isotopes are used for solving chemical
hydrogen in its molecule. and medical issues.
Neon is noble gas. It has its full share of b. Used in the laboratories to investigate
valence electrons, that makes it unlikely the chemical reactions.
to bond with other atoms. So it exists as c. An isotope of Uranium is used as fuel
monoatomic molecule. in nuclear reactor.
d. Carbon-14 is used to calculate the
7. What does electronic configuration mean?
age of plants.
Ans: The electronic configuration of an atom is
e. Nitrogen-15 is used to study the
the representation of the arrangement of
effects of nitrogenous fertilizers in
electrons, distributed among the orbital shells
plants.
and subshells.
f. Sodium-24 is used to study circulation
Example:
of blood.
Oxygen atom has 8 electrons. Its first shell
g. Phosphorus-32 is used in
contains 2 electrons and the second shell
treatment of blood cancer and bone
contains 6 electrons.
diseases.
h. Chromium-51 is used to study red
blood cells in patients with blood
50 General Science for Class 7: Unit # 4 – Structure of Atom

deficiency. Argon (Z = 18, A = 40)

i. Iron-59 is used to study absorption of
iron in human body.
j. Cobalt-60 is used in cancer treatment.
P=18
j. Iodine-131 is used to treat a disease N=22

called goiter.

4.5 Project
Argon (40
18
Ar)
1. Draw the atomic structures of sodium and
magnesium having atomic number 11 and
12 respectively.
Additional MCQs
Ans: 1. The smallest particle of matter that cannot
Sodium (Z = 11, A = 23) exist independently is called:
a. Molecule b. Atom
c. Element d. Compound
P=11
2. For the first time, the idea of atom was given
N=12
by:
a. An English Scientist John Dalton
b. A Greek Philosopher Democritus
c. An English scientist Aristotle
Sodium (23 Na)
11
d. A Greek philospher Dalton
3. In 19th century, he presented the first atom-
Magnesium (Z = 12, A = 24) ic model:
a. An English Scientist John Dalton
b. A Greek Philosopher Democritus
c. An English scientist Aristotle
P=12
N=12
d. A Greek philosopher Dalton
4. These are present in the nucleus, in the cen-
tral part of an atom:
a. Proton only b. Proton and neutron
Magnesium (24
12
Ar) c. Neutron only d. Proton and electron
5. It revolves around the nucleus and has neg-
ative charge:
2. Draw the atomic structures of chlorine and a. Proton b. Neutron
argon having atomic number 17 and 18. c. Electron d. Both a. and b.
Ans: 6. It has positive charge and present in the nu-
Chlorine (Z = 17, A = 35) cleus:
a. Electron b. Proton
c. Neutron d. None of these
7. The number of protons in an atom is equal
P=17
N=18 to:
a. The number of neutrons present in its
nucleus.
b. The number of electrons present in its
Chlorine (35
17
Cl) nucleus.
c. The number of electrons revolving around
nucleus.
General Science for Class 7: Unit # 4 – Structure of Atom 51

d. None of these 18. An atom of tungsten has:

8. A proton has mass: a. 74 protons and 102 neutrons
a. Equal to that of an electron b. 74 protons and 109 neutrons
b. Less than that of an electron c. 74 protons and 119 neutrons
c. 1837 times greater than an electron d. 74 protons and 129 neutrons
d. 837 times greater than an electron 19. Number of neutrons present in an oxygen
9. The mass of a neutron is almost: atom is:
a. Equal to the mass of an electron a. 8 b. 16
b. Equal to the mass of a proton c. 24 d. 32
c. Double to the mass of a proton 20. Tungsten’s atomic number is:
d. Half to the mass of a proton a. 72 b. 74
10. Which statement is wrong? c. 78 d. 79
a. Electron and proton in an atom have equal 21. In a Chlorine atom ( ), the number of
charges. neutrons is:
b. Electron and proton in an atom have a. 17 b. 16
opposite charges. c. 15 d. 18
c. Atom is itself neutral 22. The paths of movement of electrons around
d. Electron and neutrons in an atom have the nucleus are called:
equal charges. a. Shells b. Energy levels
11. Atomic number represents: c. Both a. and b. d. None of these
a. Number of neutrons present in an atom 23. Shells (electron) are labelled as:
b. Number of protons present in an atom a. G, H, I, J, K, L b. M, N, O, P, Q
c. Number of electrons present in an atom c. K, L, M, N, O, P, Q
d. Number of electrons and neutrons present d. D, E, F, G, H
in an atom 24. The number of electrons in a shell is:
12. Atomic number of hydrogen is: a. 3n2 b. 2n2
a. 1 b. 2 c. 2n 3
d. 4n2
c. 3 d. 4 25. Shell number 4 (N-shell) has electrons:
13. A carbon atom has: a. 32 b. 64
a. 4 protons b. 6 protons c. 16 d. 8
c. 9 protons d. 10 protons 26. Shell number 3 (M) has electrons:
14. An oxygen atom has: a. 38 b. 28
a. 4 protons b. 6 protons c. 8 d. 18
c. 8 protons d. 10 protons 27. A beryllium atom has:
15. Mass number is, the sum of: a. 4 protons+5 electrons
a. Protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an b. 5 protons+4 electrons
atom c. 4 protons+5 neutrons
b. Protons and electron in the nucleus of an d. 4 protons+ 4 neutrons
atom 28. A born atom has:
c. Neutrons and electrons in the nucleus of an a. Atomic mass 11, atomic number 6
atom b. Atomic mass 11, atomic number 5
d. All of these c. Atomic mass 10, atomic number 5
16. The mass number of carbon is: d. Atomic mass 10, atomic number 6
a. 6 b. 12 29. Atomic masses of nitrogen, oxygen and fluo-
c. 18 d. 24 rine are respectively:
17. The mass number of oxygen atom is: a. 14, 16, 24 b. 14, 16, 19
a. 8 b. 16 c. 14, 17, 19 d. 14, 18, 19
c. 24 d. 32
52 General Science for Class 7: Unit # 4 – Structure of Atom

30. Atomic masses of neon, sodium and magne- 42. It is used in the treatment of blood cancer
sium are respectively: and bone diseases:
a. 14, 16, 24 b. 20, 22, 24 a. Sodium-24 b. Nitrogen-15
c. 20, 23, 25 d. 20, 23, 24 c. Chromium-51 d. Phosphorus-32
31. Atomic masses of Aluminium, Silicon and 43. It is used in the treatment of goiter:
phosphorus are respectively: a. Cobalt-60 b. Iron-59
a. 27, 28, 31 b. 26, 28, 31 c. Iodine-131 d. Carbon-14
c. 27, 29, 31 d. 27, 28, 30 44. It is used to study RBC’s in patients with
32. Atomic numbers of sulphur, chlorine and blood deficiency:
argon are respectively: a. Chromium-51 b. Sodium-24
a. 16, 17, 19 b. 16, 18, 20 c. Nitrogen-15 d. Iron-59
c. 16, 17, 18 d. 16, 18, 19 45. The smallest particle of an element or com-
33. Number of electrons that may complete the pound that can exist independently and
first, second and third shell is: show all the properties of that element or
a. 2, 8, 10 b. 2, 8, 12 compound:
c. 2, 18, 16 d. 2, 8, 18 a. Atom b. Molecule
34. The number of electrons that an atom wants c. Ion d. Isotope
to lose, gain or share is called its: 46. Formula for glucose is:
a. Charge b. Valency a. C12H24O12 b. C12H22O32N12
c. Ion d. Isotope c. C6H12O6 d. C12H22O11N6
35. The valency of carbon atom is: 47. Formula for aluminium oxide is:
a. 4 b. 3 a. Al2O3 b. Al3O4
c. 5 d. 6 c. Al2O4 d. Al3O5
36. An atom with positive or negative charge is 48. “The composition of a compound is always
called: the same, regardless of how the compound
a. Valency b. Ion was made or obtained.” It is called:
c. Isotope d. None of these a. Law of Constant Composition and Proposed
37. The cations of silver, magnesium and alu- by Joseph Proust
minium are respectively: b. Law of Conservation of Mass and Proposed
a. Ag+1, Mg+2, Al+2 b. Ag+3, Mg+2, Al+1 by Joseph Proust
c. Ag+1, Mg+3, Al+2 d. Ag+1, Mg+2, Al+3 c. Law of Conservation of Energy and
38. Valency of calcium, oxygen and potassium is Proposed by Joseph Proust
respectively: d. None of these
a. 2+, 2–, 1+ b. 2+, 2–, 3+ 49. Formula for sodium phosphate is:
c. 2 , 2 , 1
– + –
d. 2–, 2+, 3– a. Na2P3O2 b. Na3P4O2
39. The atoms of the same element having same c. Na3PO4 d. Na3P2O2
atomic number but different mass number 50. An atom has no overall charge if it contains
are called: equal number of:
a. Ions b. Isotopes a. electrons and neutrons
c. Allotropes d. Valencies b. electrons and protons
40. Hydrogen has isotopes: c. protons and neutrons
a. 2 b. 3 d. positrons and neutrons
c. 4 d. 5 51. Isotopes are found because atoms of the
41. Carbon has isotopes: same element can have different number of:
a. 2 b. 3 a. protons b. electrons
c. 4 d. 5 c. neutrons d. none of the above
General Science for Class 7: Unit # 4 – Structure of Atom 53

52. In the chemical formula CO2, the subscript 2 63. The distribution of electrons in different
shows which of the following? shells is calculated by a formula.
a. there are two oxygen ions a. n2 b. n3
b. there are two oxygen atoms c. 2n2 d. 2n
c. there are two carbon atoms 64. M shell can hold up to _electrons
d. there are two CO2 molecules. a. 4 b. 8
53. The atomic number of fluorine (F) is 9. Its c. 16 d. 18
mass number is 19. How many neutrons are 65. Electrons arrangement in chlorine atom is
present in its atom? a. 2,8,7 b. 2,8,8
a. 7 b. 8 c. 2,8,1 d. 2,8,2
c. 9 d. 10 66. Neon has eight electrons in its outermost
54. The number of electrons in N-shell can be: shell and has complete.
a. 2 b. 8 a. duplet b. Triplet
c. 18 d. 32 c. Octet d. None of then
55. The matter is made up of tiny particles 67. The maximum number of electron filled in
called. the first shell is.
a. cells b. molecules a. one b. two
c. atoms d. RNA c. three d. four
56. Honeycomb is made up of smaller cell. 68. Atomic number of carbon is:
a. pentagonal b. Hexagonal a. 6 b. 12
c. Heptagonal d. Octagonal c. 17 d. 18
57. Electrons carry 69. Mass number of nitrogen is:
a. negative charge a. 7 b. 14
b. no electric charge c. 12 d. 16
c. positive charge 70. Sodium atom contains:
d. unit charge a. 10 electrons b. 11 electrons
58. Nuclear Model was introduced by. c. 12 electrons d. 13 electrons
a. John Dalton 71. Neutrons carry
b. J.J Thomson a. no electric charge
c. Ernest Rutherford b. positive charge.
d. Neils Bohar c. negative charge.
59. Quantum Model was introduced in. d. unit charge.
a. 1904 b. 1911 72. The smallest particle of an element is:
c. 1913 d. 1926 a. Molecule b. Atom
60. They form the centre of the nucleus. c. Cell d. DNA
a. protons and neutrons 73. Carbon has a mass number of 12. It has pro-
b. electrons and protons tons and neutrons:
c. electrons and neutrons a. 6,6 b. 12,6
d. None of them c. 12,12 d. 6.12
61. The number of _______ defines the identity 74. The nucleus of an atom contains:
of an element. a. Protons, electrons and neutrons
a. cells b. neutrons b. Electrons and protons
c. protons d. electrons c. Protons and electrons
62. The electronic configuration is the distribu- d. Protons and neutrons
tion of ________ in different shells. 75. Protons carry:
a. neutrons b. electrons a. Positive charge b. Negative charge
c. protons d. DNA c. No charge d. Zero charge
54 General Science for Class 7: Unit # 5 – Physical and Chemical Changes

76. The atomic number of an element tells the

number of: Unit # 5
a. Electrons and neutrons

Physical and
b. Protons only
c. Protons and neutrons
d. Neutrons only
77. If the atomic mass of nitrogen is 14, and it Chemical Changes
has 7 neutrons, how many electrons does a
nitrogen atom have?
a. 8
c. 14
b. 6
d. 7
Short & Long Q/As
78. The mass number of an atom is represented
by Q. 1. Define physical and chemical changes.
a. A b. B Ans: Physical and chemical changes are associated
c. Z d. M with the structures of substances.
79. Nitrogen is an element with the symbol N Physical Change:
and the atomic number is 7.It’s electronic A change during which the structure of a sub-
configuration is represented as stance does not change is called physical change.
Chemical Change:
P=7
N=7
A change during which the structure of a sub-
stance is changed is called chemical change.
Nitrogen (14 N)
7 Q. 2. Read and learn.
a. 2,5 b. 2,6 Ans: Take water in Pan:
c. 5,2 d. 2,2
80. What is the sequence of the elements in the
periodic table,3Li,4Be,2He,7N
a. He, Li, Be, N b. N, Li, Be, He
c. He, N, Li, Be d. N, He, Li, Be,
Solution:
1. b 2. b 3. a 4. b 5. c What is the structure of water?
6. b 7. c 8. c 9. b 10. d
11. b 12. a 13. b 14. c 15. a
16. b 17. b 18. b 19. a 20. b
21. d 22. c 23. c 24. b 25. a
26. d 27. c 28. b 29. b 30. d
31. a 32. c 33. d 34. b 35. a Molecule of water (H2O)
36. b 37. d 38. a 39. b 40. b
41. b 42. d 43. c 44. a 45. b
46. c 47. a 48. a 49. c 50. b
51. c 52. b 53. d 54. d 55. c
56. b 57. a 58. c 59. d 60. a
61. c 62. b 63. c 64. d 65. a
66. c 67. b 68. a 69. b 70. b
71. a 72. b 73. a 74. d 75. a
76. b 77. d 78. a 79. a 80. a
General Science for Class 7: Unit # 5 – Physical and Chemical Changes 55

What happens to water on heating it strong- What happens to water when electric current
ly? is passed through it?
Ans: It changes into its gaseous state (steam). Ans: Water changes into its constituents, i.e., hy-
What is the structure of steam? drogen (H2) and oxygen (O2) elements.
What is the structure of hydrogen gas?

What is the structure of oxygen gas?

Molecule of steam (H2O)

Whether the change of water into steam is a Whether the change of water into hydrogen
physical or a chemical change. and oxygen is physical or chemical change.
Ans: Physical change. Ans: Chemical change.
Chemical change is also termed as chemical
reaction.
Q. 3. Define the following:
a. Chemical reaction
b. Reactant
c. Product
d. Tarnish
e. Chemical equation
What happens to water on cooling it? f. Flammability
It changes into its ice (its solid state). Ans:
What is the structure of ice? a. Chemical reaction
A change in the chemical structure and
composition of a substance is called chemical
reaction.
b. Reactant
A substance which takes part in a chemical
reaction is called reactant.
Structure of Ice (H2O) c. Product
A substance which is formed during a
Whether the change of water into ice is phys-
chemical reaction is called product.
ical or chemical change.
d. Tarnish
Ans: Physical change.
Power A thin film of corrosion metallic formed over
supply + the objects of copper, brass, magnesium, etc.
is called tarnish.
Hydrogen Oxygen
e. Chemical equation
Representation of a chemical reaction in
Hydrogen Oxygen
terms of symbols, formulae and signs is called
Membrane

Bubbles Bubbles
chemical equation.
f. Flammability
Ability of a substance to catch fire is called
H+ H+ flammability.
56 General Science for Class 7: Unit # 5 – Physical and Chemical Changes

Q. 4. What are physical changes? Explain with e. Dissolving common salt in water
examples. When some common salt is mixed in water, it
Ans: Physical Changes: dissolves. It is a physical change because the salt re-
A change in the physical properties of a sub- mains the same chemically in the solution and can be
stance is called physical change. Physical change is separated by boiling the solution. On boiling, water
a temporary change. The form of a substance appears evaporates and white residue of common salt is left
as the result of a physical change can be reversed into behind. (Figure)
its original form by a simple physical method.
Example:
Water on freezing changes into ice, which
can be reversed to liquid water on heating. Water on
heating changes into steam, which can be reversed
to liquid water on cooling. (Figure) During physi-
cal changes substances do not lose their chemical
structure and chemical properties. Other examples of
physical changes are given below. Dissolving common salt in water
and boiling the solution
Steam
Condenses Q. 5. Define and explain chemical changes. What
Boils at 100 °C at 100 °C are reactants and products?
Ans: Chemical Changes or Chemical Reactions:
A change in chemical properties of a sub-
Liquid Liquid stance is called chemical change. As chemical prop-
water water erties are associated with the chemical structure of
a substance, hence a change in chemical structure
of a substance or substances, which results into new
Freezes at 0 °C kinds of substances with different properties is called
Melts at 0 °C
a chemical change or chemical reaction.
Ice cube During chemical changes, entirely new sub-
Conversion of one state of water to another stances with different physical and chemical prop-
a. Heating of zinc oxide: erties are formed. These new substances cannot be
Zinc oxide is a white solid substance. Its col- reversed into their original forms by simple physical
our changes from white to yellow on heating. And methods.
then on cooling, it changes back to original white col- Example:
our. This change of colour is a physical change. Rusting of iron, burning of fuel and digestion
b. Making ice from water: of food, etc., are the examples of chemical changes or
Making ice from water is also a physical chemical reactions.
change. The things, which take part in a chemical
c. Heating of nichrome wire: reaction, are called reactants. The new substances,
Nichrome wire is silver-grey in colour. On which are produced in a chemical reaction, are called
heating, it first becomes red-hot and then white-hot. products of the reaction.
On cooling, its original silver-grey colour is returned. Q. 6. Describe the role of oxygen in various
d. Physical changes don’t make new substances. chemical reactions that occur naturally.
When sugar is dissolved in water, a sweet solution Ans: Role of Oxygen in Natural Chemical Reac-
formed is different from pure water. This is a physical tions:
change. Combustion:
When we rub a matchstick on the side of the
General Science for Class 7: Unit # 5 – Physical and Chemical Changes 57

matchbox, it begins to burn. The process of burning is • Observe what happens to the three nails.
called combustion. Combustion is a chemical change
which appears when oxygen of the air reacts with the
fuel like coal, etc.
C + O2 CO2 + Heat
• Light a candle with the help of a matchstick.
• Cover the burning candle by a beaker as
shown in the Figure, so that air cannot enter
inside the beaker.
ypothesis:
“Oxygen is needed in rusting.”
Investigation and discussion:
• Conduct an interactive discussion on what
you observe during the activity
• Which of the following is agreed upon during
• Observe what happens to the burning candle.
the discussion:
Hypothesis
a. Nail in test tube 1 rusted because both
“Oxygen is needed in combustion.”
moisture and oxygen were provided.
Investigation and discussion
()
• Conduct an interactive discussion on what
b. Nail in test tube 2 could not rust
you observe during the activity.
because oxygen was not provided.
• Encircle the correct option from those given
()
against the following inquiry:
c. Nail in test tube 3 could not rust
• The burning candle extinguishes because:
because moisture was not provided.
a. carbon dioxide of the air is cut off.
()
b. oxygen of the air is cut off.
d. Rusting needs dry air. ()
Ans: Oxygen of the air is cut off.
• What do you conclude?
c. nitrogen of the air is cut off.
Conclusion:
d. water in the air is cut off.
The presence of air (oxygen) and moisture
• What do you conclude?
(water) are the essential conditions for rusting to oc-
Conclusion:
cur.
Covering the burning candle cuts off the sup-
ply of oxygen and oxygen is needed for combustion. Tarnishing:
Chemical reaction of oxygen with other sub-
Rusting:
stances is called oxidation. Combustion and rusting
It is our general observation that things made
as examples of oxidation. Tarnishing is also an ex-
of iron get rusted if placed in open air for a few days.
ample of oxidation. Tarnish is a thin film of corro-
Rusting is a chemical change during which oxygen
sion that forms on the surface of the objects made
in the moist air reacts with the iron (Fe) to convert it
of silver, copper, brass, aluminium, magnesium, etc.
into iron oxide (rust):
The thin layer formed on the objects by tarnishing is
Fe + O2 (moist air) Fe2O3
dull, blackish or grayish in colour. Tarnishing hap-
• Take three small iron nails and clean them by
pens when atmospheric oxygen reacts with these
rubbing with sand paper.
substances (Figure). It also occurs when non-metals
• Place one nail dipped half in water, the
other than oxygen, e.g., sulphur react with the outer
second nail completely dipped in boiled water
surface of metals objects. Unlike corrosion or rust,
covered with a layer of oil and the third nail
tarnish is a surface phenomenon.
in dry air over solid calcium chloride for 4 to
5 days.
58 General Science for Class 7: Unit # 5 – Physical and Chemical Changes

Burning of magnesium in air:

When a piece of magnesium ribbon is heated
in air, it burns brightly and a white ash is formed.
This white ash is a new substance, magnesium oxide
with different composition and properties from those
of magnesium and oxygen.

Mg (s) O2 (s) + 2MgO (g)

Magnesium Oxygen Magnesium Oxide

Tarnished coins
Tarnish can also be caused by the reaction
Magnesium
with hydrogen sulphide or sulphur dioxide. Silver
Magnesium oxide
needs hydrogen sulphide to tarnish. It can tarnish
ribbon
with oxygen over time.
Silver + Hydrogen sulphide + Oxygen Sil-
ver sulphide + Water Burning of magnesium in air
Heating of sugar:
When sugar is heated strongly, it is changed Q. 7. Differentiate between physical and
into a black mass of carbon and water. Water evap- chemical changes.
orates in the form of steam. Water and carbon are Ans:
chemically quite different substances from the sugar. Physical Change Chemical Change
They cannot be converted back into sugar by physical
1. It involves a change in It involves a change in
methods. So this is a chemical change.
the physical properties the chemical proper-
of a substance. ties of a substance.
2. The chemical compo- The chemical com-
sition of the substance position of the sub-
Sugar Carbon
does not change. stances change and
new substances with
different properties are
formed.
Heating of sugar 3. It is easily reversible. It is not easily revers-
C12H22O11(s) Heat
12C (s) + 11H2O (g) ible.
Heat
Sugar Carbon + Water Q. 8. Describe the impact of combustion and its
Heating of potassium chlorate: effects on environment.
When a small amount of potassium chlorate Ans: Impact of Combustion on Environment:
is heated in a test tube, it first melts into a clear liquid. Combustion includes burning of fuel. The en-
On further heating, bubbles of a gas escape from it ergy needs in almost all the fields and domestic set
and a white solid potassium chloride is left behind in up is met by burning of fuel. On the other side, the
the test tube. The gas given off is oxygen. gaseous emission during burning of fuel is the pri-
2KClO3 (s) 2KCl (s) + 3O2 (g) mary source of environmental pollution. Table given
Potassium chlorate Potassium chloride below reveals different kinds of gaseous emissions
from combustion and their effects on environment:
Potassium chloride and oxygen are quite dif- Table: Effects of emissions from combustion on
ferent chemically from potassium chlorate. the environment
General Science for Class 7: Unit # 5 – Physical and Chemical Changes 59

Carbon dioxide, Nitrous Increase greenhouse ef- The chemical equation for this chemical
oxide, water vapours and fect which causes global change or chemical reaction is as follows.
methane warming S (s) + O2 (g) SO2 (g)
Carbon monoxide (CO) Incomplete combustion In this chemical change, sulphur and oxygen
and particulate (dust, produces carbon monox- are called reactants as they take part in the chemical
soot, fumes, etc.) ide which is a poisonous reaction and sulphur dioxide is the product of the re-
gas. Carbon monoxide action. In the chemical equation of this reaction, (s)
and particulate cause indicates the solid state of sulphur and (g) indicates
smog in the environment. the gaseous states of oxygen and sulphur dioxide.
Sulphur dioxide is a quite different thing from sul-
Sulphur dioxide (SO2), Causing smog and acid
phur and oxygen.
nitric oxide (NO) and rain.
b. Similarly, when zinc metal reacts with
volatile organic com-
hydrochloric acid, zinc chloride is formed
pounds (VOCs)
and hydrogen gas is given off. This chemical
Lead, sulphur, etc., (Trace Lead and sulphur, etc.
change can be represented by the chemical
elements) are potential carcinogens.
equation as below.
Their existence in envi-
ronment causes fatal dis-
eases like cancer. In this chemical change, zinc and hydrochlo-
Compound of hydrogen Potential carcinogens. ric acid are the reactants as they take part in the re-
with fluorine, chlorine, Also cause global warm- action. Zinc chloride and hydrogen are the products
bromine, iodine, etc. ing. as they are produced in the result of the chemical re-
Q. 9. Define a chemical equation. How is a action. In the chemical equation of this reaction, (s)
chemical equation is written? indicates the solid state, (aq) indicates the aqueous
Write chemical equations for the reactions: state (dissolved in water) and (g) indicates the gase-
i) Sulphur with oxygen ous state of the substances.
ii) Zinc with hydrochloric acid. The chemical equation also shows that one
Ans: Chemical Equation: mole (gram atom) of zinc reacts with two moles
The representation of a chemical reaction in (gram molecule) of hydrochloric acid to form one
terms of symbols, formulae and signs is called chem- mole zinc chloride and one mole of hydrogen gas.
ical equation. Q. 10. Define and explain physical properties.
A chemical equation is used to describe a Ans: Physical Properties:
chemical reaction. In a chemical equation, the for- Physical properties are due to the physical be-
mulae or symbols of the reactants are written on the haviour of the substances.
left-hand side and the formulae or symbols of the Example:
products are written on the right-hand side. The reac- Some substances exist in solid state, some ex-
tants and products are separated by an arrow, which ist in liquid state and some in gaseous state at normal
is directed towards the products. temperature and pressure. Hence state is a physical
Example: property. Similarly colour, taste, odour, elasticity,
a. The picture given below shows a reaction of strength, density, hardness, melting point, boiling
sulphur with oxygen to form sulphur dioxide. point, solubility and conductance etc. are the physical
properties of matter.
(i) Hardness:
The hardness of a material is its ability to
withstand scratches and wear. A substance can scratch
all other substances that are softer than it, but cannot
scratch those that are harder. Diamond and graphite
60 General Science for Class 7: Unit # 5 – Physical and Chemical Changes

are the two forms of carbon. Diamond is extremely

hard and can only be cut by other diamond. Graphite
is soft.

Candle wax melts when heated

(a) (iv) Boiling point:
(a) The iron nail scratches the plastics Boiling point is the specific temperature for
a liquid at which, it begins to boil and converts from
liquid state to gaseous state.
The temperature at which, the vapor pressure
of a liquid becomes equal to the atmospheric pressure
is called boiling point of that liquid.
Example:
The boiling point of water is 100 °C.
(b) Two forms of carbon, diamond and graphite
(ii) Solubility:
The solubility of a substance in a solvent (usu-
ally liquid) is the maximum amount of that substance
which can be dissolved in 100 gram of the solvent at
a particular temperature and pressure. Water is the
most common solvent because a large number of sub- Water boils at 100 °C to become steam
stances can dissolve in it. The substances that do not
dissolve in water may be soluble in other solvents. Q. 11. Define chemical properties
Ans: Chemical Properties:
Chemical properties are associated with the
chemical structure of the substance. A change in the
chemical properties of a substance is called chemical
change or chemical reaction.
Q. 12. Describe the uses of materials with respect
to their chemical properties.
Ans: Using Chemical Properties of Materials:
The solute and the solvent Reactivity, flammability, acidity, etc., are the
together make up a solution. chemical properties of the materials due to which
(iii) Melting point: they are used in preparing useful products.
a. A temperature at which, solid state of a sub- Reactivity:
stance is in equilibrium with its liquid state at stand- Reactivity is the tendency of substance to un-
ard pressure is called melting point of that substance. der go chemical reactions.
b. Melting point is the specific temperature for a i. Decomposition of baking powder on heating
solid at which, it begins to melt. produces carbon dioxide. Due to this property,
c. Example: the melting point of water is 0 °C. baking powder is used in the materials of
bakery products (bread, etc.). Carbon dioxide
produced from baking powder on heating
makes the products (bread, etc.) porous, soft
General Science for Class 7: Unit # 5 – Physical and Chemical Changes 61

and fluffy. injected into blood. Nutrients in soil are dissolved in

ii. Chlorine is used in detergents and stain water for their diffusion into roots.
removers due to its bleaching nature in the c. Freezing point:
presence of moisture. This property of chlorine Milk, milk products and other food items are
and other substances in the detergents is freezed at their freezing points to increase their shelf
used for cleaning laundry and other washing life. A variety of medicines is kept at freezing points
purposes. to store them for long time.
Acidity: d. Boiling point:
Acidity in stomach produced due to hydro- During fractional distillation of crude oil, dif-
chloric acid in gastric juice is used in digestion of ferent components (natural gas, petrol, diesel, etc.)
food. Acidity produced by acidity regulators helps to are separated at their boiling points.
preserve the original taste and colour of food prod- Q. 14. How can we prevent the objects made of
ucts. It also prevents the growth of dangerous micro- iron from rusting?
organisms in preserved food products. Ans: Prevention of Rusting:
Flammability: The objects made of iron are damaged if they
Flammability is the ability of substances to are not kept safe from rusting. We can take the fol-
burn. Burning of acetylene with oxygen produces a lowing measures to prevent metallic objects from
high temperature flame used for welding and cutting rusting:
of metals (Figure). a. Applying oil:
Coating a layer of oil on the objects keeps the
air and moisture away from them. In this way, the
objects remain safe from rusting.
b. Applying paints:
Applying paint on the surface of the objects
keeps the air and moisture away from them. In this
Acetylene flame way, the objects remain safe from rusting.
c. Forming alloy:
Q. 13. Describe the uses of materials with respect
Making alloys of iron is a better method to
to their physical properties.
avoid rusting. Stainless steel is an alloy of iron that
Ans: Using Physical Properties of Materials:
can be used in many cases.
Conductivity, solubility, freezing point, boil-
d. Dry coating:
ing point, etc., are the physical properties of the ma-
Applying rust-preventing dry coating is
terials due to which they are used for various purpos-
useful in shipping, storage, etc. These coatings dry
es in life.
quickly forming a protective layer on metal parts and
a. Conductivity:
equipment.
Conductivity is a physical property of metals
e. Proper storage:
to conduct electric current through them. Metallic
Proper storage of metal parts and equipment
wire, e.g., copper wire is spread in electric wirings in
in a dry or low moist area where temperature condi-
our homes, schools, industries and where the electric-
tions are not suited to rusting is also a better strategy
ity is required. In this way, the conductivity of copper
to avoid rusting.
is used for making use of electricity in almost every
f. Galvanizing:
walk of life.
Application of protective zinc coating over
b. Solubility:
iron or steel products is called galvanizing. It is an
Water is an excellent solvent. Due to this
excellent rust barrier.
property, water dissolves digested food and facilitates
g. Coat powder:
its passage into blood through walls of the intestines.
A solid powder of acrylic, vinyl, epoxy, etc.,
Most of the medicines are dissolved in water to be
62 General Science for Class 7: Unit # 5 – Physical and Chemical Changes

is used to keep the moisture away from the metal ob-

ject. In this way rusting can be avoided. Exercise Solution
Key Points 5.1 Select one or more answers as indi-
 The substances possess certain characteristics, cated?
which distinguish them from each other. 1. Three of the following are alike. Select the
These characteristics of the substances are one that is different from the others.
called their properties. a. Solubility b. Conductance
 Physical state, colour, odour, taste, c. Oxidation d. Boiling of a substance
melting point, boiling point, solubility and 2. A physical change occurs when:
conductance etc. are examples of the physical a. Iron rusts.
properties. b. Solution of common salt is heated.
c. A piece of wood burns.
 Burning of fuel, digestion of food and rusting
d. Sugar is heated strongly.
of iron etc. are the examples of chemical
3. A gas produced on heating solid potassium
properties.
chlorate is:
 A change in physical properties of a substance a. Hydrogen b. Carbon dioxide
is called physical change. c. Methane d. Oxygen
 A change in chemical properties of a substance 4. Select all that happen during a chemical
is known as chemical change or chemical change.
reaction. a. A temporary change occurs.
 The representation of a chemical reaction in b. Composition of the substances is changed.
terms of symbols, formulae and signs is called c. Properties of the substances are changed.
chemical equation. A chemical equation is d. New substances with different properties
used to describe a chemical reaction. are formed.
 A chemical change in the chemical structure 5. Freezing of a liquid is a:
and composition of a substance is called a. chemical change.
b. chemical property.
chemical reaction.
c. physical change.
 A substance that takes part in a chemical
d. None of above.
reaction is called reactant.
6. What are the products when electric current
 A substance which is formed during a is passed through water?
chemical reaction is called product. a. only steam
 The representation of chemical reaction in b. hydrogen and steam
terms of symbols, formulae and signs is called c. hydrogen and oxygen
chemical equation. d. oxygen and steam
 A chemical reaction of oxygen with some other 7. A piece of iron is kept in open air for 5 days.
substance is called oxidation. Combustion, A film of corrosion formed over it is:
rusting and tarnishing are the examples of a. iron oxide b. iron sulphide
oxidation. c. iron chloride d. iron hydride
 Both the oxygen and moisture are needed for 8. During combustion, a substance reacts with:
rusting. a. hydrogen b. water
 Oil, paints, dry coating, alloy formation, c. carbon dioxided d. oxygen
galvanizing, proper storage, etc,, are the
measures to avoid rusting of metals.
General Science for Class 7: Unit # 5 – Physical and Chemical Changes 63

9. The temperature at which a liquid’s vapour 10. Tarnishing

pressure is equal to the external pressure Ans: Addition or formation of a thin film of
surrounding the liquid is: corrosion, formed over the object of copper,
a. melting point b. boiling point brass or silver is called tarnishing.
c. freezing point d. highest temperature
10. Silver + Hydrogen sulphide + Oxygen 5.3 Complete the following:
Silver sulphide + water (a) Hydrogen + Oxygen
The above reaction is known as: (b) Carbon + Oxygen
a. combustion b. rusting (c) Methane + Oxygen
c. tarnishing d. dehydration (d) Nitrogen + Hydrogen
Solution: (e) Iron + Sulphur
1. d 2. b 3. d 4. b,c,d 5. c Ans:
6. c 7. a 8. d 9. b 10. c (a) 2H2 + O2 2H2O (Water)
(b) C + O2 CO2 (Carbon dioxide)
5.2 Define the following: (c) CH4 + O2 CO2 + H2O
(Carbon dioxide + water)
1. Physical change
(d) N2 + 3H2 2NH3 (Ammonia)
Ans: A change in physical properties of a substance
(e) Fe + S FeS (Iron sulphide)
is called physical change.
2. Chemical change 5.4 Answer the following questions.
Ans: A change in chemical properties of a substance
is known as chemical change or chemical 1. What are physical changes? Explain with
reaction. examples.
3. Physical property Ans: See Question No. 4
Ans: Physical state, colour, odour, taste, 2. Describe role of oxygen in various chemical
melting point, boiling point, solubility and reactions that occur naturally.
conductance etc. are examples of the physical Ans: See Question No. 6
properties.
3. How can we prevent the objects made of
4. Chemical property
iron from rusting?
Ans: A chemical property is a characteristic of a
Ans: See Question No. 14
substance that can be observed in a chemical
reaction, such as heat of combustion and 4. Describe the uses of materials with respect
decay. Burning of fuel, digestion of food to their physical properties.
and rusting of iron etc. are the examples of Ans: See Question No. 13
chemical properties. 5. Describe the uses of materials with respect
5. Melting point to their chemical properties.
Ans: See Question No. 10 (ii) Ans: See Question No. 12
6. Freezing point
Ans: See Question No. 13 (c) 5.5 Constructed Response Questions
7. Boiling point
Ans: See Question No. 13 (d) 1. The gas we use in our kitchen is mostly
8. Solubility methane.
Ans: See Question No. 13 (b) (a) What are the reactants when methane is
9. Rusting burnt?
Ans: The interaction of iron with air (oxygen) and Ans: CH4 + O2 CO2 + H2O
water produces rust (iron oxide) The reactants are methane and oxygen.
(b) What are the products when methane is
64 General Science for Class 7: Unit # 5 – Physical and Chemical Changes

burnt? 5.6 Investigate the role of boiling points

Ans: The products are CO2 and H2O.
(c) Write the word equation for burning of
of different components of crude oil
methane. in their separation during fractional
Ans: Methane + Oxygen Carbon dioxide distillation of crude oil.
+ Water. Ans: Crude Oil & Fractional Distillation
2. Wet clothes are hanged in the sun and they a. Crude oil as a mixture is not a very useful
become dry. substance but the different hydrocarbons
(a) What happens to the water in wet clothes? that make up the mixture, called fractions,
Ans: Water evaporates. are enormously valuable, with each fraction
(b) What makes its removal from the clothes? having many different applications
Ans: The water present in wet clothes gets b. Each fraction consists of groups of
converted into water vapours and is released hydrocarbons of similar chain lengths
into the atmosphere due to evaporation which c. The fractions in petroleum are separated
leaves them dry. from each other in a process called fractional
(c) Is this a chemical change? distillation
Ans: Physical change d. The molecules in each fraction have similar
(d) Name the process involved in this change properties and boiling points, which depend
Ans: Evaporation on the number of carbon atoms in the chain
3. Observe the phenomena given in Figure and e. The size and length of each hydrocarbon
answer the following questions. molecule determines in which fraction it will
be separated into
Steam f. The size of each molecule is directly related
Condenses to how many carbon and hydrogen atoms the
Boils at 100 °C at 100 °C
molecule contains
g. Most fractions contain mainly alkanes, which
are compounds of carbon and hydrogen with
Liquid Liquid
only single bonds between them
water water
Diagram showing the process of fractional distil-
lation to separate crude oil in a fractionating col-
umn
Freezes at 0 °C
Melts at 0 °C a. Fractional distillation is carried out in a
fractionating column which is very hot at the
Ice cube
bottom and cool at the top
(a) Point out the changes being happened.
b. Crude oil enters the fractionating column and
Ans: Melting + boiling + condensing + freezing .
is heated so vapours rise
Physical changes.
c. Vapours of hydrocarbons with very high
(b) Identify the chemical changes occurring
boiling points will immediately condense into
therein.
liquid at the higher temperatures lower down
Ans: No chemical changes.
and are tapped off at the bottom of the column
(c) Identify the physical changes occurring
d. Vapours of hydrocarbons with low boiling
therein.
points will rise up the column and condense
Ans: Water changes into ice and steam.
at the top to be tapped off
(d) Name the processes involved in the whole
e. The different fractions condense at different
phenomena.
heights according to their boiling points and
Ans: Melting, boiling, condensing, freezing.
are tapped off as liquids
General Science for Class 7: Unit # 5 – Physical and Chemical Changes 65

f. The fractions containing smaller hydrocarbons 3. Turning of milk in to yogurt and burning of
are collected at the top of the fractionating paper are:
column as gases a. Auto physical change
g. The fractions containing bigger hydrocarbons b. Physical change
are collected at the lower sections of the c. Chemical change
fractionating column d. Semi-physical change
4. It is the symbol of a chemical change:
a. Formation of gas bubbles
b. Releasing or absorbing of energy
c. Change of colour
d. All of these
5. Chewing of food and mixing with saliva is a:
a. Auto physical change
b. Physical change
c. Chemical change
d. Semi-physical change
6. When we mix vinegar with baking soda:
a. No chemical reaction is produced
b. After physical change, colour is changed
c. After chemical reaction, a gas CO2 is
produced.
d. None of these
7. Fuel is a hydrocarbon, consisting of:
a. Hydrogen and carbon only
b. Hydrogen, carbon and oxygen
c. Hydrogen, carbon and nitrogen
d. None of these
8. Most fertilizers supply:
a. Nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon
Additional MCQs b. Nitrogen, phosphorus and hydrogen
c. Nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium
1. Only change in size, shape and colour but d. Nitrogen, phosphorous and sulphur
chemical composition remains the same, is 9. Changing vegetable oil into solid fat (ba-
called: naspati ghee) is:
a. Auto physical change a. A physical change called Banaspatization
b. Physical change b. A chemical change called Banaspatization
c. Chemical change c. A chemical change called hydrogenation.
d. Semi-physical change d. None of these
2. Switching on the bulb and dissolving salt in 10. During making banaspati ghee (solid fat)
to water are: from vegetable oil:
a. Auto physical changes a. Oxygen gas is used
b. Physical changes b. Hydrogen gas is used
c. Chemical changes c. Nitrogen gas is used
d. Semi-physical changes d. Carbon dioxide is used
66 General Science for Class 7: Unit # 5 – Physical and Chemical Changes

11. Plastics are very large molecules called: b. Reversible changes

a. Monomers b. Primers c. Chemical changes
c. Polymers d. Micro molecular d. Both a. and b.
12. A change that can go forward or backwards 20. Changing vegetable oil into solid fats is
is called a: called:
a. Chemical change a. Carbonation b. Hydration
b. Reversible and temporary change c. Hydrogenation d. Hydrolysis
c. Permanent change 21. Chemical fertilizers cause:
d. All are possible a. Air pollution b. Light pollution
13. Mixing of plaster of Paris with water and c. Land pollution d. Water pollution
turning of milk into yogurt, are: 22. Wetting a dry cloth and mixing of salt in wa-
a. Irreversible changes ter are:
b. Reversible changes a. Physical changes
c. Physical changes b. Irreversible changes
d. All are possible c. Chemical changes
14. It is an irreversible change: d. All of these
a. Dissolving mud into water 23. Burning a match stick is an example of a:
b. Dissolving sugar into water a. physical change
c. Burning sugar b. chemical change
d. All of these c. change in pressure
15. Rusting iron and cooking of food are: d. change of colour
a. Irreversible changes 24. Which one is a physical change?
b. Chemical changes a. frying an egg
c. Physical changes b. breaking a wooden stick
d. Both a. and b. c. burning of candle
16. When hydro-carbons burn in the presence d. toasting bread
of oxygen: 25. An example of a chemical change is:
a. Heat, water and carbon dioxide are a. boiling of water b. evaporation of water
produced. c. burning of paper d. melting of ice
b. Heat, water and hydrogen are produced 26. The red colour of a rose turns brown. It is a:
c. Heat, water and nitrogen are produced a. physical change
d. None of these b. chemical change
17. Production of chemical fertilizers and plas- c. reversible change
tics are: d. sudden change
a. Reversible reactions b. Physical 27. The vegetable oil is changed into banaspati
changes ghee (solid fat) by the addition of:
c. Chemical changes d. None of these a. nitrogen b. carbon
18. Melting of wax and boiling of water are: c. oxygen d. hydrogen
a. Irreversible changes 28. A chemical change results in a:
b. Reversible changes a. loss of matter b. solution
c. Physical changes c. phase change d. different kind of matter
d. Both b. and c. 29. There are _____ types of changes occurs in
19. Decomposition of living things, spoiling of matter.
fruits are: a. one b. two
a. Physical changes c. three d. none of there
General Science for Class 7: Unit # 5 – Physical and Chemical Changes 67

30. Which one of the following is physical c. salt d. soil

change. 40. ______ is the best conductor of heat.
a. Cooking an egg b. Fire works a. copper b. silver
c. Burning d. Cutting of fruits c. gold d. iron
31. Who is the father of chemistry? 41. Flammability is the ability to catch ______
a. Abdul Haitam b. Abdul Qadeer easily.
c. Antoine Lavoisier a. fire b. water
d. Musa bin Naseer c. air d. smell
32. Which one is the correct word equation for 42. Burning is the also known as:
the combustion? a. reactivity b. toxicity
a. Fuel + Oxygen  Carbon dioxide + water c. ability to oxidize
+ Energy d. combustion
b. Fuel + Nitrogen  carbon dioxide + oil + 43. When sugar burns:
Energy a. Carbon and oxygen are produced
c. Carbon dioxide + water  Energy + b. Carbon and water vapours are produced
Oxygen + Fuel c. Carbon and nitrogen are produced
d. Water + Fuel + Oxygen  Carbon dioxide d. None of these
+ Energy 44. Which of the following is an example of
33. In complete combustion the carbon dioxide physical change.
causes? a. Mixing baking soda and vinegar
a. Asthma b. Global Warming b. Chopping of log
c. Acid Rain d. lungs disease c. Burning a paper with a lighter
34. _____is reddish – brown and has rough edg- d. Baking a birthday cake for your mother.
es? 45. Which of the following is an example of
a. Nitrogen oxide b. Aluminum chemical change?
c. Iron oxide d. Carbon dioxide a. Filling up a balloon with air.
35. Ag is the symbol of : b. Freezing of water.
a. Aluminum b. Gold c. Photosynthesis.
c. Silver d. Bronze d. Boiling of water
36. Silver objects get a black coating over time 46. Which change can be easily reversed?
when they are exposed to: a. Chemical Change
a. soil b. water b. Physical Change
c. dust d. air c. Both physical and chemical changes
37. Which of the following is an example of d. Neither a physical nor chemical change
chemical property? 47. When a new substance is formed with prop-
a. Toxicity b. Density erties different from the ones it was formed
c. Colour d. Ductility a. chemical change.
38. It is the ability of a substance to conduct b. physical change.
heat. c. freezing
a. Melting point d. boiling
b. Thermal conductivity 48. If the chemical properties of a substance re-
c. Boiling point d. Solubility main unchanged and only the state change
39. _______ makes it difficult for water to freeze it is called a
on the road. a. chemical change.
a. sugar b. Vinegar b. physical change.
68 General Science for Class 7: Unit # 6 – Chemical Bonds

c. both physical and chemical change

d. neither physical nor chemical change Unit # 6
49. Which of the following is an example of a

Chemical Bonds
physical change?
a. Metal rusting
b. Silver tarnishing
c. Boiling of water
d. Burning of a paper Short & Long Q/As
50. What best describes a physical change?
a. Composition change Q. 1. Identify these figures.
b. Composition stays the same –
c. State stays the same – –
d. Mass is lost +
51. Which of the following is an example of + +
+
chemical change? –
a. Water freezes b. Wood is cut
c. Bread is baked d. Wire is bent
(a) (b)
52. Rusting can be prevented by –
a. scratching b. painting
c. washing d. cleaning
+
53. Milk turns sour, this is a +
a. physical change.
b. chemical change. –
c. physical property. (c) (d)
d. chemical property.
Solution: Figure 6.1
1. b 2. b 3. c 4. d 5. c Ans:
6. c 7. a 8. c 9. c 10. b a. Hydrogen atom
11. c 12. b 13. a 14. c 15. d b. Atomic structure of lithium atom.
c. Monoatomic molecules of Helium
16. a 17. c 18. d 19. c 20. c
atom
21. d 22. a 23. b 24. b 25. c d. Oxygen molecule or hydrogen
26. b 27. d 28. d 29. b 30. d molecule
31. c 32. a 33. b 34. c 35. c
Q. 2. Define and explain ion. Give examples.
36. d 37. a 38. b 39. c 40. a Differentiate between stable and unstable
41. a 42. d 43. b 44. b 45. c electronic configuration.
46. b 47. a 48. b 49. c 50. b Ans: Ion:
51. c 52. b 53. b “The charged particle is called ion.”

n
An atom whose outermost orbit (shell) is
completely filled with maximum number of electrons
that it can accommodate, does not need any more
electron(s). Its electronic configuration is complete
or stable. The atom having stable electronic config-
uration can exist independently and the particle that
can exist independently is called molecule (Figure).
General Science for Class 7: Unit # 6 – Chemical Bonds 69

– The charged particle (atom or group of at-

oms) is called ion.
+ The positively charged atom or group of at-
+ oms is termed as cation.

–
(c) Monoatomic molecule
An atom whose outermost orbit (shell) is not
completely filled with maximum number of elec-
trons that it can accommodate, has an incomplete or
unstable electronic configuration. The atoms with
unstable electronic configuration tend to have a com- The negatively charged atom or group of at-
pletely filled outermost orbit (attain stable electronic oms is termed as anion.
configuration). They can do so either by gaining elec-
tron(s) or by losing electron(s).
When an atom loses electron(s), it becomes
positively charged (Figure). This is because the num-
ber of electrons decreases there than the number of
protons in the atom.

Q. 3. Define the following:

a. Electronic configuration
b. Valency
c. Chemical bond
d. Cation
e. Ionic bond
Sodium atom Sodium ion f. Anion
g. Covalent bond
Sodium atom loses electron and Ans:
attains a positive charge on it a. Electronic configuration
When an atom gains electron(s) from some Arrangement of electrons around the nucleus
other atom, it becomes negatively charged (Figure). of an atom is called electronic configuration.
This is because the number of electrons increases b. Valency
there than the number of protons in the atom. Combining capacity of an atom of the element
is called valency.
c. Chemical bond
A force that combines the atoms together is
called chemical bond.
d. Cation
An cation is formed when an atom loses
electron(s) is called cation.
e. Ionic bond
Chloride ion Chemical bond formed by complete transfer
Chlorine atom
of electron(s) form one atom to another is
Chlorine atom gains electron and
called ionic bond.
attains a negative charge on it
70 General Science for Class 7: Unit # 6 – Chemical Bonds

f. Anion Q. 6. Write down the common radicals. (Positive

An anion is formed when an atom gains and negative ions).
electron(s) is called anion. Ans: Some common ions:
g. Covalent bond Positive Ions Negative Ions
Chemical bond formed by mutual sharing of Hydrogen ion H+ Fluoride ion F–
electrons between the atoms is called covalent
Silver ion Ag+ Iodide ion I–
bond.
Cuprous ion Cu+ Hydroxide ion OH–
Q. 4. Write ‘C’ against the correct and ‘I’ Cupric ion Cu2+ Sulphide ion S2–
against the incorrect statement in the
Calcium ion Ca2+ Sulphate ion SO42–
middle column. Also correct the incorrect
statement and write it in the next column. Magnesium ion Mg2+ Carbonate ion CO32 –
Ans: Zinc ion Zn2+ Bicarbonate ion HCO3–
Correct Cobalt ion Co2+ Nitrate ion NO3–
Correct/Incorrect C/I Nickel ion Ni2+ Phosphate ion PO43–
statement
Figure 6.1 (a) given above is of C Ferrous ion Fe2+ Carbide ion C4–
hydrogen atom. Ferric ion Fe3+ Chlorate ion ClO3–
In Figure 6.1 (b) given above, I No, it needs one Chromium ion Cr3+ Acetate ion CH3COO–
the outermost shell (orbit) is electron to fill it Bismuth ion Bi3+
completely filled with elec- completely.
trons. Q. 7. Define and explain valency. Explain the
In Figure 6.1 (c) given above, C valencies of chlorine, oxygen, nitrogen and
the outermost shell (orbit) is carbon.
completely filled with elec- Ans: Valency:
trons. “The combining capacity of atoms with other
The particle shown in Figure I It is a molecule and atoms is called valency.”
6.1 (d) above cannot exist can exist inde- Atoms except noble gases have unstable
independently. pendently. electronic configuration and they cannot exist inde-
Q. 5. How are following ions formed: pendently. In order to get their electronic configura-
a. Hydrogen ion tion stable, they tend to gain electron(s) or lose elec-
b. Ammonium ions. tron(s). For this tendency, they combine with other
c. Oxonium ion. atoms and form molecules or formula units which
Ans: Hydrogen atom (protium) has only one pro- can exist independently.
ton in its nucleus and only one electron around the “The combining capacity of atoms with other
nucleus. atoms is called valency.” Hydrogen atom can donate
a. Hydrogen ion one electron or gains one electron to get its electronic
When it loses electron, the leftover particle configuration stable. As It can donate one electron,
is only the proton, therefore, hydrogen ion is it has one unit capacity to be combined with another
also termed as proton. atom. Hence, its valency is one (1). Valency of an
b. Ammonium ions. element is also defined as the number of hydrogen
When a molecule of ammonia (NH3) gains a atoms that can combine or displace with one atom of
proton (H+), it forms ammonium ion (NH4+). that element.
c. Oxonium ion. Example:
When a water (H2O) molecule gains a proton Valency of chlorine is 1, as it combines with
(H+), it forms oxonium ion (H3O+). one hydrogen atom to form hydrogen chloride (HCl).
Valency of oxygen is 2, as it combines with two hy-
drogen atoms to form water (H2O). Valency of nitro-
General Science for Class 7: Unit # 6 – Chemical Bonds 71

gen is 3, as it combines three hydrogen atoms to form Nitrogen N2 Ammonia NH3

ammonia (NH3). Similarly, valency of carbon is 4, as Fluorine F2 Methane CH4
it combines with four hydrogen atoms to form meth-
ane (CH4). Chlorine Cl2 Hydrochloric acid HCl
Valency of an ion or radical is equal to the Bromine Br2 Sulphuric acid H2SO4
magnitude of charge on it.
Iodine I2 Glucose C6H12O6
Example:
Valency of sodium ion(Na+) is 1+, valency of Q. 9. Write down the steps to write a chemical
chloride ion (Cl–) is 1–. Valency of calcium ion (Ca2+) formula.
is 2+ and valency of oxide ion (O2–) is 2–. Ans: Steps to Write a Formula:
Q. 8. Define and explain chemical formula. What For ionic compounds oppositely charged ions
does a chemical formula show? give shape to the formula. Following is the procedure
Ans: Chemical Formula: for writing a chemical formula.
A symbolic representation of one molecule of 1. Write the symbols of oppositely charged ions
an element or a compound is called chemical formu- side by side, the positive ion to the left and
la. The chemical formula of a substance shows the negative ion to the right.
number and kinds of at- 2. Cross the valencies to the lower right of each
oms present in its one ion. If valencies are equal, don’t cross, as they
molecule or formula cancel each other.
unit. Symbols show the Example: Write down the formulae of sodium sul-
kinds of atoms and sub- phate and aluminium chloride.
script numbers show the Step 1: According to rule 1 write down the positive
number of atoms present. ion on the left hand side and negative ion on the right
Example: hand side.
H2 is the chemical formula of hydrogen. It
shows that each molecule of hydrogen gas contains
two hydrogen atoms. Similarly H2O is the chemical
Step 2: Cross the valencies to set the formula.
formula of water. It shows that each molecule of wa-
ter contains two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of
oxygen chemically combined together.
Table: Chemical Formulae of
Hence the formulae of sodium sulphate and
some elements and compounds
aluminium chloride are:
Element Formula Element Formula
Na SO AlCl3
Hydrogen H2 Water H2O Sodium sulphate Aluminium chloride
Oxygen O2 Carbon dioxide CO2

Q. 10. Write the chemical formulae of different compounds using oppositely charged ions given below in
the Table . Write name of the compound also.
Ans:
Anions Cl– O2– NO3– SO42–
Cations Chloride ion Oxide ion Nitrate ion Sulphate ion
Na+
Sodium ion
K+
Potassium ion
72 General Science for Class 7: Unit # 6 – Chemical Bonds

NH4+
Ammonium ion
Ca+2
Calcium ion
Mg+2
Magnesium ion
Zn+2
Zinc ion
Fe+2
Ferrous ion
Al+3
Aluminium ion
Cr+3
Chromium ion
Anions Br– S2– CO32– HCO3–
Cations Bromide ion Sulphide ion Carbonate ion Bicarbonate ion
Na+
Sodium ion
Mg+2
Magnesium ion
Bi+3
Bismuth ion
Ba+2
Barum ion
Ans:
Anions Cl– O2– NO3– SO42–
Cations Chloride ion Oxide ion Nitrate ion Sulphate ion
Na+ NaCl Na2O NaNO3 Na2SO4
Sodium ion Sodium Chloride Sodium Oxide Sadium Nitrate Sodium Sulphate
K+ KCl K2O KNO3 K2SO4
Potassium ion Potassium Chloride Potassium Oxide Potassium Nitrate Potassium Sulphate
NH4+ NH4Cl (NH4)2O NH4NO3 (NH4)2SO4
Ammonium ion Ammonia Chloride Ammonium Oxide Ammonium Nitrate Ammonium Sulphate
Ca+2 CaCl2 CaO Ca(NO3)2 CaSO4
Calcium ion Calcium Chloride Calcium Oxide Calcium Nitrate Calcium Sulphate
Mg+2 MgCl2 MgO Mg(NO3)2 MgSO4
Magnesium ion Magnesium Chloride Magnesium Oxide Magnesium Nitrate Magnesium Sulphate
Zn+2 ZnCl2 ZnO Zn(NO3)2 ZnSO4
Zinc ion Zinc Chloride Zinc Oxide Zinc Nitrate Zinc Sulphate
Fe+2 FeCl2 FeO Fe(NO3)2 FeSO4
Ferrous ion Ferrous Chloride Ferrous Oxide Ferrous Nitrate Ferrous Sulphate
Al+3 AlCl3 Al2O3 Al(NO3)3 Al2(SO4)3
Aluminium ion Aluminium Chloride Aluminium Oxide Aluminium Nitrate Aluminium Sulphate
General Science for Class 7: Unit # 6 – Chemical Bonds 73

Cr+3 CrCl3 Cr2O3 Cr(NO3)3 Cr2(SO4)3

Chromium ion Chromium Chloride Chromium Oxide Chromium Nitrate Chromium Sulphate
Anions Br– S2– CO32– HCO3–
Cations Bromide ion Sulphide ion Carbonate ion Bicarbonate ion
Na+ NaBr Na2S Na2CO3 Na2HCO3
Sodium ion Sodium Bromide Sodium Sulphide Sadium Carbonate Sodium Bicarbonate
Mg+2 MgBr2 Mg2S MgCO3 Mg(HCO3)2
Magnesium ion Magnesium Bromide Magnesium Sulphide Magnesium Carbonate Magnesium Bicarbonate
Bi+3 BiBr3 Bi2S3 Bi2(CO3)3 Bi(HCO3)3
Bismuth ion Bismuth Bromide Bismuth Sulphide Bismuth Sub Carbonate Bismuth Bicarbonate
Ba+2 BaBr2 BaS BaCO3 Ba(HCO3)2
Barum ion Barum Bromide Barum Sulphide Barum Carbonate Barum Bicarbonate

Q. 11. Differentiate between single, double and shell of other atoms.

triple covalent bonds. iii. By mutual sharing of valence shell
Ans: Chemical Bond: electrons between the atoms.
• A chemical bond formed by complete Q. 13. Name the types of chemical bonds.
transfer of electron from one atom to Ans: Types of Chemical Bond:
another atom is called ionic bond. Chemical bonds are of two types:
• A covalent bond formed by mutual i. Ionic bond
sharing of one electron pair between ii. Covalent bond
bonded atoms is called single covalent
bond. Q. 14. Define and explain ionic bond. Give three
• A covalent bond formed by mutual examples.
sharing of two electron pairs between Ans: Ionic Bond:
bonded atoms is called double A chemical bond formed by complete transfer
covalent bond. of electron from one atom to another atom is called
• A covalent bond formed by mutual ionic bond (Figure).
sharing of three electron pairs between This bond is formed when one atom loses
bonded atoms is called triple covalent electron from its outermost shell and the other atom
bond. gains this electron in its outermost shell. The atom
losing electrons forms a positively charged ion (cati-
Q. 12. Define a chemical bond, Name the ways by on) and the atom gaining electron forms a negatively
which chemical bonds are made. charged ion (anion).
Ans: Chemical Bond:
a. A chemical bond is a force of attraction
between atoms that holds them together in a
substance.
b. Atoms attain stability by having 2 or 8
electrons in the outermost shell like noble Ionic bond between sodium and chloride ions
gases. For this tendency atoms combine with
other atoms forming chemical bonds.
c. Chemical bonds are formed in three ways:
i. By donating valence shell electrons to
other atoms.
ii. By gaining electrons from the valence
Ionic bonds are formed between metallic and
74 General Science for Class 7: Unit # 6 – Chemical Bonds

non-metallic atoms. This is because, metals have a Example:

tendency to lose their outermost shell electrons to Oxygen atom has six electrons in its outer-
form positively charged ions (cations). Whereas, most shell. Two oxygen atoms combine through
non-metals have a tendency to gain electrons in their a double covalent bond in which each atom equal-
outermost shell to form negatively charged ions (ani- ly contributes two electrons forming two mutually
ons). Cations and anions are oppositely charged ions shared electron pairs (Figure).
having electrostatic force of attraction between them
making/forming ionic bond.
Q. 15. How are covalent bonds formed? Names
the types of covalent bonds. Explain with Double covalent bond
examples.
Other example of double covalent bond is
Ans: Covalent Bond:
CO2.
A chemical bond formed by mutual sharing
iii. Triple Covalent Bond:
of electrons between bonded atoms is called covalent
A covalent bond formed by mutual sharing of
bond.
three electron pairs between bonded atoms is called
Covalent bonds are of three types:
triple covalent bond.
i. Single covalent bond
It is denoted by three dot pairs or cross pairs
ii. Double covalent bond
or dot and cross pairs or three short lines between the
iii. Triple covalent bond
bonded atoms.
i. Single Covalent Bond:
Example:
A covalent bond formed by mutual sharing
Nitrogen atom has five electrons in its out-
of one electron pair between bonded atoms is called
ermost shell. Two nitrogen atoms combine through
single covalent bond.
a triple covalent bond in which each atom equally
It is denoted by one dot pair or cross pair or
contributes three electrons forming three mutually
dot and cross pair or one short line between the bond-
shared electron pairs (Figure).
ed atoms.
Example:
Hydrogen atom has one electron in its out-
ermost shell. Two hydrogen atoms combine through
a single covalent bond in which each atom equally
contributes one electron in a mutually shared electron
pair (Figure). Triple covalent bond

Key Points
Single covalent bond  The charged particle (atom or group of atoms)
Other examples of single covalent bond are is called ion.
Cl2, HCl, H2O, etc.  The positively charged atom or group of
ii. Double Covalent Bond: atoms is termed as cation.
A covalent bond formed by mutual sharing of  The negatively charged atom or group of
two electron pairs between bonded atoms is called atoms is termed as anion.
double covalent bond.  When an atom or group of atoms gains
It is denoted by two dot pairs or cross pairs or loses electrons, it acquires charge. The
or dot and cross pairs or two short lines between the charged particle is called ion.
bonded atoms.  The combining capacity of an element is
General Science for Class 7: Unit # 6 – Chemical Bonds 75

called valency. 7. Outermost shell of sodium atom has ..........

 A symbolic representation of one molecule electron(s):
of an element or a compound is called its a. 1 b. 2
formula. c. 3 d. 4
 A chemical bond is a force of attraction 8. Outermost shell of chlorine atom has ..........
between atoms that holds them together in a electrons:
substance. a. 1 b. 2
c. 6 d. 7
 A chemical bond formed by complete transfer
9. Which of the following has stable electronic
of electron from one atom to another atom is
configuration?
called ionic bond.
a. H b. He
 A covalent bond formed by mutual sharing c. C d. Li
of one electron pair between bonded atoms is 10. Which of the following has double covalent
called single covalent bond. bond?
 A covalent bond formed by mutual sharing of a. Br2 b. CO2
two electron pairs between bonded atoms is c. HCl d. N2
called double covalent bond. Sol:
 A covalent bond formed by mutual sharing of 1. b 2. d 3. c 4. b 5. d
three electron pairs between bonded atoms is 6. b 7. a 8. d 9. b 10. b
called triple covalent bond.
6.2 Define the following and explain with
Exercise Solution examples.
1. Valency
6.1 Encircle the correct option. The combining capacity of an element is
1. A molecule consists of two or more called valency. Valency of Hydrogen is +1.
a. compounds b. atoms 2. Ion
c. formulae d. elements When an atom or group of atoms gains
2. Which of the following is a cation? or loses electrons, it acquires charge. The
a. H2 b. H2O charged particle is called ion. Cl– and Na+ are
c. CO2 d. NH4+ ions.
3. Which of the following is an anion? 3. Formula
a. F b. Cl A symbolic representation of one molecule
c. S 2–
d. NH3 of an element or a compound is called its
4. Oxygen is a: formula. H2O is the formula for a water
a. monovalent element molecule.
b. divalent element
4. Bond
c. trivalent element
A chemical bond is a force of attraction
d. tetravalent element
between atoms that holds them together in a
5. Chemical bond between N2 molecule is:
substance.
a. ionic b. single covalent
A chemical bond formed by complete transfer
c. double covalent d. triple covalent
of electron from one atom to another atom is
6. How many atoms form one molecule of chlo-
called ionic bond.
rine gas? Example: ionic bond is present between
a. 1 b. 2 sodium and chloride ions.
c. 3 d. 4
76 General Science for Class 7: Unit # 6 – Chemical Bonds

5. Electronic configuration 5. Differentiate the following

Arrangement of electrons around the nucleus (a) Symbol and formula
of an atom is called electronic configuration. Ans:
Symbol Formula
6.3 Answer the following questions.
1. One or two letter Shows the elements in
1. Write the symbols for the following: designation of an ele- a compound and the
Copper, iron, chlorine, potassium, argon, ment. relative proportions of
phosphorus, beryllium, carbon, calcium, these elements.
silicon. 2. It is a code that certi- Shows elements and
Ans: Copper=Cu, iron=Fe, chlorine=Cl, fies a certain element. their ratio in a com-
potassium=K, argon=Ar, phosphorus=P, pound.
beryllium=Be, carbon=C, calcium=Ca, 3. Associated with atom- Associated with sym-
silicon=Si. ic number and mass bols and plus, bracket
2. Write the chemical formulae of the following: number. signs.
Sodium bicarbonate, calcium hydroxide, 4. Used to name ele- Used to identify ele-
ammonia, potassium chloride, acetic acid, ments or a functional ments present in a com-
ammonium hydroxide, sulphuric acid, ni- group. (Ion). pound and the ratio be-
tric acid, benzene, methane. tween these elements
Ans: Sodium bicarbonate = NaHCO3,
(b) Positive ion and negative ion.
Calcium hydroxide = Ca(OH)2,
Ans:
Ammonia = NH3,
Potassium chloride = KCl, Positive Ion Negative Ion
Acetic acid = CH₃COOH, 1. If an atom has more If an atom has more
Ammonium hydroxide = NH4OH, proton than electrons,electrons than protons,
Sulphuric acid = H2SO4, it is a positive ion. it has negative ion.
Nitric acid = HNO3, 2. Positive ion has lost Negative ion has
Benzene = C6H6, one or more electrons.gained one or more
Methane = CH4. electrons.
3. In what way the molecule of an element is 3. Chemical species with Chemical species with
different from that of a compound? positive charge. negative charge
Ans: The molecule of an element consists of the 4. We use a plus mark We use a negative
same type of atoms. All the atoms must have when writing positive mark, when writing
the same proton numbers. ion (+) negative ion (–).
Example: O2, H2, N2 5. Called cations. Called anions.
The molecule of a compound consists of two
or more types of atoms, consisting of different
proton numbers.
6.4 Investigate the metallic bond.
Example: Carbon dioxide is a compound. Ans: Metallic Bond:
One molecule of carbon dioxide consists of i. Metallic bond is a type of chemical bonding
one atom of carbon and two atoms of oxygen. that arises from the electrostatic attractive
force between conduction, conduction
4. State the number and kinds of atoms present
electrons and positively charged metal ions.
in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)?
It may be described as the sharing of free
Ans: One molecule of carbon tetra chloride
electrons among a structure of positively
contains one atom of carbon and four atoms
charged ions.
of chlorine.
ii. Metallic bond is a force that holds atoms
General Science for Class 7: Unit # 6 – Chemical Bonds 77

together in a metallic substance. Such a solid 7. Hydrogen is included in:

consists of closely packed electron shall of a. Group I A b. Group VII A
each of the metal atoms overlaps with a large c. Group VI A d. Group V A
number of neighbouring atoms. 8. Oxygen is included in:
iii. Metallic bonds result from the electrostatic a. Group I A b. Group VII A
attraction between metal cations and c. Group VI A d. Group V A
delocalized electrons, have many of the 9. Nitrogen is included in the periodic table in:
physical properties of metals such as a. Group IV A b. Group VA
conductivity and malleability. c. Group IA d. Group VIA
Example: 10. Carbon is included in:
Copper, gold consist of metallic bonds. a. Group IV A b. Group VA
c. Group IA d. Group VIA
Additional MCQs 11. The combining capacity of atoms to form
bonds is called:
1. Number of valence electrons in the elements a. Valency b. Covalent bond
of Periodic Table group VI is: c. Ion d. None of these
a. 2 b. 3 12. These are involved in bonding of one atom
c. 4 d. 6 to another:
2. Number of valence electrons of the elements a. Proton b. Neutron
in Periodic table group O is: c. Valence Neutrons
a. 6 b. 7 d. Valence Electrons
c. 8 d. 5 13. Valence electrons are present:
3. Sodium atom has: a. In the 1st shell b. In the 2nd shell
a. Number of protons = 11, Number of c. In the 3rd shell d. In the outermost shell
neutrons = 11, Number of electrons = 11 14. The last shell of chlorine contains:
b. Number of protons = 11, Number of a. 4 electrons b. 7 electrons
neutrons = 10, Number of electrons = 10 c. 6 electrons d. 1 electron
c. Number of protons = 11, Number of 15. The last shell of oxygen atom contains:
neutrons = 12, Number of electrons = 11 a. 4 electrons b. 7 electrons
d. Number of protons = 11, Number of c. 6 electrons d. 1 electron
neutrons = 12, Number of electrons = 10 16. The last shell of hydrogen atom contains:
4. A chlorine atom has: a. 4 electrons b. 7 electrons
a. Number of Protons = 17, Number of c. 6 electrons d. 1 electron
Neutrons = 17, Number of Electrons = 17 17. The last shell of sodium atom contains:
b. Number of Protons = 17, Number of a. 4 electrons b. 7 electrons
Neutrons = 18, Number of Electrons = 17 c. 6 electrons d. 1 electron
c. Number of Protons = 17, Number of 18. The last shell of carbon atom contains:
Neutrons = 16, Number of Electrons = 17 a. 4 electrons b. 7 electrons
d. Number of Protons = 17, Number of c. 6 electrons d. 1 electron
Neutrons = 16, Number of Electrons = 19 19. The combining capacity of the ______ to
5. Sodium is included in: form chemical bond is called its valency.
a. Group I A b. Group VII A a. atom b. cell
c. Group VI A d. Group V A c. element d. nucleus
6. Chlorine is included in: 20. The elements which have ______ Valency do
a. Group I A b. Group VII A not form compounds.
c. Group VI A d. Group V A a. one b. two
c. zero d. -one
78 General Science for Class 7: Unit # 6 – Chemical Bonds

21. Group VI gains or shares _____ electrons, to b. in the nucleus.

form a compound. c. in the outermost shell.
a. 1 b. 2 d. innermost shell.
c. 3 d. 0 33. An atom that has 6 out of 8 electrons in its
22. Which group is likely to gains or shares 1 outermost shell will
electron? a. give up 2 electrons.
a. Group I b. Group III b. gain 2 electrons.
c. Group 0 d. Group VIII c. give up 6 electrons.
23. What is the common name of NaCl? d. considered stable and not react with other
a. Sugar b. Water elements.
c. Salt d. Air 34. A negative ion is formed when an atom has:
24. Valence ______ are in the outermost shell of a. Gained a proton
the atom. b. Gained an electron
a. nucleus b. electrons c. Lost a proton
c. protons d. neutrons d. Lost an electron
25. A positive ion is formed when an atom. 35. Aluminum oxide is formed from aluminum
a. Gained a proton ion (AI3+) and an oxide ion (O2-). The formu-
b. Gained an electron la of aluminum oxide is?
c. Lost a proton a. AlO b. AlO2
d. Lost an electron c. Al2O3 d. Al3O2
26. ______ charge attract each other. 36. The atomic number of hydrogen atom is
a. Same b. Negative one. The number of valence electron in Hy-
c. opposite d. positive drogen atom is
27. The electronic distribution of chlorine is: a. 0 b. 1
a. 2,8,7 b. 2,8,4 c. 2 d. 3
c. 2,8,1 d. 2,8,6 37. The elements of group II loses
28. Chemical formula of Carbon monoxide is: a. one electron.
a. C2O4 b. CO2 b. two electrons.
c. CO d. none of them c. three electrons.
29. The valency of nitrogen is 3 and that of hy- d. do not lose electrons.
drogen is 1. The chemical formula of ammo- 38. A chemical formula is used to describe the
nia is types of:
a. NH b. NH2 a. Ions and their numbers
c. NH3 d. NH4 b. Atoms and their numbers
30. During the formation bond, metals tend to: c. Molecules and their numbers
a. Gain electrons d. Valence electrons and their numbers
b. Lose electrons Solution:
c. Gain protons 1. d 2. c 3. c 4. b 5. a
d. Lose neutrons. 6. b 7. a 8. c 9. b 10. a
31. Electrostatic attraction occurs between two 11. a 12. d 13. d 14. b 15. c
a. neutral atoms.
16. d 17. d 18. a 19. a 20. c
b. ions of opposite charges.
c. ions of similar charges. 21. b 22. a 23. c 24. b 25. d
d. bonded atoms. 26. c 27. a 28. c 29. c 30. b
32. The electrons involved in bonding are found 31. b 32. c 33. b 34. b 35. c
in 36. b 37. b 38. b
a. closest to the nucleus.
General Science for Class 7: Unit # 7 – Solutions 79

Unit # 7

Solutions
Sugar

Short & Long Q/As Solute Solvent (water) Solution

Solute, solvent and solution

Q. 1. Define binary solution. Most common solvents are liquids like water,
Ans: Binary Solutions: alcohol, petrol, carbon disulphide, mercury, etc.
When a teaspoon of sugar is added to a glass A solution is named on the name of the solute.
of water and stirred, sugar dissolves in water produc- e.g. 5% sugar solution in water will be named as sug-
ing a homogeneous mixture. A homogeneous mixture ar solution.
of two or more substances is called a solution (Fig- Q. 4. Define the following:
ure). A solution, which is prepared by mixing only a. Solute
two substances, is called a binary solution. b. Solvent
Examples: c. Solution
Solution of salt in water, solution of sugar in d. Aqueous solution
water, solution of bromine in water, etc. e. Saturated solution
f. Unsaturated solution
Ans:
Salt Sugar bromine
Solution solution water a. Solute
The component of a solution present in
smaller quantity is called solute.
Binary Solutions b. Solvent
Components of Solution: The component of a solution present in large
A binary solution consists of two components quantity is called solvent.
(i) Solute (ii) Solvent c. Solution
Q. 2. Define solute. Homogeneous mixture of two or more
Ans: Solute: substances is called solution.
The solute is a substance that dissolves in a d. Aqueous solution
solvent. In a binary solution, solute is that component Solution of a substance in water is called
of the solution which is present in smaller quantity. aqueous solution.
e.g. In a 5% sugar solution in water, sugar is the sol- e. Saturated solution
ute. Solution to which no more solute can be
dissolved at a particular temperature is called
Q. 3. Define solvent explain with the help of saturated solution.
examples. f. Unsaturated solution
Ans: Solvent: Solution to which further amount of solute
The solvent is the substance in which the sol- can be dissolved at a particular temperature is
ute or solutes dissolve(s) and it forms the bulk of the called unsaturated solution.
solution (Figure). In a binary solution, solvent is that
component of the solution, which is present in large Q. 5. Define and explain an aqueous solution.
quantity. e.g., In a 5% sugar solution in water, water Ans: Aqueous Solutions:
is the solvent. A solution in which water is used as a solvent
is called aqueous solution (aqua means water). Wa-
80 General Science for Class 7: Unit # 7 – Solutions

ter is the most common and widely used solvent. It is ties are the same in every part of the solution.
known as an excellent solvent because it can dissolve
a large variety of substances in it due to its strong
solvent action. However, there are many substances Solution
like grease, paint and some inks etc., which cannot Solute
Solvent breaks
dissolve in water. They can dissolve in other types Solvent down solute

of solvents such as alcohol, petrol and propane, etc.

That is why we cannot wash off grease or paint stains When a solute dissolves in the solvent
with water.
Its composition is uniform and tiny solute particles,
Q. 6. Describe the major types of solutions. which are spread out evenly in the solvent are too
Ans: Types of Solutions: small to reflect or block any light passing through the
The most common solutions are those in solution. Hence, if we shine a beam of light through a
which, a solid, a liquid or a gas is dissolved in a liq- solution, the light will pass through the solution (Fig-
uid solvent. However, there are many other solutions, ure).
which are formed by dissolving a solid in another sol-
id, a liquid in another liquid, a gas in another gas or
by other combinations of the three physical states of
matter. Table below shows some examples of differ-
ent types of solutions.
State of State of
Examples of solution
solute solvent
Solid Liquid 1. Salt solution (salt dissolved in A beam of light passes through a salt solution
water)
2. Amalgam (tin, gold or copper The solute particles dissolved in a solution
dissolved in mercury) are also too small that they are passed through the fil-
Liquid Liquid Alcoholic drinks (alcohol dissolved ter paper and no residue is left behind when we filter
in water) a solution (Figure).
Gas Liquid 1. Fizzy drinks (carbon dioxide
dissolved in water)
2. Sea and river water (oxygen
dissolved in water)
Gas Gas Air (oxygen, carbon dioxide, noble
gases dissolved in nitrogen)
Solid Solid 1. Brass (zinc dissolved in cop-
per)
2. Bronze (tin dissolved in copper)
Q. 7. Describe the particle model of solution. On
which factors does the concentration of a No residue is left behind when a solution is filtered
solution depend?
Strength or concentration of solutions:
Ans: Particle Model of Solutions:
The strength or concentration of a solution
On dissolving in the solvent, the solute is bro-
depends upon the quantity of solute dissolved in the
ken down into tiny particles like atoms, molecules or
solution.
ions that are mixed completely and evenly with the
particles of the solvent (Figure). That is why a solu- Q. 8. Describe preparation of a solution.
tion is a homogeneous mixture. Its colour, density, Ans: Take two glasses and mark them at the middle
appearance and other physical and chemical proper- with a marker. Fill the glasses with water up to the
General Science for Class 7: Unit # 7 – Solutions 81

mark. Add half teaspoonful of sugar in glass 1 and correct the incorrect statement and write it
one teaspoonful of sugar in glass 2. Stir the two solu- in the next column.
tions well and record your observations. Ans:
Correct/Incorrect C/I Correct state-
ment
A solution which is prepared C
by mixing only two substanc-
es, one is solute and the
Sugar other is solvent is called binary
solution.
Glass 1 Glass 2 A solution can be diluted by I A solution can be di-
adding more solute into it. luted by adding more
Q.
Inquiry Reply solvent into it.
No.
A solution is a pure matter. I A solution is a homo-
1 Which solution is Solution in glass 2 is sweet-
geneous mixture of
sweeter? er than solution in glass 1.
two or more sub-
2 Which solution is The solution in glass 2 is stances.
stronger? stronger than the solution in
Stainless steel is a solution. C
glass 1.
3 Why is the solution of Because the solution in Q. 11. Define unsaturated solution.
glass 2 sweeter than glass 2 has greater amount Ans: Unsaturated Solution:
that of glass 1? of sugar dissolved in it than If 5 g salt is added to 500 cm3 of water in a
the solution in glass 1. beaker and stirred, it will dissolve in the water. If
Q. 9. Differentiate between dilute and some more salt is added to this solution, it will also be
concentrated solution. Explain with dissolved. Such a solution to which further amount of
examples. the solute can also be dissolved at a particular tem-
Ans: Dilute and Concentrated Solutions: perature is called unsaturated solution.
A solution, which contains relatively less Q. 12. Define saturated solution. How is a
amount of solute, dissolved in a large amount of sol- saturated solution prepared?
vent is called a dilute solution or weak solution. Ans: Saturated Solution:
Example: If some salt is added to 500 cm3 of water in a
A solution of 1g sugar dissolved in 500 cm3 beaker and stirred, it will dissolve in water. If more
water is a dilute solution than a solution of 20 g sugar salt is added to the solution and stirred, there will be a
dissolved in 500 cm3 water. time when the salt will not dissolve anymore. Such a
A solution, which contains relatively large solution to which no more solute can be dissolved at
amount of solute dissolved in the same amount of sol- a particular temperature is called a saturated solu-
vent, is called concentrated solution or strong solu- tion. If more solute is added at the same temperature,
tion. the excess remains undissolved at the bottom of the
Example: container.
A solution of 20 g sugar dissolved in 500 cm3 Q. 13. How will you perform an activity to make a
water is a concentrated solution than a solution of 1 g saturated solution of sugar?
sugar dissolved in 500 cm3 water. Ans: Activity:
The number of dissolved solute particles in a Take 100g of water in a beaker. Add half tea-
concentrated solution is more than that in a dilute spoon full of sugar and stir. Keep on adding sugar
solution of equal volume. and stirring until the sugar starts settling down at the
Q. 10. Write ‘C’ against correct and ‘I’ against bottom of the beaker. Filter the solution in another
incorrect statement in middle column. Also beaker. Keep it at room temperature. This solution is
82 General Science for Class 7: Unit # 7 – Solutions

called saturated solution of sugar at room tempera- to saturate 100 g of a solvent at a particular temper-
ture. ature is called solubility of the solute in the solvent.”
Q. 15. Describe the factors affecting the solubility.
Ans: Factors Affecting Solubility:
Following are the factors that affect solubili-
ty:
Sugar • Nature of the solute and solvent
settle • Temperature of the solution.
down
• Pressure.
Sugar Nature of solute and solvent:
The principle of dissolution is that like dis-
Q.
Inquiry Reply solves like. Water has ionic character. The ionic com-
No.
pounds like sodium chloride, silver nitrate, silver
1 What type of solution This is a saturated solution
chloride, etc. are dissolved in water. The covalent
is this at room tem- of sugar at room tempera-
perature? ture. compounds are dissolved in covalent solvent.
Temperature:
2 Can you dissolve If temperature does not
more sugar in it? change, no more sugar will
Generally, an increase in temperature of the
dissolve into it. solution increases the solubility of a solid solute.
Example:
3 What will happen if Sugar will remain undis-
you add some more solved and settle at the bot- Greater amount of sugar is dissolved in hot
sugar into this solu- tom of the beaker. water than in cold water. Solubility of gases decreas-
tion? es with the increase in temperature of the solution.
Example:
Q. 14. Define and explain solubility. Give examples.
Solubility of carbon dioxide in soda water de-
Ans: Solubility:
creases when temperature increases.
A substance, which can be dissolved in a sol-
Pressure:
vent, is said to be soluble in that solvent. A substance,
Pressure affects the solubility of gaseous sol-
which cannot be dissolved in a solvent, is said to be
utes in liquid solvents. Carbon dioxide is dissolved
insoluble in that solvent. For example salt is insolu-
in soda water. When the cap on the soda bottle is
ble in oil but soluble in water.
opened, the pressure on the solution is released and
We know there is a limit to the quantity of
carbon dioxide dissolved under pressure begins to
salt, which can be dissolved in 100 g water at room
bubble out.
temperature.
Yes, no more solute would dissolve, when the Q. 16. How does solubility affect everyday life?
solution becomes saturated at a particular tempera- Ans: There are many practical applications of sol-
ture. Different substances have different capabilities ubility in daily life, especially in industries. A few are
to be dissolved in the same solvent at a particular mentioned below:
temperature. 1. In carbonated drinks, carbon dioxide remains
Example: Sodium nitrate (NaNO3) is more soluble in dissolved in water due to its solubility in
water than silver chloride (AgCl). Similarly, sulphur water.
dioxide (SO2) is more soluble in water than carbon 2. Paints are dissolved in the solvents like
dioxide (CO2). Different solvents have different sol- alcohol and ether, etc. These solvents help to
vent-actions for the same solute to dissolve them. dry the paint.
Example: Naphthalene is more soluble in benzene 3. Water soluble dyes are used in textile industry
than in water. Solubility of a substance (solute) in a on greater scale as dyes (coloured substances)
solvent is defined as: are used to create colourful patterns on
“The maximum amount of a solute required clothes.
General Science for Class 7: Unit # 7 – Solutions 83

4. Solubility is very important in pharmaceutical solvent

industry. It is helpful to achieve the desired 4. Amount of solute required to saturate 100
concentration of the drugs in solutions. g of solvent at a particular temperature is
5. Use of solubility parameters is very important called:
in petroleum industry. a. molarity b. molality
c. normality d. solubility
Key Points 5. A solution having relatively less amount of
solute dissolved in it is called:
 A solution to which further amount of the a. dilute solution
solute can also be dissolved at a particular b. binary solution
temperature is called unsaturated solution. c. concentrated solution
 A solution to which no more solute can be d. saturated solution
dissolved at a particular temperature is called Sol:
a saturated solution. 1. b 2. c 3. a 4. d 5. a
 The maximum amount of a solute required
to saturate 100 g of a solvent at particular 7.2 Define the followings:
temperature is called solubility of the solute 1. Binary solution
in that solvent. Ans: See Question No. 1
 Nature of solute and solvent, temperature and 2. Aqueous solution
pressure, etc., are the factors affecting the Ans: See Question No. 5
solubility. 3. Solute
Ans: See Question No. 4 A
 Size of the solute particles, stirring the
4. Homogeneous mixture
solutions and the temperature, etc., are
Ans: A mixture is which the composition is
the ways used to accelerate the process of uniform throughout the mixture is called a
dissolving materials. homogeneous mixture.
5. Unsaturated solution
Exercise Solution Ans: See Question No. 11

7.3 Constructed Response Questions

7.1 Encircle the correct option.
1. Which of the following is insoluble in water? 1. Describe preparation of a solution.
a. sodium chloride b. oil Ans: See Question No. 8
c. table salt d. baking powder 2. Describe the factors affecting the solubility.
2. A solution to which no more solute can be Ans: See Question No. 15
dissolved at a particular temperature is 3. Explain the effect of temperature on the
called: solubility of table salt in water.
a. dilute solution Ans: By increasing temperature of the solution, the
b. concentrated solution solubility of the table salt in water increases.
c. saturated solution
4. Describe the importance of solutions in
d. unsaturated solution
daily life.
3. A concentrated solution can dissolve in it:
Ans: i. Carbonated water is a solution of carbon
a. no further amount of solute
dioxide gas and other substances dissolved
b. less quantity of solute
in water. When we shake a can of carbonated
c. large quantity of solute
water, the gas separates quickly from the
d. amount of solute equal to the amount of
water.
84 General Science for Class 7: Unit # 7 – Solutions

In a closed can, the bubbling gas has no place Importance of solubility in Pharmaceutical
to go. It builds up pressure. When we open Industries.
the can, the gas escapes. i. Solubility plays a critical role in drug
ii. We use lemonade and tea in our homes. These effectiveness.
are solutions too. ii. Without it, a drug substance cannot be
iii. The air is a solution of different gases. We absorbed.
breathe in this . solution. iii. Solubility is one of the important parameters
iv. The steel used for buildings and cars is a to achieve desired concentration of drug
solution. pharmaceutical response.
A solution of two or more metals is called iv. Solubility of drugs is measured by the amount
alloy. During the process of making steel, of solvent needed to dissolve one gram of the
carbon and iron are melted into liquid form. drug at a specific temperature.
Then the carbon is dissolved in the iron.
v. In the ocean, salt and other minerals are Additional MCQs
dissolved in water. Ocean water is solution.
vi. Many harmful substances are produced in our 1. A solution that contains a large amount of
body. These substances dissolve in water and solute is best described as:
excrete as urine and perspiration. a. unsaturated b. dilute
vii. Plants absorb minerals from the soil that are c. concentrated d. weak
dissolved in water. 2. We make a solution when we mix:
viii. Oxygen gas dissolves in water. It keeps a. salt and water b. sugar and cinnamon
aquatic animals alive. c. vegetables in a salad
ix. Carbon dioxide gas also dissolves in water. d. cheese sauce and macaroni
x. Aquatic plants use this dissolved carbon 3. Which of the following increases the solubil-
dioxide to make food. ity of a gas in a liquid?
5. How can we increase the process of a. increasing the temperature
dissolution? b. stirring
Ans: We can increase the process by stirring, c. decreasing the temperature
crushing and heating. d. decreasing the amount of liquid
4. Particles settle down in a:
7.4 Investigate the importance of solu- a. solution b. suspension
bility in textile and pharmaceutical c. solute d. solvent
industries. 5. Which one is a universal solvent?
a. milk b. petrol
Ans: Importance of solubility in textile: c. cooking oil d. water
i. Identification of fibre in textile is performed by 6. A homogenous mixture of two or more com-
treating the fibre in certain solvents. This test
ponents is
gives accurate analysis in the identification of
a. Solute b. Solvent
fibre.
c. Solution d. None of these
ii. Solubility of solvents helps to predict the
7. A solution contains minimum amount of
behaviour of a textile artifact in various
environments. a. Solvent b. Solute
iii. The solubility helps to distinguish them in a c. Mixture d. compound
better way. 8. The substance in which solute is dissolved is
iv. This testing brings quick and accurate results. called
a. Solvent b. Mixture
c. Solute d. Compound
General Science for Class 7: Unit # 7 – Solutions 85

9. Which of the following solution both solute d. Dilute solution

and solvent are in liquid state? 19. In Dead Sea things do not sink due to pres-
a. Air b. Carbonated drinks ence of salts
c. Tea d. Alcohol in water a. Saturated b. Unsaturated
10. A solution in which water is the solvent is c. Diluted d. Concentrated
known as 20. The amount of solute in grams dissolved in
a. Concentrated solution 100gms of the solvent at a give temperature
b. Dilute solution is called
c. Aqueous solution a. Solubility b. Soluble solute
d. None of these c. Soluble solvent d. None of these
11. Matter exists in states 21. Solubility of gases in liquid solvents decreas-
a. One b. Two es with
c. Three d. Four a. Decrease in temperature
12. Particles that do not move freely in a b. Slightly decrease in temperature
a. Solid b. Liquid c. Increase in temperature
c. Gas d. None of these d. Increase in volume
13. Which of the following particles of matter 22. A solution of two or more metals is called
have large spaces among them? a. Metalloid- b. Metallic
a. Gas, b. Liquid c. Alloy d. None of these
c. Solid d. None 23. Mixture in which solute particles are too
14. Which of the following factor affects the large to move freely with solvent particles
movement of molecules? and particles settle down after sometime is
a. Temperature b. Mass called
c. Volume d. Density a. Solution b. Saturated solution
15. Which of the following solvent is called uni- c. Unsaturated d. Suspension
versal solvent? 24. A suspension which contains a large amount
a. Water b. Alcohol of insoluble solid solute is called
c. Carbonated drinks d. Tea a. Plasma b. Insoluble solution
16. A solution that contains less quantity of sol- c. Slurry d. Both a and b
ute is 25. Red blood cells, white blood cells are sus-
a. Concentrated solution pended in solution called
b. Dilute solution a. Plasma b. Slurry
c. Universal solvent c. Suspension d. Lassi
d. None of these 26. Air consists of oxygen, carbon dioxide and
17. A solution with more quantity of solute is few noble gases dissolved in
a. Concentrated solution a. Hydrogen b. Water
b. Dilute solution c. Atomsphere d. Sulphur
c. Aqueous solution 27. An aqueous solution is the solution in which
d. None of these _____ is used as solvent.
18. A solution in which the solvent can not dis- a. water b. sugar
solve any more solute at a particular tem- c. Salt d. Sharbat
perature is called 28. In dental filling mercury is dissolved in
a. Unsaturated solution a. Gold b. Silver
b. Saturated solution c. zinc d. Aluminum
c. Concentrated solution
86 General Science for Class 7: Unit # 7 – Solutions

29. A solution can be dilute and concentrated 40. Choose the most effective factor for increas-
depending upon the amount of _____. ing solubility in a solution.
a. Solvent b. Sediment a. Grinding b. Stirring
c. Suspension d. Solute c. Heating d. Increasing pressure
30. Maximum of 36.0 g of NaCl (Salt) will dis- 41. The most soluble in water:
solve in ____ ml of water. a. Calcium carbonate
a. 100 ml b. 120 ml b. Sulphur dioxide
c. 140 ml d. 2.80 ml c. Carbon dioxide
31. Rock candy is made by. d. All of these
a. chlorination b. crystallization 42. The most soluble in water:
c. filtration d. sedimentation a. Sodium nitrate
32. Acetone is a ______ Solvent. b. Silver chloride
a. gas b. liquid c. Calcium carbonate
c. solid d. sediment d. All of these
33. In gases solubility increases with increases 43. It effects the solubility:
in _______. a. Nature of solute
a. Pressure b. temperature b. Nature of solvent
c. nature of solute d. nature of solvent c. Temperature and pressure
34. Saline solutions are composed of water and d. All of these
_____. 44. It is insoluble in water:
a. Sodium hydroxide a. Sodium chloride
b. Calcium oxide b. Baking powder
c. Sodium chloride c. Sodium carbonate
d. carbon dioxide d. Calcium carbonate
35. Metal alloy is the example of 45. Solubility of CO2 in soda water:
a. gas in solid b. solid in solid a. increases by increasing temperature
c. liquid in solid d. solid in gas b. Decreases by increasing temperature
36. The Mixture of solid and liquid is called a c. Both of these
solution. What is the liquid called? d. None of these
a. Solute b. Solvent Solution:
c. Suspension d. Sediment 1. c 2. a 3. c 4. b 5. d
37. A solution containing less solute than its ca- 6. c 7. b 8. a 9. d 10. c
pacity to dissolve is : 11. c 12. a 13. a 14. a 15. a
a. Saturated b. Unsaturated 16. b 17. a 18. b 19. a 20. a
c. Supersaturate d. Aqueous
21. c 22. c 23. d 24. c 25. a
38. When the more solute is dissolved in satu-
26. c 27. a 28. b 29. d 30. a
rated solution, the solution becomes;
31. b 32. b 33. a 34. c 35. b
a. Saturated
b. Unsaturated 36. b 37. b 38. c 39. b 40. c
c. Supersaturate 41. b 42. a 43. d 44. d 45. b

n
d. Dilute
39. In aqueous solution which of the following is
most soluble solute?
a. Oil b. Sugar
c. Chalk d. Sand
General Science for Class 7: Unit # 8 – Force & Motion 87

ball towards batsman, he hits the ball. In this

Unit # 8 way, the direction of motion of the ball is
changed. The force exerted by the batsman

Force & Motion on the moving ball changes its direction of

motion.
Q. 3. Define the following:
a. Force
Short & Long Q/As b. Distance
c. Speed
Q. 1. Define force. What are the effects of a d. Gravity
force? e. Mass
Ans: Force: f. N (Newton)
Push or pull is a force. Ans:
Push and pull makes the things move. Gravity a. Force
is the Earth’s pull on the objects. Moving objects can- Push or pull is defined as force. Friction,
not stop if there is no friction. Push and pull, gravity gravity, etc. are examples of force.
and friction are the examples of the force. b. Distance
Effects of Force: Distance is the measure of how far apart
Force can: objects or points are.
• make the things at rest move. c. Speed
• stop the moving objects. Speed tells us how fast or slow an object
• change the speed of a moving object. moves. It is defined as rate of change of
• change the direction of a moving distance with time.
object. d. Gravity
• change the shape of an object. The Earth’s pull on objects is called gravity.
Q. 2. How does a force e. Mass
a. changes the speed of a moving Quantity of matter in an object is called its
body? mass.
b. Change the direction of moving f. N (Newton)
body? Standard international (SI) unit of force is
Ans: called Newton and is represented by N.
a. Change in speed: Q. 4. Define the following:
Consider you are moving by a bicycle at a. Mass
certain speed. If your friend pushes the bicycle b. Gravity
from behind, the speed of your bicycle will c. Acceleration
increase and it will move faster. If he pulls d. Unit
your moving bicycle from behind, the speed Ans:
of bicycle will decrease and you will move a. Mass
slower. The quantity of matter in an object is called
If a force is applied on a moving object in the its mass (m).
direction of motion, its speed increases. If the b. Gravity
force is applied in the direction opposite to The Earth pulls the things towards itself. The
the direction of motion of the object, its speed Earth’s pull on the objects is called gravity.
decreases. c. Acceleration due to Gravity
b. Change in direction: How fast things move towards the Earth is
In a cricket match, when the bowler throws termed as acceleration due to gravity (g). The
88 General Science for Class 7: Unit # 8 – Force & Motion

value of ‘g’ is taken as 10 N/kg. Q. 7. Calculate the weight (force) exerted by an

d. Unit object of mass 5 kg on the Earth’s surface.
The quantities of mass, force, length, time, Sol: m (mass) = 5 kg
etc., that can be measured are called physical g = 10 N/kg
quantities. The standard quantity used to w = mg
measure that quantity is called its unit. w = 5 kg × 10 N/ kg
Q. 5. What are the standard units in standard w = 50 N
international system Q. 8. Why unit of force is recommended as
Ans: According to International System of Units, Newton? Describe the relation between
called Standard International (SI): mass, force and gravitational acceleration.
• The standard quantity of mass used to measure Ans: Newton – The Unit of Force:
it is kilogram (kg). Hence, SI unit of mass is The SI unit of force is Newton (N). It is named
kilogram (kg). Gram (g), milligram (mg), etc. after the English Scientist Sir Isaac Newton. On the
are smaller units of mass. Earth, a body of mass 100g has a weight of about 1 N.
• The standard quantity of length or distance Example:
used to measure it is kilometre (km). Hence, A medium sized apple has a mass about 100g.
SI unit of length or distance is kilometre (km). The gravitational pull on this apple is 1 N approxi-
Metre (m), millimetre (mm), etc. are smaller mately, i.e., its weight is 1 N.
units of length or distance. The Earth’s gravitational field strength (g) is
• The standard quantity of time used to measure 10 N/kg. This means that for each kg of mass, an ob-
it is second (s). Hence, SI unit of time is ject will experience 10 N of force.
second (s). Minute (min), Hour (hr), etc., are The gravitational acceleration (g) is a con-
the bigger units of time. stant and equal to 9.8 meter per second square (ms–2).
Q. 6. Is force a physical quantity? What is its Q. 9. Calculate the weight of a wooden block of
unit? mass 45 kg. The value of g = 10ms–2.
Ans: Unit of Force: Sol:
Force is a physical quantity. The Standard In- Mass of the block (m) = 45 kg
ternational (SI) unit of force is newton. The symbol Gravity acting on it (g) = 10ms–2
used for newton is ‘N’. Weight (W) = ?
Weight is a force. In fact, it is the gravita- W = mg
tional force acting on an object. The symbol used for W = 45 kg × 10ms–2
weight is ‘w’. If ‘m’ is mass is of an object and ‘g’ is = 450 N (Ans.)
the acceleration due to gravity having value (10 N / Q. 10. What is the use of force meter (Spring
kg), then we can express weight as: balance)?
w = mg.................(1) Ans: Measuring Force:
The weight (force) acting on an object of
mass 1 kg can be calculated using equation (1) as:
w = mg
w = 1 (kg) × 10 N/kg
w (force) = 10 N
Thus, the weight (force) of 1 kg mass on the
Earth is 10 N. It means weight (force) of 1000 g mass
= 10 N. The weight (force) of 100 g mass = 1 N
The standard one newton force is the force
(weight) that the Earth acts on an object of mass 100 Spring balance
g. Force is measured by using an instrument
General Science for Class 7: Unit # 8 – Force & Motion 89

called force meter. The force meter is a spring bal- Q. 12. A boy runs 240m in 80 second. Calculate
ance (Figure), which is of two types; extension spring its speed.
balance and compression spring balance. In an ex- Sol:
tension spring balance, when a pulling force acts on S 240m
v   3ms 1
its extension, it stretches and the pointer moves along t 80 s
the scale, showing the value of force. In the compres-
sion spring balance, its spring compresses when a Q. 13. There are three types of speeds:
pushing force acts on it. a. Uniform speed
b. Variable speed
Q. 11. Describe the relationship between speed, c. Average speed
distance and time. Define all of these and explain their
Ans: Relationship Between Speed, Distance and difference?
Time: Ans:
Force is needed to make a body move. When a. Uniform speed
we apply some force on an object, it moves and cov- If an object travels the same distance in the
ers some distance in the direction of applied force. same intervals of time, its speed is called
Speed of a moving object tells us how fast or uniform speed.
slow it moves. If you drive your vehicle at greater Example: If a vehicle covers 70 km in first
speed, you will move fast and cover more distance in hour, 70 km in second hour and 70 km in third
a given time. If you drive the vehicle at slower speed, hour, its speed is uniform, i.e., 70 km/hr.
you will move slow and cover less distance in the
given time. Speed is defined as the distance travelled
per unit time.
Distance
Speed= .....................(2)
time
This equation (2) reveals that speed is a meas-
ure of the distance, an object travels, per unit time. b. Variable speed
If distance covered is denoted by S, speed by v and If a car travels different distances in the same
time by t, the equation (2) may symbolically be writ- intervals of time, its speed is called variable
ten as: speed.
S Example: If a car travels 55 km in first hour,
S
t 64 km in second hour and 75 km in third hour,
The unit for measuring speed can be derived the car will have variable speed.
by dividing the unit of distance kilometer (km) or
metre (m) by the unit of time hours (hr) or second (s).
The unit of speed is therefore kilometre per hour (km/
hr or km hr–1) or metre per second (m/s or m s–1).
Speed, distance and time are related as under:

c. Average speed
The speed of an object may vary during the
total time it has moved. The average speed can
be calculated by dividing the total distance
an object covers by the total time it takes to
cover that distance.
90 General Science for Class 7: Unit # 8 – Force & Motion

Q. 17. A boy runs for 20 seconds with a uniform

speed of 5m/s. Find the distance he covers?
Solution
Speed (v) = 5 m s–1
Q. 14. A person travels by car at a speed of 60 km/ Time (t) = 20 s
hr for 2 hours and then slows down to 40 Distance (S) =?
km/hr for the next 2 hours. Calculate the We know:
average speed? S =v×t
Sol: Suppose S1 is the first distance and S2 is the sec- S = 5 m s–1 × 20 s
ond distance travelled. =100 m
We know: S = 100 m
S=v×t
Q. 18. A train took 12 minutes to travel 10 km
S = 60 km hr–1 × 2 hr = 120 km
from station A to B and 24 minutes to travel
S = 40 km hr–1 × 2 hr= 80 km
20 km from station B to C. Calculate the
Total distance = S = S1 + S2
average speed of train in km/hr.
S = 120 km + 80 km S = 200 km
Sol:
Total time = t = t1 + t2
Total distance = 10 km + 20 km = 30 km
t = 2 hr + 2 hr t = 4 hr
Total time = 12 min + 24 min = 36 min
Total distance covered
Average speed  36m
Total time taken Time in hours = = 0.6 hr
60
200km Average speed =?
 50 km hr 1
4hr We know:
s
Q. 15. A student covers 80 m in 8 s and 120 m in v =
t
12 s. Calculate his average speed? 30 km
Sol: Total distance covered = S1 + S2 v = = 50 km hr–1
0.6 hr
= 80 m + 120 m Q. 19. The distance of the Earth from the Sun
= 200 m is 149,000,000 km. The speed of light is
Total time taken = t1 + t2 = 8 s + 12 s 300,000 km/s. What is the time taken for
= 20 s light to travel from the Sun to the Earth?
Total distance covered Sol:
Average speed 
Total time taken Distance (S) = 149,000,000 km
200m Speed (v) = 300,000 km s–1
 10 m s 1
20s Time (t) =?
We know:
Q. 16. A motor car covers 100 m in 5 seconds. If s
t =
the speed is uniform, find its value. v
Sol: 149000000 km
t = = 496.7 s
Distance (S) = 100 m 300000 km s–1
Time (t) =5s = 8 min 16.7 s
Speed (v) =?
We know: Q. 20. Define displacement. Explain with the help
v =St of an example.
100 m Ans: Displacement:
v =
5s Displacement is defined as the shortest dis-
= 20 m s–1 tance between two points.
Suppose a man travels 10 m from point A to
General Science for Class 7: Unit # 8 – Force & Motion 91

B, 15 m from B to C and finally 10 m from point C to 20 8

D. In this way he covers a distance of 35 m. 30 12
Distance = AB + BC + CD 40 16
Distance = 10 m + 15 m + 10 m = 35 m 50 20
In above example, 35 m is the distance a man 60 24
travels from initial point A to final point D via B and
C; but it is not the shortest distance between initial If the distances covered are shown
and final points (A and D). The shortest distance vertically on Y-axis and the time intervals
from point A to D is 15 m which is represented by taken for covering the said distances are
the line AD. shown horizontally on X-axis, Represent the
Thus, the distance = 35 m distance-time relation with the help of a
and displacement = 15 m graph. What does this graph show?
Ans:

Q. 21. An object moves from point P to S along

a rectangular path PQRS as shown in the
Figure. Find:
a. Total distance covered.
b. Displacement from P to S.

This graphs shows that:

Sol: 1. The person took 4 seconds to go from each
(i) Total distance = PQ + QR + RS marker post to the next and so its speed was
=1m+3m+1m=5m constant.
(ii) To find the displacement we join P to S 2. The distance travelled is 2.5 metre every
by a straight line, hence second (= 10m/4s) and so its speed is 2.5 m/s.
Displacement = PS Q. 23. Name the types of forces?
=3m Ans: Forces can broadly be categorized as:
Q. 22. Suppose a person travels continuously and • Contact forces
covers the distance 10 m in 4 s, 20 m in 8 s, • Non-contact forces
30 m in 12 s, 40 m in 16 s, 50 m in 20 s and Q. 24. Define contact force.
60 m in 24 s Ans: Contact Forces:
Distance (m) Time Contact forces are those forces that act only
0 0 when objects are in physical contact with other ob-
10 4 jects and bring about necessary changes.
92 General Science for Class 7: Unit # 8 – Force & Motion

Examples of contact forces iii. Machines do not produce force by themselves.

1. Push and pull They need energy from other sources to
For pushing a box ahead and pulling a rope in produce force. For lifting a heavy object, the
opposite directions, we need to make physical con- object and the crane come in contact with
tact with them (Figure). each other. Therefore, the mechanical force
that makes the crane lift the object is also a
contact force (Figure).

Pushing a box Pulling a rope

Push and pull (contact forces)
For pushing and pulling the objects, the mus-
cular force of animals and humans is applied. Muscu-
lar force is also an example of contact force (Figure).

Crane lifting heavy objects

Q. 27. Define non-contact force.
Ans: Non-Contact Forces:
Some forces do not involve physical con-
Pushing and pulling a cart tact between the objects on which they act. They act
through the space between them. Such forces are
Q. 25. Define frictional force.
called non-contact forces.
Ans: Frictional force:
Example of non-contact forces:
When a boy stops paddling, the bicycle facing
Magnetic force (Figure a), electrostatic force
the frictional force between its tyres and the ground
(Figure b) and gravitational force (Figure c) are the
stops to move (Figure). The frictional force is pro-
examples of non contact forces.
duced due to a contact between tyres of bicyle and
the ground. The frictional force is therefore a contact
force.

N
N
S

Frictional force stops the moving bicycle

Q. 26. Define mechanical force. Explain with the
help of an example.
Ans: Mechanical Force:
i. The force exerted by a machine is called
mechanical force.
ii. Force is required for lifting heavy objects.
Such a force is provided by the machines like
cranes. a. Magnetic forces
General Science for Class 7: Unit # 8 – Force & Motion 93

force on the shuttle engine, which makes the shuttle

lift up (Figure) .

– –
– –
– –
– –

+
+ –
+ +––
– –

b. Electrostatic force
Gravity

A space shuttle
In both the above mentioned examples, action
and reaction are two equal forces, but their directions
are opposite. Newton explains this kind of force in a
law which is known as the third law of motion This
law is stated as:
The every action, there is an equal and oppo-
site reaction.
c. Gravitational force
Q. 29. Write ‘C’ against correct and ‘I’ against
Q. 28. Explain the third law of motion, concerned incorrect statement in middle column. Also
to action and reaction forces. correct the incorrect statement and write it
Ans: Action and Reaction Forces: in the next column.
“To every action, there is an equal and oppo- Ans:
site reaction”. Correct
A book placed on a table exerts a force (equal Correct/Incorrect C/I
statement
to weight of the book) on the table. This force is called
Kicking a football is application C
action. In response to the action, an equal force is ex-
force on it
erted in opposite direction by the table on the book.
Whatever is thrown upward, I Whatever is thrown
Such a responding force is called reaction. (Figure).
return to the ground is due upward, return to
Reaction
to the Earth’s push on the the ground is due to
objects. . Earth’s gravitational
Book force (pull) on the
object.
Force makes the thing at rest C
move.
Action Friction stops or tends to stop C
the moving objects.
Machines make the work C
Book placed on table easier.
Example:
The space shuttle engines push out hot gases
as an action force and the hot gases exert a reaction
94 General Science for Class 7: Unit # 8 – Force & Motion

reaction force in the opposite direction

Key Points b. for every action force, there is a smaller
reaction force in the same direction
 Push, pull, gravity, friction, etc., are the c. for every action force, there is an equivalent
examples of the force. reaction force in opposite direction
 Force is a physical quantity. The Standard d. for every action force, there is an equivalent
International (SI) unit of force is newton. The reaction force in the same direction
symbol used for newton is ‘N’. 4. The Earth’s pull on the objects is called:
 Force can change the direction of motion. a. gravity
 Force is measured by using an instrument b. frictional force
called force meter. The force meter is a spring c. electrostatic force
balance, which is of two types; extension d. magnetic force
spring balance and compression spring 5. A batsman hits the ball back towards the
balance. bowler, which effect of force is seen:
a. change of shape
 The shortest distance between two points is
b. change of direction
called displacement.
c. change of state from motion to rest
 Speed is defined as the distance travelled per d. change of state from rest to motion
unit time 6. Which one of the following statements is
 If an object travels the same distance in the correct?
same intervals of time, its speed is called a. 1 m = 1000 km
uniform speed. b. m/s is the unit of displacement
 If a force is applied on a moving object in the c. N is the unit of force
direction of motion, its speed increases. d. 1hr = 60 s
 If the force is applied in the direction opposite 7. Which one of the following statements is not
to the direction of motion of the object, its correct?
speed decreases. a. Displacement is the shortest distance
 If an object travels different distances in the between two points.
same intervals of time, its speed is called b. Displacement is the distance covered in
one second.
variable speed.
c. Metre (m) is the unit of displacement.
Exercise Solution d. Rate of change of distance with time is
called speed.
Sol:
8.1 Encircle the correct option. 1. b 2. c 3. c 4. a 5. b
1. An example of contact force: 6. c 7. b
a. electrostatic force
b. muscular force 8.2 Define the following:
c. magnetic force 1. Contact forces.
d. gravity See Question No. 24
2. The force between two negatively charged 2. Non-contact forces.
particles is: See Question No. 27
a. gravitational b. frictional 3. Gravitational force
c. repulsion d. attraction The force of gravity, gravitational force pull
3. Which statement is true? objects towards each other. It is a force of
a. for every action force, there is a smaller attraction that attracts all physical forms
General Science for Class 7: Unit # 8 – Force & Motion 95

having mass. magnetic force. Magnetic force, a non-contact

4. Displacement force, pulls the objects without touching them.
The shortest distance between two points is So a magnet attracting iron pins is an example
called displacement. of magnetic force.
5. Speed d. A porter carrying a load
Speed is defined as the distance travelled per Ans: The force acting on the luggage is its weight,
unit time. acting downwards due to gravity. As a porter
moves from one place to another, the distance
8.3 Constructed Response Questions moved is perpendicular to the direction of the
force.
1. A rocket has been fired upward to launch
Work done = change in kinetic energy
a satellite in its orbit. Name the two forces
The muscular force of the porter is working
acting on the rocket immediately after
and the gravitational force (weight) of the
leaving the launching pad.
load is working.
Ans: The two forces acting on the rocket
e. Charged comb attracts small pieces of pa-
immediately after leaving the launching pad
per
are:
Ans: Initially, the comb is electrically neutral.
i. Gravitational force
When the comb is rubbed on a dry cloth, it
ii. Frictional force
gets electrically charged. This charged comb
The gravitational force acts downwards
exerts an electric force on the tiny pieces
towards the Earth and frictional force acts due
of paper and attracts to them. This is the
to surrounding air.
electrostatic force, a non-contact force. The
Upward force due to fuel thrust is more
attraction of opposite charges cause the paper
powerful that takes it away.
pieces to move towards the comb. The comb
2. Briefly describe the effect of non-contact has got negative charge due to friction.
force on each of the following: f. Bringing like poles of two magnets near
a. Falling of apple from the tree each other
Ans: Force of gravity is a non-contact force exerted Ans: Two like poles repel each other and unlike
by the Earth. It pulls every thing towards its poles attract each other. Attraction and
centre. The force of gravity causes earthbound repulsion of two magnetic poles are examples
objects, such as falling of apply to accelerate of non-contact forces.
towards the Earth. Like poles of the two magnets, when brought
b. A foot ball that is kicked near each other, will make them to repel each
Ans: When a foot ball is kicked, four forces act on other. The field lines cannot join up and the
it: magnet will push apart.
i. Gravity
3. The detail of a 12 hours journey of a car
ii. Normal force
with an average speed of 60 km/hr is given
iii. Friction force
below:
iv. Applied force.
Force of gravity is constantly employed in Duration Distance covered
foot ball when the ball is kicked. When a 0 – 2 hours X
player leaps in air to avoid a tackle or catch 2 – 6 hours 240 km
a ball. While kicking, the player uses his 6 – 12 hours 240 km
muscular force. What is the value of X?
c. Iron pins are attracted towards a magnet Sol: Total time = 12 hours
Ans: Iron pins get attracted to the magnet bar Total distance = 240 + 240 + x
without any physical contact, due to the
96 General Science for Class 7: Unit # 8 – Force & Motion

= 480 + x km (ii) From 2 to 4 seconds

Total distance with average speed of 60 km/hr Ans: Time = 2 seconds
= 60  12 = 720 km Distance 5  2 = 10 metres
Total distance = 480 + x = 720 (iii) From 8 to 10 seconds
x = 720 – 480 Ans: Time = 2 seconds
= 240 km Ans. Distance 5  2 = 10 metres
Total distance = 50 metres.
8.4 Investigate:
1. The readings obtained during an experiment
in which a toy train runs down a slope.
Additional MCQs
Distance of 1. Average speed of elephant is:
Time in seconds
train in metres A. 45-50 miles/hour
0 0 b. 50-60 miles/hour
2 10 c. 70 miles/hour d. 20 miles/hour
4 20 2. Average speed of Cheetah is:
6 30 a. 45-50 miles/hour b. 50-60 miles/
8 40 hour
c. 70 miles/hour d. 20 miles/hour
10 50
3. Average speed of race horse is:
a. Use the data in the Table to plot a graph of
a. 45-50 miles/hour b. 50-60 miles/
distance on Y-axis against time on X-axis.
Ans: hour
c. 70 miles/hour d. 20 miles/hour
4. Which one is the correct formula:
a. Average speed = Distance × time
b. Average speed = Distance ÷ time
c. Distance = Speed ÷ time
d. Distance = Time ÷ Speed
5. A cyclist moves 40 km in East for 2 hours
and 20 km in North for 1 hour. His average
speed is:
a. 30 km/hr b. 20 km/hr
c. 25 km/hr d. 15 km/hr
6. Force is:
a. A push b. A pull
c. Can change the state of the body
d. All of these
7. Unit of Force is:
a. Joule b. Newton
c. Kilogram d. Gram
8. The SI unit of mass is:
b. State what the graph tells you about the a. Joule b. Newton
motion of the toy train: c. Kilogram d. Gram
(i) During the first second 9. Force applied will be 1 Newton if:
10
Ans: During the first second = =5m a. A body of mass 10 kg is pushed and its
2
speed is increasing at the rate of 1 m/s
General Science for Class 7: Unit # 8 – Force & Motion 97

b. A body of mass 2 kg is pushed and its speed 20. ______ measures the distance covered by
is increasing at the rate of 1 m/s car.
c. A body of mass 1 kg is pushed and its speed a. speedometer
is increasing at the rate of 1 m/s b. Galvanometer
d. A body of mass 5 kg is pushed and its speed c. Ammeter d. Odometer
is increasing at the rate of 1 m/s 21. When object is at rest then speed will
10. Gravitational Force is: be______.
a. Contact force a. 1 b. 2
b. Non-Contact force c. 3 d. 0
c. Electromagnetic force 22. Symbol of force is
d. None of these a. W b. g
11. Drag force between aeroplane and air is: c. G d. N
a. Contact force 23. Which of the following is contact force?
b. Non-Contact force a. Weight of body
c. Electromagnetic force b. magnetic force
d. None of these c. muscular force
12. Frictional force is: d. electrostatics force
a. Contact force 24. We walk on the ground due to.
b. Non-Contact force a. magnetic force
c. Electromagnetic force b. muscular force
d. None of these c. friction force
13. By dividing distance of a moving body with d. action and reaction force
its speed, we obtain: 25. ______ force that acts only when there is a
a. Mass b. Time physical contact between two bodies.
c. Gravity d. Force a. Contact b. non-contact
14. Among these animals, which has the highest c. friction d. electrostatic
speed: 26. When a rocket is fired, hot ____ move out
a. Impala b. Grey hound with action forces.
c. Usain bolt d. Cat a. solids b. liquids
15. Which one has the highest speed c. gases d. water
a. Cat b. Snail 27. Sl unit of force is
c. Elephant d. Grey hound a. kilogram b. centi-second.
16. Apple comes to the ground due to: c. meter. d. newton.
a. Non-contact force b. Contact force 28. By dividing distance of a moving body with
c. Gravitational force d. Both a and c time, we obtain.
17. Speed is how _____ an object is moving. a. speed. b. mass.
a. fast b. slow c. gravity d. force.
c. medium d. none of them. 29. If a body moves for 10 seconds with speed of
18. Scientists held a conference on weight and 30 m/s then its covered distance is:
measures in _____ in 1960. a. 30 m b. 3m
a. America b. Paris c. 300 m d. 150 m
c. London d. Pakistan 30. Which of the following animal has highest
19. 1 Hour =_______seconds. running speed?
a. 36 b. 360 a. Horse b. Turtle
c. 3600 d. 36000 c. Cheetah d. Silver ant
98 General Science for Class 7: Unit # 9 – Waves and Energy

31. Every action has reaction equal in magni-

tude but Unit # 9
a. opposite b. perpendicular.

32.
c. parallel.
Unit of speed is:
d. anti- parallel.
Waves and Energy
a. N b. m/s
c. kg m d. kg m/s
33. If a body covers equal distance in equal in- Short & Long Q/As
tervals of time then speed will be
a. Increasing b. decreasing Q. 1. What is sound?
c. uniform d. zero Ans:• Sound is a form of energy
34. You draw distance-time graph for a moving • Vibrating objects produce sound (Figure)
car and get straight line parallel to time axis.
This indicates that speed is
a. increasing b. decreasing
c. uniform d. at rest
35. A person is swimming in a pool, swimming is
Flute
an example of
Guitar
a. action and reaction forces.
Drum
b. friction.
Musical instruments
c. gravity.
d. all of these. • Sound needs material medium to travel
36. Which of the following is non-contact force? through
a. Gravity b. Friction Q. 2. Define waves. How are the waves produced?
c. Spring force d. Tension is string Ans: Waves:
37. The weight exerted by an object of 3.2 kg on Waves are the patterns of vibrating motion
the Earth’s surface is: that transfer energy from one place to another with-
a. 50 N b. 32 N out transferring material.
c. 80 N d. 500 N If we drop a pebble in the still water in a
38. Weight of an object of mass 10 kg on the pond, water is disturbed and ripples are produced on
moon will be: its surface, we call them waves. These waves spread
a. 16 N b. 32 N out in all directions from the place where the peb-
c. 10 N d. 24 N ble hits (Figure) and water particles begin to move
Solution: up and down. Waves are very important for us. They
1. d 2. c 3. a 4. b 5. b transport energy from one place to another without
6. d 7. b 8. c 9. c 10. b transporting matter.
11. a 12. a 13. b 14. a 15. d
16. d 17. a 18. b 19. c 20. d
21. d 22. d 23. c 24. d 25. a
26. c 27. d 28. a 29. c 30. c
31. a 32. b 33. c 34. c 35. a

n
36. a 37. b 38. a

Waves on water surface

What happens when we clap? Clapping makes
General Science for Class 7: Unit # 9 – Waves and Energy 99

the air particles vibrate to produce sound waves (Fig- consecutive crests or troughs in a wave is
ure). called wavelength.
d. Frequency
Number of cycles or waves of a vibrating
object passing through a point in one second
is called frequency.
e. Time period
The time during which an object completes
one wave cycle is called time period.
Q. 6. Define transverse waves. How are transverse
Clapping produces sound
waves produced?
Q. 3. How many types of waves are? Describe Ans: Transverse Waves:
their difference. The wave in which particles of the medium
Ans: Waves are of two types: vibrate perpendicular to the direction of waves is
• Mechanical waves called transverse wave.
Direction of wave
• Electromagnetic waves
Crest Crest
Mechanical waves require material medium
(solid, liquid, gas) to travel through. Sound waves are
the examples of mechanical waves. Electromagnetic
waves don’t require any material medium to travel
The up-and-down Trough Trough
through. Light waves are the examples of electro- motion of the rope
magnetic waves. Transverse wave
Q. 4. Define mechanical waves. Name the types Transverse waves are produced in a stretched
of mechanical waves. string as shown above (Figure). These waves travel
Ans: Mechanical Waves: in the form of crests and troughs. The highest point
Waves which require material medium to of a wave is called the crest. The lowest point of a
travel through are called mechanical waves. wave is the trough. A complete wave cycle will have
Transverse waves and longitudinal waves are both crest and trough. Transverse waves can only be
the examples of mechanical waves. produced in solids or on the surface of a liquid.
Q. 5. Define the following: Q. 7. How will you produce transverse waves in a
a. Mechanical waves simple experiment (activity)?
b. Electromagnetic waves Ans: Take a long spiral spring also called slinky
c. Wavelength spring. Fix its one end at a rigid support as shown
d. Frequency in Figure (a). Shake the other end up and down. As
e. Time period a disturbance passes along the spring, its coils start
Ans: moving up and down. The disturbances that appear
a. Mechanical waves in the forms of waves are called transverse waves.
Waves which require material medium to Transverse waves can also be observed in a rope by
travel through are called Mechanical waves. vibrating its one end as shown in Figure (b).
b. Electromagnetic waves
Waves which don’t require any material
medium to travel through are called
electromagnetic waves.
c. Wavelength
Distance between the peaks of two
(a)
100 General Science for Class 7: Unit # 9 – Waves and Energy

secutive waves. In Figure, point B and F are the

centres of two adjacent compressions. The distance
between B and F is equal to wavelength of the wave.
The wavelength of a wave is measured in metre (m).
It is represented by the symbol λ (pronounced as
(b) Lambda). Similarly, point D and H are the centres
Q. 8. What does sound pressure/time graph for of two adjacent rarefactions. Thus the distance be-
sound waves determine? tween D and H is also equal to the wavelength λ of
Ans: Sound Pressure/Time Graph for Sound the wave. It is to be noted that the distances between
Waves: the points A and E as well as C and G are also equal
the wavelength of the wave.
High
wavelength F
B
Sound

Normal

A C E G I
Low

Time wavelength
Sound pressure verses DH

time graph for sound waves Wavelength

Figure shows a graph for sound pressure vers- Q. 11. Define frequency.
es time. Sound pressure swings about normal (atmos- Ans: Frequency:
pheric pressure) in a region as rarefaction follows Frequency is the number of waves produced
compression. Sound pressure has its highest value at in one second. It is equal to the number of times a
the middle of a compression and lowest value at the body vibrates in one second.
middle of a rarefaction. Frequency of a wave is represented by the let-
Q. 9. Define amplitude. ter ‘f’. Unit of frequency is cycle per second (c/s)
Ans: Amplitude: also called hertz (Hz). For example; if a body vi-
The maximum displacement of the vibrating brates 4 times in one second, its frequency is 4 Hz.
objects from its mean position is called its amplitude The frequency of drum band is 30 Hz means that the
(Figure). It is measured in the unit ‘metre (m)’. For diaphragm of the drum is vibrating 30 times in one
the wave with larger amplitude, the sound will be second. Low, medium and high frequency waves are
louder. shown in Figure.
Crest or peak Time
Low
Frequency
amplitude
Amplitude

amplitude
Medium
Frequency

Trough
High
Amplitude Frequency

Q. 10. Define wavelength. Waves of different frequencies

Ans: Wavelength:
Wavelength is the distance between the cen-
tres of the compressions or rarefactions of two con-
General Science for Class 7: Unit # 9 – Waves and Energy 101

Q. 12. Define time period. Q. 14. An object produces a sound with a frequency
Ans: Time Period: of 50 Hz. Find its time period.
The time during which a body completes one 1 1
Sol: Time period = = = 0.02 second
wave cycle is called the time period. It is represented Frequency 50
by T.
Q. 13. Describe the relationship between frequency Q. 15. A pendulum oscillates 50 times in 5 seconds.
and time period. Find its time period and frequency.
Ans: Relationship between Frequency and Time Sol: No. of cycles ‘N’ = 50
Period: Total time take ‘t’ =5s
In terms of time period, a wave is measured Step 1: Calculating the frequency:
as to how long it takes to complete a cycle whereas in The frequency of a wave is the number of cy-
terms of frequency a wave is measured as how many cles per unit time.
cycles it completes in a particular period time. If in N 50
f= = = 10 Hz
time period T, the number of vibration is one, then t 5
the mathematical relationship between frequency and Step 2: Calculating the time period
time period is: 1 1
1 Time period = = = 0.1 second
f= Frequency 10
T So, the time period is 0.1 second and frequen-
Period cy is 10 Hz.
1 cycle Q. 16. What is meant by audible sound?
Ans: Audible Sound:
All the day long you hear different sounds.
Sound is produced when a body vibrates. We can-
1 unit of time
not hear all the sounds produced by various vibrating
Number of cycles = frequency bodies. Our hearing range is limited.
i. The sounds that we can hear are called audible
Amplitude sounds.
Q. 17. What is audible frequency range of human?
Ans: Human ear cannot hear sound of a body that
Time
is vibrating with a frequency less than 20 Hz. It also
cannot hear sound of a body that is vibrating with a
T frequency more than 20,000 Hz (20 kHz). Thus, au-
T = 0.5 second/cylce
dible range of frequencies for humans is between 20
Example: Hz to 20,000 Hz. Audible frequency range is differ-
In the Figure above, a rope wave completed ent for different animals
two cycles in one second. Its frequency is two cycles
per second. If the frequency is two cycles per second, Q. 18. Describe the audible frequency range of
the time of one cycle will be half a second. Mathe- various animals.
matically, it can be written as: Ans: Audible frequency range of various ani-
1 1 mals:
T= = = 0.5 second
F 2 Receiver Frequency range
It shows that the frequency of a wave and time Dog 40 Hz – 50 kHz
period is inversely proportional to each other. Cat 45 Hz – 65 kHz
Cow 23 Hz – 35 kHz
Rabbit 360 Hz – 42 kHz
102 General Science for Class 7: Unit # 9 – Waves and Energy

Mouse 1000 Hz – 91 kHz vibrating card when the wheel was rotating
Bat 2000 Hz – 120 kHz slowly?
Elephant 16 Hz – 12 kHz Ans: it had low frequency.
Gold Fish 20 Hz – 3 kHz ii. How does the sound change on increasing the
Dolphin 2000 Hz – 150 kHz speed of the wheel?
Ans: Increasing the speed frequency increases, the
Owl 200 Hz – 12 kHz
pitch increases.
Q. 19. Give examples of sounds that differ in pitch. iii. What change do you notice in the sound other
Ans: Pitch of Sound: than loudness?
The characteristic of sound by which a shrill Ans: Repetition.
sound can be distinguished from a grave one is called iv. How does the frequency of vibrating card
the pitch of the sound. vary with the speed of the wheel?
Note the difference in the sounds of a drum Ans: Increase in the speed of the wheel increases
and a bell. The sound of a bell is shrill while sound of the pitch.
a drum is grave. v. How do you relate pitch of sound with the
frequency?
Ans: Greater the frequency, higher is the pitch.

A drum and a bell

A drum produces a grave sound of low pitch.
It is because its diaphragm vibrates with a low fre-
quency. A bell produces shrill sound. A shrill sound Sound of varying pitch is produced by pushing a
of it is because a bell vibrates with a high frequency. card into the spokes of a rotating bicycle wheel.
Voices of children are of high pitch as com- Explanation:
pared to elders. Voices of men are of low pitch as Each spoke passing before the card causes it
compared to women. Voices of birds are of high pitch to vibrate. Let the wheel has 40 spokes. When the
than animals. wheel rotates once in one second then 40 × 1 = 40
spokes pass before the card in one second. Hence,
Q. 20. How will you prove through an activity/
the card vibrates 40 time in one second. Thus, the
experiment that an object produces grave
card produces a sound of frequency 40 Hz. When
sound of low pitch, when vibrating with low
the wheel completes five rounds in one second then
frequency?
40 × 5 = 200 spokes pass before the card in one sec-
Ans: Activity:
ond. Hence, the card vibrates 200 times in one sec-
• Take a bicycle and keep it on its stand. Pad-
ond. In this case, the card produces a sound of fre-
dle the bicycle slowly. Hold a piece of card. Insert
quency 200 Hz.
other end of the card into the moving spokes of the
Conclusion:
rear wheel. The spokes of the rotating wheel makes
We can conclude from the above activity that
the card vibrate. The vibrating card produces sound.
an object produces grave sound of low pitch when
Gradually increase the speed of the wheel by pad-
vibrating with low frequency. The pitch of sound in-
dling more rapidly. Observe the change in the sound
creases with the increase in the frequency of vibra-
of the card.
tion. A shrill sound has a high pitch while a grave
i. Can you estimate the frequency of the
General Science for Class 7: Unit # 9 – Waves and Energy 103

sound has a low pitch.

Q. 21. Define echo. How is echo produced?
Ans: Echo:
Echo is a sound that is repeated because the
sound waves are reflected back. Sound waves can
bounce off smooth, hard objects in the same way as a
rubber ball bounces off a wall. Although the direction
of the sound changes, the echo sounds the same as the
original sound, as shown in the Figure.
Echo is heard clearly when reflecting surface
is at least 17 metres away. Echoes can be heard in Lightning and thunder
small spaces with hard objects like walls. That is why
Q. 23. Describe the relationship between amplitude
echoes can be heard in a canyon, cave, or mountain
and frequency?
range. Sounds are not always reflected. If they meet a
Ans: Relationship of amplitude and frequency:
soft surface, such as a cushion, they will be absorbed
Amplitude tells us how much energy is there
and will not bounce back.
with the wave. A high amplitude wave is a high-ener-
Sound Direction of sound gy wave, and a low-amplitude wave is a low- energy
wave.
In case of sound waves; a high amplitude
sound will be loud, and a low amplitude sound will be
quiet. In case of light waves, a high amplitude beam
of light will be bright, and a low amplitude beam of
Echo Direction of echo light will be dim (Figure).

Surface

Echo o ener a e i h ener a e

Q. 22. Why thunder sound reaches to ground

after lighting while the sound and light are
produced at the same time?
Ans: Thunder sound reaches the ground after
lightning:
Lightning and thunder take place in the sky at Dim and bright lights
the same time due to the release of energy. Thunder
is a sound wave whereas, lightning is the emission Amplitude is not the only factor that affects
of electromagnetic energy. Lightning is seen earlier the energy of a wave. The other factor is frequency. A
and thunder is heard later. It is because, light travels wave of a particular amplitude will transmit more en-
faster than sound. Hence, you see lightning immedi- ergy per second if it has a higher frequency, because
ately, but it takes the sound of thunder a few seconds more waves are passing by in a given period of time.
to reach you (Figure). Thus, amplitude and frequency are the two factors
that affect the energy transferred by a wave.
Q. 24. Define and explain electromagnetic waves.
Ans: Electromagnetic Wave:
Electromagnetic waves or EM waves are the
waves that are created as a result of vibrations be-
104 General Science for Class 7: Unit # 9 – Waves and Energy

tween an electric field and a magnetic field. A light microwaves and radio waves. Some of the applica-
wave which is visible to our eyes is a part of electro- tions of electromagnetic waves are given below:
magnetic wave (Figure). • Radiowave: communications - radio,
telephone and television
• Microwave: cooking, as it heats the water or
fat in food stuffs in microwave oven.
• Infra red waves: short-range communication
such as remote contacts
• Visible: Illuminates things as we can see
them
Electromagnetic wave • UV: Sterilization, as it kills bacteria
• X-rays: To see through soft tissue and look at
Q. 25. Define visible light. Which different colours the skeleton
make visible part of the electromagnetic • Gamma rays: Used to kill cancer cells during
radiation?. gamma rays radiotherapy
Ans: Visible Light:
The human eye can detect only a range of
wavelength of electromagnetic wave between 400 -
700 nm (nano metre). This range of wavelength in
electromagnetic waves is called visible light. Light
waves are different from other waves because they
can travel in the vacuum. Light wave is categorized
according to frequency or wavelength.
When a beam of light from the Sun enters a
glass prism, it is split into seven colours (Figure), i.e.,
violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange and red.
These colours make visible part of the electromag- Electromagnetic waves are produced due to
netic radiation. 400 nm is the wavelength of violet electric and magnetic fields. Both fields oscillate
colour, whereas, 700 nm is the wavelength of red col- perpendicular to each other.
our.
White
screen Key Points
Red R  Waves are the patterns of vibratory motion
Orange O
f ligh
t Yellow Y
that transfer energy from one place to another
am o
A be Green G without transferring matter.
Blue B
Indigo I
 Waves which require material medium to
Violet V travel through are called mechanical waves.
 Waves which don’t require any material
Different colours in visible light
medium to travel through are called
Q. 26. Describe the applications of electromagnetic electromagnetic waves.
waves.  In transverse waves, the vibrations of particles
Ans: Applications of electromagnetic waves: are perpendicular to the direction of waves.
Electromagnetic waves with high frequency or short  In longitudinal waves, the vibrations of
wavelength include ultraviolet light, X-rays and particles are parallel to the direction of waves.
Gamma rays. Electromagnetic waves with low fre-  Sound wave is a longitudinal wave which
quency or longer wavelength include infrared light,
General Science for Class 7: Unit # 9 – Waves and Energy 105

travels through the medium. 7. Which of the following features is the height
 Light wave is electromagnetic wave which of the wave from the rest position or mid-
does not require material medium to travel line?
through. a. frequency b. amplitude
 Wavelength is the distance between two c. pitch d. wavelength
consecutive compressions or rarefactions. 8. Which of the following features of a wave is
 Frequency is the number of cycles or waves the number of waves that pass by each sec-
of a vibrating object passing through a point ond?
a. loudness b. amplitude
in one second.
c. frequency d. wave speed
 When sound waves are reflected back from a
9. What is transferred by the movement of
hard surface, an echo is heard.
waves?
 Loudness of sound depends upon amplitude, a. matter
surface area of vibrating object and distance b. energy
from the object producing the sound. c. nothing
d. both the matter and energy
Exercise Solution 10. What type of wave does not need matter to
travel through?
a. mechanical b. electromagnetic
9.1 Encircle the correct option. c. sound d. transverse
1. Sound waves are not: 11. Which sequence of visible colour is correct
a. compressional waves from longest wavelength to short wave-
b. transverse waves length?
c. mechanical waves a. violet, indigo, blue, green, orange, yellow,
d. low frequency waves red
2. Sound cannot pass through: b. red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo,
a. solid b. liquid violet
c. gasses d. vacuum c. red, yellow, green, orange, violet, blue,
3. The speed of sound in air is: indigo
a. 100 m/s b. 340 m/s d. red, yellow, green, orange, violet, indigo,
c. 1000 m/s d. 330 km/s blue
4. Which of the following animals can respond Solution:
to lowest frequency? 1. a 2. d 3. b 4. d 5. d
a. cat b. cow 6. c 7. b 8. c 9. b 10. b
c. dog d. elephant
11. b
5. Which of the following animals can respond
to highest frequency? 9.2 Define the following:
a. bat b. cat
c. frog d. dolphin 1. Wave
6. Which have audible range for 2 k Hz and 2. Electromagnetic wave
3. Wavelength
120 k Hz?
4. Frequency
a. human b. owl
5. Amplitude
c. bat d. dolphin
6. Time period
Ans:
1. Wave
Waves are the patterns of vibratory motion
106 General Science for Class 7: Unit # 9 – Waves and Energy

that transfer energy from one place to another coils vibrate to and fro

without transferring matter.

Motion of waves
2. Electromagnetic wave
Waves which don’t require any material
medium to travel through are called Sound waves are also longitudinal waves
electromagnetic waves. which can be demonstrated by the following activity.
3. Wavelength Activity 2:
See Question No. 5 (c) Fix a lit can-
4. Frequency dle in front of vibrat-
See Question No. 5 (d) ing cone of a loud
5. Amplitude speaker as shown in
See Question No. 9 the Figure. The vi-
6. Time period brating cone of loud-
See Question No. 5 (e) speaker produces
sound. You will see that the flame of the candle flicks
9.3 Answer the following questions. back and forth due to the sound produced by the loud
1. How can you differentiate between speaker. It can be concluded that in sound waves, the
longitudinal and transverse waves? particles of air vibrate back and forth. However, the
Ans: In transverse waves, the vibrations of parti- sound waves travel in the forward direction.
cles are perpendicular to the direction of waves. Sound as a compressional wave:
In longitudinal waves, the vibrations of parti- Sound wave is an example of longitudinal
cles are parallel to the direction of waves. wave. When someone beats a drum sound is produced
by the drum due to vibrations of its diaphragm. The
2. Why we consider sound waves as
rapid movement of the diaphragm produces distur-
longitudinal waves? Prove with the help of
bances in the air. These disturbances spread out in all
an experiment.
direction. When the diaphragm moves outward from
Ans: Longitudinal Waves/Sound Waves:
its normal position, it pushes the nearby air particles.
The waves in which particles of the medi-
This creates a high density region (high pressure
um vibrate parallel to the direction of motion of the
zone) called compression as shown in Figure.
waves are called longitudinal waves. Compression
Activity 1:
Place a slinky spring on a table. Fix its one
end at a rigid support (Figure). Push and pull its free
end periodically with quick successions. A part of
the spring will be compressed with a sudden push.
The compression will move to adjacent part of the
spring when the compressed part of the spring returns
to its original state: Where as sudden pull elongates
a part of the spring causing a rarefaction. This rare-
Rarefaction
faction follows the compression. As a result, coils of
the slinky spring start moving forward and backward. Sound waves contain a series of
A chain of compressions and rarefactions appear to alternate compressions
move from free end to fix end along the spring. In When the diaphragm moves inward from its
this case, the particles of the medium vibrate parallel normal position, the air particles relax and spread out.
to the direction in which waves travel. This creates a region of low density (low pressure
zone). This is called rarefaction. As the diaphragm
continues to vibrate, a series of alternate compres-
General Science for Class 7: Unit # 9 – Waves and Energy 107

sions and rarefactions move out in the direction of expressed in Hertz.

sound waves. Loudness is independent of the change in
3. Give examples of sounds that differ in frequency and loudness is dependent on the energy
(1) loudness (2) pitch ? reached by the ear in unit time.
Ans: Loudness: So quality of a sound governed by the rate of
Sometimes, we need to shout in a louder vibration producing is called pitch.
voice. We have to use an extra energy. Loudness is Pitch differentiates between the shrill and flat
related to the amplitude of a sound. The larger the sound.
amplitude, the louder the sound. Loudness helps us Conclusion:
to distinguish a soft sound from a loud sound of the The higher the frequency of the sound, the
same frequency. higher is its pitch.
Examples:
i. Low pitch sounds are the screaming of a child
and buzzing of mosquitoes.
ii. A bird produces a high pitched sound where
as roaring of a lion is a low-pitched sound.
Waves of a loud sound have large amplitudes iii. The voice of a woman has a higher pitch than
of a man.
4. What is meant by audible sound?
See Question No. 16
5. What is the audible frequency range of
Waves of a soft sound have small amplitudes human?
Loudness of Sound: 20Hz - 20 kHz
i. Normal breathing = 10 dB 6. What is the audible frequency range of a
ii. Whispering = 30 dB bat?
iii. Normal conversation = 60 dB Ans: 2000 Hz - 120 kHz
Wind Instrument — Flute:
7. Which type of sounds are used in some
emergency?
Ans: Sirens (alarms) are used on emergency service
vehicles such as ambulances, police cars, and
fire engines. Sirens are of two types.
i. Mechanical ii. Electronic.
So bells, chirps, beeps, horns and whistles are
A flute is a wind instrument. The flautist has used in some emergency.
to blow it to make music. Flutes are hollow tubes with
a mouthpiece and a series of holes. The holes can be 9.4. Constructed Response Questions
closed to control the length of the vibrating column
of air inside the tube. A flute can be made of wood, 1. State some important uses of sounds.
metal and plastic. The flautist changes the sound by Ans: Uses of Sounds:
opening and closing the holes in the flute and loud- 1. Doorbell:
ness of flute depends on the amplitude of vibrations. Sound of a doorbell in-
it will be louder, when the amplitude is high. dicates that someone is
Pitch: at the door.
The property of a sound (music or noise) that
is determined by the frequency of the waves produc-
ing it. so pitch is the measure of the sound frequency
108 General Science for Class 7: Unit # 9 – Waves and Energy

2. Siren: message.
A siren warns us about
3. Why we cannot hear the whistle of a bat?
danger
Ans: The frequency of the screams of bats is greater
than 20,000 Hz. These are ultrasonic sounds
and we cannot hear the ultrasonic sounds,
3. Telephone:
which are greater than 20,000 Hz.
Sound of a telephone
Bat calls can be in a range from 2 KHz to 120
attracts our attention
KHz.
to attend the person on
line. 4. Why you can hear very weak sound easily in
4.Radio: the night but not during the day?
We listen to music, Ans: i. Temperature inversion (the fall in temperature
news, etc on a radio. at night) is the reason, why sounds can be
heard much more clearly over larger distance
at night than during the day - an effect.
5. Security System ii. During the day, the sounds bend away from
Alarm: the ground, during the night, it bends towards
Some buildings are fit- the ground.
ted with security sys- 5. The given wave is transverse in nature.
tem alarm. The alarm Identify and write the names for A, B, X and
produces sound to alert Y
people to the danger. B

6. Stereo Player: X A Y
Listen to your favour- Ans: A = Trough
ite singer using a stereo B = Crest
player. X = Amplitude
7. Smoke detector: Y = Wavelength
A smoke detector pro-
6. For a transverse wave as shown in the
duces alarming beeps
Figure, Answer the following questions:
on detecting smoke of
fire.

2. How can you prove that animals or birds

also communicate with one another?
Ans: All animals and birds have their own
language: a. What is the amplitude of the wave?
i. They use body language i.e. movements, Ans: 8 cm
sound, smell and touch. b. What is the wavelength of the wave?
ii. They produce various sounds to express their Ans: 4 cm
feelings.
iii. They use alarm calls to indicate the presence
9.5 Investigate:
of a predator and warn others. Snake, fish, frog and locust do not have ears. How
iv. For food notice, to alert other members about do they hear sound?
a new food source, as in walves. Ans: Snake, fish and locus possess a type of in-
v. Birds chirp, frogs croak, jackals howl to send ternal ears to help them hear distinct sounds. They
General Science for Class 7: Unit # 9 – Waves and Energy 109

have few bones present in their jaws that can sense 8. The lowest point between two crests is called:
slight vibration on the ground. So they know some a. Incident point b. Trough
one coming towards them. c. Normal point d. None of these
9. In case of transverse waves, wavelength is:
Additional MCQs a. The shortest distance between two adjacent
crests.
1. A wave in which particles of the medium b. The shortest distance between two adjacent
move perpendicularly to the direction of the troughs.
wave is called: c. Both a. and b.
a. Longitudinal wave d. None of these
b. Transverse wave 10. Wavelength is the distance between (in case
c. Compressional wave of longitudinal waves):
d. None of these a. Two adjacent compressions or refractions
2. A wave in which particles of a medium move b. Two adjacent crests
back and forth, parallel to the direction of c. Two adjacent troughs
the wave is called: d. Both b. and c.
a. Longitudinal wave 11. Amplitude is:
b. Transverse wave a. The maximum distance of the particles of
c. Compressional wave the medium from the rest position.
d. None of these b. The height of a crest, in case of transverse
3. The part of the longitudinal waves where waves.
particles of the medium are spread out, are c. The depth of a trough, in case of transverse
called: waves
a. Compressions b. Refraction d. All of these
c. Rarefactions d. Dispersion 12. The number of vibrations produced by a vi-
4. The parts of a longitudinal wave, where par- brating body in one second is called its:
ticles of the medium are compressed togeth- a. Amplitude b. Frequency
er: c. Pitch d. Wavelength
a. Compressions b. Refraction 13. Hertz (Hz) is the unit of :
c. Rarefactions d. Dispersion a. Amplitude b. Pitch
5. Sound waves are: c. Frequency d. Wavelength
a. Transverse waves 14. Speed of sound in air is:
b. Longitudinal waves a. 530 m/s b. 430 m/s
c. Rarefactional waves c. 330 m/s d. 630 m/s
d. None of these 15. The speed of sound in liquids is:
6. Waves that are produced in water are: a. Two times than the speed in air
a. Transverse waves b. Three times than the speed in air
b. Longitudinal waves c. Five times than the speed in air
c. Rarefactional waves d. 10 times than the speed in air
d. None of these 16. Speed of sound in bricks is:
7. By moving the free end of a rope up and a. 1600 m/s b. 3600 m/s
down, when the other end is fixed in a wall, c. 4600 m/s d. 5600 m/s
we create: 17. Frequency is the:
a. Transverse waves a. Number of vibrations produced by a
b. Longitudinal waves vibrating body in 1 second.
c. Rarefactional waves b. Number of vibrations produced by a
d. None of these vibrating body in 1 minute.
110 General Science for Class 7: Unit # 9 – Waves and Energy

c. Number of vibrations produced by a voice of the boy.

vibrating body in 1 hour. b. A shrill sound is called a low pitch sound
d. None of these c. Pitch of a sound depends on the frequency
18. The speed of sound in steel wire is: of a sound
a. 2000 m/s b. 3000 m/s d. The higher the frequency, the higher the
c. 5000 m/s d. 6000 m/s pitch
19. Which is an incorrect formula? 28. Loudness of a voice is related to:
No.of waves a. The frequency of a sound
a. Frequency = b. The amplitude of a sound
Time taken
b. Speed = Wavelength  frequency c. Larger is the magnitude, the louder is the
c. Speed = frequency/wavelength sound
d. Both a. and c. d. Both b. and c.
20. A healthy human ear can hear sounds of fre- 29. Which statement is incorrect?
quencies from about: a. Sound waves need a material medium to
a. 20 Hz to 10,000 Hz travel.
b. 20 Hz to 20 KHz b. Sound can travel in space or vacuum.
c. 30 to 30,000 Hz c. Ultrasounds have frequencies above the
d. 30 Hz to 36,000 Hz normal human range (20,000 Hz)
21. A dog hears sounds of frequency from about: d. Infra sound waves have frequencies below
a. 20 – 48,000 Hz b. 23 to 35,000 Hz 20Hz.
c. 40 – 50,000 Hz d. 45 – 64,000 Hz 30. The sound waves with frequencies above the
22. A cat hears sounds of frequency from about: normal human range (20,000 Hz) of hearing
a. 20 – 48,000 Hz b. 23 to 35,000 Hz are called:
c. 20 – 45,000 Hz d. 45 – 65,000 Hz a. Infrasound b. Ultrasound
23. A cow hears sounds of frequency from about: c. Mega sounds d. None of these
a. 20 – 48,000 Hz b. 23 to 35,000 Hz 31. The sound waves which have frequencies be-
c. 20 – 45,000 Hz d. 45 – 64,000 Hz low 20Hz are called:
24. A bat hears sounds of frequency from about: a. Infrasound b. Ultrasound
a. 1 to 20,000 Hz c. Mega sounds d. None of these
b. 150 to 150,000 Hz 32. Doctors use to examine a patient internally:
c. 2,000 to 120,000 Hz (120KHz) a. Infrasound b. Ultrasound
d. 200 to 76,000 Hz c. Mega sounds d. None of these
25. A mouse hears sounds of frequency from 33. Manufacturer of concrete slabs use it to
about: check for cracks or cavities in concrete slabs:
a. 1 to 20,000 Hz a. Infrasound b. Ultrasound
b. 150 to 150,000 Hz c. Mega sounds d. None of these
c. 2,00 to 110,000 Hz 34. When a wave travels through a medium:
d. 1,000 to 91KHz Hz a. particles are transferred from one place to
26. An elephant hears sounds of frequency from the other
about: b. energy is transferred from one place to the
a. 16 to 12,000 Hz (16 Hz to 12 KHz) other
b. 150 to 150,000 Hz c. particles and energy both are transferred
c. 2,00 to 110,000 Hz from one place to the other
d. 200 to 76,000 Hz d. nothing happens
27. Which statement is incorrect? 35. The speed of sound in air is:
a. The voice of a girl is more shrill than the a. greater than that of light
b. 100 kilometres per hour
General Science for Class 7: Unit # 9 – Waves and Energy 111

c. 100 metres per hour 47. Measure of displacement of wave from its
d. 330 metres per second rest position is ______of wave.
36. A sound wave is a: a. wavelength b. frequency
a. transverse wave c. amplitude d. speed
b. longitudinal wave 48. If three compressions pass through a certain
c. standing wave point in one second, the frequency of sound
d. sometimes transverse and sometimes wave is _______hertz.
longitudinal a. 0 b. 1
37. Objects that vibrate slowly have pitch that c. 2 d. 3
is: 49. Human cannot detect sound waves having
a. high b. loud frequency _______hertz.
c. soft d. low a. 100 b. 1000
38. Sound waves travel more quickly through: c. 10,000 d. 50,000
a. solids b. gases 50. Which of the following colour has the high-
c. air d. liquids est frequency.
39. Colours in the Bubble is due to _______ a. red b. yellow
waves. c. green d. blue
a. water b. sound 51. In electromagnetic spectrum which region
c. light d. air has the lowest frequency?
40. It transverse waves particles of the medium a. X-rays b. ultraviolet
vibrate -----to direction of wave travel. c. visible d. infrared
a. to and fro b. parallel 52. The minimum time gap between the re-
c. perpendicular d. Adjacent flected sound and the original sound will be
41. -------waves do not require material medium equal to ______ second.
to travel. a. 0.1 b. 0.01
a. Electromagnetic b. longitudinal c. 1 c. 1.1
c. Transverse d. S—waves 53. speed of light is ________km/s.
42. In S1 units, of waves length is_________. a. 100,000 b. 200,000
a. cm b. m c. 300,000 d. 400,000
c. km d. m.m 54. Hertz (Hz) is the unit of:
43. Amplitude of the wave measures the _____ a. Mass b. Energy
carried by a wave. c. Loudness d. Frequency
a. light b. sound 55. To hear echo, minimum distance between
c. energy d. heat sound source and obstacle should be:
44. Shrill sound has greater_____. a. 71 m b. 17 m
a. Amplitude b. wavelength c. 17 cm d. 0.17 m
c. low pitch d. frequency 56. Which of the following is a longitudinal
45. Which bar will produce a higher pitch sound wave?
in Xylophone? a. X-rays
a. Smaller length bar b. Waves on stretched rope
b. longer length bar c. P-seismic waves
c. Medium length bar d. S-seismic waves
d. None of them 57. Which has highest pitch of sound?
46. A hearing aid is a small______ device. a. Lion roar b. Whistling sound
a. Mechanical b. chemical c. Train horn d. Traffic noise
c. electronic d. physical
112 General Science for Class 7: Unit # 10 – Heat and Temperature

58. If a wave has three crests and three troughs

then what is its frequency? Unit # 10
a. 3 Hz b. 1 Hz

59.
c. 5 Hz d. 6 Hz
Sound waves cannot pass through: Heat and Temperature
a. Solids b. Liquids
c. Gases d. Vacuum
60. Which of the following animal has the lowest Short & Long Q/As
pitch of sound?
a. Sparrow b. Dog Q. 1. Define heat.
c. Cat d. Mosquito Ans: Heat:
61. If frequency of sound is doubled but am- Heat is a form of energy. It travels from hot
plitude of this sound wave is kept constant, object to cold object. Particles in all the three states
then of matter are always in a state of motion. The energy
a. loudness and pitch both increase. due to the motion of particles is called kinetic ener-
b. loudness and pitch both decrease. gy. It is also known as thermal energy. Heat is the
c. loudness increase and pitch remains same. measure of thermal energy of all the particles of a
d. loudness remains same and pitch increases. substance.
62. Which of following is a longitudinal wave?
Q. 2. How do the heat loss or heat gain effect the
a. Sound wave
kinetic energy of the particles of matter?
b. Water waves on surface of ocean
Ans: The tiny particles making all the three states
c. Light d. String wave
of matter are atoms, molecules or ions, etc. Because
63. Product of frequency and time period of a
of constant motion, the atoms and molecules in all the
wave is:
1 material objects have average kinetic energy. When
a. 1 b. an object is heated or cooled, the average kinetic en-
T
ergy of its atoms, molecules or ions increases or de-
c. 1 d. 0 creases (Figure).
f
Solution:
1. b 2. a 3. c 4. a 5. b
6. a 7. a 8. b 9. c 10. a
11. d 12. b 13. c 14. c 15. c
16. b 17. a 18. d 19. c 20. b
21. c 22. d 23. b 24. c 25. d
26. a 27. b 28. d 29. b 30. b Molecules in cold state Molecules in hot state
31. a 32. b 33. b 34. b 35. d Effect of heat on material particles
36. b 37. d 38. a 39. c 40. c Heat Loss or Heat Gain:
41. a 42. b 43. c 44. d 45. a When water or some other object is placed in
46. c 47. c 48. d 49. d 50. d a freezer, it loses thermal energy (heat loss). As a re-
51. d 52. a 53. c 54. d 55. b sult, it becomes cold. When some ice cubes taken in
56. c 57. c 58. a 59. d 60. b a beaker are heated on a burner, the thermal energy of
ice increases (heat gain). As a result, it melts.

n
61. a 62. a 63. a
Q. 3. Define and explain temperature.
Ans: Temperature:
The degree of hotness or coldness of an object
General Science for Class 7: Unit # 10 – Heat and Temperature 113

is called its temperature. eters. These scales are based on the temperatures of
When we touch a steel plate placed in the sun- melting of ice and boiling.
light on a hot summer day, we feel that it is hot. When The temperatures of melting ice and boiling
we touch the same plate placed outside in a winter water are two fixed temperatures.
night, we feel that it is cold. It is our sense of touch
that tells us whether an object is hot or cold.

F
o
220
C
The degree of hotness or coldness of an object

o
100 o C 212 F
o

100

210
is called its temperature. The hotter is an object, the

90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200
90
greater is its temperature. Heat and temperature are
closely related. The temperature of an object can be

80
changed by the addition or removal of heat.

70
Q. 4. Define the following:

60
a. Heat

50
b. Temperature Glass
tube

40
c. Conduction
d. Convection

30

60 70 80
e. Radiation

20
Ans: Scale Scale

50
10
a. Heat

40
0o C 32 F
o

The measure of thermal energy of a substance

10 20 30
is called heat.

-10
Bulb
b. Temperature
Degree of hotness or coldness of an object is Alcohol or
mercury
called temperature.
c. Conduction
Flow of heat through a matter from hotter end Centigrade or Celsius Fahrenheit
thermometer thermometer
to the colder end is called conduction.
On the Centigrade scale, the interval between
d. Convection
two fixed temperatures is divided into 100 equal di-
Transfer of heat from one place to another
visions. Each division is called a centigrade degree
by actual movement of liquid or gaseous
(°C). On the Fahrenheit scale, the interval between
particles is called convection.
two fixed temperatures is divided into 180 equal di-
e. Radiation
visions. Each division is called a Fahrenheit degree
Spreading out of heat directly from the source
(°F).
in the form of rays is called radiation.
Kelvin or Absolute scale:
Q. 5. Define and explain the common scales of Kelvin or Absolute scale for measuring tem-
temperature. Describe the formulae for perature is adopted by System International (SI). As
interconversion of temperature scales °C reference points, the freezing point of water in Kelvin
and °F. scale is 273 K and the boiling point of water is 373
Ans: Common Scales of Temperature: K. Interval between these two fixed points is divided
Short lines are marked on the thermometer into 100 equal intervals. Each interval on the scale is
to note the alcohol/mercury level. These are called called one Kelvin and denoted by K.
temperature scales. Two temperature scales are com- • For converting the temperature given in °C
monly used: to Kelvins, 273 is added to the given value.
(i) Centigrade or Celsius scale Temperature in K = Temperature in °C + 273
(ii) Fahrenheit scale • For converting the temperature given in
Figure shows the two scales on the thermom- Kelvins to °C, 273 is subtracted from the given
114 General Science for Class 7: Unit # 10 – Heat and Temperature

value. Temperature in °C = Temperature in K Q. 8. Explain the process of thermal expansion

– 273 and contraction of solids, liquids and gases.
• Examine the temperature scales given Ans: Thermal Expansion and Contraction of
below. Solids, Liquids and Gasses:
• How to convert the temperature given in a. Solids:
Kelvin scale to Celsius scale. Usually solids expand on heating and contract
Fahrenheit Celsius Kelvin on cooling. When a solid is heated, its particles gain
Boiling point 212 °F 100 °C 373 K energy and vibrate more vigorously about their fixed
C

C
o
of water
o

o
100

100

100
positions forcing each other further apart. As a result,
90

90

90
80

80

80
70

70

70
the solid object expands.
60

60

60
Human body
50

50

50
98.6 °F 37 °C 310 K b. Liquids:
40

40

40
temperature
30

30

30
Particles in a liquid or gas gain energy on
20

20

20
Freezing point
0

0
32 °F 0 °C 273 K
01

01

01
of water heating and are forced further apart. The degree of
-10

-10

-10
expansion depends on the nature of the substance.
Formulae for interconversion temperature scales For a given rise in temperature a liquid will expand
(°C and °F): more than a solid.
c. Gases:
Celsius to Fahrenheit Fahrenheit to Celsius
Gases expand enormously on heating. They
9 5 can cause explosions on heating in a confined space.
°F = (°C + 32) °C = (°F – 32)
5 9 Explanation:
Some solids expand very little such that we
Q. 6. Write down comparison of heat and may not notice the expansion. Different metals ex-
temperature. pand or contract at different temperatures and by dif-
Ans: Comparison of Heat and Temperature: ferent amounts. For example, one metre long brass
Heat Temperature rod increases 1 mm in length when its temperature
Heat is the measure of The degree of hotness or increases by 100 °C.
thermal energy of a sub- coldness of an object is Example:
stance. It is the total ki- called its temperature. In a fire, the thermal expansion of steel beams,
netic energy of all the It is the measure of av- concrete and glass can cause considerable damage.
particles of a substance. erage kinetic energy of Q. 9. How will you prove, through an activity/
all the particles of a sub- experiment, the thermal expansion and
stance. contraction of solids?
SI unit of heat is Joule The SI unit of tempera- Ans: Thermal Expansion and Contraction of
(J). ture is kelvin (K). Solids:
Other unit of heat is Cal- Other scales are Fahren-
ories (cal). heit, Celsius/Centigrade
Q. 7. Define the term Thermal expansion and Metal ring
contraction.
Ans: Thermal Expansion and Contraction: Metal ball
Therm means heat. Thermal expansion is the
expansion of material objects on heating. It means
that things expand on heating and contract on cool-
ing. Thermal expansion and contraction occur in sol-
ids, liquids and gases. • Take a metal ball and a ring through which
the metal ball slips by touching the walls of
the ring at room temperature.
General Science for Class 7: Unit # 10 – Heat and Temperature 115

• Now heat the metal ball to a high temperature tube.

and then try to pass it through the ring. Explanation:
• What do you observe and why it happens so? The above activity will let us know that first
Ans: Now the metal ball will not pass through ring. the level of coloured liquid in the glass tube falls and
• Let the metal ball be cooled at room after some time it rises up. This is because on heating,
temperature and again try to pass through the first the flask expands and its volume or capacity to
ring. contain a liquid increases. This makes the level of the
• What do you observe now and why it happens coloured water in the glass tube fall. When the flask
so? gets hot, the coloured water filled in it absorbs heat.
Ans: After cooling, it was again able to pass This makes the liquid expand and its level in the glass
through the ring. tube rises up. It shows that liquids expands on heat-
Conclusion: ing. When the system is cooled to room temperature,
Solids expand on heating. the level of the water in glass tube falls to its original
Q. 10. How will you prove thermal expansion and position. It means, liquids contract on cooling.
contraction of liquids through an activity/ Liquids in drums and pans may overflow
experiment? when heated. This is due to the fact that liquids ex-
Ans: Thermal Expansion and Contraction of pand at a greater rate than solids.
Liquids: Q. 11. How will you prove thermal expansion and
contraction of gases through an activity/
Real Apparent experiment?
expansion expansion Ans: Thermal Expansion and Contraction of
Gases:
Gases expand on heating and contract on
cooling, let us do the following activity.

Coloured
liquid

• Take a round bottomed flask and fill it fully

with coloured water.
• Pass a glass tube which is open at its both
ends through a cork or rubber plug and fit into
the mouth of the flask tightly as shown in the
Figure.
• Note the level of the coloured liquid in the
glass tube. Now heat the flask over a burner.
• Take an empty round bottomed flask.
• Observe what happens to the level of the
• Pass a glass tube which is open at its both
coloured water in the glass tube. Record what
ends through a cork or rubber plug and fit into
do you observe?
the mouth of the flask tightly.
• Do not switch the burner off and wait for
• Invert the system and dip the outer end of
noting the next happening to the level of the
glass tube in the water taken in a beaker or
coloured water in the glass tube.
glass in such a way that the level of water in
• Now switch the burner off and let the hot
the glass tube cannot disturb.
system come back to room temperature.
• Note the level of water in the glass tube.
• Note the level of the liquid again in the glass
116 General Science for Class 7: Unit # 10 – Heat and Temperature

• Heat the flask as shown in the Figure. rivet are hammered into the hole. This becomes easy
• We will see that air bubbles come out of the because heating of rivets softens them. When the riv-
tube. ets cool, they force plates to come closer and firmly
• Where do bubbles in the water come from? grip them together. This makes the joints water–proof
• Remove the burner and let the flask be cooled. or steam–proof.
• Note the level of water in the glass tube again. Steel Hot rivet
• What happens to water level in the glass tube plates
and why?
Conclusion:
This activity will make us learn that air in the
empty flask expands on heating. As a result, air in the
flask expends and air bubbles come out from water. (a) hot rivet inserted through holes in two steel
On cooling, the air inside the flask contracts, as re- strips.
sult, a suction is created in the flask which pulls the
Hammer
water level in glass tube up.
Q. 12. If air is filled into the car tyres to the fullest.
The tyres often burst in the hot afternoon.
Ans: This is because of expansion of air inside the
tube of the tyre on getting heat from the surrounding. Hot rivet
(b) one end on the rivet is hammered
Q. 13. How are expansion and contraction applied
flat to form a new rivet head.
in riveting and fixing tyres?
Ans: Applications of Expansion and Contrac-
tion:
Riveting: (c) when the rivet cools, it contracts
When a hot solid object is cooled, it contracts and pulls the steel plates tightly.
and strong forces are developed during the process
Fixing a Metal Tyre Over the Wheel:
of contraction. These forces are used in riveting the
The metal tyre which is to fix over the wheel
metallic objects together. Hot riveting is a common
is made smaller in diameter as compared to the wheel.
method to fasten two metal plates firmly. A rivet con-
On heating, it expands and its diameter increases. So,
sists of a smooth cylindrical shaft with a head on one
it is first heated and then fixed over the wheel. On
end (Figure).
cooling, the metal tyre contracts and fits over the
wheel tightly (Figure).

(a) The cold metal tyre and wheel.

Solid Rivets (b) Expanded metal tyre fixed
loosely over the wheel.
The end opposite to its head is called buck-
tail. For joining the two steel plates, they are placed (c) On cooling the tyre is firmly
one above the other and holes are drilled in them. The fitted over the wheel.
rivets (small steel rods) are made red hot and inserted
in the holes of the plates (Figure). The ends of the
General Science for Class 7: Unit # 10 – Heat and Temperature 117

Q. 14. Expansion and contraction can be helpful in Rollers allow bridge to slide over them
many areas of life. Explain. smoothly when expanded. Otherwise, large stresses
Ans: Uses of Expansion and Contraction in would arise and the concrete would crack.
Everyday Life: iv. Overhead Power and Telephone Wires:
i. Expansion gaps in concrete road: Overhead cables and telephone wires raised
Concrete in roads and paths expands in the on poles expand during hot summer days. They con-
summer because of high temperature. This makes the tract in cold weather and become tight (Figure). They
roads ruptured. To avoid such loss, small gaps are left may even snap. Allowance is made for the expansion
after every few meters in the concrete roads and paths or contraction so that the wires do not sag too much
(Figure). during the day or snap at night. To prevent this, they
are strung loosely from pole to pole to allow for con-
traction.

Overhead power and telephone wires

v. Large Bends in Pipes:
Water pipes and pipelines can expand during
hot weather and may burst. The bends in pipes allow
Gaps in concrete surface of road them to expand or contract without cracking.
vi. Mercury or Alcohol in Thermometer:
ii. Railway Tracks:
Mercury and alcohol are used in thermome-
Railway tracks expand in hot days. If there
ters. These liquids expand and rise up in the capillary
is no gap, this is very dangerous for trains. Train can
tube of the thermometer when they get hotter. They
derail and endanger passengers.
contract and fall down in the tube on becoming cold.
Q. 15. Define and explain the process of conductor.
Name some good and poor conductors of
heat.
Ans: Conduction:
The transfer of heat from one part of the solid
Railway Track to its other parts by vibrations and collisions of the
particles (atoms or molecules) is called conduction
iii. Expansion of Bridges:
of heat (Figure) In this process, the particles do not
In building bridges, engineers must account
move from place to another place.
for expansion in their design. This is because gaps are
left at one end, and that end is supported by rollers
(Figure).
Bridges Fixed end
Movable joint

Roller

Iron bridge Conduction of Heat

118 General Science for Class 7: Unit # 10 – Heat and Temperature

In solids, atoms or molecules are tightly held Q. 17. Define and explain the radiation.
together. They vibrate constantly about their mean Ans: Radiation:
positions. When one part of a solid object is heated, The transfer of heat in the form of rays is
its atoms or molecules gain heat energy, due to which called radiation. It is the third method of heat transfer
their vibrations become stronger. They collide with is radiation. In this method, heat spreads out direct-
the neighbouring atoms or molecules and cause them ly from the source in the form of heat rays (Figure).
to vibrate strongly. In this way, they transfer their Radiation process does not require any material me-
heat energy to the neighbouring atoms or molecules dium for heat transfer. Like light, heat rays can pass
and onwards. through transparent material such as air, glass, water,
Good and Poor Conductors of Heat: etc. Heat from the Sun reaches the Earth through the
The materials that allow heat to travel through radiation process.
them faster are called good conductors of heat. Met-
als and their alloys are good conductors of heat. Be-
cause, in metals heat is not only conducted by vibrat-
ing atoms but also by the free electrons.
Examples:
Iron, copper, silver and aluminium metals are
the examples of good conductors of heat.
The materials which do not allow heat to pass
through them easily, are called bad conductors of
heat. Non metals are bad conductors of heat as they
do not have free electrons in them. Radiation of heat
Examples:
Wood, rubber, cork, plastic and glass, etc., are Q. 18. Which materials are used for thermal
the examples of bad conductors of heat. insulation in building?
Ans: Thermal Insulation in Buildings:
Q. 16. Define and explain the process of convection.
Material objects such as cork, foam, wool,
Ans: Convection:
cotton, timber, ceramic tiles, and some plastic prod-
The transfer of heat from one place to another
ucts, etc., are non conductors of heat. These are used
by actual movement of liquid or gaseous particles is
for thermal insulation in buildings. Entrance of heat
called convection of heat (Figure). In this method,
through windows can be reduced using double glaz-
molecules of liquid or gasses which are in contact
ing panes, i.e., two joined glass panes having air in
with a hotter part of the container get hot.
between them. There are special paints whose coat-
ing is also helpful in thermal insulation.
Q. 19. What is the principle and function of the
vacuum flask?
Ans: The Vacuum Flask:
A vacuum flask is a double walled vessel
(Figure). It is designed such that it hardly allows heat
to enter into the flask or to come out of it. Therefore,
Convection of heat it keeps the temperature of its contents for several
hours. As a result, the liquids placed in it remain hot
These hot molecules being lighter, rises up
or cold for a longer period.
and cold molecules come down to fill the place. In
this way, molecules of liquids and gases transfer heat
by their actual movement.
General Science for Class 7: Unit # 10 – Heat and Temperature 119

by this method.

Exercise Solution

10.1 Encircle the correct option.

1. The degree of hotness or coldness is called:
Vacuum flask a. thermal contraction
b. thermal expansion
Key Points c. temperature
d. heat
 The energy that transfers from one object to 2. The bulb of the thermometer is filled with:
another because of a temperature difference a. oil b. alcohol
between them is called heat. c. water d. salt
 All matter is composed of tiny particles, i.e., 3. Centigrade scale is also called:
atoms, molecules or ions. The particles are a. Fahrenheit scale
always in a state of constant motion. Due to b. Kelvin scale
this motion of material particles, all material c. Absolute scale
objects have an average kinetic energy. d. Celsius scale
4. The temperature of boiling water in centi-
 Solids expands when heated and contracts
grade scale is:
when cooled. Some solids expand very little
a. 0°C b. 32°C
so that we may not notice the expansion.
c. 37°C d. 100°C
However, some solids expand or contract 5. The temperature of melting ice in Fahren-
significantly on heating or cooling. heit scale is
 Hot riveting is a common method for fastening a. 0°F b. 32°F
two metal plates firmly. c. 100°F d. 212°F
 When a liquid is heated, its particles begin to 6. When a 10 cm iron rod is heated to high tem-
move fast, inter particle distances increase and perature:
so the liquid expands. The reverse happens a. its volume decreases.
when the liquid is cooled. b. its volume increases.
 When a gas is heated, its particles move fast c. its density remains the same.
and inter particle spaces increase. As a result d. none of these.
the gas expands and develops pressure on the 7. The average energy due to movement of
walls of the container. The reverse happens molecules in a substance is called:
when the gas is cooled. a. potential energy
b. electric energy
 In conduction, molecules of an object transfer
c. kinetic energy
a part of their energy to the neighbouring
d. chemical energy.
molecules. This is the mode of transfer of 8. The energy that transfers from one object to
heat in solids. another due to the temperature difference is
 In convection, heat is transferred by actual called:
movements of molecules of the liquids or a. atomic energy b. heat energy
gasses. c. light energy d. sound energy
 In radiation, heat is emitted by the source in
the form of rays. Heat from the sun reaches us
120 General Science for Class 7: Unit # 10 – Heat and Temperature

9. The gaps are left after every few metres in 5. Give five examples of bad conductors of
the railway tracks, so that: heat.
a. they cannot be de-tracked in summer due to Ans: Paper, stone, cloth, plastic, cotton.
expansion.
b. they cannot be de-tracked in winter due to 10.3 Constructed Response Questions
expansion.
1. How are expansion and contraction useful
c. they cannot be de-tracked in summer due to
in thermometers?
contraction.
Ans: Thermometer works on the principle of
d. they cannot be de-tracked at night due to
expansion and contraction. By increasing
contraction.
temperature the liquid inside the capillary
10. The rise of liquid in the thermometer is due tube of the thermometer expands and on
to: cooling it contracts.
a. evaporation b. contraction The device used to measure temperature of an
c. expansion d. sublimation object is called thermometer.
11. The contraction of the objects on cooling is A thermometer is usually made of a glass tube
due to: having a fine bore in it. The tube contains a
a. reduction in size of the particles. bulb at its lower end. The bulb is filled with
b. increase in size of the particles. mercury or alcohol (Figure).
c. increase in inter particle distances.
d. decrease in inter particle distances.
12. An empty steel container is sealed and heat-
ed, which of the following properties of the
gas is likely to increase?
Thermometer
a. mass b. pressure
c. volume d. density When the bulb of a thermometer is made
Solution: in contact with the hot object, the alcohol/
1. c 2. b 3. d 4. d 5. b mercury expands and its level rises in the
6. b 7. c 8. b 9. a 10. c tube. At a cold place, the alcohol/mercury
contracts and its level falls down in the tube.
11. d 12. b
The alcohol or mercury level in the glass tube
indicates the temperature.
10.2 Give short answers.
2. Explain why hot air balloons rise up.
1 Define heat. Ans: Hot air rises up against gravity due to the
Ans: See Question No. 4 (a) dependence of air density on temperature.
2. Name three modes of heat transfer. Hot air is less dense than cold air at the same
Ans: Conduction, Convection and Radiation. pressure. Hot air responds to the buoyant
3. Which two temperatures are the base of force and floats upwards.
Celsius and Fahrenheit temperature scales? The hot air expands. The density of air inside
Ans: The temperature of melting ice and of boiling the balloon decreases and becomes less than
water are two fixed temperatures and are the the density of the outside air, the balloon rises
bases of °C and °F scales. up.

4. Give five examples of good conductors of 3. What does amongst the solid, liquid or gas
heat. expand fast and why?
Ans: Iron, copper, aluminum, nickle, silver. Ans: Gases expand much more than the liquids and
the solids.
The greater the attraction between the
General Science for Class 7: Unit # 10 – Heat and Temperature 121

molecules, the smaller the expansion will be. i. Water loses heat and cools down and when
Because inter-molecular forces of attraction cools down, freezes and its volume increases.
are less in gases, more in liquids and much Water does not expand between 0°C to 4°C
more in solids. instead it contracts. It expands above 4°C.
So gases expand the most among solid, liquid ii. This is known as anomalous behaviour of
and gas. water. Water’s anomalous expansion is an
4. Expansion and contraction can be helpful in abnormal behaviour (property) in which
many areas of life. Explain. it expands instead of contracting as the
Ans: See Question No. 14 temperature falls over 4°C to 0°C, making it
less dense. The density is higher at 4°C and
5. What do you mean by kinetic energy of decreases below that temperature.
particles? iii. Water has the highest surface tension for all
Ans: All matter is composed of tiny particles, i.e., liquids. It is due to hydrogen bonding in water
atoms, molecules or ions. The particles are molecule.
always in a state of constant motion. Due to
this motion of material particles, all material Additional MCQs
objects have an average kinetic energy. The
energy possessed by particles due to motion 1. The energy of any matter in motion is called:
is called kinetic energy. a. Potential energy b. Gravitational energy
6. Substances do not expand or contract at c. Positive energy d. Kinetic energy
the same rate. Why? 2. Heat is also called:
Ans: When a liquid is heated, its particles begin to a. Potential energy
move fast, inter particle distances increase and b. Thermal energy
so the liquid expands. The reverse happens c. Gravitational energy
when the liquid is cooled. d. Positive energy
When a gas is heated, its particles move fast 3. The mode of transmission of heat in solids
and inter particle spaces increase. As a result is:
the gas expands and exerts pressure on the a. Convection b. Radiation
walls of the container. The reverse happens
c. Conduction d. Both a. and b.
when the gas is cooled.
4. The transfer of heat through matter without
So different materials expand or contract
the actual movement of particles from their
at different rates. Gases expand more than
position is called:
liquids.
a. Convection b. Radiation
7. Describe the uses of expansion and c. Conduction d. Both a. and b.
contraction of liquids. 5. Which statement is incorrect?
Ans: a. Conduction occurs in solids and liquids.
i. In thermometers the liquid inside the capillary
b. Conduction occurs in gases also
tube expands on heating.
c. Liquids, usually conduct heat better than
ii. Lids are opened from tins heating the lid with
solids
hot water.
d. Solids usually conduct heat better than
10.4 Project liquids
6. Good conductors of heat are:
Investigate the peculiar behaviour of water during a. Metals b. Glass
contraction and expansion. c. Wood d. Plastics
Ans: Peculiar behaviour of water during con-
traction and expansion:
122 General Science for Class 7: Unit # 10 – Heat and Temperature

7. All liquids are bad conductors of heat ex- 17. It can keep cold liquids cool for a longer
cept: time.
a. Water b. Petroleum a. Black container b. Dark container
c. Mercury d. Cooking oil c. Shiny container d. All of these
8. In metals, heat energy is transferred from 18. When we sit beside a fire, most of the heat of
one place to another by: fire reach us by:
a. Vibrations of particles a. Conduction b. Convection
b. Movement of free electrons c. Radiation d. Both a. and b.
c. Movement of protons and neutrons 19. The cooling fins of refrigerators are made
d. Both a. and b. black and rough:
9. Which statement is incorrect? a. Because black surfaces are good radiators.
a. Water and air are bad conductors of heat. b. Because rough surfaces are good radiators.
b. In liquids, the particles have less chance to c. Because rough surfaces are bad radiators.
bump into other particles. d. Both a. and b.
c. In gases, the particles have less chance to 20. Which statement is incorrect?
bump into other particles. a. White colours absorb less heat than dark
d. Conduction in gases is more than in solids. colours.
10. Which is wrong statement? b. Dark colours absorb less heat than white
a. Jute is a good conductor of heat. colours.
b. Jute is a bad conductor of heat c. Dark surfaces are good radiators of heat
c. Styrofoam is bad conductor of heat. d. Shiny surfaces are bad radiators of heat.
d. Air is a bad conductor of heat. 21. The vacuum flask reduces the rate of trans-
11. Thermos bottles use a vacuum to slow the fer of heat by:
transfer of heat by: a. Conduction b. Convection
a. Convection b. Radiation c. Radiation d. All of these
c. Conduction d. Both a. and c. 22. The silvered and smooth glass walls of the
12. Convection occurs in: vacuum flask reduce:
a. Liquids b. Gases a. Conduction b. Convection
c. Solids d. Both a. and b. c. Radiation d. None of these
13. It is not possible in solids: 23. The iron in the blacksmith’s forge glows red
a. Conduction b. Convections as heat is transferred to the metal from the
c. Radiations d. Both b. and c. forge by:
14. Wind and ocean currents are examples of: a. Convection b. Conduction
a. Conduction b. Convections c. Radiation d. Both a. and b.
c. Radiations d. Both a. and c. 24. The heat of the forge warms the air in the
15. The transfer of heat energy from a hot body blacksmith’s shop by:
to a cold body directly, without heating the a. Convection b. Conduction
space in between the two bodies is called: c. Radiation d. Both a. and b.
a. Conduction b. Convection 25. The blacksmith feels the glow of heat from
c. Radiation d. Both a. and b. the forge due to:
16. Which is a wrong statement? a. Convection b. Conduction
a. Black surfaces are good absorber of heat. c. Radiation d. Both a. and b.
b. Black surfaces are good radiator of heat 26. Birds use it to glide for hours:
c. Black surfaces are bad radiator of heat a. Conduction currents
d. Shiny surfaces are bad radiators of heat. b. Convection currents
General Science for Class 7: Unit # 10 – Heat and Temperature 123

c. Radiation currents d. No heat energy transfer takes place.

d. None of these 37. There are ___ states of matter.
27. It causes winds to blow: a. three b. four
a. Conduction currents c. one d. five
b. Convection currents 38. Particles have kinetic energy due to their
c. Radiation currents a. rest b. speed
d. None of these c. motion d. distance
28. When we sit in the sun we are heated by: 39. Human body temperature is
a. convection b. conduction a. 30oC b. 39oC
c. radiation d. convection current c. 42 Co
d. 37oC
29. Warm air rises because of: 40. Boiling point of water is
a. light b. convection a. 32oF b. 0oC
c. conduction d. radiation c. 100oC d. 38.6oF
30. A metal spoon is placed in a cup of hot water. 41. Which scale has only positive values _____.
The spoon gets warm by: a. Celsius b. Kelvin
a. conduction b. convection current c. Fahrenheit d. Thermal
c. radiation d. convection 42. Amount of ______ in a body also depends
31. In a vacuum flask, the vacuum prevents the upon amount of matter in it.
transfer of heat by: a. temperature b. expansion
a. conduction b. convection c. heat d. contruction
c. radiation d. both a. and b. 43. We take reading of the fever temperature
32. When warm water rises in a lake and cold from the ______ scale.
water sinks, what is happening? a. Kelvin b. Fahrenheit
a. conduction b. convection c. Celsius d. None of them
c. radiation d. mixing 44. Hot air balloons rising high in the sky. It is
33. Wind blows due to: the example of _______.
a. conduction of heat a. Conduction b. radiation
b. convection of heat c. Convection d. insulator
c. radiation of heat 45. _______ is the best climber.
d. emission of heat a. Parrot b. Dove
34. Heat energy can be transferred well by con- c. Sparrow d. Eagles
duction from one material to another only if 46. Blowing of winds especially near ______ ar-
both are: eas is due to convection.
a. solids b. liquids a. Sea b. river
c. gases d. all the three c. lake d. pond
35. Which colour is a good reflector of heat? 47. Radiation method is used to warm the green
a. red b. black house even in _____.
c. blue d. white a. Summer b. Autumn
36. What happens if two objects at different c. Winter d. Spring
temperatures are touching each other? 48. _______ and _______ colours are good re-
a. Heat energy transfers from the warmer flection of heat.
object. a. Red and Green b. Blue and Yellow
b. Heat energy transfers from the colder c. Violet and orange
object. d. white and silver
c. Heat energy transfers to the warmer object.
124 General Science for Class 7: Unit # 10 – Heat and Temperature

49. Visible light and gamma rays are examples b. Conductors

of ______ waves. c. Reflectors
a. Water b. sound d. Convectional devices
c. electromagnetic d. radiation 60. The heat transfer that occurs due to a densi-
50. _______ which is mixture of gases is one of ty difference in fluids is
the best insulators. a. conduction. b. radiation.
a. air b. water c. convection. d. insulation
c. sound d. sand 61. Huge amount of heat is being generated on
51. Absolute ________ is the temperature at Sun. This heat reaches from Sun to Earth by
which all molecules stop moving. a. radiation only.
a. one b. two b. convection only.
c. zero d. four c. convection and radiation.
52. “J” is the symbol for unit joule, it is the unit d. conduction, convection and radiation
of: 62. Flow of heat in a rod from hotter end to the
a. Temperature b. Heat colder end is called:
c. Power d. Voltage a. Convection b. Conduction
53. If your class room temperature is 27oC, what c. Radiation d. None of these
is its value in kelvin scale? 63. 37°C = _______ °K.
a. 27 K b. 373 K a. 210 °K b. 310 °K
c. 300 K d. 246 K c. 410 °K d. 110 °K
54. Which of the following is the best conduc- 64. 373 °K = ______ °C.
tor? a. 1 °C b. 50 °C
a. Wood b. Water c. 100 °C d. 20 °C
c. Metal d. Plastic 65. 100 °C = _____ °F.
55. Which temperature of the followings is rep- a. 112 °F b. 212 °F
resenting melting point of ice? c. 312 °F d. 373 °F
a. 0K b. 32oC Solution:
c. 273K d. 0oF 1. d 2. b 3. c 4. c 5. c
56. Mercury thermometer is used to measure 6. a 7. c 8. d 9. d 10. a
temperature of a body. Which process is 11. d 12. d 13. b 14. b 15. c
used in it? 16. c 17. c 18. c 19. d 20. b
a. Conversation
21. d 22. c 23. b 24. a 25. c
b. Radiation
26. b 27. b 28. c 29. b 30. a
c. Thermal expansion
31. d 32. b 33. b 34. a 35. d
d. Insulation
57. Which of the followings is the worst conduc- 36. a 37. a 38. c 39. d 40. c
tor? 41. b 42. c 43. b 44. c 45. d
a. Metal b. Wood 46. a 47. c 48. d 49. c 50. a
c. Wool d. Air 51. c 52. b 53. c 54. c 55. c
58. Conduction of heat best takes place in 56. c 57. d 58. a 59. a 60. c
a. solids. b. fluids. 61. a 62. b 63. b 64. c 65. b

n
c. gases d. vacuum.
59. Materials that trap air like fur, wool and saw
dust are heat:
a. Insulators
General Science for Class 7: Unit # 11 – Technology in Everyday Life 125

5. Put some glue with the help of glue gun to fix

Unit # 11 the hole and pipe.
6. Fill the bottles with water through their cut

Technology in 7.
ends.
Water will start dripping and easily be able to
reach plant roots.
Everyday Life 8. We can stop dripping of water with the help
of stoppers or valves fitted in the drip pipes.

Short & Long Q/As

Q. 1. What does irrigation means? Explain drip
and sprinkler irrigation.
Ans: Irrigation:
Irrigation means to provide water for agricul-
ture.
Drip and Sprinkler Irrigation:
Drip Irrigation: Q. 3. How will you direct to make sprinkler
Drip irrigation is a type of irrigation system irrigation system?
by which wastage of water and nutrients is controlled Ans: Sprinkler Irrigation System:
by allowing water to drip slowly to the roots of plants. Material required:
This system distributes water through a network of Plastic bottle, plastic pipe, tub or plastic water
pipes, valves, tubing, etc. tank, glue gun, iron nail, etc.
Sprinkle Irrigation: Procedure:
Sprinkle irrigation involves use of pipes to 1. Take a plastic water
distribute water with the help of spray heads which tank, make a hole in
moisten the whole soil surface. it slightly above its
Q. 2. Describe the preparation/method of simple bottom and place it
drip irrigation system. at certain height.
Ans: Making a Simple Drip Irrigation System: 2. Fix one end of the
Material required: plastic pipe in the
Plastic bottles, drip pipes each fitted with nee- hole made in water
dle and valve/stopper, glue gun, thread, small sized tank.
screw driver potted plants, etc. 3. Put some glue with
Procedure: the help of glue gun
1. Take clean plastic bottles, cut their bottom to fix the pipe in the
ends and make holes in their lids using hot hole in water tank.
screw driver. 4. Fix the other end of the pipe over the mouth
2. Hang the bottles above the potted plants with of a plastic bottle and apply the glue with the
some supports with the help of the thread. help of glue gun.
3. Attach the needle ends of the drip pipes with 5. Make small holes in the bottom of the plastic
the stems of the potted plants in such a way bottle with the help hot iron nail.
that the needles can drip water to the roots of 6. Hang the plastic bottle over the plants.
the plants. 7. Fill the water tank with water containing
4. Insert the other ends of the drip pipes in the dissolved chemical fertilizers.
bottles through holes in their lids. 8. The water with dissolved salts (fertilizers)
126 General Science for Class 7: Unit # 11 – Technology inEveryday Life

will flow through the pipe and begin to 5. After 15 days, we will observe pickles in the
sprinkle over the plants through the holes in jar.
plastic bottle (as shown in Figure). Q. 7. Write the preparation of onion pickles.
Q. 4. What keeps our food fresh for long time? Ans: Preparation of Onion Pickles:
Ans: Techniques of Preserving Foods: a. Material required:
The techniques used for food preservation 2 cinnamon sticks, 6 whole cloves , pinch
involve preventing growth of microorganisms in the crushed red pepper flakes, 1 cup (240 mL) of vinegar,
food. It is done by drying/dehydrating and adding ½ cup (120 mL) freshly-squeezed lime juice, ½ cup
some preservatives in the food. (100 g) of sugar, 1 tablespoon of common salt
Q. 5. Define the following: b. Procedure:
a. Drip irrigation 1. Add sliced onions to
b. Sprinkler irrigation a bowl. Pour enough
c. Sanitizer boiling water to
d. Stethoscope cover them. After one
Ans: minute, drain water
a. Drip irrigation and transfer onion to a
Application of water only to the root zone of glass jar with a lid.
the plants is called drip irrigation. 2. Heat cinnamon, cloves
b. Sprinkler irrigation and the red pepper flakes in a small saucepan
Application of water on the surface of crop over medium flame for 3 to 5 minutes until
and soil is called sprinkler irrigation. fragrant.
c. Sanitizer 3. Add vinegar, lime juice, sugar and salt.
A liquid mixture used to kill germs is called 4. Heat and cook until sugar and salt are
sanitizer. dissolved.
d. Stethoscope 5. Taste for sweetness, then add more sugar if
A medical device used for listening heart beat needed.
and counting pulse rate of human body is 6. Pour brine over onions.
called stethoscope. Q. 8. Describe the preparation of lemon pickles.
Q. 6. Describe preparation of mango pickles. Ans: Preparation of Lemon Pickles:
Ans: Making and Preserving Mango Pickles: a. Material required:
a. Material required: Lemons (cut into circu-
Unripened mangoes, pick- lar slices = ½ kg), sugar (1½
le jar, salt, vinegar (preservative), cup), acetic acid (1 cup)
mustard seeds etc. b. Procedure:
b. Procedure: 1. Boil the lemon slices
1. Take some unripened separately in their own
mangoes, cut them into juice to make them soft.
pieces and make them dry 2. Add sugar and acetic acid to the cooked
by keeping in the sun. mixture.
2. Put the dried pieces of 3. Leave outside for about 15 days.
mangoes in salt water and 4. Keep it in refrigerator.
keep it overnight. Q. 9. How is jam made and preserved?
3. Take the dried pieces Ans: Making and Preserving Jam:
of mangoes in jar and add vinegar solution a. Material required:
(preservative) into it. Sliced apple (2 bowl), sugar (1/3 cup), cin-
4. Air tight the jar with lid. namon (1 small stick), orange zest (1 table spoon),
General Science for Class 7: Unit # 11 – Technology inEveryday Life 127

lemon juice (preservative) one teaspoon full of glycerine and one cup of
b. Procedure: distilled water.
1. Take a jar, wash it with water and place it for 2. Mix all the ingredients in a container.
drying. 3. Hand sanitizer is ready for use.
2. Mix the sliced apple, sugar, cinnamon stick,
orange zest and lemon juice..
3. Cook the mixture at medium heat, stir it
from time to time until the mixture comes to
simmer
4. Reduce the heat to medium-low
5. The apple jam is ready to use and store it.

Q. 12. How will you prepare sanitizer at home?

Ans: Preparing Sanitizer at Home:
Q. 10. State the ingredients and method of Materials:
preparation of orange juice. Alcohol, aloe vera gel, essential oil such as
Ans: Making and Preserving Orange Juice: tea tree oil or lavender oil or lemon juice. Procedure
a. Material required: 1. Mix alcohol and aloe vera in the ratio of 2:1.
Oranges, grinder, honey or sugar 2. Add few drops of essential oil or lemon juice
b. Procedure: as required.
1. Rinse the orange underwater. 3. A home made sanitizer is ready for use.
2. Peel the oranges and slice them into four
parts.
3. Add some honey or sugar and a few ice cubes.
4. Place the sliced oranges into the grinder.
5. Grind the slices until they become juicy.
6. Sieve the juice over a mesh strainer.
7. Put the juice in glass container and seal them
tightly. Q. 13. How will you make a simple stethoscope?
Ans: Making a Simple Stethoscope:
a. Material required:
Y-shaped tube, fine hallow plastic tube, cot-
ton, balloon, scissors, etc.
b: Procedure:
1. Take two pieces of fine hallow plastic tubes.
2. Fix one end of each hallow tube over each of
the upper limbs of Y-shaped tube.
Q. 11. How is sanitizer prepared? 3. Fix the cotton swabs on the free ends of the
Ans: Preparation of Sanitizer: two fine hallow tubes fitted with the limbs of
Materials: Y-shaped tube.
Isopropyl alcohol, glycerine, distilled water, 4. Take another slightly long piece of fine hallow
plastic or glass container tube and fix its one end over the third limb of
Procedure: Y-shaped tube.
1. Take four cups of isopropyl alcohol and one- 5. Fix the free end of the long hallow tube over
fourth cup of house hold hydrogen per oxide, the stamp of the funnel.
128 General Science for Class 7: Unit # 11 – Technology inEveryday Life

6. Cut the balloon from its neck and wrap the

lower part of the balloon over the funnel. Exercise Solution
7. A simple and home made stethoscope is ready
for use.
11.1 Encircle the correct option.
1. Conservation of water means
a. a using water b. save water
c. avoiding water d. wasting water
2. While preparing pickles, which is not used
as preservating agent:
a. honey b. salt
c. vinegar d. pepper
3. Which is not used in making mango pickle?
a. mango slices b. honey
c. table salt d. turmeric powder
4. Which is not used in the preparation of lem-
on prickle?
a. lemon b. sugar
c. acetic acid d. tea leaves
5. Which is not used in the preparation of or-
ange juice?
a. garlic b. orange
c. sugar d. water
Solution:
Making of Simple Stethoscope 1. b 2. a 3. d 4. d 5. a

Key Points 11.2 Write short answers.

 Technology is the application of scientific 1. What type of irrigation is more beneficial

either drip or sprinkler?
knowledge in daily life.
Ans: Drip irrigation. The advantage of drip
 Irrigation can be done by two methods.
irrigation over sprinklers is that there is little
 Drip irrigation is watering to the roots of water wastage due to evaporation or run off.
plants under the soil surface.
2. List the ingredients required for preparation
 Sprinkler irrigation is spraying water on the
of mango pickle.
soil surface bearing plants.
Ans: See Question No. 6 a
 Preservatives are used to preserve foods.
3. What are the ingredients required for
 Brine water is a mixture of salt and water.
preparation of onion pickle.
 Stethoscope is used to check heart beat and
Ans: See Question No. 7 a
blood pressure.
 Sanitizers are used to kill germs. 4. Name the ingredients required for
preparation of lemon pickle.
 Hand sanitizer is an antiseptic used to clean
Ans: See Question No. 8 a
hands without using water.
 Hand sanitizer is a medicine used to stop the 5. State the ingredients required for
growth of germs. preparation of orange juice.
Ans: See Question No. 10 b
General Science for Class 7: Unit # 11 – Technology inEveryday Life 129

11.3 Answer the following questions. v. Milk should be refrigerated at a temperature

of between 0°C and 4°C after boiling for 20
1. What does irrigation mean? Explain drip minutes.
and sprinkler irrigation.
3. How can technology enhance students
Ans: See Question No. 1
learning.
2. Describe preparation of mango prickle? Ans:i. Technology has increased collaboration and
Ans: See Question No. 6 communication. Educational technology can
3. Write the preparation of onion prickle? foster collaboration.
Ans: See Question No. 7 ii. Through online lessons and learning, students
get to work together to solve problems.
4. Describe the preparation of lemon prickle?
iii. Scaling up quality instruction, such as pre-
Ans: See Question No. 8
recorded quality lessons. Computer-adoptive
5. State the preparation of orange juice. learning has increased engagement through
Ans: See Question No. 10 videos and games.
iv. Each and every detail of all the subjects
11.4 Constructed Response Questions are available online or various sites, where
1. Why should farmers implement rain water students can go if they are curious.
harvesting. v. It helps teachers to integrate new technologies
Ans: Rain water harvesting can be used to divert and tools into their classroom. It helps the
heavy rainfall from reaching agricultural students in learning and comprehension.
lands, thereby protecting crop plants from 4. What keeps our food fresh for long time.
getting damaged. One good property of Ans: See Question No. 4
rainwater is that it is soft form of water and
does not impact plants negatively. 11.5 Investigate
So rainwater harvesting helps to store
1. Find out how the technology helped during
rainwater so that it can be used during the
the pandemic COVID-19.
scarcity of water. The main objective of
Ans: i. Technology provided support to medical
rainwater harvesting is to reduce the loss of
consultations, delivering healthcare services
water by its running off, to avoid flooding of
and helped to break of spread of virus.
roads and to meet the demands of increasing
ii. IT was utilized to capture health related data
water.
from different locations of COVID patients
2. Which is the best technology to preserve and managed data virtually.
meat, milk and fish products. iii. The IT wearable devices helped to monitor
Ans: Preservation of Meat and Milk: the quarantined patient’s temperature.
i. Meat and poultry can be preserved for longer
term storage through canning, drying or Additional MCQs
freezing.
ii. Meat should be stored as cold as possible. 1. In World Water Distribution, salt water is:
Refrigerator storage is the most common a. 90% b. 80%
method of meat preservation. Meat can be c. 92% d. 98%
stored for 5 to 7 days. 2. In Fresh Water Distribution, ice is:
iii. Preservation of meat is processed by thermal a. 12% b. 1%
processing, dehydration, irradiation, canning, c. 87% d. 56%
freezing and roasting.
iv. The best technology for preservation of fish is
smoking.
130 General Science for Class 7: Unit # 11 – Technology inEveryday Life

3. In Fresh Water Distribution, ground water c. 45% d. 5%

is: 16. The percentage of natural disasters caused
a. 12% b. 1% by water is:
c. 87% d. 56% a. 90% b. 80%
4. In Fresh Water Distribution water in rivers c. 60% d. 70%
and lakes is: 17. The number of people who do not have di-
a. 12% b. 1% rect access to drinking water:
c. 87% d. 56% a. 15.1 billion b. 25.1 billion
5. Surface of the Earth covered by water is: c. 5.1 billion d. 2.1 billion
a. 30% b. 60% 18. The increase in water consumption from
c. 70% d. 85% now to 2050:
6. This method is used for preservation of food: a. 20% b. 30%
a. Canning and Freezing b. Drying c. 40% d. 10%
and Pickling 19. The number of people whose drinking water
c. Dry Salting d. All of these is provided by desalination plants:
7. Pasteurization is used to save: a. 200 million b. 300 million
a. Pickles b. Milk c. 400 million d. 500 million
c. Lemon d. Vinegar 20. Percentage of Earth’s surface covered by
8. It is the alternative of canning; land:
a. Pickling b. Freezing a. 30% b. 70%
c. Dry salting d. All of these c. 50% d. 60%
9. Heating at a certain temperature, makes 21. Pickling causes:
food microbes free. It was stated by: a. Discoloration
a. Fahrenheit b. Sir Isaac Newton b. Change of taste
c. Louis Pasteur d. None of these c. Change of flavour
10. It is used to listen heart beat: d. All of these
a. Periscope b. Telescope 22. It is used in pickling:
c. Stethoscope d. None of these a. Sodium carbonate b. Vinegar
11. It is used to prevent germs: c. Sodium chloride d. None of these
a. Stabilizer b. Nebulizer 23. The percentage of Earth covered by water
c. Sanitizer d. None of these a. 50% b. 80%
12. It is the major ingredient of sanitizers: c. 70% d. 25%
a. Water b. Soap 24. In many areas in Pakistan people have to
c. Ethanol d. None of these travel for a long distance to reach a ____
13. Agriculture consumes water: sources.
a. 60% b. 70% a. energy b. gas
c. 50% d. 40% c. water d. food
14. The percentage of dams around the World, 25. The percentage of natural disasters caused
used for irrigation: by water is________.
a. 15% b. 20% a. 48% b. 90%
c. 40% d. 48% c. 30% d. 70%
15. The percentage of water wasted each day by 26. The increases in water consumption from
the World’s water pipelines: now to 2050 is:
a. 20% b. 30% a. 70% b. 50%
General Science for Class 7: Unit # 11 – Technology inEveryday Life 131

c. 75% d. 30% 37. The process of food preservation in which

27. ______ is the process of dehydrating foods. bacteria is allowed to grow against the
a. Drying b. Canning harmful bacteria is called
c. Curing d. Dry salting a. Fermentation b. Dry Salting
28. Aloe vera gel is good for c. Pickling d. Canning
a. teeth b. bones 38. Pasteurization means
c. skin d. heart a. Freezing at a certain temperature to keep
29. The Percentage of fresh water on earth is food microbe free
not more than only b. Heating at a certain temperature to keep
a. 2% b. 30% food microbe free
c. 20% d. 25% c. Drying at a certain temperature to keep
30. Drip irrigation system is useful for agricul- food microbe free
ture d. Heating to change the colour of the food
a. Spread equally 39. Preparing lemon pickle, we use:
b. Reach roots directly a. Sugar and salt
c. Sprinkles d. Evaporates b. Sugar and acetic acid
31. Given below from the list is not a way to pre- c. Salt and sulphuric acid
serve food. d. None of these
a. Freezing b. Pickling 40. We use to make hand made sanitizer:
c. Curing d. Garnishing a. Aloe vera and lemon juice
32. The best way to preserve vegetables is b. Aloe vera and salt
a. Salting b. Drying c. Aloe vera and sugar
c. Curing d. Pickling d. All of these
33. The instrument used by doctors for listening 41. To prepare onion pickle, we use:
to heart beats is called a. Clove, pepper, cinnamon and acetic acid
a. Stethoscope b. Microscope b. Clove, pepper, cinnamon and sugar
c. Periscope d. Ophthalmoscope c. Clove, pepper, cinnamon and nitric acid
34. Which of the following is used for making a d. Clove, pepper, cinnamon and sulphuric
working model of a stethoscope acid
a. Funnels, plastic tube, balloons and duct Solution:
taps 1. d 2. c 3. a 4. b 5. c
b. Funnels and duct tape only 6. d 7. b 8. c 9. c 10. c
c. Tubing and duct tape only 11. c 12. c 13. b 14. d 15. b
d. Balloons and duct tape only 16. a 17. d 18. b 19. b 20. a
35. Use of hand sanitizer helps in 21. d 22. b 23. c 24. c 25. b
a. Killing germs from the skin and keeping it
26. d 27. a 28. c 29. a 30. b
safe
31. d 32. b 33. a 34. a 35. a
b. Removing germs
36. c 37. a 38. b 39. b 40. a
c. Keeping skin safe
d. Keeping skin moisturized 41. b

n
36. In pickling food is soaked in
a. Water b. Oil
c. Solution of salt and acid
d. Solution of sugar and acid
132 General Science for Class 7: Unit # 12 – Earth & Space

Going
Unit # 12 this way
Moon

Earth & Space

ity
av
Gr
Short & Long Q/As Earth

Q. 1. Describe the location and condition of Earth

in the solar system.
(b) The gravitational force makes the
Ans: Earth being part of the solar system is the
moon to move round the Earth
third planet from the Sun. The surface of the Earth is
made of water, air and solid ground. Its atmosphere The space around an object where gravita-
consists of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and oth- tional force acts is called its gravitational field.
er gases. Mass of the Earth is about 6  1024kg. The Q. 3. What is the proof of gravity of our Earth?
Earth is the only planet where life exists. Ans: The Earth’s Gravity:
Q. 2. Define and explain gravitational force. The gravitational force or gravity of our Earth
Ans: Gravitational Force: pulls the objects, which are within its gravitational
Every object in this universe attracts every field towards its centre. Thus due to the Earth’s grav-
other object towards its centre. The force of attrac- ity, the things which are dropped from some height,
tion between objects (masses) is called gravitational fall to the ground.
force. Q. 4. Define the following:
The effect of the gravitational force between a. Mass
two small masses is too little to be felt. However, the b. Weight
effects of gravitational forces exerted by massive ob- c. Weightlessness
jects such as the Sun and the Earth are easily observ- d. Tides
able. Planets are revolving around the Sun and moon Ans:
revolves around the Earth due to gravitational force a. Mass
(Figure). If there is no gravitational force of the Sun, The amount of matter in an object is called
the planets will not continue to revolve around it. mass.
b. Weight
Gravitational force acting on an object is
Moon called weight.
c. Weightlessness
Earth Sun A situation where a mass has zero weight is
called weightlessness.
d. Tides
The waves that move through an ocean in
response to the forces exerted by the Moon or
(a) The sun’s gravity pulls the planets the Sun is called tides.
and their moons to orbit around it. Q. 5. Define matter. Differentiate between mass
and weight.
Ans: Matter:
Anything that has mass and occupies space is
called matter.
General Science for Class 7: Unit # 12 – Earth & Space 133

Mass and Weight: Q. 6. Define and explain the condition of

Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in weightlessness.
an object. Its value does not depend on its location. Ans: Weightlessness:
The gravitational force acting on an object is called Weightlessness is a situation where a mass
its weight. has zero weight. Things float around in a satellite
The value of weight can be changed with and spaceships orbit the Earth as they have no weight
location of the object on the Earth’s surface, on the (Figure).
Moon, or on other planet and in the space. Mass and
weight are measured in different units. The unit for
mass is kilogram (kg). As weight is a force, its unit is
newton (N).
The weight of an object in the Earth’s gravita-
tional field depends on two factors:
• Mass of the object
• Acceleration due to gravity
The stronger the gravity, the greater the ac-
celeration due to gravity (g). If acceleration due to
gravity (g) is constant, then weight (w) increases with Astronaut in space
the increase in mass (m). If mass (m) is constant then The weight of an object is due to the gravita-
weight increases with the increase in gravity (g). tional force acting on it which may vary from place
Mathematically we can write: to place. An astronaut when leaves the Earth for trav-
W = mg eling in space, gets changes in his weight. As he goes
Where, W = weight of the object far from the Earth, its weight decreases. If he lands
m = mass of the object on the Moon’s surface, his weight will be less due to
g = acceleration due to gravity smaller gravity of the Moon as compared to that of
Thus at the position where the same force of the Earth. Gravity of the Moon is six times less than
gravity acts on two objects of different masses, the that of the Earth.
object with bigger mass has the greater weight. In fact, gravity of the Earth causes the satel-
Difference Between Mass and Weight: lite or the spaceship to circle the Earth. Hence, all ob-
Mass Weight jects inside a satellite become weightless. Therefore,
all objects are to be fixed inside the satellite, other-
1. The quantity of matter The gravitational force
wise they will float away. Astronauts have foothold
in an object is called acting on an object is
to keep them still while they are working. They sleep
its mass. called its weight.
in sleeping bags strapped to the walls of the cabin so
2. The mass of an ob- Weight of an object is
that they do not bump into other objects when they
ject remains constant not a constant quantity
are asleep. Sometimes, it looks as if they are standing
everywhere, whether it as its value is different
along the wall of the cabin.
is measured at a point at different distances
far away from the cen- from the centre of the Q. 7. Define tides. If tides are caused by the
tre of the Earth or very Earth. gravity of the moon, why other objects on
close to its centre. the Earth are not affected by?
3. Mass of an object can- Weight of an object Ans: Tides:
not be zero. may be zero. Tides are the waves that move through oceans
in response to gravitational force exerted by the Moon
or the Sun. The winds push the surface water in the
oceans into ripples called waves. These waves move
towards the sea shore. When they go back after strik-
134 General Science for Class 7: Unit # 12 – Earth & Space

ing the seashore, it is noticed as the sea shrinks away Revolution of the Earth around the Sun:
at the shore and then gradually regains its water level. We have different seasons in different parts of
Such daily changes in the level of ocean water are the world in a year. The seasons on the Earth are due
known as tides. These are caused by the gravitational to its revolution around the Sun and that it tilts on one
force of the Moon and the Sun as well as the rotation side.
of the Earth on its axis. Q. 9. How do the seasons change?
Ans: Change of Seasons:
The Earth’s axis of rotation is tilted at certain
angles with respect to its plane of rotation around
the Sun. Due to this axial tilt, different regions of
the Earth change their distance from the Sun during
revolution around the Sun. This causes the change in
seasons on the Earth.
Pakistan lies in the northern hemisphere of the
Earth. Let us see how seasons change in the northern
Tides due to gravitational pull of the moon hemisphere of the Earth.
On 22nd June, the Earth’s northern hemi-
The Moon is closer to the Earth than the Sun.
sphere is close to the Sun and is hot as compared to
It pulls the ocean water more strongly. At high tide,
the southern hemisphere which is away from the Sun
the water level rises up the shore. At low tide, it re-
and is cold. Thus, there is summer season in north-
cedes back at regular intervals. As the Earth spins,
ern hemisphere of the Earth and winter season in its
each place has a high tide twice a day. The water
southern hemisphere in the months of June and July.
bulges out on both sides of the Earth.
On 22nd December, the Earth’s northern
The moon has gravity of its own, which pulls
hemisphere is away from the Sun and is cold as com-
the oceans toward it. The moon’s gravitational pull
pared to the southern hemisphere which is close to
on other things is much weaker and water is a huge
the Sun and is hot.
body and liquid so it is affected.
Thus, there is winter season in northern hemi-
Q. 8. Define revolution. How much time does the sphere of the Earth and summer season in its southern
revolution of the Earth take? hemisphere in the months of December and January.
Ans: Revolution: On 21st March and 23rd September, no hem-
The Earth moves around the Sun. Such move- isphere of the Earth is tilted towards the Sun, hence,
ment of the Earth is called its revolution around the there are moderate seasons in northern and southern
Sun (Figure). The path the Earth takes to revolve hemispheres, i.e., spring in northern hemisphere and
around the Sun is called its orbit. The Earth com- autumn in southern hemisphere.
pletes one revolution around the Sun in 365 days. We
call it one year.
Q. 10. How day and night are formed?
Ans: Occurrence of Day and Night:
The half of the Earth’s surface faces solar ra-
diations and looks bright on this side of the Earth,
there is day. The other half of the Earth’s surface re-
mains dark and there is night (Figure).
During spin, as the dark region of the Earth
moves into Sun’s light, it gets Sunrise. The Sun
comes into view and there occurs day. On the other
side, as the bright region of the Earth moves out of
Earth’s revolution around the Sun the Sun’s light, it gets sunset. The Sun disappears and
General Science for Class 7: Unit # 12 – Earth & Space 135

there occurs night. In this way day and night occur on

the Earth. Since the Earth completes its one rotation
about its axis in 24 hours, the total duration of one
day and one night is 24 hours.
Day

Solar radiation

Leo
Night Orion: The pattern of star in Orion is shown in the
Spin of the Earth and occurrence of day and night Figure.

Q. 11. Define constellation. Describe the location

and conditions of major constellations.
Ans: Constellations:
At night we see countless number of stars in
the sky. Some groups of stars look forming a specif-
ic pattern or shape. This specific pattern of stars is
known as constellation.
The constellations are helpful in mapping the
sky. Earth’s revolution around the Sun causes the Orion
constellations appear during certain part of the year.
It is easy to recognize a star by constellation. Ursa Great bear: The pattern of star in Great bear is
Major, Great bear, Leo, and Orion are some famous shown in the Figure.
constellations.
Ursa Major or big dipper: Ursa Major or big dipper
constellation (Figure) consists of seven stars. Four
stars make the bowl and three stars form its handle.
A bright star on the end of the bowl points to the pole
star. It is an area of the sky which can be used for
reference purpose for the whole sky.

Great bear
Q. 12. Where and how stars are born?
Ans: Birth of Stars:
There are huge clouds of dust and gas spread
out across the universe. These clouds are called neb-
ulae. A nebula may form from the gas and dust pro-
duced when a star explodes in a supernova. It may
Ursa Major also be developed as gravity pulls together the gas
Leo: Leo (Figure) is another famous constellation and dust in intergalactic space. In this type of nebula,
which is seen on th sky from March to May each year. the forces of gravity between the atoms and mole-
cules of helium and hydrogen gas bring them togeth-
er into a huge ball. The force of gravity continues
136 General Science for Class 7: Unit # 12 – Earth & Space

to act between the gas particles and squashes them creates higher tides called spring tide. It
closer and closer together, and the pressure inside the happens when the Moon is in its new phase or
ball increases. Eventually, the pressure pushing on full phase.
the hydrogen atoms becomes so great that they fuse ii. The Moon creates tides also in our
together to make helium atoms and release energy atmosphere. They are called lunar winds.
as heat and light. Gradually, the ball begins to glow Lunar winds move eastwards in the morning
and eventually, as the pressure continues to increase and westwards in the evening.
and more hydrogen is converted into helium, the ball iii. The Moon’s pull is strongest on the part of the
starts to shine and becomes a star. The star is then Earth directly facing the Moon.
said to be “born”. As this “ birthing” process takes iv. Low tides help the fishermen move forwards
place inside nebulae, They are called stellar nurser- in the sea and high tides help them come back
ies and many stars can be forming inside them at the more easily.
same time. v. The use of tides as a renewable energy source
Q. 13. Write a note on Astronomy across the world? to generate electricity is called tidal energy.
Ans: Astronomy Across the World:
Astronomy is the study of objects found in
space, such as stars, planets, moons and asteroids.
Even the earliest humans would have looked
up at the night sky and wondered at it. As time went
on, human civilisations began to explain the night
sky in a variety of ways and related it to events taking
place on the Earth.
Making of spring tides and lunar winds
Today we are still fascinated by the night sky,
and scientists study it to find out more about it and Q. 15. How is the lifespan of stars measured?
our place in the universe. This in turn helps us try Ans. Science tells us that the universe is finite,
to understand to existence, and for many, this means with a beginning, a middle and a future, Stars have
trying to conserve the conditions on Earth which life cycles too. A star is also born, changes, and then
sustain life by maintaining ecosystems and trying to dies. The lifespan of a star is measured in billions of
control climate change. year.
It is also the study of phenomena that occur
in space, like the formation of stars, the movement of Key Points
galaxies and the formation of planets. Scientists who
study astronomy are called astronomers and many of  Gravitational force of the Earth pulls all
them work in observatories around the world, col- objects towards its surface.
lecting data from huge telescopes which use light  The Earth moves around the Sun due to the
or radio waves to look into space. There are major gravitational force.
observatories all around the world - some of the big-
 The Moon revolves around the Earth due
gest can be found in the USA, the Canary Islands and
to the Earth’s gravity. The gravity of Earth
Chile. Most observatories are built away from cities,
where the sky is not as polluted, so a clearer view of keeps the artificial satellites move around it.
space can be seen.  Weight is the gravitational force of the Earth
acting on an object.
Q. 14. How are spring tides and lunar winds
 The tilt and orbital motion of the Earth around
caused? What are the benefits of tides?
Ans: the Sun cause different seasons.
i. When the Sun and Moon lined up with the  The gravitational forces of Moon and the Sun
Earth, their combined gravitational pull cause the tides in the oceans.
General Science for Class 7: Unit # 12 – Earth & Space 137

 Tides are also a source of energy called tidal Solution:

energy. 1. c 2. b 3. d 4. d 5. d
 The seasons in the northern part of the world 6. b
are different from southern part of the world.
 When there is summer season in the northern 12.2 Answer the following questions
hemisphere, there is winter in the southern briefly.
hemisphere.
1. An athlete can jump 5 metre up on the Earth,
 Specific patterns of stars on the sky are known
how high he can jump on the Moon?
as constellations. Ans: Gravity on moon is 6 times less than that
on the Earth. So if he can jump 5 metres up
Exercise Solution on Earth, he will be able to jump 5  6 = 30
metres on the surface of moon.
12.1 Encircle the correct option. 2. A person can throw a shot put 2 metres
away. How long will be his throw on the
1. An object is attracted towards the Earth due
Moon’s surface?
to:
Ans: Gravity on moon is 6 times less than on the
a. pull b. push
Earth. So now he will throw the shot 2  6 =
c. gravity d. friction
12 metres away.
2. Which of the following is the major cause of
tides? 3. Which of the Sun or Moon has a greater pull
a. heating oceans by the Sun on the ocean’s water? Give reason of your
b. gravitational pull of the Moon answer.
c. earthquakes on the surface of the ocean Ans: Based on the masses, the Sun is more massive
floor and has stronger gravity than Moon. The
d. change in the wind direction. Moon is closer to the Earth so its gravitational
3. Seasons on the Earth’s surface are caused force is stronger than that of the Sun.
by: 4. Differentiate force exerted by the Moon
a. spin motion of the Earth about its own axis on the waters at the near surface and that
b. orbital motion of the Earth around the Sun exerted on the water of far surface.
c. tilt of Earth on its axis Ans: On the side of the Earth facing to the moon
d. the tilt of Earth and orbital motion of the (near side), the gravitational force of the moon
Earth around the Sun. pulls the ocean’s water towards it, creating
4. What is the season on 22nd June in the one bulge.
southern hemisphere? On the far side of the Earth, inertia dominates
a. spring b. autumn and creates a second bulge. In this way the
c. summer d. winter combination of gravity and inertial create two
5. The weight of an object on Earth’s surface is bulges of water.
600 N. What will be its weight on the Moon’s 5. What will be the season in Australia when
surface? there is summer in Pakistan?
a. 600 N b. 300 N Ans: Pakistan is in the Northern hamisphere and
c. 200 N d. 100 N Australia is in the Southern hemisphere. So
6. The tides are highest during: when there is summer in Pakistan, it will be
a. day b. night winter in Australia.
c. half Moon d. full Moon
138 General Science for Class 7: Unit # 12 – Earth & Space

12.3 Constructed response questions. explore those constellations on a clear night sky
and share your findings with class.
1. What happens to mass and weight of an Ans: Constellation
astronaut when he leaves the Earth and A constellation is a group of stars with a defi-
travels to the Moon? nite pattern or arrangement. Each constellation has
Ans: Mass is the quantity of matter in an object. a different pattern.
Mass will remain the same whether the body If we look at the sky in a night full of stars, we
is on the Earth or on the moon. Suppose if he may see certain patterns of stars. These star patterns
is 80 kg on Earth, his mass will remain 80 kg are constellations.
on the moon. Explanation:
On the other hand weight = mg. As the (i) Each constellation is found in a certain place
gravitational force is 1/6 there as compared to in the sky.
Earth. So his weight will become 1/6th of that (ii) Constellations were very important to people
of the weight on Earth. long ago. These people used the night sky to
2. Comment on the statement: The tides wash tell time and seasons. Crop planting, festivals
in and out of beaches, shores and harbours and other events were planned according to
twice a day. the movement of the stars in constellations.
Ans: The Earth rotates through two tidal “bulges (iii) People long ago named the star pattern they
every lunar day. So coastal areas experience saw for objects, animals or famous people.
two high and two low tides every 24 hours People also made strange stories about
and 50 minutes. Hight tides occur 12 hours constellations.
and 25 minutes apart. It takes six hours for the (iv) We can observe many constellations in the
water at the shore to go from high to low, or night sky.
from low to high. a. Big Dipper Constellation:
The Big Dipper is a famous constellation.
3. If tides are caused by the gravity of the
There are seven visible stars in the Big Dipper. Four
Moon, why other objects on the Earth are
stars form the handle. The two bright stars on the end
not affected by it?
of the Big Dipper’s bowl point to the Pole Star. This
Ans: See Question No.
star helps in finding directions.
4. What kind of seasons will be on our Earth, if
it was not tilted about its axis?
Ans:i. If the Earth did not have a tilt, we wouldn’t
have seasons. The environment would be
unchanged. The temperature would vary
upon latitude. Equatorial regions would be
constantly hot and humid and polar regions
would always be cold. b. Cassiopeia Constellation.
ii. There would be no variability to the climate Cassiopeia is a constellation that seems to
as the year progresses. There would be minor move around the Pole Star all the year. Cassiopeia is
variations in temperature and precipitation on the opposite side of Pole Star from the Big Dipper
throughout the year. and about the same distance away. The five brightest
stars in Cassiopeia form the shape of a capital let-
12.4 Investigation: ter M or W. People long ago thought this star pattern
looked like a queen sitting on her throne.
Select some constellation patterns from internet or
library. Paste their images in your notebook. Try to
General Science for Class 7: Unit # 12 – Earth & Space 139

c. 200 N d. 30N
7. The weight of 10 kg watermelon of mass on
Earth, will become on moon:
a. 16N b. 26N
c. 36N d. 46N
8. High tides are seen in the oceans:
a. When the sea level falls to its lowest point
b. When the sea level rises to its maximum
height
c. Leo Constellation. c. When the sea level remains the same
Leo, the Lion is also a famous constellation d. None of these
seen in the months of March, April and May. Stars in 9. Axial tilt of the Earth is:
this constellation are arranged in the shape of back- a. 21.3˚ b. 23.5˚
ward question mark and a triangle. We can also find
c. 33.5˚ d. 43.5˚
this constellation with the help of two bright stars in
10. Orion (The Great Hunter) and Taurus (The
the bowl of the Big Dipper. If we look North, these
Bull) are examples of:
two stars indicate Pole Star. If we look South, these
two stars point to Leo Constellation. a. Galaxies b. Planets
c. Constellations d. None of these
11. When the South Pole of the Earth tilts to-
wards the Sun, then:
a. Southern Hemisphere receives maximum
direct Sun
b. Southern Hemisphere receives minimum
direct light
Additional MCQs c. Southern Hemisphere receives equal direct
light
1. SI unit of mass is: d. None of these
a. Gram b. Kilogram 12. Summer Solstice is:
c. Milligram d. None of these a. 21 August b. 21 July
2. 1 kg is __________ grams: c. 21 May d. 21 June
a. 10 b. 100 13. Winter Solstice is:
c. 1000 d. 10000 a. 22 November b. 22 October
3. One ton is equal to: c. 22 December d. 22 September
a. 100 kg b. 1000 kg 14. Autumnal Equinox is:
c. 10000 kg d. None of these a. 23 October b. 23 September
4. Mass of 10 kg on Earth if taken on Moon, c. 23 December d. None of these
then its mass will be: 15. If it is winter in Pakistan, then:
a. 5 kg b. 10 kg a. It will be winter in Australia
c. 100 kg d. 50 kg b. It will be autumn in Australia
5. On the surface of Earth, the value of g is: c. It will be spring in Australia
a. 12.8 N/kg b. 18.8 N/kg d. It will be summer in Australia
c. 9.8 N/kg d. 28.8 N/kg 16. Quantity of matter is called:
6. If mass is 2 kg, its weight on Earth will be: a. Weight b. Force
a. 2N b. 20N c. Mass d. None of these
140 General Science for Class 7: Unit # 12 – Earth & Space

17. Pakistan is located: b. Perpendicular

a. In Northern Hemisphere c. Straight
b. In Southern Hemisphere d. Same length
c. In Eastern Hemisphere 28. The gravitational attraction of the ______
d. In Western Hemisphere has major impact on ocean water.
18. Every object wants to maintain its state, ei- a. Earth b. Mars
ther rest or uniform speed. This property is c. Sun d. Moon
called: 29. Sl unit of weight is:
a. Initial b. Polar a. Newton b. Kilogram
c. Inertia d. None of these c. Metre per second
19. Force of gravity keeps _____ and moons in d. Pascal
their orbits. 30. If 20 kg mass is lifted from Earth to Moon,
a. Plants b. Planets what is its mass on Moon?
c. Animals d. Car a. 20 kg b. 2kg
20. Who gave The Law of Gravitation? c. 4 kg d. 3.2 kg
a. Louis Pasteur 31. If value of ‘g’ on a planet is 25N/kg then
b. Ibn-e-Sina what is weight of 2 kg body on it?
c. Abn-ul-Haitun a. 25 N b. 50 N
d. Sir Isaac Newton c. 75 N d. 150 N
21. There is a force which moves the body into a 32. If it is spring in southern hemisphere of
circle is called _______ earth then which weather is in northern
a. Centrifugal force hemisphere
b. Friction a. Summer b. Winter
c. Centripetal force c. Spring d. Autumn
d. Gravity 33. Which of following is involved in producing
22. Moon is the natural satellites of______. tides in ocean?
a. Earth b. Mars a. Gravitational pull of Moon on Earth
c. Jupiter d. Neptune b. Gravitational pull of Sun
23. Tablets are measure in mili______. c. Rotation of Earth
a. Meter b. gram d. All of these
c. litre d. second Solution:
24. On surface of Earth, value of g is _______. 1. b 2. c 3. b 4. b 5. c
a. 8.8 N/kg b. 10.8 N/kg 6. b 7. a 8. b 9. b 10. c
c. 9.8 N/kg d. 7.8 N/kg 11. a 12. d 13. c 14. b 15. d
25. If you jump up on moon, you will rise ____ 16. c 17. a 18. c 19. b 20. d
times height than that on earth. 21. c 22. a 23. b 24. c 25. b
a. 5 b. 6 26. a 27. b 28. d 29. a 30. a
c. 8 d. 7
31. b 32. d 33. d

n
26. Axial tilt of the earth is ______.
a. 23.5o b. 23.6o
c. 25.5o d. 24.5o
27. Earth is tilted at some angle from the ____ of
the orbital plane.
a. Parallel