Lecture # ___ If-then STATEMENTS 3. If the triangles are equilateral, then the triangles are isosceles.

• An If-then statement is composed of two clauses: the if-clause and Hypothesis ____________________________________
then-clause. Conclusion _____________________________________
• We can denote a letter for each clause, p (hypothesis) for the if-
clause and q (conclusion) for the then-clause. Rewriting statements in the if-then form
• The statement is in the form, “If p then q.”
Examples:
• Conditional statements are formed by joining two statements p and q
1. I bring my umbrella when it is raining.
using the words if and then.
(Rewrite in if-then form, considering what causes what. In this situation, it is
• The logical connector in a conditional statement is denoted by the the rain that causes me to bring umbrella.)
symbol ⟶ If-then form: If it is raining, then I bring my umbrella.
• The p statement is called the hypothesis that tells us what is the
given information, or the condition (or assumed) 2. The angles in a triangle add up to 180 degrees.
• The q statement is called the conclusion that tells us what to follow If-then form: If a shape is a triangle, then its angles add up to 180 degrees.
from the assumption or what is the result of the given information.
SW#____. Write the possible conclusion (q) on second statement based
Examples: on the first statement.
1: If we turn off the water in the shower, then the water will stop pouring.
Hypothesis: we turn off the water in the shower 1. a. Students who are good in Mathematics are smart.
Conclusion: the water will stop pouring b. If Josiah is good in mathematics, then ________________________.
2. a. Young actresses are health conscious.
2: If two angles are supplementary, then the sum of their measures is 180. b. If Liza is a young actress, then ______________________________.
Hypothesis: two angles are supplementary 3. a. Two points determine a line.
Conclusion: the sum of their measures is 180 b. If there are two points then it will ____________________________.
3: I’ll wash the car if the weather is nice. 4. a. Parallel lines do not intersect.
can be written as: If the weather is nice, then I’ll wash the car. b. If line m and line n are parallel lines then they __________________.
Hypothesis: the weather is nice 5. a. A triangle is a polygon with 3 sides.
Conclusion: I’ll wash the car b. If it is a triangle then ___________________________.
4: I’ll be good in Math when I study hard. • The conditional is defined to be true unless
can be written as: If I study hard, then I will be good in Math. a true hypothesis leads to a false
Hypothesis: I study hard conclusion.
Conclusion: I will be good in Math. • The implication 𝒑 ⟶ 𝒒 is always true
5: All equilateral triangles are equiangular. except in the case that p is true, and q is
can be written as: If a triangle is equilateral then it is equiangular. false.
Hypothesis: a triangle is equilateral • See the truth table for the implications on
Conclusion: it is equiangular the right.
SW#___
I. Identify the hypothesis and conclusion of the following conditional Example 1. Given: (p) 8 is an odd number. false
statements. (q) 9 is composite. true
1. If two even integers are multiplied, then the product is also even. Problem: What does 𝒑 ⟶ 𝒒 represent?
Solution: Since hypothesis p is false and conclusion q is true, the conditional
Hypothesis ____________________________________
𝒑 ⟶ 𝒒 is TRUE.
Conclusion _____________________________________ Example 2: Given:(p) 8 is an odd number. true
2. If the quadrilaterals are rectangle, then they are equiangular. (q) 9 is composite. false
Hypothesis ____________________________________ Problem: What does 𝒑 ⟶ 𝒒 represent? Solution: Since hypothesis p is true
Conclusion _____________________________________ and conclusion q is false, the conditional 𝒑 ⟶ 𝒒 is FALSE.
SW#____. Write the following statements in the if-then form then identify Lecture # ___ DIFFERENT TYPES OF STATEMENTS
the hypothesis and conclusion. • The converse of a statement is formed by exchanging the hypothesis and
the conclusion.
1. Perpendicular lines form right angles. • The inverse of a statement is formed by negating both the hypothesis and
conclusion.
If-then form:__________________________________
• The contrapositive of a statement is formed by negating the hypothesis and
Hypothesis:___________________________________ conclusion of the converse of the given statement.
If-then statement: "If it rains, then they cancel classes."
Conclusion:___________________________________ p q
Converse: "If they cancel classes, then it rains.”
2. The sum of the measures of complementary angles is 90o. q p
Inverse: "If it will not rain, then they will not cancel classes.”
If-then form:__________________________________ ~p ~q
Contrapositive: "If they will not cancel classes, then it will not rain."
Hypothesis:___________________________________ ~q ~p

Conclusion:___________________________________

3. A triangle is a polygon with three sides.

If-then form:__________________________________

Hypothesis:___________________________________

Conclusion:___________________________________
SW#____
4. The intersection of two lines is a point. A. Complete the statements below by supplying the missing terms.
1. If a number is a whole number, then it is an integer.
If-then form:__________________________________
a. Converse: If a number is an ______________, then it is a whole number.
b. Inverse: If a number is ___________ a whole number, then it is ______ an
Hypothesis:___________________________________
integer.
Conclusion:___________________________________ c. Contrapositive: If a number is not an integer, then it is not a __________.
2. If you live in Llano, then you live in Caloocan.
5. The intersection of two lines is a point. a. Converse: If you live in Caloocan, then you live in ___________________.
b. Inverse: If you _______________ live in Llano, then you do not live in
If-then form:__________________________________
Caloocan.
Hypothesis:___________________________________ c. Contrapositive: If you do not live in ______________, then you do not live
in Llano.
Conclusion:___________________________________ B. Given the if-then statements, write its converse, inverse, and contrapositive.
Ex: If-then form: If two angles are adjacent, then they form a linear pair.
Converse: If two angles form a linear pair, then they are adjacent.
Inverse: If two angles are not adjacent, then they do not form a linear pair.
Contrapositive: If two angles do not form a linear pair, then they are not
adjacent.
 2. Statement: Congruent angles are angles whose measures are equal.
3. If-then form: If a polygon is a quadrilateral, then it is a four-sided polygon. ∠A and ∠B are congruent angles.
Conclusion: Therefore, ∠A and ∠B are angles whose measures are equal.
Converse: _______________________________________________
Inverse: _________________________________________________ SW# ___
A. Make a conclusion based on the given situation using inductive
Contrapositive: ___________________________________________
reasoning.
4. If-then form: If two lines are perpendicular, then they form right angles. 1. 1, 10, 100, 1000. The next number is ____________.
Converse: _______________________________________________ 2. Acute angles are angles whose measure is greater than 0º but less than
90º. ∠A and ∠B are acute angles. Therefore,
Inverse: _________________________________________________ __________________________________.
Contrapositive: ___________________________________________ 3. Amanda is a Caloocan resident. Caloocan residents follow the rules and
regulations of the city.
5. If-then form: If two lines intersect at a right angle, then they are
Therefore,_______________________________________________.
perpendicular. 4. 3, 10, 17, 24, 31, …..
Converse: _______________________________________________
Inverse: _________________________________________________ 5. Study the pattern and draw the next figure. __________
Contrapositive: ___________________________________________
B. Directions: Complete the table below by using deductive reasoning.

Lecture #___ TYPES OF REASONING: INDUCTIVE AND DEDUCTIVE

Inductive reasoning uses specific examples to arrive at a general rule,

generalization or conclusion. The conclusion may be true or false.

Illustrative examples:
1. My Math teacher is strict.
My previous Math teacher was strict.
All Math teachers are strict.
2. Determine the next term of the given sequence.3, 5, 8, 12, 17, _____.
The next term is 23.

Deductive reasoning uses general statements or accepted facts to

reason in a step-by-step manner in order to arrive at a specific and valid
conclusion. It includes hypothesis and conclusion. A statement or logical
argument that is supported or justified by accepted facts or reasons is known
as proof.

Illustrative examples:
1. Statement: Grade 8 learners are good in Math.
Marikit is a grade 8 learner.
Conclusion: Therefore, Marikit is good in Math.
Lecture #____ DIRECT AND INDIRECT PROOFS Aside from the properties, you should remember this:
• A direct proof assumes that the hypothesis of a conjecture is true, and A postulate is a statement that is accepted without proof.
then uses a series of logical deductions to prove that the conclusion of the A theorem is a statement accepted after it is proven deductively.
conjecture is true.
Here are the steps TO PERFORM a direct proof:
• Direct proof can be done in two ways: paragraph form and two 1. You need to identify the hypothesis and conclusion of the conjecture that
column form. you are going to prove
In writing proofs, the properties of equality and congruence are used as 2. Assume that the hypothesis is true.
basis for reasoning. 3. Use definitions, properties, theorems, etc. to make a series of deductions
that eventually prove the conclusion of the conjecture to be true
4. State that by direct proof, the conclusion of the statement must be true.
PARAGRAPH FORM
Example:

TWO-COLUMN PROOF