Annexure - I

PART A – MICRO – PROJECT PROPOSAL

‘DIFFERENT TYPES OF FORMWORK AND MATERIALS USED FOR

FORMWORK ’

1.0 Aim of the micro-project:

1) To identify types of formwork, and their classification due various materials used.

2) To identify the types of formwork and their uses according to various conditions.

2.0 Intended Course Outcome :

e. Maintain the quality of concrete .

3.0 Proposed of methodology:

1. We will collect the relevant information about the different types of formwork .

2. We will also find the importance types of formwork according to various conditions.

4.0 Resource Required

Sr. No. Name of the resource/material Specification

1. International Journal of ISSN: 2278-0181
Engineering Research & Published by : www.ijert.org Vol. 8 Issue 08,
Technology (IJERT) August-2019
2. Strength of Material Punmia B.C.
5.0 Action Plan

Sr. No. Details of activity planned Team members

Start date Finish date
1. Selection of topic 10/9/23 15/9/23 Sangram Salunkhe
2. Collection of 17/9/23 25/9/23
information Shreyash Kore
3. To prepare report 26/9/23 4/10/23 Anirudha Jadhav
4. Final drafting of 10/10/23 23/10/23 .
report Yash Kadam

GROUP – G

Sr. No. Name of the Enrollment Roll No. Exam Seat No.
student NO.
1. Sangram Salunkhe 2200090214 131

2. Shreyash Kore 2200090217 134

2200090222
3. Anirudha Jadhav 139
4. Yash Kadam 2200090224 141
Annexure – II

PART B – MICRO – PROJECT PROPOSAL

“Different types of formwork ”

1.0 Rational

Formwork, Mould used to form concrete into structural shapes (beams, columns, slabs,
shells) for building. Formwork can be of timber, steel, plastic, or fiberglass. The inside
surface is coated with a bond breaker (plastic or oil) to keep the concrete from sticking to
the mold. Important for high-rise construction is slip forming, whereby a vertical concrete
element is continuously cast using a short section of formwork that is repeatedly
disassembled and moved upward as each section is finished or that moves slowly and
continuously as concrete is being placed. This is sometimes called a climbing form.

2.0 benefits of the Micro-project

To understand different types of Formworks and materials used for them.

3.0 Outcome Address

e. To maintain the quality of concrete.

4.0Literature Review

Concrete is a principal construction material in building industry. Formwork plays an

important role in assisting geometry realisation and strength development of concrete
elements. It is also one of the major costs in the construction of concrete structures. The use
of formwork has a long history, and various formwork systems have been used in different
projects. In the design and selection of formwork system, the requirements, such as safety,
cost, structural geometry, construction time and surface quality need to be taken into account.
This paper presents a comprehensive review of various formwork systems in concrete
construction, including their raw materials, flexibility, fabrication methods, applications in
concrete structures and environmental impacts. The advantages and current limitations of
different formwork systems are compared and discussed, and finally recommendations are
given.

5.0 Actual methodology followed

1. We collected the relevant information about different types of Formworks.
2. We also found the important types of Formworks according to various condition.
6.0 Actual Resources Used

Sr. No. Name of the resource/material Specification

Concrete Gambhir, M.L. Tata McGraw Hill Publishing
1. Technology Co. Ltd. , New Delhi

2. Concrete Technology A.R. Oxford

INTRODUCTION:

In construction, forms or shutters are mold structures in which concrete is poured and waited to harden over
time. When the strength of the concrete poured reaches the required levels to hold their own weight, the forms
are taken out. So a formwork is a frame of a temporary or permanent structure into which hardening concrete
is poured.

❖
TYPES OF FORMWORK (VISITED SITE)

1) Steel formwork
2) Wooden formwork
➢
Steel formwork

Steel formwork allows re-uses of the shutter for many times and they are used in huge
construction projects. Curved structures like chimneys, huge columns, tunnels, and water
tanks are mostly built with steel formwork. They are strong and last for a long time. Steel
formwork can be re-used at least 100 times. They are easy to install and detach, thereby
allowing the quick and efficient process. The completed surface of the concrete also comes
in smooth and neat. The formwork used does not absorb water and also reduces the chances
of honeycombing.

➢
Wooden formwork
Timber formworks have been used for a long time and they are used in small construction jobs
all around the world. The only condition for this formwork is that the timber used shouldbe
strong, treatable and durable to have strong flats in Chennai. They should be light and hold
nails together firmly. Warps in timbers are not advisable and they should also be properly
seasoned. Timber formworks are flexible and the same makes it easy to handle.
With amazing insulating properties, it is great for construction works in cold places. Their
flexibility allows them to be formed into different forms and sizes.

❖
REQUIREMENTS OF GOOD FORMWORK

1. It should be according to IS 456-2000

2. It should practically waterproof so that it should not absorb water from concrete.
3. It should be strong and durable.
4. It can be cheaper and reusable.
5. It should be with minimum shrinkage and swelling.
6. Its contact surface should be uniform.
7. It should be light in weight.
❖
FORMWORK FOR DIFFERENT STRUCTURAL MEMBER

1) Footing Forms – Formworks for Foundation

The first step for any concrete construction starts with the construction of foundation.
Foundation can be for columns or walls. So, based on type of structural member, the
shape and size of footing are designed. Thus formwork size and shape depends on the
type and dimension of the footing.

Fig. 1. Formwork for foundation

2) Formwork for Concrete Column

Shuttering for a column is simple as compare to other complex structural elements.

Column Formwork consists of the following main components:

i. Sheeting all around the column periphery,

ii. Side yokes and end yokes,
iii. Wedges, and
iv. Bolts with washers.
Figure below is the detail of the formwork for a square column.
 Fig. 2. Formwork for square or rectangular column

In this formwork, the side yokes and end yokes contain two numbers each and are perfectly
placed alongside the peak of the column. Generally, the two-side yokes are comparatively of
the weighted section and are tagged together by two long bolts of 16 mm dia perfectly.
Between the bolts and the end yokes, four wedges, one at each corner, are inserted. The
sheathing is fixed by nail to the yokes.

Fig.3. A Typical section of Octagonal and Round Column

3) Shuttering For Beam and Slab Floor

Figure .3. shows the formwork for the beam and slab floor. As shown in the fig the slab is
continuous over a number of beams. The slab is supported on 2.5 cm thick sheathing laid
parallel to the most beams. Normally, the sheathing is held on wooden battens whichare
laid between the beams, at some suitable spacing.

In order to scale back deflection, the battens could also be propped within the middle of
the span through joists. In the side forms of the beam, 3 cm thick sheathing is used. The
bottom sheathing of the beam form maybe 5 to 7 cm thick.
 Fig. 4. Shuttering in Beams and slabs floor – section across beams

4) Concrete Stairs Formwork (Shuttering )

As shown in fig.6. The following are the components used in concrete Stairs
formwork: Cross joists, String, Stiffener, Risers, Decking, Ledger, Cut String,
Hangers, Boards, Strut, etc.

The risers planks are 4 to 5 cm thick and equal to the height of the riser. These planks are
beveled at the bottom to permit the whole of the tread faced to be trowelled.
The riser planks are placed after the reinforcement has been fixed in position. The treads are left
open for placement of concreting and vibration. Normally as shown in the fig the stiffener is wired
to cross-joists through the decking.

Fig. 6. Form work for Stairs – Top view

❖
CAUSES OF FAILURE OF FORMWORK
1) Improper stripping and shore removal.
2) Inadequate bracing.
3) Inadequate control of concrete placement.
4) Inadequate concrete strength development.
5) Excessive vibration and impact.
6) Unstable soil order mudsills and out of plumb shores.
7) Lack of attention of formwork details.
8) When formwork is not at fault.

❖
STRIPPING TIME
In no circumstances, forms shall be struck until the concrete reaches a strength of a minimum of
twice the strain to which the concrete could even be subjected at the time of striking.

As soon as possible for a longer time, the formwork should be kept in contact, because it might
withstand the curing. In normal condition, generally when the temperature is above 20 ⁰C and
where ordinary cement is used, forms can be stripped after the following periods:

1. For Walls, columns and vertical sides of beams – 24 to 48 hours as may

be according to side condition recommended by engineer-in-charge.
2. In Slab soffits (props left under) – 3 days.
3. In Beam soffits (props left under) – 7 days.
4. Removal of props to slabs:
For slab Spanning up to 4.5 m - 7 Days , For slab Spanning over 4.5 m –14 Days
5. In the beams and arches props can be removed as :
• For member Spanning up to 6 m – 14 days.
• For member Spanning over 6 m – 21 days.
❖
MAINTENANCE OF FORMWORK
Due to continuous use wooden planks & steel plates surfaces become uneven and
require maintenance.
For wooden formwork use cardboard or plastic fiber board. Bolt hole places must also
be repaired.
For steel formwork plates must be leveled by mallet and loose corners must be welded
❖
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF FORMWORK

Advantages of timber formwork

1) Easy handling because it’s light weight.
2) Easy to disassemble.
3) Damaged parts can be replaced with new one.
4) Very flexible.

1) Can’t be used for long. Have limited re-use. Can only be re-used 5 or 6 times.
2) If the timber is dry, it will absorb moisture from wet concrete which could weaken
the resultant concrete member.
3) Timber with high moisture content (more than 20 % moisture content), wet
concrete will shrink & cup leading to open joints & leakage of grout

Advantages of steel formwork

i. Very strong and able to carry heavy load.
ii. Easy to be fixed.
iii. Uniform size and surface.
iv. Can be used for a very long time.

Disadvantages of steel formwork

i. Limited size or shape.
ii. Excessive loss of heat.
iii. A very smooth surface will be produced which would give problems for
finishing process.

8.0 Skill Developed / Learning outcome of this Micro-project

1) Deep thinking.
2) Communication skill.
3) Problem solving skill.
4) Co-ordination.

9.0 Future Improvement

1. Analyze & design different types of concrete works using formwork
2. Making formwork for antique making.