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Types of Structures

Structural analysis

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18 views

Types of Structures

Structural analysis

Uploaded by

buffayphoebe4444
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Types of Structures:

• Trusses
• Cables and Arches
• Frames
• Surface Structures

Structural Elements
We usually model structural
elements as either 'one-
dimensional' or 'two-dimensional
• one-dimensional line element
• two-dimensional surface
element
intended to simplify our analysis
Line element:
• when we represent a beam element by its centreline, all relevant information relating to the
loading, beam properties and response can be expressed as functions related (mapped) to
each and every point on the line.
• The loading acting may be expressed as a distributed load intensity q(x)
• Cross-sectional shape and size - area A(x) and second moment of area I(x)
• response quantities - bending moment M(x) and shear force S(x), deflection, rotation etc.
Line element:
Planar Frame structures
• include truss, shaft, beam, grid and
frame elements,
Typical bridge systems
Space Frame structures
Line Diagram:
• the analytical model of the two- or three-
dimensional body selected for analysis
is represented by a line diagram
• member of the structure is represented
by a line coinciding with its centroidal
axis
Internal Stability - if it maintains its shape and remains a rigid body when detached from the
supports or if there is an internal collapse mechanism
Internally Unstabile (Under-rigid) - if it cannot maintain its shape and may undergo large
displacements under small disturbances when not supported externally.
External Stability - The overall structure (i.e., assemblage of structural elements) must be
effectively attached to immovable supports, in order to ensure that the structure not drift
away or undergo other forms of 'rigid body displacement.

Externally unstable (Under-rigid) - if the restraints (supports) provided are not adequate to
prevent rigid-body movements of the structure as a whole.

Structure may be externally unstable, if


1. There are not enough reactions
2. The reactions are parallel
3. The reactions are concurrent
(For 2-D truss, m = 2j – 3)
Indeterminacy
Static Kinematic
External Internal

External Static Indeterminacy:


• 𝐷𝑠𝑒 = 𝑟𝑒 − 𝑟
Internal Static Indeterminacy:
• For 2-D Truss, 𝐷𝑠𝑖 = 𝑚 − (2𝑗 − 3)

• For 3-D Truss, 𝐷𝑠𝑖 = 𝑚 − (3𝑗 − 6)

• For Rigid Frames – in rigid frames, internal indeterminacy will not exist if the structure
has open configuration like a tree.

Thumb rule

i. If the structure is internally determinate, then it is impossible to make a cut anywhere in


the structure without splitting the structure in two halves

ii. In case of internally determinate structure, it is impossible to return back to same point
without retracing the path. Means it does not have any cyclic loops.

• 𝐷𝑠𝑖 = 3𝐶 − 𝑟𝑟 (for 2-D) 𝑟𝑟 = no of internal reactions released

• 𝐷𝑠𝑖 = 3𝐶 − 𝑟𝑟 (for 3-D) 𝐶= no of closed loops


Total degree of static indeterminacy 𝐷𝑠 = 𝐷𝑠𝑒 + 𝐷𝑠𝑖

Alternate method to find 𝐷𝑠


• 2-D truss, 𝐷𝑠 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑒 + 𝑖 − 𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑛. 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑞𝑚. = 𝑚 + 𝑟𝑒 − 2𝑗

• 3-D truss, 𝐷𝑠 = 𝑚 + 𝑟𝑒 − 3𝑗

• 2-D frames 3-D frames


Kinematic Indeterminacy: Total no. of available DOF at various joints or the no. of
unconstrained displacement components at the joints

K.I. in 2-D Truss: 𝐷𝑘 = 2𝐽 − 𝑅𝑒 K.I. in 3-D Truss: 𝐷𝑘 = 3𝐽 − 𝑅𝑒

K.I. in 2-D Rigid Frame: 𝐷𝑘 = 3𝐽 − 𝑅𝑒 K.I. in 3D Rigid Frame: 𝐷𝑘 = 6𝐽 − 𝑅𝑒


Kinematic Indeterminacy:
PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION:

on a linear elastic structure, the combined effect of several loads acting simultaneously is
equal to the algebraic sum of the effects of each load acting individually.

The principle is valid for


• the deformations of the structure must be so small that the equations of
equilibrium can be based on the undeformed geometry of the structure
• the structure must be composed of linearly elastic material (the stress-strain
relationship for the structural material must follow Hooke’s law).

COMPATIBILITY: It is related to the shape of a structure. This includes


deformations, location of reaction points and the way that a structure is allowed
to bend and deform.
Primarily two types of methods of analysis:
1. Force (Flexibility) Method
• it requires identifying the unknown redundant forces and then satisfying the
structure’s compatibility equations
• done by expressing the displacements in terms of the loads by using the load-
displacement relations
• The solution of the resultant equations yields the redundant reactions
• The equilibrium equations are then used to determine the remaining reactions
on the structure
• its use is limited to structures which are not highly indeterminate because
much work is required to set up the compatibility equations
Primarily two types of methods of analysis:
2. Displacement (Stiffness) Method
• it first requires satisfying equilibrium equations for the structure.
• The unknown displacements are written in terms of the loads by using the
load-displacement relations, then these equations are solved for the
displacements
• Once the displacements are obtained, the unknown loads are determined
from the compatibility equations using the load-displacement relations
Cables
Cables are assumed to be:
• Inextensible, so has a constant length both before and after the loading
• Perfectly flexible, so SF & BM is zero everywhere
the force acting in the cable is always tangent to the cable at points along its
length
A suspension bridge having total span of 400 m, is subjected to an UDL of 100 kN/m on the
deck which is supported by two cables. Analyze the cable and find maximum tension, length
of cable, and diameter of cable if permissible Stress in cable is 160 N/mm2. If
a) Cable is supported on pulley. Find the horizontal and vertical thrust on the mast/pier.
b) Cable is connected to a saddle. Angle of suspension cable 𝛼 = 35°, angle of anchor cable
𝛽 = 50°

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