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QUESTIONS & MODEL ANSWERS

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Development
2. Culture & Development
3. Gender & Development
4. Government
5. Human Rights
6. Social Justice
7. Courtship & Marriage
8.

1 DEVELOPMENT

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1. What is development?
Development is the sustained elevation of an entire society or social system towards a
better human life.

2. Why is development important?

a. Development helps to increase the availability and widen the distribution of basic life
sustaining goods e.g. food, shelter, health and protection.
b. Development is a necessary condition for the improvement in the quality of life.
c. Development raises the levels of living by providing higher incomes, more jobs,
better education and paying attention to humanistic values.
d. Development helps to expand the range of economic and social choices available to
individuals and nations.

3. Write down all the dimensions or aspects of development.

a. Political development
b. Economic development
c. Technological development
d. Social development

4. Who is the main actor in development?

> Government

5. List all the actors in development?

a. Individuals
b. Family
c. Community
d. Country (public and private sectors)
e. International community e.g. UNDP, EDF, DANIDA

6. Write down all the components or loci to which development strategies should pay
attention.
a. Private sector development
b. Public sector development
c. Community development
d. Family development
e. Individual development

7. Define social development.

It is the general well-being of people within a social setting.

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 8. Explain what you know about economic development.
Economic development is economic growth combined with improvements in the
living standards of people.

9. When does economic growth occur?

Economic growth occurs where there is an increase in the amount of goods and
services produced by a country.

10. How long is economic growth measured?

Economic growth is normally measured over a period of one year.

11. Why is economic growth on its own, not economic development?

Economic growth on its own is not economic development because economic growth
does not consider how wealth is distributed in a nation.

12. Social and economic developments are normally referred to as socio-economic

development. (Discuss)
This is because social development cannot be attained in the absence of economic
development thus the achievement of sustained social development needs sound
economic policies.

13. List down three educational indicators of social and economic development.

a. Adult literacy rate:

This is the percentage of people aged 15 and above who cannot read and write.

b. School enrollment ratio:

This is the number of children of official school age enrolled in primary or
secondary school, expressed as a percentage of number of children of official
school age for those levels in the population.

c. School dropout rate:

This is the percentage of students who drop out before completing a
particular cycle e.g. primary or secondary school.

14. How do the educational indicators above contribute to social and economic development?
High adult literacy rate, high school enrollment ratio and low school dropout rate help
many people to acquire education which helps in the provision of semi-skilled and

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 skilled labour force needed in the production of goods and services as educated
people contribute effectively to the development of their communities and nations.

15. Write down all the health indicators of social and economic development.
a. Percentage of population with access to safe water;
b. Percentage of population with access to sanitation;
c. Infant mortality rate:

This is the number of infants who die before reaching the age of one,
expressed as per 1000 live births in a given year;
d. Maternal mortality rate:
This is the number of women who die during pregnancy or child birth,
expressed per 100,000 live births;
e. Life expectancy at birth:
The number of years a person would live based on statistical probability.

16. Write down all the indicators of economic development.

a. Crime rate
b. Infrastructure
c. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Gross National Product (GNP)
d. GNP per capita
e. Distribution of income and consumption
f. Unemployment levels

17. List down all the social development initiatives in communities.

a. Roads b. Houses c. Schools
d. Churches e. Mosques f. Banks
g. Post offices h. Hospitals i. Markets

18. Write down and explain all the factors which contribute to economic development.
a. Market liberalization: This is the removal of barriers to trade
b. Privatization: This is the process of moving activity from public sector to private
sector.

c. Industrialization: This is the process of expanding the country's capacity to produce

secondary goods and services.

d. Import substitution: This is the government's attempt to replace imports with

domestically or locally produced goods through industrialization.

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 e. Urbanization: This is the economic and demographic process involved in the growth
of towns and cities.
f. Taxation
g. Peace and stability
h. Availability of resources
i. Management of resources

19. What is political development?

Political development is how “control, power and authority” are acquired and
exercised so as to benefit the majority of those who are governed.

20. Define "power and control"?

This is the ability to cause others to change their behaviours and do what the power
holder wants.

21. What is authority?

This is the right to enforce obedience.

22. When is power illegitimate?

When it is not recognized and accepted by the majority of those who are governed.

23. Write down all the indicators of political development.

a. Political awareness and citizen participation
b. Political tolerance
c. Ability to choose own leaders
d. Political institutions
e. Transparency and accountability
f. Control of abuse of power
g. Human rights (respected and protected)
h. The rule of law
i. Multi-party system

24. Explain all the effects of political development on people.

a. Increases awareness of people in the political affairs affecting them.
b. People know their rights and respect to the peoples' rights.
c. Leads to increased participation in development work.
d. Leads to increased participation in parliamentary and local government elections.

25. List down some of the major political developments in Malawi since 1963.

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 a. February 1963, Nyasaland attained self-governance and Kamuzu Banda became the
first Prime Minister.
b. 6th July, 1964, Nyasaland attained independence and change its name to Malawi.
c. In 1971, all other parties were banned except for MCP and Kamuzu was made Life
President of Malawi and Malawi Congress Party (MCP).
d. 8th March 1992, Catholic Bishops circulated a pastoral letter called "Living Our Faith”,
which critised Kamuzu Banda’s government.
e.15thJune, 1993, referendum was held on re-introduction of multi-party system, people
voted for multi-party democracy. Other parties were formed like AFORD, UDF,
Malawi Democratic Party (MDP) and UFMD.
f. 17th May 1994, multi-party parliamentary and presidential elections were held
together, UDF President, Bakili Muluzi, was elected president, seconded by Kamuzu,

and Chihana.

26. Define "Technological development."

Technological development is the development in the application of
knowledge or to production that helps to expand the potential
productivity of resources.

27. What are factors of production?

These are resources that are needed in order to produce anything.

28. Write down three classifications (main groups) of factors of production.

a. Land: which is composed of natural resources such as mineral deposits,
water, fish, climate and soil.
b. Labour: composed of all types of physical and mental power of human beings.
c. Capital: which refers to society's stock of physical assets
e.g. machinery and social infrastructure like roads, railways and airports.

29.List all the indicators of technological development.

a. Cellphones b. Televisions c. Computers
d. Telephone e. Money cards f. Radios with CD etc.

30.Write down six positive effects of technological development.

a. Improvement in communication systems
b. Improvements in transportation
c. Improvements in trade
d. Improvements in education
e. Improvements in health

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 f. High agricultural productivity and good environmental management

31.Write down four negative effects of technological development.

a. Loss of jobs
b. Inappropriate technologies
c. Costs of new technologies
d. Reduced moral standards

32.Some countries are technologically advanced. List them.

a. United States of America (USA) b. Japan
c. Britain d. Germany
e. France f. Australia
g. Canada h. South Africa (SA)
I. Republic of China
33.What are some of the factors that contribute to technological development?
a. Raising awareness
b. Strengthening global linkages
c. Creating policy and regulatory environment conducive to technological upgrading
d. Developing physical and local technological support infrastructure
e. Quality of vocational technical training
f. Investing in human resources
g. Matching solutions to local problems

34. List some of the significant technological developments (milestones) of the

last few centuries.
a. Aero planes b. Space flights c. Bicycles
d. Credit cards e. Radio f. Television
g. Telephones h. Computer

2 CULTURE AND DEVELOPMENT

35.What is culture?
Culture is a way of life for an identified group of people who share
common behaviour.

36.List some of the characteristics of Eastern cultures.

a. Family structure (extended and joint families).

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 b. Spiced food
c. Hospitality and greetings
d. Marriage practice (arranged)
e. Major common religions (Islam, Hinduism and Buddhism)
f. Dressing styles

37.List some of the characteristics of Western culture.

a. Family structure (nuclear and single parent)
b. Food (rice, bread and pasta)
c. Hospitality and greetings (respect, privacy)
d. Marriage (no arranged marriages)
e. Major common religion (Christianity, atheists)
f. Dressing styles (shirts and trousers, dresses, skirts, trousers)
g. Languages (English, French, German, Dutch)

38. State some of the impacts of Western and Eastern cultures on Malawi and Africa.
a. Change in family structure (nuclear etc)
b. Coming of various forms of religion
c. Dissolution of traditional religions
d. Relief of certain beliefs and practices
e. Copying of western music and practices
f. Copying of western and eastern ways of dressing
g. Copying of western languages
h. Copying of western and eastern ways of preparing food.

39.What is cultural preservation?

Cultural preservation is the preservation of cultural heritages as well as
the maintenance and sustenance of norms, beliefs, customs and
practices of a society.

40.List down four importance of culture.

a. Promotes identity
b. Promotes understanding of other people
c. Promotes cultural sustenance
d. Allow the passing on of culture to other generations.

41.Write down all the strategies used in preserving culture.

a. Provision of education and awareness programmes in communities.
b. Books
c. Manuscripts

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 d. Arts and Crafts
e. Folktales, proverbs, poets and narratives (for intangible aspects).
f. Music and dances
g. Establishment of Cultural infrastructure e.g. museums, theatre and art galleries.
h. Policy and legislation (which help to control imported cultural productions).
i. Joining international cultural cooperation by signing bilateral or multilateral
agreement.
j. Cooperation with multilateral organizations e.g. UNESCO.

42.List some of the constraints faced in preserving culture.

a. Modernization
b. Changes in ideologies
c. Resistance by new generations.
d. The media
e. Need for change
f. Lack of resources

43.How does culture help in development?

a. Promotes unity
b. Creates tourism
c. Creates employment.

3 GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT

44.What is gender?
Gender is the physical and social condition of being male or female.

45.Write down gender roles for men.

a. Digging at funeral
b. Being a bread winner of his family
c. Heading the household.
d. Cutting down poles.

46.What is gender development?

Resources and opportunities and the creation of a more just society.

47.To which year the creation of gender issues is traced?

1945 when the UN was established but in the context of human rights which saw the
equality between men and women

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48.Write down all the four UN approaches to gender development.
a. The Anti-poverty approach (1960-1970) which aimed at reducing poverty in poor
countries
b. The Approach (1970-1980) which aimed at the redistribution of control
over resources.
c. Women to participate in, to contribute to and benefit from the development of their
societies and economies.
d. The Gender development approach (late1980s) which saw both men and women as
agents in development and not as competitors.

49. What is the difference between the Women in Development Approach and the Agenda and
Development Approach?
The Women in Development Approach focused too much on women and assumed that
women are passive recipients in development while the Gender and Development
took both men and women as catalysts of development.

50.Write down some of the gender issues that are critical to development.
a. Gender, education and training
b. Gender and health
c. Gender and violence e.g. fisi, which is an example of sexual abuse. Physical abuse like
wife battering. Psychological/emotional abuse, like calling women bad names and
economic abuse.
d. Gender and the environment
e. Gender, power and decision making
f. Gender, the law and human rights
g. Wills and inheritance acts
h. Citizenship laws
i. Maternity leave
j. Suspension of girls from schools when pregnant
k. Religious laws
l. Marriage laws
m. Travel regulations
n. Support of children born out of wedlock

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 o. Anti-discrimination of girl mothers after delivery.

51.List some of the effects of gender bias.

a. Slows down development of a country, the community and the people
b. Creates unequal participation and contribution of women and girls to development
activities.
c. Promotes unequal access to women and girls to opportunities such as employment
and business.
d. Leads to unequal access to resources like credits
e. Leads to shortage of skilled human resources as women are left behind.

4 THE GOVERNMENT

52.What is Civil Society?

Are all the non-government or state organs and institutions that participate in a
relatively organized manner, towards the exercise of power by the state.

53.What are the types of institutions of Civil Society?

a. Influential non-governmental individuals
b. Membership based organizations
c. Intermediate institutions or agencies.

54.List down all the sub categories of International Institutions or agencies.

a. Development, Justice and Advocacy NGOs
b. Mutant NGOs
c. Traditional NGOs
d. Funding agencies

55.Write down all the roles played by institutions of Civil Society.

a. Provide education
b. Empowerment of people
c. Enforcement of government policies
d. Documentation
e. Help in the democratization process
f. Help in development

56. What is a State?

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 It is an organized community normally under one government and is defined in terms
of its territorial boundaries.

57. What is a government?

It is a group of persons governing the state according to a given Constitution.

58. Define a Constitution?

This is a legal document that describes how the country should be governed.

59. What comes between the government and a state?

It is the constitution.

60. Write down all the functions and duties of the State.
a. Promoting the social welfare of its citizens
b. providing education to its citizens
c. Gender equality
d. Achieving adequate nutrition for all its citizens.
e. Providing good health
f. Environmental management
g. Maintaining international relations.
h. Fostering economic development
i. Promotion of public trust and good government.

61.Who is a President?
He or she is the head of State normally chosen by the people to serve for a period of
time.

62.What are the roles of the President?

a. He is the Head of State and Government
b. He is the Commander in Chief of the Army and Police service
c. He is the representative of the people
d. He honors brave people
e. He has powers to pardon those convicted
f. He opens and closes the National Assembly.

63.What are the roles of the Defense Forces?

a. Upholding the sovereignty and territorial integrity of its country, and guarding against
threats to the safety of its citizens by force of arms.

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 b. Provide technical expertise and resources to assist the civilian authorities in the
maintenance of essential services in times of emergency such as natural drought
and other disasters.
c. Perform duties outside their territory (country) as maybe required of them by any
treaties entered into.
d. Carry out other duties as may be assigned to them from time to time
e.g. search and rescue, air ambulance services and executive air transport service.

64. List down all systems of government that you know.

a. The Unitary system
b. The Federal system:
This is the system of government where by central and regional governments are
supreme regarding certain powers.

c. A Confederation:
This is a system of government where by separate independent nation states are
linked together to cooperate in certain ways e.g. the European Union.

65. What is a Republic?

It is a system of government of in which there is an elected president, but no King or
Queen.

66. Define an election.

It is a procedure of choosing officers or making binding
decisions concerning policy by vote of those formally qualified to participate.

67. List down all the types of elections.

a. General Elections:
These are elections that are held throughout a country to make a final decision (choice)
among candidates for all public offices to be filled at that time.

b. Primary Elections.
This is a method by which a political party chooses its nominees for public office.

d. Run-off Elections.
These are elections that are done where no candidate wins a clear majority in a general
election.

D. By-Elections
These are elections that are done where a public office is vacated by the incumbent

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 (Present candidate) through death, retirement, and resignation or has joined another
political party.
e. Local Elections.
These are elections that are done to fill offices on the local level and sometimes to do
locally policy questions.

f. Referendum.
This is an election in which an issue is submitted directly to a popular vote e.g. in1993

g. Direct and Indirect Elections.

i) Direct election:
This is an election in which each member of the electorate votes directly for the
candidate of his or her choice.

ii) Indirect election: This is an election which is decided by vote of a special

electoral body whose members are directly elected.

68.Describe all the electoral process.

a. Districting: This is the process by which geographical boundaries of territorial
constituencies are established.
b. Registration: This is a process of identifying a person as being able to vote.
c. Qualifying for office and nomination of candidates.
d. Campaigning
e. Setting up of polling stations and operating them
f. The vote and voting process
g. Tabulating, reporting and certifying results.
h. International observations
i. Complaints and appeals.

69. Why was the Electoral Commission established?

>To look after election issues in Malawi.

70.Who appoints Commissioners in the Electoral Commission?

The President in consultation with political parties represented in the National Assembly.

71.Write down some of the committees in the Electoral Commission.

a. Finance and Administration committee.
b. Registration and Demarcation of Constituencies and Wards committee.
c. Civic and Voter Education Committee.
d. Mass Media Committee
e. Legal Affairs Committee

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 f. Statistics and Research Committee
g. Campaign and Monitoring Committee

72.Write down some of the functions and duties of the Electoral Commission.
a. Demarcation of Constituencies and Wards.
b. Registration of Voters
c. Receiving nomination papers of candidates
d. Monitoring campaign news and broadcasts
e. Setting Polling Stations
f. Setting voting process
g. Determination of results

73. What are some of the roles of voters?

a. Give accurate information in order to get registered and to make sure that they obtain
registration in only one area.
b. Make sure that they do not make violence during an election.
c. Present themselves for registration as voters.
d. To verify that they have been registered and request that any error or omission in
regarding to their registration Is corrected.
e. Attending civic education activities to make sure that they know what will be required
of them on the Election Day.
f. Make formal complaint to the election staff if they observe any misconduct in the
electoral process.

5 HUMAN RIGHTS
74. Define "Special Groups" of people.
These are those groups of people who share certain characteristics or traits that are
biological, social and others.

75. List down some of the factors (characteristics) for identification of special groups of people.
a. Biological make-up e.g. children and women
b. Legal status as citizens e.g. prisoners, accused persons.
c. Social status e.g. disabled people and women
d. Geographical location e.g. refugees
e. Culture e.g. people belonging to a particular ethnic or racial group.
f. Professionals’ e.g. migrant workers (expatriates)
76. Why are women considered as a special group of people?
Because for a long time they have been subjected to biases based on social
construction of their roles, status and even just mere existence.

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 77. List down some of the abuses and perceptions that put women on unequal footing with
men.

a. Harassment (both sexually and physically)

b. Inequality (in economic opportunities)
c. Forced marriages
d. Inadequate education.
78. Why are children considered as belonging to special group of people?
Because they are vulnerable and dependent (children are vulnerable because of their
young age and level of physical, emotional and social maturity and they are dependent
because they depend on their parents or legal guardians for their needs).

79. Write down some of the abuses children are subjected to.
a. Sexual exploitation
b. Child labour
c. Victims of divorce or orphanages.
d. Decision

80. Write down some of the biased treatment faced by people with disabilities.
a. Employment
b. Education
c. Marriage opportunities
d. Biased priorities
81. Who is a refugee?
Is a person who has been forced to leave his or her country usually because of war,
famine or other disasters

82. List all the abuses and harassments that justify refugees to belong to special group.
a. Forced labour
b. Forced marriages
c. Forced nationalities
d. Forced allegiances
e. Poor education and health care services

83. What is the main aim of the prison service?

 To reform offenders and deter or prevent other people from committing a similar or
other forms of crime.

84. Write down all the forms of abuse faced by prisoners or accused persons.
a. Starvation

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 b. Poor health facilities
c. Prevention from contacting with relatives, friends, doctors and legal services

85. Write down all the forms of ill treatments and abuses faced by workers
a. Low wages
b. Hazardous work environment
c. Lack of legal mechanisms to represent workers’ rights
d. Unfair dismissals

86. Why some human rights are called special human rights?
Because they address the specific needs of a special group of people
such as children, women and people with disabilities

87. List all characteristics of all human

Rights.
a. Need based characteristics
b. Universality (for all people)
c. In advancement of human dignity
d. Peace oriented
e. Morally forceful

88. Write down all the types of human rights and describe them
a. Civil and Political Rights
These are rights which safe guard civil and political participation for everyone and are
called first generation human rights because they are the earliest existing human
rights documents.

6 SOCIAL JUSTICE

98. Write down three principles of Social Justice.

a. Like cases should be treated alike
b. Different cases should be treated differently
c. Rules of natural justice should be observed.

99. What is Natural Justice?

Natural Justice is that which should be considered to be Universal thus, it uses the same
principles all over the world.

100. Define Conventional Justice.

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 This is the Justice which is only binding when some authority sanctions it.

101. What are some of the Cases of Social Injustice in Africa and the world?
a. Poverty
b. Corruption
c. Discrimination
d. Oppression.

102. Write some of the Organizations that deal with International Social Justice.
a. The United Nations
b. The International Court of Justice in Hague in the Netherlands.
c. The International Police (Interpol)
d. The Amnesty International
e. Human Rights Organizations
e.g. > Office of Ombudsman,
> the Human Rights Commission,
> the Law Commission and the National
Compensation Tribunal which are for the government and the Non-
Governmental Organizations like Civil Liberties Committee (CILIC), the Women and Law
in Southern Africa (WLSA) and Centre for Advice and Rehabilitation and Research
(CARR).

7. COURTSHIP AND MARRIAGE

103. Define courtship.
This is a period and process of trying to know a prospective marriage partner.

104. List down the basic steps towards courtship.

a. Courtship
b. Communication
c. Attraction
d. The encounter.

105. What is marriage?

Marriage is the legal union between a man and a woman living as husband and wife.

106. There are many ways of preparing for marriage. List them.
a. Long courtship period
b. Building a home.

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 c. HIV/AIDS testing
d. Ensuring a sound financial base

107. Describe ways of entering into marriage

a. Traditional or Customary celebration

b. Christian celebration:
Marriage that is celebrated under Christian law by a Priest in church
c. Asiatic celebration: This is marriage that is celebrated under non-Christian religion .g.
Muslims and Hindus.
d. Civil marriage celebration: This is conducted by the Registrar of marriage and demand
witnessing by parents of both spouses.
e. Civic marriage celebration: This is celebrated at a civic Council by either
a Mayor or Chairman of the Council.
f. Elopement and Cohabitation
i. Elopement: Is an arrangement where a man and a woman arrange secretly to get
marriage.
ii. Co-habitation: is an arrangement where a man and woman live
together in a house sometimes they go ahead to have children but
they are not officially married.

108. List some of the factors which preserve marriage.¬

a. Honesty
b. Free choice of marriage partner
c. Fidelity
d. Perseverance
e. Mutual care
f. Communication
109. Why is marriage important?
a. Procreation
b. Child development and protection
c. Partnership

110. Differentiate biological and foster parent.

A biological parent is the one who is responsible for the conception and birth of another
person either as father or mother, while a foster parent is the one who adopts a child
born to another person and looks after him or her as his/her own.

111. What is responsible parenthood?

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 This is every activity that involves a person fulfilling his or her obligations or
responsibilities as a parent.

112. Write down some of the duties and responsibilities of a parent.

a. During pregnancy the female parent should eat nutritious foods, which should be
provided by a male parent.
b. Being faithful to each other to avoid contacting HIV/AIDS.
c. During child hood, both parents should provide the child with food, clothes and
accommodation.
d. Both parents should make sure the child goes to school.
e. Parents should provide love, care and advice.
f. Parents should maintain good relationship during pregnancy for the good development
of the child.
g. The child should attend under five clinic.

7. POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT

113. Write down countries with actual and projected decreasing population.
a. Germany
b. Russian Federation
c. Bulgaria
d. Estonia
e. Ukraine

114. List some of the countries with actual and protected increasing population.
a. Malawi
b. Zambia
c. Kenya
d. United States
e. Nigeria
115. Write down all the factors that lead to population change.
a. Birthrate: Number of live births in one year for every 1000 people.
b. Death rate: Number of deaths year per a thousand of a population.
c. Epidemics
d. Natural disasters

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 e. Unemployment
f. Wars
g. Migration
h. Accessibility to financial resources.
i. Political and religious reasons.
116. What are some of the effects of population growth?
a. Pressure of resources
b. Poverty
c. Loss of human resources
d. Unemployment
e. Overcrowding
f. Increase in crime
117. Define population control.
These are efforts to slow population growth through action to lower
fertility.¬

118. List down some of the ways of controlling population growth.

> Natural methods: i. Famine ii. Natural deaths iii. Epidemics iv. Drought
v. Famine

> Man-made ways: i. Wars ii. Family

planning.
119. Why is controlling population growth important?
a. It reduces over crowding
b. It helps to avoid environmental degradation
c. It ensures availability of resources
d. It reduces unemployment

120. Write down human practices that destroy living and non-living things
a. Pollution
b. Careless cutting of trees

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c. Poaching
d. Over fishing
e. Over stocking
f. Over grazing

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121. Write down some of the consequences of destroying the environment.
a. Drought b. Soil erosion
c. Loss of fertility d. Famine
e. Scarcity of water f. Extinction of certain species of living things
g. Pollution h. Desertification

122. What is environmental conservation?

This refers to the principles and practices that help to keep the environment safe and in
good condition.

123. Write down ways of conserving the environment.

a. Planting trees to replace those cut down.
b. Culling excess animals
c. Avoiding over grazing animals on hill areas.
d. Avoiding cultivating along river banks.
e. Planting trees along river-banks.
f. Proper disposal of waste materials.
g. Appropriate fishing practices e.g. recommended catching materials.

124. Why is environmental conservation important?

a. Helps in preserving species
b. Helps to avoid environmental degradation.
c. Helps to maintain diversity
d. Helps to improve productivity

125. Which factors influence the development of the population in Malawi?

a. High fertility rates
b. Rapid population growth
c. High dependent burden
d. Pressure on land and social services
e. Unemployment problems.

126. List down elements of the population policy.

a. Demographic and family planning
b. Information, Education and Communication (IEC)
c. Gender and development
d. Research and environment
e. Employment

127. What are some of the practices affecting the implementation of the population policy?

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 a. Polygamy
b. Practices associated with religious beliefs and moral decay.
c. Initiation ceremonies
d. Wife or husband inheritance (Chokolo)
e. Wife cleansing (hlazi)

128. List down ways of eradicating practices affecting population policy implementation.
a. Public awareness campaigns on the negative effects of bad practices e.g.
Chokolo.
b. Women empowerment on their rights.
c. Legislation.

129. Write down some of the strategies for implementation of the population policy.
a. Information, Education and Communication
b. Research and environment
c. Family planning services
d. Gender and development strategies

130. List down some of the programmes that have been put in place for the implementation of
the population policy.
a. Reproductive health programmes e.g. family planning, prenatal care safe
delivery. Etc.
b. Safe mother hood programmes.
c. Information, Education and Communication Programmes (IEC)
d. Gender programmes
e. Advocacy Programmes.

131. What are Social Service Institutions?

These are institutions that provide services like education, health, security,
sanitary, electricity, housing and recreation services.

132. Write down some of the Social Service institutions you know¬.
a. Schools
b. Hospitals
c. Clinics
d. Churches and Mosques
e. Post Offices
f. Police Stations
g. Housing
h. Community Centres

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133. How do people care for social service facilities?
a. Citizens should help in building hospitals, schools, bole holes
b. Citizens should maintain the available social services.
c. Citizens should report any vandalism on social services.

134. Write down some of the contributions of social services to development.

a. Schools provide education, which in turn provide some skilled and skilled labour force,
which is needed in the production of goods and services and there by being able to
provide better living standard for their families.

b. Hospitals provide health care which people will need in order to improve production
level and improve the mental and physical development of a child
c. Police provide security which is a necessary condition for both domestic and foreign
investment because of peace and stability.
d. Transport, communication and electricity services are important as they ensure
smooth running of business activities both locally and internationally which is a
source of employment to many people and is a source of foreign exchange to a
country.

135. What are some of the impacts of population growth on Social Services?
a. Congestion in school
b. Shortages of learning materials
c. Medical care, access to safe water and good sanitary services will not been ought to
suit the increasing population and hospital will be over crowded.
d. It is very difficult to maintain peace and stability there by creating problems to the law
enforcers e. g. The Police.
e. Shortage of transport, communication and housing services.

136. What are Global Issues and Challenges?

These are issues and challenges faced by individual countries of the world but are also
similarly faced by other countries of the world.

137. List down all the issues and challenges faced by countries of the world (examples of Global
Issue and Challenges).
a. Economic Globalization: This is the increasing integration of economies around the
world through trade and financial flows as well as movement of people
(migration) and knowledge
(technology) across international borders.

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 b. Epidemics e.g. HIV & AIDS, Meningitis and Ebola virus which killed 224 people in
Uganda (Gulu) in October2000.
c. Terrorism e.g.
i) Euskadito Eskatafuna (ETA) who fight for the freedom of
BASQUE people in Northern West Spain.

ii) Hamas which started in 1987 in the Gaza Street and they fight against the
Israelites because of the occupation of Hamas, a territory considered to be
for the Palestinians.
iii) Hizballa (Party for God) this is a Lebanese Shiite Group in 1983
their aim is to create an Islamic Lebanon and Ousta West. They are anti-US
and anti-Israel.
d. Poverty
e. Problem of refugees
f. Environmental problems

138. List down all the three factors of economic globalization.

a. Improvements of technology of transport and communication.
b. Individuals and societies have favored taking advantages of the
benefits of economic integration
c. Public policies of most governments of the world have influenced the character
and pace of economic integration.

139. What is terrorism?

This is unlawful practice of using violent and intimidating methods against persons to
property to intimidate or force a government, the civilian people or any segment in
furtherance of social and political objectives.

142. Why landmines are often referred to as ‘weapons of mass destruction in slow
motion’?

> Because they are indiscriminate weapons that keep on killing long after
hostilities have ended.

143. Why are land mines a setback to development?

> Because they waste farm lands and forests, cut off access to water points, schools and
health services and they isolate communities from each other and emergency aid can
be delivered by expensive means e.g. aircraft.

144. Write down some of the environmental problems affecting the world today.

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 a. Air and water pollution.
b. The depletion of the ozone layer
c. Deforestation

145. What is the ozone layer?

It is the layer that protects the earth from ultraviolet trays sent down by the sun.

146. Why is the ozone layer important?

Because it protects both plants and animal life on the planet.

147. What is the leading cause of the depletion of the ozone layer?
The chloro-fluoro carbons (CFC) which are chemical compounds used in
industries in a variety of ways mostly in refrigerators and home insulators.

148. What is deforestation?

This is a process that involves the cutting down, burning and damaging of forests.

149. State any seven characteristics of developing nations.

a. Low levels of living
b. High levels of debts
c. In adequate social services
d. High levels of unemployment
e. Low levels of productivity
f. High levels of poverty
g. High dependence on agriculture
h. Rapid growth of towns
i. Economic weaknesses
j. Instability
k. Dependence on foreign aid

150. Outline the development challenges Malawi as a country is facing.

a. Life expectancy in Malawi is amongst the lowest in Africa
b. Food insecurity
c. Most people live below poverty line

151. Define the term "Donors."

These are countries, organisations and non-governmental organisations which provide
development aid to developing nations.

152. Outline the difference between bilateral and multilateral aid.

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 > Bilateral aid is from a country to another country while multilateral aid
comes from an organisation to a country.

153. Name any new donors to Malawi that give bilateral aid.
a. South Arabia
b. Libya
c. China
d. Kuwait

154. List down some organisations that provide aid to developing nations.
a. International Monetary Fund
b. World Bank
c. European Union
d. UN through UNICEF, FAO etc.

155. State two ways in which donors play a negative role.

a. Neo-colonisation
b. Problem of management of donor aid
c. Problem of coordination of donor aid
d. Perpetuating dependence syndrome

156. What is sustainable development?

This is the development that meets the needs of the present without considering the
future generations.

157. List down all the conditions necessary for sustainable development to take place.
a. Appropriate technologies
b. Responsibility and accountability
c. Availability of resources
d. Community participation
e. Gender equality
f. Education and training
g. Diversification
h. Reasonable prices for products

158. State three examples of sustainable development at international levels.

Tropical rain forests being destroyed in Amazon Basin, Congo Basin and South East Asia.

159. Name any examples of financial institutions.

a. Stock exchange
b. Commercial Banks

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 c. Credit Union
d. Central Banks (Reserve Banks)
e. Insurance companies
f. Development Banks
g. Building societies

160. In developing countries financial institutions face many problems in giving loans name
them.
a. Look at the level of education and experience
b. They offer (Bans) high rates of interest on loaned money
c. They look at the fixed assets one has (security or collateral)
d. Banks are not ready to offer small loans

161. List down three functions of Reserve Bank (Central Bank).

a. Issue bank notes
b. Stores national reserves of foreign currencies
c. Looks after governments money

162. Give two ways in which financial institutions contribute to development.

a. Provide capital money that can be lent by the government to staff projects and to
industries and large businesses that turn the wheel of development
b. Allow people to buy needed goods and services
c. Encourages the building of a self-reliant and responsible people in rural areas
d. People save and borrow small amounts of money
e. Empowers disadvantaged groups

163. What are the three factors of production?

e. Land
f. Labour
g. Capital

164. State the law of diminishing marginal returns.

When supply increases, demand decreases and when supply decreases,
demand increases.

165. List all the factors that affect demand.

a. Competition
b. Levels of income
c. Advertising
d. Population changes
e. Changes in prices of related goods

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166. What is multiculturalism?
This is the recognition and appreciation of distinct cultural groups within a society.

167. Write down all the factors that promote multiculturalism.

a. Migration b. Trade
c. Different religions d. Intermarriages
e. Ethnicity f. Modernity
g. Mobility h. Languages
i. Politics j. Citizenship
k. Race

168. What are some of the impacts of multi culturation on development?

a. Promotes tolerance
b. Promotes unity among people
c. Increases, understanding and helps in solving problems there by improving the image
of a country
d. Helps in exchange of culture through languages traditions and customs
e. Helps in exchange of ideas
f. Helps in exchange of skills
g. Helps in taking advantage of global markets.

169. Suggest any four factors (causes) of discrimination.

a. Racism b. Ethnicity
c. Gender inequality d. Ageism
e. Economic and social status f. Religion
g. Nationalisms h. Health
i. Politics j. Disability
k. Attitudes towards the disadvantaged¬

170. Mention any problems that may arise due to discrimination.

a. It retards development
b. Leads to unfair distribution of resources
c. Leads to conflicts (state of insecurity)
d. It has impact on the physical, emotional, economic and social status of an individual
e. If in schools, it affects one's career and academic performance.

171. Why is gender balance important to development?

a. Promotes equal rights of all people
b. People participate actively regardless of sex
c. Increases production

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 d. Equal participation in decision making

172. What is "Gender Platform of Action?"

This is an agenda for women's empowerment or is a powerful agenda of action plans
which countries have developed in order to ensure that there is women
empowerment.

173. List down four priority areas of Malawians government's gender platform of action.
a. Poverty alleviation and empowerment
b. The girl child
c. Peace
d. Violence against women

174. Give three reasons why gender balance is important to development.

a. It minimizes the effects of armed conflicts on women
b. Promotes equality in education and training leading to abundance skilled human
resources.
c. Allows women to take part in decision making.
d. Leads to equal access to financial resources.
e. Promotes to equal treatment of men and women
f. It maintains human respect and respect and dignity

175. Write down some of the government’s strategies for alleviating poverty in gender plat
forms of action.
a. Providing equal education
b. Eliminating sexual harassment in all sectors of life
c. Increasing agricultural credit
d. Increasing money access to achieve better nutrition
e. Provides women farmers with better resources

176. List down all the examples of different Associations you know.
a. Tobacco Association of Malawi
b. Tea and Coffee Association of Malawi
c. Employers Consultative Association of Malawi
d. Association of pre-school play groups in Malawi
e. Tea Growers Association of Malawi
f. Cane Growers Association of Malawi
g. National Association of Sugar cane Growers in Malawi

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 (NASFAM)
h. Association of Accountants in Malawi

177. Define the term "National Service"

This is an arrangement which both members of the government and the Civic
Community render voluntary services to aspects of development for their own lives.

178. Mention three ways in which National service assist in a country's development.
a. Creates self-reliant society (through hard working)
b. It improves community hygiene
c. Encourages social development by providing social amenities
(i.e. social services)
d. It encourages cooperation
e. Promotes development of an individual, community and a country as a whole

179. List down all the international organisations that assist in development work.
a. United States Aid for International Development (USAID)
b. Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA)
c. Department for International Development (DFID)
d. Canadian International Development Agency(CIDA)
e. World Vision International
f. Action Aid Malawi
g. Plan International
h. CARE
i. Medicines Sans Frontiers
j. World Bank
k. European Union (EU)
l. Germany Agency for International Development (GTZ)

180. What types of development are taken by the following International Organisations?
a. USAID-Increases agricultural incomes
b. DANIDA-Encourages vocational training and helps in the field of health
c. CIDA-Promotion of human rights and good governance
d. DFID-Protects the environment
e. GTZ-Provides technical cooperation in health, education, Agriculture, infrastructure
and natural resources.

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181. Name the three branches of the Central Government.
a. The Judiciary
b. The Executive
c. The Legislature

2
 183. What are the sources of revenue for the Central Government or how the Central
Government generates income?
a. Tax from Industrial companies through MRA
b. Through custom duty
c. Through privatization
d. Through licenses and duties
e. Through house rents from civil servants on government houses
f. Through Miscellaneous Departmental Receipts
g. Through Donor Aid
h. Through commercial activities
i. Through loans from international organisations and countries

184. What are statutory Corporations or organisations?

These are organisations that are funded and are also established by the government.

185. What are some of the examples of Statutory Corporations/organisations in Malawi?

a. Electricity Supply Commission of Malawi (ESCOM)
b. University of Malawi (UNIMA)
c. Air Malawi
d. Malawi Posts Corporation (MPC)
e. Malawi Broadcasting Corporation (MBC)
f. Agricultural Development and Marketing Corporations (ADMARC)
g. Blantyre, Southern, Central and Northern Region Water Boards.
h. Malawi Housing Corporation (MHC)
i. Malawi Institute of Education (MIE)
j. Malawi Development Corporation (M.D.C.)
k. Malawi National Examinations Board (MANEB)
l. Malawi Institute of Management (MIM.)
m. National Library Service (NLS)
n. Malawi Savings Bank (M.S.B.)

186. State all the organisations that check the abuse of power in Malawi.
a. The Anti-Corruption Bureau
b. The Office of the Ombudsman
c. The Law Commission

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187. State all the roles played by Amnesty International.
a. Eradicate torture and other cruel treatment of prisoners
b. End the use of death penalty
c. Free prisoners imprisoned due to ethnic origin, colour, language etc.

188. Write down all the works of the Malawi Human Rights Commission (MHRC)
a. Provide information on human rights issues to the government and the people of
Malawi.
b. Educate the public in promoting awareness and respect for human rights.
c. Promote the rights of vulnerable groups like the illiterate, disabled, prisoners,
women, children and refugees.
d. Investigate any complaint relating to human rights and freedoms

189. Who are refugees?

These are the people who free out of their houses or countries at times of conflict

190. Write down four areas of the world where there are high concentration of refugees and
state a country where there is a conflict for each
a. Iran and India-hosting refugees from Afghanistan
b. Zambia and the DRC-hosting refugees from Angola
c. Guinea and Gambia-from Sierra Leone

191. Explain how the coming of refugees from Mozambique affected people's lives in Malawi
in 1990s.
a. Pressure on resources e.g. schools, water, firewood
b. Environmental degradation
c. Lead to state of insecurity
d. Leads to outbreak of epidemics etc.

192. Name two international organisations which promote social justices.

a. The International Monetary Fund (IMF)
b. The United Nations (UN)
c. The Southern African Development Community
(SADC)
d. The International Court of Justice
e. The International Police (Interpol)

193. How can the promotion of social justice have a positive impact?
a. It makes the world a better and safe place

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 b. It recognizes the equality of all
c. Provides resources for social and economic development
d. Rides the world of racism and all forms of discrimination.

194. State any social and ethical values for international life.
a. Appreciation of other people's culture
b. Freedom of worship
c. Respect for international health
d. Respect for the rule of law
e. Respect for other people's rights
f. Respect for international immigration requirements
g. Sympathy and apathy
h. Racial and ethnic equality

195. How can social and ethical values contribute to international co-operation?
a. Helps to resolve conflicts
b. Helps to alleviate poverty
c. It conserves the environment
d. Promote peace, security and unity
e. Encourages respect for and appreciation of other people's culture and cultural
exchange e.g. in education

196. List down all the institutions that offer guidance and counseling on HIV/AIDS.
a. Hospital (both private and public)
b. Non-governmental Organisations (NGOs)
c. Youth organisations
d. Religious organisation
e. Companies
f. Banja la Mtsogolo (BLM)
g. Drop-in-Centers
h. MACRO
i. Community Based organisations

197. Mr. Jere has been appointed as a counsellor to guide and counsel HIV/AIDS to parents
and guardians. Write down the three types of counselling he can follow.
a. Preventive counselling
b. Supportive counselling
c. Pastoral counseling

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198. State all the methods of counselling
a. Hospital based counsellors
b. Home based care supervisors
c. Community based approach
d. Peer counselling
e. Man to man counselling
199. Why is it important to counsel HIV/AIDS parents and guardians?
a. It offers hope and affirms life
b. Individuals reflect on their feelings, fears and worries
c. Helps in the fight against HIV/AIDS in a country
d. Helps individuals to examine behaviours that put them at risk of HIV infection

200. Explain all the consequences that may crop in as a result of an HIV/AIDS patient not
receiving guidance and counselling.
a. The patient may lose hope and decide to commit suicide
b. The patient may not be able to change his attitudes and behaviours.
c. The patient may not be able to cope with the shock of being told that he or she is HIV
positive.
d. The patient may not pay attention to eating sensibly.

201. Write down two advantages of home based care for HIV/AIDS patients.
a. It is easy for them to practice good hygiene
b. Patients always feel that they are part of the family and receive love and affection of
the family and friends.
c. Patients eat nutritious food of their choice
d. Patients have plenty of time to rest
202. Write down two advantages of hospital based care for HIV/AIDS patients.
a. Patients get medication and full nursing care from the hospital
b. Patients are free from contracting other or further infections in the hospitals
c .Patients are treated for other symptoms in the hospitals such as fever,
diarrhea and skin rashes.

203. List all the ways which a guardian of an HIV/AIDS can use in order to
avoid contracting the disease.
a. Wash hands before and after attending the patient
b. Clean any wounds or cuts-with salty water
c. Wear gloves or plastic papers to cover hands when bathing the patient
d. Cover any wounds or cuts with a bandage or a clean cloth.
e. Wash blood stained clothes with disinfectants such as jik and javel

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 204. Leonard Matemba says NO to drinking beer, smoking cannabis and tobacco, glues niffing,
mandrax, cocaine, heroin and termic. State all the effects of drug and substance abuse he
is trying to avoid.
a. Causing fear to family members
b. Violence (alcohol)
c. Dissolution of marriage (alcohol)
d. Loss of employment (Cannabis)
e. Liver diseases (alcohol)
f. Financial insecurity (Cannabis, beer, tobacco)
g. Death
h. Mental illness (craziness or insanity)
i. Accidents
j. Other diseases like tuberculosis, cancer etc.

205. List down all the steps that Leonard Matemba can take in order to avoid or overcome the
effects of drug and substance abuse.
a. Avoiding taking intoxicating drugs and alcohol (Say No)
b. Listening to advises from parents
c. Take medical drugs as per prescriptions
d. Avoid bad influences of peers (Say No)
e. Avoiding situations where people use drugs and beers.

206. State four types of services needed by people in their day to day lives.
a. Healthcare
b. Water supplies
c. Education
d. Sanitation

207. Write down four social services infrastructures and explain their impact on community
development.
a. Schools –they improve the literacy levels of the community
b. Hospitals- provide medical care to all
c. Electricity- leads to industrialization that in turn create job opportunities
d. Bridges –allows easy transportation of goods and services and for communication
e. Community Centres for recreation and worshipping

208. Briefly explain how the following personalities contributed to the provision of social
services
a. Jailos Jiri: He worked with disabled people

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 b. Jimmy Carter and the Habitat for Humanities
> He was an American Christian and founder of the USA. He supported
human rights and organisations such as Habitat for Human

c. Henry Dunant and the Red Cross

He helped people wounded during the wars

d. Florence Nightingale and Modern Nursing: She was the founder of modern nursing

e. Mother Theresa
> She born in Macedonia, now Yugoslavia and worked with the poor.
Decided to give her life to God at 12 years of age. At 18 years, she left
home and joined the order Of the Sister of Our Lady of LORERO

209. State all the areas (sector) that face development challenges in Malawi.
a. Health-which is characterized by:
(i) Poor health conditions
(ii) High maternal, infant and high fertility rates
(iii) Poor safe drinking water and sanitation
(iv) High HIV/AIDS spread rates
(v) Lack of health personnel and facilities

b. Education Sectors-Which is characterized by:¬

(i) High adult literacy and school dropout rates especially in primary schools
(ii) Lack of qualified teachers and teaching facilities.
(iii)Migration of qualified people to other countries

c. Agriculture Sector which is characterized by lack of land in small holder sectors

resulting in low productivity

d. Environmental management- characterized by:¬

(i) Depletion of natural resources and environmental degradation.
(ii) Soil erosion and declining land productivity
(iii) Deflection of forestry resources resulting in loss of energy to the population and
reduction in diversity

e. Trade and commerce: characterized by:

(i) Lack of ways of promoting micro, small and medium scale businesses
(ii) High unemployment levels informal and informal labour markets.

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 (iii) In adequate export base shown by high dependence on tobacco and
improved trade link with other countries and regional organisations.

210. What are some of the development achievements in Malawi?

a. Almost every primary age child is in school.
b. Improved availability of education where about 53% of women have attended
school.
c. Improvement in infant mortality rates between 1995 (133 deaths per
1000 births) and in 2000(104)
d. Reduction in fertility rates between 1992 (6.7%) and 2000 (6.3%)
e. Almost all women are aware of contraceptive methods as compared to the previous
years
f. Wide spread knowledge of improved agricultural techniques with the use of natural
compost and intercropping

211. Mention two sectors of the Agricultural sector in Malawi.

a. Estate sub-sector
b. Small holder subsector

212. List down three main classifications of countries in the world.

a. Low-income countries (developing nations)
b. Middle-income countries (developing nations)
c. High-income countries (developed nations)

213. What is the main method of classifying countries?

> Use of Gross National Product (GNP) per capita

214. State three types of Donors.

a. Foreign governments (directly from developed and developing nations)
b. International organisations e.g. World Bank, WHO, FAO and UNDP. They provide directly
to governments or support specific projects.
c. Charities-They give small aids directly to groups or individuals at grass root projects or in
local communities

215. List down all the roles played by donors (why are donors necessary?)
a. They provide funding for development initiatives such as implementing national
budgets, balance of payments,
b. They supplement domestic resources in order to relieve savings and foreign exchange
shortages e.g. lack of medicine which donors can supplement the budget
c. They provide technical assistance to developing countries

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 d. They promote human resource development by providing scholarships
e. They help in the promotion of good governance.

216. List countries that give bilateral aid to Malawi.

a. Canada b. Denmark
c. USA d. Britain
e. Germany f. Japan
g. Netherlands h. Norway

217. Name two conditions which encourages donors to give their aid to a country.
a. Political stability
b. Evidence of democracy

218. Name organizations that provide multilateral aid to Malawi.

a. World Bank (in Washington, USA)
b. European Union (in Brussels, Germany)
c. International Monetary Fund (Washington, USA)
d. African Development Bank (Abidjan, Ivory Coast)

219. List all the non-governmental organisations that provide aid to Malawi
a. Save the Children Fund
b. Canadian Physicians for Aid and Relief
c. The World Vision International
d. The Plan International

220. State four issues that are needed when considering sustainable development.
a. Population Growth which results in food insecurity due to lack of land resources in the
environment
b. Consumption of resources
c. Pollution and wastes
d. Social inequality

221. List down all the principles MASAF uses to achieve sustainable development.
a. Community participation, identifying, planning, implementing monitoring and evaluating
projects.
b. Community management of projects through elected project management committee
c. Accountability and transparency
d. Partnership with relevant NGOs and ministries

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222. Examples of sustainable development at national levels by MASAF
a. Building, extending or rehabilitating primary and secondary schools and health
facilities
b. Constructing or rehabilitating elements of economic infrastructure e.g, market,
water supplies and sanitation
c. Building bridges

223. What are the types of resources?

a. Renewable resources: Those resources that grow again or replenish
themselves after sometime
b. Non-renewable resources: are those resources that cannot be replenished.

224. Why is sustainable development important?

a. Helps to check population growth by improving the quality of life of human beings
b. It ensures efficient use of resources, both renewable and non-renewable by
promoting conservation of resources which promote food security and financial
independence
c. Both the environment and human beings are served through using appropriate
technologies.
d. Helps to reduce waste and pollution by promoting recycling and waste reduction
programmes.

225. Define the term finances

> This means the money used or needed to support activity or a project
sometimes finances are called money resources).

226. Define "Gender Balance."

> Gender balance refers to the principles on how to achieve equality and
equity (fairness) between men and women in terms of status in society,
opportunities, access to resources and benefits as well as in human rights.

227. State all the indicators of Gender Balance.

a. Equality and Equity in Education (adult literacy of men and women)
b. Equality and equity in health care and related services (life expectancy
for both men and women)
c. Educational enrollments of males and females
d. Percentage of women member in Parliament (equality and equity in power and
decision making)
e. Percentage of women who are employed as administrators or managers
(Equity and equality in economic opportunities)

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 f. Percentage of women who are in professional jobs.
g. Equality before the law and human rights
h. Equality and equity in environmental management.

228. Write down two gender plat forms of action you know.
a. The Beijing plat form for action (1995)
b. The Malawi National Platform for Action (1997)

229. What are some of the roles of the gender plat form of Action in promoting gender
balance?
a. To ensure full enjoyment by women and girls of all human rights and freedoms and
take appropriate measure on violations of these rights and freedoms
b. Recommends measures to eliminate all forms of discrimination against women and the
girls child, and remove obstacles that hinder the equality, advancement and
empowerment of women
c. It encourages men to participate fully in the actions towards gender, equality
d. Helps to promote women's economic independence by ensuring women's equal access
to economic resources including land, credit training and employment
e. Prevent all forms of discrimination against women and girls.
f. Ensures equal access and treatment of women and men in education and healthcare
g. Helps to review and remove the laws and cultural belief and practices which promote
gender imbalance.

230. What are the roles of the government in the Gender plat forms of action?
a. To alleviate poverty by empowering women in Agriculture, Access to economic
resources (e.g. credit etc.), creating women employment, promoting women
reproductive health and increasing awareness in women environmental and natural
resources management.
b. To promote the Girl Child through provision of education, health and nutrition and
curbing child abuse practices.
c. Help reduce (stop) violence against women such as physical and sexual abuse,
psychological harm, assaults and women harassment.
d. To promote peace through the promotion of equality and protection of human rights of
women awareness to society women's right in particular, as stated in the constitution
and to conform the internationally accepted standards of human rights and the rights
of women.

231. Define the following terms:

(a) A Union

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 > This is a membership based civil society organisation formed by a group
of workers in order to promote and protect their human rights.
(b) Association
> This is also a membership based civil society organisation (institution)
which is made up of people belonging to the same profession and are
involved in activities that reflect the same objectives.

232. List down two examples of unions in Malawi.

a. Teachers Union of Malawi (TUM)
b. Malawi Congress of Trade Union (MCTU)

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233. Mention three organizations which were and are national service institutions.
a. The Malawi Social Action Fund
(MASAF)
b. The Malawi Young Pioneers (MYP)
c. The Youth Week

234. Write down the works of Unions.

They sensitize workers on the rights related to their occupation e.g. rights related to
wages employment age, dismissal and terminal benefits safety and discrimination girl
child, and remove obstacles that hinder the equality, advancement and
empowerment of women.

235. List down all the industrial actions that unions take in order to bargain with employers as
initial strategies

a. Stay-away
> Union members stay-away from normal duty in order to force normal duty
in order to force employers to accede to their demands.

b. Processions
In this workers mobilise and organize themselves and parade in a street demonstration

through placards their grievances to the employers.

c. Go-slow
Employees reduce the amount of their daily productivity output.

236. Write down two regional cases of national services.

a. The national service in Mozambique-where young boys and girls took part
in the fight against their colonial master and the government took boys and
girls to fight on its side against Renamo.

b. The brigades in Botswana where young primary school leavers were

different skills e.g. brick laying, carpentry etc. who later on built their own
school and acquire more education.

237. Identify international organizations which fall into the following categories for
development.
a. Development, Justice and Advocacy NGOs e.g. World Vision International,

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 Action Aid Malawi, Project Hope, Care, Concern Universal; CADECOM

b. Traditional NGOs e.g. Cheshire Homes, National Red Cross, Medicines

Sans Frontiers and CARITAS (Catholic Relief Agency)
c. Funding Agencies e.g.
i. Local –Press Trust, Freedom Foundation Trust
ii. International-European Union, Royal Danish Embassy, USAID, CIDA,
World Bank, Department for International, Development
(DID), German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTC) and
the Japanese Overseas Cooperation Agency (JICA).

238. Write down all the roles and importance of International organizations for development.
a. They help in the transfer of technical expertise
b. Provide economic opportunities
c. They initiate or strengthen bilateral relations
d. They bridge the gap between the poor and the rich
e. Help in globalization

239. State all the functions of members of Parliament.

a. Make laws
b. Move motions
c. Debate for and against proposals
d. Decision making
e. Contribute to debates on national issues
f. Forming Parliamentary Committees
g. To be spokesmen for local settings (constituencies) (Representing Electors)

240. Define the term "Local Government, Decentralization and Local Authority.”
a. Local Government
>This is when power, authority and responsibilities and responsibilities of
the central government are transferred to lower and more local levels of decision-
making or the branch of government that provides governance at local levels

b. Decentralization
> This is the transfer of authority and responsibility for sonic government
functions from central government to local government authorities as
well as local communities.

c. Local Authority
> These are district assemblies, town assemblies, municipal assemblies or

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 City assemblies

241. Why is decentralization important?

a. It reverses the neglect of local institutional development
b. Make sustainable improved development projects
c. Enhance government responsiveness
d. Enhance transparency
e. Enhance accountability
f. Integrates the society and the state

242. State the three dimensions of decentralization.

a. Administrative decentralization
b. Political decentralization
c. Fiscal decentralization

243. What are some of the local government institutions you know?
a. District assemblies
b. Town assemblies
c. Municipal assemblies
d. City assemblies

244. Write down all the composition of local government institutions

a. Elected members (ward councilors who also elect chairman and vice or mayor and his
deputy.
b. Non-voting members e.g. Traditional Authorities, Members of Parliament and five others
who are appointed by elected members to look into special groups
c. The Chief Executive employed by the assembly and work as a secretary

245. What are the functions of the Local Assemblies?

a. Promoting public health
b. Providing clinical health services (medical)
c. Environmental management
d. Promoting economic development
e. Provide educational services
f. Providing for roads and streets
g. Providing emergency services
h. Providing public amenities
i. Promoting maintenance peace, law and order (security)
j. Making by-laws
k. Appoint, develop, promote and discipline its staff

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 l. Co-operate with other assemblies
m. Mobilize resources in and out of the district
n. Consolidate, promote local democratic institutions
o. Promote infrastructure and economic development
p. Provision of water supply.

246. How does local government source its revenues?

a. Government grants
b. Produce less
c. Licenses
d. Occupation licenses and rents
e. Rates
f. Fees
g. Service charges
h. Profit and interest
i. Loans

247. Define Good Governance?

Good Governance means the exercise of political, economic and administrative authority
in the management of a country's affairs at all levels in a manner that is participatory,
transparent accountable and effective

248. State the three classifications of good governance?

a. Economic governance
b. Political governance
c. Administrative governance

249. List all stake holders in the exercise of governance.

a. The State/government
b. The private sector¬
c. The Civil Society

250. List down all the principles of good governance.

a. Participation
b. Transparency
c. Accountability
d. Separation of powers
e. The rule of law
f. Responsiveness
g. Effectiveness and efficiency

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251. Write down all the institutions that promote good governance.
a. The Legislature (Parliament)
b. The Judiciary
c. The Electoral Commission
d. Audit offices
e. Human Rights organizations
f. The Office of the Ombudsman
g. The Anti-Corruption Bureau
h. Civil Society organizations
i. The Media

252. State three functions of statutory corporations.

a. Provide services such as education, health electricity, housing, communications,
information and entertainment.
b. Establish enterprises
c. Train people in business
d. Control the quality of goods
e. Provide information on markets

253. What is the role of the Public Accounts Committee of the National Assembly?
> To encourage the responsible use of public funds and exposing incidents of corruption.

254. State four international organizations that deal with (protect) human rights for special
groups.
a. Amnesty International (AI)
b. International Court of Justice
c. International Red Cross and Red Crescent
d. Human Rights Watch (HRW)
e. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees(UNHCR)
f. Special Tribunals e.g.
(i) The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (1993)
(ii) The international Tribunal, against the 1990 Rwandan genocide (1998)
(iii) The South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission (1993)

255. State three local organizations that deal with human rights.
a. The office of the Ombudsman
b. The Law Commission
c. The National Compensation Tribunal (1994)

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 d. The Human Rights Commission
e. Some Human Rights NGOs e.g.
(i) The Malawi Human Rights Resource Centre (MHRRC)(1997)
(ii) Human Rights Form for Disabled and other Disadvantaged
(HRFDOD)
(iii) The Formation for Hunan Rights NGOs

256. What are some of the impacts of refugees in the world?

a. Disintegration of families
b. Pressure on land resources
c. Pressure on Social Services
d. Pressure on food resources
e. Loss of cultural identity
f. Cross-border criminal activities
(in security)
g. Infectious diseases
h. Environmental degradation

257. List down all the International instruments for protecting special groups of people.
a. Standard minimum rules for the treatment of prisoners.
b. Body of principles for the protection of all persons under any form of detention or
imprisonment.

258. State some of the challenges that are faced when implementing legal aspects.
a. Shortage of resources
b. Lack of cooperation from government
c. Corruption
d. Social attitudes
e. Lack of civic education

259. Define the following terms:

a. Social Value
> This is a practice, idea or belief that people belonging to a particular
group or society hold in respect or high esteem

b. Ethical Value
> This is a general idea, practice or belief which influences the way a
particular group of people or society considers good or bad behavior (what is right or

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 wrong)

260. List down all the types, forms of discrimination.

a. Discrimination based on racial prejudices
b. Discrimination based on religious prejudices
c. Discrimination based on HIV/AIDS status
d. Discrimination based on ethnic origin
e. Political discrimination

261. State all the organizations and legal instruments addressing discrimination of both local and
international levels (curbing discrimination).
a. UN's Universal Declaration of Human Rights
b. The Constitutional of Malawi
c. Malawi Human Rights Commission
d. Malawi Council for the Handicapped (MACOHA)
e. The Danish Centre for Human Rights
f. Centre for Human Rights and Rehabilitation

262. Define the terms HIV/AIDS Guidance and Counselling.

This is an ongoing dialogue and relationship between client or patient and counsellor with the
aims of preventing transmission of HIV/AIDS infection and providing psychological and social
support to those already infected.

263. What are sexually transmitted diseases?

These are diseases that are transmitted through sexual intercourse with a person who is
already infected with the diseases e.g. Syphilis (Chindoko), Gonorrhea (chizonono) and
Candidiasis (mauka).