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EnergyProcedia
Procedia153 (2018) 000–000
00 (2017) 389–395
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
5th International Conference on Energy and Environment Research, ICEER 2018
5th International Conference on Energy and Environment Research, ICEER 2018
Community-based spatial arrangement for sustainable village
Community-based
environmental spatial arrangement
– caseonstudy for sustainable village
The 15thimprovement
International Symposium District of Candirejo
Heating Village,
and Cooling
environmental improvement
Borobudur, – case study of Candirejo Village,
Indonesia
Borobudur,
Assessing the feasibility Indonesia
of using the heat demand-outdoor
temperature function for a Titin Fatimah*
long-term
Titin Fatimah*district heat demand forecast
Department of Architecture and Planning, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Tarumanagara,
a,b,c
I. Andrić *, A. Pina , P. Ferrão , J. Fournier ., B. Lacarrière , O. Le Correc
Department Jl.aLet. Jen.
of Architecture a Faculty
S. Parman
and Planning, No 1 Jakarta, b
Indonesia
of Engineering, 11440
Universitas c
Tarumanagara,
Jl. Let. Jen. S. Parman No 1 Jakarta, Indonesia 11440
a
IN+ Center for Innovation, Technology and Policy Research - Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
b
Veolia Recherche & Innovation, 291 Avenue Dreyfous Daniel, 78520 Limay, France
Abstract c
Département Systèmes Énergétiques et Environnement - IMT Atlantique, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, 44300 Nantes, France
Abstract
This study focuses on the effect of spatial arrangement initiated by village community on environmental improvement. It takes
Candirejo
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focusesinon Borobudur,
the effect Magelang
of spatial Regency
arrangement in Indonesia
initiated asbyavillage
case study. Candirejo
community on Village, locatedimprovement.
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of UNESCO
Abstract
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Village Borobudur, list Magelang
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study. village since
Candirejo Village, located2003. Previous
about research
3 km south east
shows that it has
of UNESCO a long
world historylist
heritage to Borobudur
reach the current
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has been renowned as an started around village
ecotourism 1980 through a yard Previous
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© 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. and typology. Three weather scenarios (low, medium, high) and three district
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Selection
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error, obtained Conference
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) heat demand on Energy
values and
were
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 5th International Conference on Energy and
Environment
compared
Selection and Research,
with results
peer-review ICEER
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under 2018.
dynamic heat
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Keywords:
(the errorspatial arrangement;
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was pattern; village20%
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for all weather development;
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Keywords: the error value increased
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village community
The value of slope coefficient increased on average within the range of 3.8% up to 8% per decade, that corresponds to the
decrease in the number of heating hours of 22-139h during the heating season (depending on the combination of weather and
renovation scenarios considered). On the other hand, function intercept increased for 7.8-12.7% per decade (depending on the
coupled scenarios). The values suggested could be used to modify the function parameters for the scenarios considered, and
improve the accuracy of heat demand estimations.

© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +62-813-1038-3939; fax: +0-000-000-0000 .
Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and
* E-mail address:
Corresponding [email protected]
author. Tel.: +62-813-1038-3939; fax: +0-000-000-0000 .
Cooling.
E-mail address: [email protected]
1876-6102© 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Keywords:
This Heat
is an open demand;
access Forecast; Climate change license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
1876-6102© 2018 Thearticle under
Authors. the CC by
Published BY-NC-ND
Elsevier Ltd.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND licensecommittee of the 5th International Conference on Energy and Environment
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Research, and
Selection ICEER 2018. under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 5th International Conference on Energy and Environment
peer-review
Research, ICEER 2018.
1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
1876-6102 © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 5th International Conference on Energy and
Environment Research, ICEER 2018.
10.1016/j.egypro.2018.10.074
390 Titin Fatimah / Energy Procedia 153 (2018) 389–395
Titin Fatimah / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000

1. Introduction

Settlements and the environment is an integral part of the process of human life. They have effects on the quality
of life of the inhabitants. Unsurprisingly, efforts were made to improve the quality of housing environment in order to
increase the quality of human life. Settlement issue is important as it is also mentioned in the Sustainable Development
Goals (SDGs) adopted by UNDP since September 2015. Goal Number 11 aims to make cities and human settlements
inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable. Therefore, providing sustainable human settlement is considered as important
[1].
Issues on challenges of how to achieve sustainable human settlements have been discussed by many experts in the
international sphere [2,3]. Sustainable settlement environment depends on our engagement towards future
generations. That is why responsibility and solidarity are the key issues to good governance for sustainable
human settlements [4]. Therefore, community-based development is important because all residents,
including future generations, are involved and actively doing the activities.
Neighborhoods are formed by the occupancy of a place for human activities. The formation of a neighborhood is a
process involving human activity patterns reprocically connects with the setting of both physical and non-physical
(social and cultural) environments in which the activities take place. These physical and non-physical aspects directly
affect the activity patterns and the placement processes [5]. In other words, residential patterns also play an important
role in shaping the pattern of activity of its inhabitants.
Discussing about spatial patterns, residential space cannot be separated from the study of the landscape. Sevenant
and Antrop hypothesize that traditionally settlements would occupy the sites where the soil is fertile so that the settlers
can cultivate the land and control it properly. This can be seen in the pattern of settlements in which the residential
and agricultural areas are quite close to each other and the view is not too obstructed [6].
Javanese rural areas in general have special characteristics in terms of the spatial pattern of the villages. Settlement
area in a village usually consists of houses and the ‘in-between spaces’ that creates a typical space with vernacular
nuance. Spatial patterns in the village environment create a unique atmosphere and nuance and show the rural
characteristics. It can be seen from traditional houses built, large yards planted with trees and greenery, the village’s
streets, green fences, and so on. Those various elements create a harmony of rural environment. It is undeniable that
good environmental quality will bring a good life for the village residents.
This study took Candirejo Village as a case study because this village has special characteristics in its spatial pattern
arrangement. Candirejo Village has long history on community development as well as village environment
improvement. The development has brought out some changes in the village’s spatial arrangement. Therefore it is
interesting to know how the village environment has changed and how the village community brought about such
changes.

1.1. Objectives

This study aims to reveal how community-based spatial arrangement has brought positive impacts on village
environmental improvement. It also explores how spatial patterns inside a village were formed and evolved into the
current situation.

1.2. Research Method

This study is a qualitative research using grounded research methodology. Data collection was primarily conducted
through field observation and in-depth interviews. Literature study is used as the secondary data source. This study
was conducted through longitudinal field investigation to know the current village condition and the history of the
village development. Several interview sessions with villagers are conducted to obtain data on rural development and
environmental improvement. The interviewees were chosen from key persons in the village development process, such
as a former village chief, village elders, the head of tourism cooperative, and other important community leaders. A
compilation of secondary data, which including newspaper clippings, articles, reports on activities, books, and so forth,
was also conducted to support the analysis. In addition, to determine the circumstances of the field in the form of
spatial arrangement of rural residential and how they changed over time, a field mapping and related analysis were
 Titin Fatimah / Energy Procedia 153 (2018) 389–395 391
Titin Fatimah / EnergyProcedia 00 (2018) 000–000 3

also carried out. Field mapping was focused on the settlements in the Kedungombo and Mangundadi hamlets, both
located near the village center. Both hamlets have spatial patterns that represent any other hamlets in the village.

2. Village Spatial Pattern and Arrangement

The environment can be seen as a set of relationships between objects and objects, objects and human, as well as
human and human. These relationships have a pattern and structure because an environment is not randomly formed
but based on the environmental setting and on certain intended schemes to facilitate the activities of human life. Objects
and people are connected in varying degrees of separation (degrees of separation) in and by space [5].
The followings are vernacular forms of space, which contribute in forming the scenery of human settlement within
the village in Java [6]:

• Plataran: yard for public activities/playing ground for children in the neighbourhood. Usually this kind of open
space is formed by a cluster of houses, but sometimes as a part of a house, especially those that owned by high
class families. The space is also shaded by productive plants.
• Kebon: land around the house cultivated usually by the household woman with vegetables, small fruit trees or
medical related plants.
• Kebonan: larger than kebon, not always around the house but still within the village, planted with big fruit trees
such as banana, salak or trees for building material such as bamboo.
• Tegal/ladang: up land, generally located out of the village and planted by food plants such as corn.
• Sawah: wet land/paddy field
• Alas: forest or wildery, relatively far away from the village. These kinds of lands are usually of public ownership.

Spatial pattern of settlement area is influenced by the local culture and wisdom (genius loci). That is why the spatial
pattern of rural settlements in Java may be different from other areas outside Java which has different culture. For
example, the spatial pattern of traditional villages in Bali has special characteristics based on Balinese people customs
and culture. The typology of spatial settlement patterns of traditional villages in Bali guided by the concept of Tri Hita
Karana which is based on the belief system and religion (Hinduism). Alit [7] explains that the settlement patterns of
indigenous communities in Bali accommodate their community who still strongly hold and perform the system
elements of Balinese culture, especially the values, norms and rules of Balinese religion/belief system. Such patterns
are adopted as their effort to create harmony of relationship between human with God, with his fellow human beings,
and with the natural environment.
Another local wisdom that still strongly encourages Javanese village people to maintain their environment is
Hamemayu Bayuning Bawana which means making the earth more beautiful. It is a Javanese philosophy that still obeyed
by village communities in Java [8].

3. Candirejo Village at a Glance

Candirejo village is located about 3 km to the southeast of Borobudur Word Heritage Site which is also a major
tourist destination in Indonesia (see Fig.1). The village is now known as one of the pioneers of the tourist village
development in Central Java province, even in Indonesia. Since 2003 Candirejo has been established as a tourism
village with community-based ecotourism principles. Community-based ecotourism emphasizes the role of local
communities in tourism activities in order to value environmental conservation. Candirejo village is an agrarian village
where people mostly live from farming. Several agricultural potentials are utilized for agricultural tour packages such
as organic farming, fruit harvesting, and so forth. Candirejo Village had participated and won several village
competitions at the regency and provincial level. For their efforts of maintaining the village environment, in 2007 they
also received the prestigious Indonesian environmental award of ‘Kalpataru’ for the pioneer category.
392 Titin Fatimah / Energy Procedia 153 (2018) 389–395
Titin Fatimah / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000

3.1. Site Context and Geography

On the south side, Candirejo Village is situated on the foot of Menoreh Hills, while the north side is bordered by
Progo River. Situated 100-600 meters above sea level, this village has two types of land topography, hilly area on the
south side and plain area on the north side. In total, it occupies an area of 366.25 ha which includes rice field, dry field,
pekarangan/yard, settlement, and so on (see Fig.2). Physically, the settlement area in Candirejo Village has a unique
character with their wide yard planted of rambutan trees and bordered by green fences (see Fig.5). Traditional houses
are still in use and several houses utilized as guest houses for homestay programs. There are a number of historical
sites in the village which are potential for tourist attractions.

Fig. 1. Candirejo Village site context Fig. 2. Candirejo Village land use map

Social, Culture and Community

The population of Candirejo Village is 4379 within 1257 households. By occupation, most of the residents are
farmer and still live a traditional lifestyle. They have their own social system and social customs which are still
practiced in their daily life. For instance, they practice gotong-royong (mutual burden-share & cooperation) spirit in
keeping their surrounding environment clean. They also still highly appreciate the principle of tepo-seliro
(empathy/respecting each other) as one of their common wisdoms [9,10]. They have a regular community forum called
selapanan, which is held every 35 days, in which they discuss any problems occurred in their village. This meeting is
also called rembuk desa which means ‘village meeting’, be it carried out at the village level or at the hamlet level.
There are also several community-based organizations such as farmer associations, andong driver associations, artists
associations etc, most of which, joined the village’s ‘Tourism Village Cooperative’ [10,11,12].

3.2. Ecotourism Activities

9 000
7 641

7 687

7 235

8 000
6 672
6 276

7 000
5 946

5 570
5 362

5 371

6 000
4 951

Foreign visitor
4 425

5 000
3 936
3 695

Domestic visitor
3 078

3 063

4 000
2 873

2 949
2 029

1 864
1 796

1 741

3 000 Total
1 556

1 872

1 365

1 102
1 056
1 043

1 015
1 449

1 282
1 424

1 077
1 118
1 114
1 071

1 057

2 000
973

937
912
644

632
611
432

1 000
61
43

-
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Fig. 3. Visitors of Candirejo Village (source: Candirejo Tourism Village Cooperative, 2018)
 Titin Fatimah / Energy Procedia 153 (2018) 389–395 393
Titin Fatimah / EnergyProcedia 00 (2018) 000–000 5

Tourism activity in Candirejo Village is generally under the management of ‘Tourism Village Cooperative’. Fig.3
shows the number of tourists visit since 2003 that is significantly rising during 2010-2015 [12]. They offer a number
of village tour packages such as village tour by bicycle, walking or andong (traditional horse carriage); sun rise
trekking to Watu Kendil Site on the top of Menoreh Hills; cooking lesson; lunch in a traditional house; homestay, etc.
Visitors can enjoy the atmosphere of daily life in the village, seeing the village’s beautiful sceneries, playing the
Javenese traditional music of gamelan, etc. Homestay programs have started since 2002 mostly by utilizing traditional
houses in the village as the accommodation facility [13].

4. Community development and Spatial Arrangement in Candirejo Village

According to the research field investigation and interviews, Candirejo Village had started their community
movement since the 1980s (see Table 1). The movement was initiated by the village people who thought that the
village environment needs improvement due to its bad condition. At that time Candirejo Village was a poor village
with dirty and gloomy condition. They also had bad sanitation & hygiene condition: there were only few people had
a private toilet and most villagers defecated in open air such as at the nearest river or in the nearby bamboo yards. This
condition forced the village community to do something. After carrying out several village meetings, the villagers
agreed to clean up their environment and made improvement for the betterment of their village [13,14]. They cleaned
their respective yards by cutting off over-crowded and unnecessary trees and replacing them with more useful and
productive fruit trees such as rambutan. Typically, the rambutan trees were planted inside their yard while other
greeneries along the edge of the yard as border (see Fig.4). In addition, vegetables and traditional medicine herbs were
planted under the trees. Up to now, the village’s residents have also developed drainage and waste management
systems for healthier environment. The fact that this village is an ecotourism village has motivated the residents to
keep their environment clean and comfortable. The Cooperative also pays additional incentive for each hamlet visited
by tourists.

Traditional house and pathway Rambutan trees in the yard

Legend: ■Houses ■River ■Bamboo trees ■Rambutan trees

Fig. 4. Changes of plantation types in settlement area of Kedungombo and Green fences as border Yard area in front of houses
Mangundadi Hamlet (source: [13]) Fig. 5. Scenes of Candirejo Village and its spatial elements
(source: field survey)

Table 1 below shows the efforts of improving & developing Candirejo village which had been carried out by the
community and successfully caused positive changes on the village environment.

Table 1. Community development in Candirejo Village

Time Community development & Achievement Time Community development & Achievement
1980s The idea of rural environmental development 2001/4 Assistance from PATRA-PALA, supported by JICA
1982 Yard cleaning program and vegetation replacement 2003 ‘Community-based Ecotourism Village’ established
1983/4 Successful program in Pucungan Hamlet, then 2003 Establishment of Tourism Village Cooperative
394 Titin Fatimah / Energy Procedia 153 (2018) 389–395
Titin Fatimah / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000

applied to other hamlets

Making a village Master Plan supported by PATRA-
1985 Garden planting program by Woman Farming Group 2003
PALA and INDECON
1986 The 1st Harvesting Festival 2004 Making of Ecotourism Village site plan
Visiting Agriculture Research Center in Malang, East Received ‘Kalpataru’ Award for environment pioneer
1991 2007
Java Province category (National level)
1997 Won a village competition in Magelang Regency 2008 Making of village art stage and tourists park area
Won a village competition on yard management “PNPM Pariwisata”, national program for community
1998 2009/11
(Central Java Province level) empowerment in tourism
1999 Establishment of “Desa Binaan” (assisted village) 2014 Development of Pendopo Omah Biyung
2000 Assistance from ISI and KKN-UGM 2017 Development of Balai Ekonomi Desa from CSR
(Source: field survey analysis by author)
The above efforts also had impacts on the pattern of arrangement of residential spaces in the village. There are
several elements form the village spatial pattern: buildings (house, public facilities, stall, cage, rice barn, etc.), yards
(plataran, kebon and kebonan), circulation ways/traffic spaces (streets, pathways), vegetations (trees, lower plantation,
greeneries) (see Fig.5). The recognition and awards in various competitions in the 1997-1998 has also strengthened
the pride and sense of belonging of the villagers towards their village. These achievements encourage the village
communities to participate in the programs of improvement and development of the village. Tourism activities also
give benefits to them as well as further motivate the villagers to keep and conserve their environment. All these
collaborative efforts by the community can encourage the sustainable village improvement.

5. Conclusion

According to the analysis, it can be concluded that environmental village improvement in Candirejo Village has
been initiated since in 1980s through the implementation of yard cleaning program and spatial arrangement inside the
village settlement area. This program had resulted a better environment in the village which was proven by the
recognition and awards from several village competitions at various levels. These achievements motivated further
village residents to participate in the programs of keeping their surrounding environment. It also has raised pride and
sense of belonging among village residents. On the other hand, community-based ecotourism activities also encourage
the village people to keep and conserve their environment. Combined, these efforts had lead to sustainable village
environmental improvement.

Acknowledgements

Author would like to shows gratitude to all parties who supported and helped during the research: Prof. Kiyoko
Kanki (Kanki Lab, Kyoto University), Mine Kaneko dan Takaragawa Yuichi (former Honda Lab members, Wakayama
University), Candirejo Village communities and Candirejo Tourism Village Cooperative staffs.

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