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Linguistics
MCQS
Prepared by:
Lecturer in English
GC, University, Hyderabad.
Linguistics (MCQS)
Q.01. ________is used to denote the language or variety of language that is being used by a
speaker in a particular social context, or that a speaker is able to use as a part of their
linguistic repertoire.
A. Style B. Variety C. Code

Q.02._________is the variety of language, including vocabulary and grammar, spoken in a

particular social group.
A. Dialect B. Variety C. Accent

Q.03. The characteristics of the speech of an individual which refers to a geographical or

social group is_______________
A. Dialect B. Idiolect C. Variety

Q.04. ___________is the language of communication between persons who have different
first languages who speak different tribal languages.
A. Business language B. Code Switching C. Lingua franca

Q. 05. A language with a markedly reduced grammatical structure, lexicon, and stylistic
range is said to be_____________
A. Creole B. Lingua Franca C. Pidgin

Q.06. is used either to denote the jargon associated with a particular occupational group, or
more widely to refer to any variety that is influenced by subject matter, setting, group being
addressed.
A. Code B. Register C. Creole

Q.07. _______ is the general term used to denote a form of language (pronunciation,
grammar, vocabulary) that is used by particular social groups in particular social contexts.
A. Dialect B. Register C. Jargon D. Variety

Q.08. Language learning processes, like how language is acquired, how language is stored in
the brain, how language is accessed and processed by the brain, are studied under
A. Socio-linguistics B. Applied linguistics C. Psycho-linguistics

Q.9. The approach towards the language acquisition that the capacity for language is innate in
human beings is said to be_______________
A. Behaviourism B. Interactionism C. Mentalism
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_______ visit
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that a person has about a particular concept, which
enables them to interpret what they encounter in relation to that concept.
A. Competence B. Performance C. Schema

Q. 11. The notion that human beings are born with the features that are common to languages
generally hardwired into their minds is said to be_____________
A. Schema B. Universal Grammar C. Competence

Q.12. The historical approach to language study, which investigates the changes in languages
through time is said to be____________
A. Synchronic B. Idiosyncrasy C. Diachronic

Q.13. The linguistic capability to combine existing sounds into new meanings and to combine
existing words into new utterances is called ___________
A. Displacement B. Productivity
C. Symbolism D. Arbitrariness

Q.14. The study of rules and practices for making and using sounds in a language is
called_____
A. Phonology B. Morphology
C. Syntax D. Socio-linguistics.

Q.15. The study of rules and practices for constructing meaningful bits of language is called
A. Phonology B. Morphology
C. Syntax D. Socio-linguistics.

Q.16. Issues in the construction of intelligible utterances-like word order, tense, case and
person are the area of
A. Phonology B. Morphology
C. Syntax D. Socio-linguistics.

Q.17. The co-existence of two different forms of language in a society often a 'high' and 'low'
or 'official' or 'common form is called:
A. Linguistic relativity B. Multiculturalism
C. Diglossia D. Pidignization
Q.18. A new or hybrid language that develops a new or sophisticated grammar or vocabulary
and is spoken as some group's first language is:
A. Creole B. Pidgin
C. Ritual language D. Anti-language

Q.19. In English, we use the labiodental fricative for the letters:

A. a and o B. v and f
C. p and b D. c and k

Q.20. Human language differs from communication systems of other animals because
A. Humans have closed system and lack recursion
B. Humans can vocalize
C. Humans have open system and use recursion
D. Human languages lack displacement and have production

Q.21. Which of the following is the smallest unit within a language system?
A. Word B. Morpheme
C. Phoneme D. Grapheme

Q.22. Which of the following definitions are consistent with discourse?

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A. The smallest meaningful unit of speech
B. Rules for putting words together in sentences
C. The meaning of language
D. None of these

Q.23. Hermann Paul (1886) argued that the most basic building block of language was which
of the following?
A. Words B. Morpheme
C. Phoneme D. Lexeme

Q.24. Who was the main contributor to the linguistic period?

A. Chomsky B. Wundt
C. Piaget D. Hermann Paul

Q.25. In oral presentation of language preceded the written. There was an emphasis on
correct pronunciation and grammar, and on using repetition to inculcate correct language.
A. Grammar Translation Method B. Audio Lingual Method
C. Communicative Language Teaching D. All of these

Q.26. looks at all the possibilities of harnessing information technology to the task of
teaching and learning a second language.
A. Communicative Language Teaching B. Grammar Translation Method
C. Computer Assisted Language Learning D. None of these

Q.27. A method of teaching foreign languages that laid great emphasis on speaking and
which used only the foreign language in the classroom is
A. Grammar Translation Method B. Communicative Language Teaching
C. Direct Method D. All of these

Q.28. The study of the errors made by learners of a second language, in order to understand
the strategies used by second language learners and to improve second language pedagogy is
A. Contrastive analysis B. Competence
C. Performance D. Error analysis

Q.29. The application of linguistics to the study of all genres of literature, and especially to
the study of authorial style is:
A. Socio linguistics B. Discourse analysis
C. Stylistics D. None of these

Q.30. An expression in which a part stands for the whole or an individual for a class of
things, or material for the things made from it:
A. Hyperbole B. Synecdoche
C. Metaphor D. Simile

Q.31. The notion that language shapes thought and experience of its speakers is known as:
A. Participant observation B. Cultural anthropology
C. Cultural relativism D. Linguistic relativity

Q.32. Which of the following areas of linguistics focuses on the sounds, words, and
grammars of languages?
A. Socio linguistics B. Historical linguistics
C. Ethno linguistics D. Descriptive linguistics
Q.33 Most anthropologists agree that language
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B. and culture influence each other
C. is unrelated to kinesics and proxemics D. Is inborn, or genetically determined.

Q.34. The terms used for the non-linguistic aspects of speaking is:
A. Metalanguage B. Paralanguage
C. Protolanguage D. Both B and C

Q.35. The rules for combining phonemes into words in a language are said to be:
A. Transcription B. Orthography
C. Phonotactics D. All of these

Q.36.A label for the speech organs most directly involved in producing a consonant is termed
as:
A. Manner of Articulation B. Place of Articulation
C. Transcription D. None of these

Q.37.The branch of linguistics which studies how utterances communicate meaning in

context is known as:
A. Stylistics B. Semantics
C. Pragmatics D. None of these

Q.38. The part of a sentence other than its subject is said to be:
A. Adjunct B. Phrase
C. Clause D. Predicate
Q.39. ___________is the study of the connections between language and mind.
A. Sociolinguistics B. Computational linguistics
C. Stylistics D. Psycholinguistics

Q.40. A conventional system of marks representing information about the structure of a

written text is:
A. Intonation B. Rhythm
C. Punctuation D. Both A and B

Q.41. The study of social production of meaning from sign systems is termed as:
A. Semantics B. Semiotics
C. Pragmatics D. Both A and B
Q.42. Two words that share the same phonetic form but have different meanings:
A. Synonymy B. Homonymy
C. Antonymy D. Complementary pairs

Q.43. If one word is applicable, the other cannot be:

A. Synonymy B. Homonymy
C. Antonymy D. Complementary pairs

Q.44. Which one of the following aspects of speech act gives the meaning of the effect of
what you say "?
A. The illocutionary act B. The perlocutionary act
C. The loctutionary act D. Both B and C

Q.45. Strong prominence on a particular syllable is said to be:

A. Rhythm B. Intonation
C. Stress D. Both A and C

Q.46. The study of phonetics concerned with the processes by which speech sounds are made
is known as:
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A. Acoustic Phonetics B. Auditory Phonetics
C. Articulatory Phonetics D. None of these

Q.47. Sounds in whose articulation two speech organs narrow the airstream, causing friction
to occur as it passes through are said to be:
A. Plosives B. Affricates
C. Nasals D. None of these

Q.48. Sounds in whose articulation the mainstream is stopped by a brief closure of two
speech organs and then released in a quick burst are known as:
A. Fricatives B. Plosives
C. Nasals D. Affricates

Q.49. The smallest unit of sound is known as:

A. Morpheme B. Phoneme
C. Lexeme D. None of these

Q.50. Velar sounds are formed by:

A. The middle of the tongue up against the hard palate.
B. The back of the tongue against the soft palate.
C. Both lips coming together.
D. None of these

Q.51.Constitute opposite ends of a scale, but the negative of word is not necessarily
synonymous with the other:
A. Synonymy B. Homonymy
C. Complementary pairs D. Gradable pairs

Q.52Which of the following constitutes a symmetrical relationship?

A. Antonymy B. Complementary pairs
C. Gradable pairs D. Relational pairs

53. Sounds formed from the space between the vocal folds or glottis are known as:
A. Palatal B. Alveolar
C. Alveolar D. None of these

Q.54 Labio-dental are sounds which are formed by:

A. The tongue touching the upper teeth.
B. The tongue curled behind the alveolar ridge.
C. By the middle of the tongue up against the hard palate.
D. The bottom lip touching the upper teeth.

Q.55. The study of the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences is said
to be:
A. Phonology B. Linguistics
C. Lexicography D. None of these

Q.56. Words which specify the attributes of nouns are known as:
A. Adverbs B. Pronouns
C. Verbs D. None of these

Q. 57. A class of words which always occurs with a noun and serves to specify its number
and definiteness is:
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B. Determiner
C. Pronoun D. All of these

Q.58The following statement reflects which theory of adult language acquisition:

A. Critical Period Theory B. Competition Theory
C. No difference Theory D. None of these

Q.59. What grammatical element is contained in the line "to be or not to be"?
A. Infinitive phrase B. Independent phrase
C. Gerund phrase D. None of these

Q.61. A grammar which sets out to specify the formation of grammatical structures is:
A. Generative grammar B. Pedagogical grammar
C. Functional grammar D. None of these

Q.62. The primary grammatical level at which the sentences are formed is:
A. Surface structure B. Deep structure
C. Both A and B D. None of these
Q.63. Intransitive verbs are those:
A. Which can take an object B. Which can't take an object C. Which
can be converted into Passive Voice D. None of these

Q.64. A grammar containing properties common to all languages and innately present in
humanbeings is called:
A. Transformational grammar B. Traditional
C. Universal grammar D. All of these

Q. 65. People are being instigated to raise the slogans against the Government. Name the
underlined verb:
A. Active Verb B. Passive Verb
C. Modal Verb D. None of these

Q.66. Pakistani Cricket Team may improve their ranking. Name the underlined verb:
A. Modal Verb B. Main Verb
C. Dynamic Verb D. None of these

Q.67. What grammatical element is represented in the sentence "When I am too tired to get
up in the morning, when I forget to do my work, when I have nothing to eat, usually ask
my mom if I can stay home from school"?
A. Infinitive phrase B. Dependent clause
C. Independent clause D. Gerund phrase

Q.68. What grammatical item is contained in the sentence "Running with scissors can cause
serious injury"?
A. Infinitive phrase B. Dependent clause
C. Gerund phrase D. None of these

Q. 69. The distribution of various levels or stress across a syllable chain is:
A. Rhythm B. Tempo
C. Final juncture D. None of these
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Q.70. A pattern of pitch across a phrase of utterance is:

A. Rhythm B. Intonation
C. Tempo D. None of these

Q.71. is the father of Linguistics.

A. Noam Chomsky B. Sassure
C. Michael Halliday D. William Labov

Q.72. A term that expresses one of the principal senses of the word 'language' and specifies
linguistic behaviour of people is known as:
A. Parole B. Langue
C. Both A and B D. None of these

Q.72. A term which refers to the sequential characteristics of language is called:

A. Synchrony B. Paradigmatic
C. Syntagmatic D. None of these

Q.73. A relation which exists between words which have the same form but unrelated senses
is known to be:
A. Hyponymy B. Homonymy
C. Polysemy D. None of these
Q.74. "Speech Act Theory' was developed by:
A. William Labov B. Piaget
C. J.L Austin D. None of these

Q.75. The study of language and literature is said to be:

A. Sociolinguistics B. Historical Linguistics
C. Psycholinguistics D. None of these

Q.76. Comparative Linguistics is the study of:

A. Language and literature B. Language and society
C. Language and mind D. Different languages and their respective
linguistic systems
Q.78. The two words are synonymous if they have in some way the same meaning, for
example, Sofa and couch:
A. Synonymy B. Homonymy
C. Antonymy D. None of these

Q.79. The simulation of language by the use of computers is said to be:

A. Stylistics B. Computational Linguistics
C. Applied Linguistics D. Historical Linguistics

Q.80. The production of speech is controlled mainly by forward proportions of the brain in an
area traditionally known as:
A. Wernicke's area B. Broca's area
C. Both A and B D. None of these

Q.81. Listening and Speaking are said to be:

A. Receptive Skills B. Productive Skills
C. Both A and B D. None of these
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Q.82. Vowels are the sounds:

A. That create impossibility to the flow of air
B. That do not create obstruction to the flow of air
C. That partially create obstruction to the flow of air
D. None of these

Q.83. The number of Diphthongs is:

A. Six B. Seven
C. Eight D. Nine

Q.84.An expression whose meaning cannot be worked out from the meanings of its
constituent words is said to be:
A. Phrasal verb B. Clause
C. Phrase D. Idiom

Q.85. A variation in the form of a single word for grammatical purposes is said to be:
A. Suffix B. Prefix
C. Inflection D. None of these

Q.86. A type of verb which typically occurs in the progressive form and in the imperative,
and which expresses such meanings as activity, process and bodily sensation are said to
A. Linking B. Main
C. Auxiliary D. Dynamic

Q.87. A type of case, associated with possession and usually marking the possessor
is__________
A. Nominative B. Accusative C. Genitive

Q.88. A type of mood associated with the issuing of commands and usually realized in
English by a sentence without a subject and with the base form of the verb
A. Subjunctive B. Imperative C. Indicative

Q.89. The writing of dictionaries is said to be:

A. Morphology B. Lexicography
C. Both A and B D. Orthography

Q.90. _______ is a system of rules which allows us to transmit information in symbolic form.
A. Language B. Form
C. Code D. None of these

Q. 91 Who was considered the 'Father of Linguistics', a Swiss guy, who authored the book
entitled 'Course in General Linguistics"?
A. Noam Chomsky B. William James
C. Ferdinand de Saussure D. Leonard Bloomfield

Q. 92. A geographically based language variety with distinct syntactic forms and vocabulary
items is said to be:
A. Code B. Dialect
C. Accent D. All of these
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Q.93. An auxiliary language which arises to fulfil certain limited communication needs
among people who have no common language is known as:
A. Lingua Franca B. Creole
C. Pidgin D. All of these

Q. 94. What three components generally make up a system of a typical language?

A. phonology, syntax, semantics B. semiosis, syntax, frames
C. frames, semantics, utterances D. sign, signified, signs

Q.95. __________refers to a socially or situationally defined style of language.

A. Dialect B. Register
C. Code D. None of these

Q.96. The syntactic structure which is most obviously assignable to a particular sentence is
said to be:
A. Deep Structure B. Surface Structure
C. Both A and B D. None of these

Q.97. What is the smallest segment of sound that comprises the basic building blocks of a
language?
A. Phoneme B. Metameme
C. Morpheme D. Terameme

Q.98. A continuous piece of spoken or written language, especially one with a recognizable
beginning and ending is known as:
A. Passage B. Description
C. Text D. None of these

Q.99 A representation on paper of speech, using conventional symbols is said to be:

A. Orthography B. Text
C. Transcription D. Both A and B

Q. 100. What is defined as the study of sentence structure'?

A. Morphology B. Semantics
C. Phonology D. Syntax

Q.101 A particular piece of speech produced by a particular individual on a particular

occasion is known as:
A. Sentence B. Utterance
C. Expression D. All of these

Q.102. The status of a linguistic form in a language which conforms to the rules of that
language is termed as:
A. Grammar B. Well-formedness
C. formedness D. Both B and C

Q. 103. Grammar consists of:

A. Morphology B. Syntax
C. Phonology D. A and B
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Q. 104. The study of the sound system of a language, how the particular sounds contrast in
each language to form an integrated system for encoding information and how such systems
differ from one language to another:
A. Phonology B. Phonemes
C. Assimilation D. Complementary distribution

Q. 105. A process by which sound becomes more like a nearby sound in terms of some
feature:
A. Phonology B. Phonemes
C. Assimilation D. Complementary distribution

Q. 106. Two words that differ only by a single sound in the same position and have different
meanings but are otherwise identical:
A. Allophones B. Minimal pair
C. Complementary distribution D. Assimilation

Q. 107. A word that limits the meaning of a noun or a pronoun:

A. Noun B. Adjective
C. Adverb D. Verb
Q.108. A meaningful constituent of a word that occurs with a consonant meaning in the
structure of other words is ____________
A. Phoneme B. Lexeme C. Morpheme

Q.109. The distinctive pronunciation associated with a particular geographical area or social
group is
A. Dialect B. Variety C. Accent

Q. 109. A sociolinguistic situation where two very different varieties of a language

cothroughout a speech community, each performing an individual range of functions, and
each having acquired some degree of status as a standard is_____________

Q. 110. A word that modifies a verb, an adjective or an adverb:

A. Noun B. Adjective
C. Adverb D. Verb

Q.111. The letter D in the word 'mixed' is pronounced as:

A. /t/ B. /d/
C. Both A and B D. None of these

Q.112. The study of the construction of words out of morphemes:

A. Phonetics B. Phonology
C. Morphemes D. Morphology

Q. 113. The smallest linguistic unit that has meaning or grammatical function:
A. Bound morpheme B. Free morpheme
C. Morphemes D. Derivational morphemes

Q. 114. This rule says that you must be relevant in the conversation:
A. Maxim of Quality B. Grice's Maxim of Relation
C. Grice's Maxim of Quantity D. None of these
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Q.115. Make your contribution as informative as is required. Don't make your contribution
more informative than is required:
A. Maxim of Quality B. Grice's Maxim of Relation
C. Grice's Maxim of Quantity D. None of these

Q.116. The social relationship and setting of the speakers and the hearers is:
A. Physical context B. Epistemic context
D. Social context C. Linguistic context

Q. 117. Which figure of speech is it when a statement is exaggerated in a poem?

A. Onomatopeia B. Metonymy
C. Alliteration D. Hyperbole

Q.118. There was aware of her true love, at length come riding by - This is a couplet from the
Bailiff's Daughter of Islington. What figure of speech is used by the poet?
A. Metaphor B. Synecdoche

Q.119. A pattern of accented and unaccented syllables in lines of poetry

A. Rhyme scheme B. Meter C. Alliteration

Q.120.The repetition of similar ending sounds

A. Alliteration B. Onomatopoiea C. Rhyme

Q.121. Applying human qualities to non-human things

A. Personification B. Onomatopoeia C. Alliteration

Q.122. The repetition of beginning consonant sounds

A. Rhyme B. Onomatopoeia C. Alliteration

Q. 123. A comparison of unlike things without using a word of comparison such as like or as.
A. Metaphor B. Simile C. Personification

Q.124. The comparison of unlike things using the words like or as

A. Metaphor B. Simile C. Personification

Q. 125. Using words or letters to imitate sounds

A. Alliteration B. Simile C. Onomatopoeia

Q.126.Which of the following is not a literary device used for aesthetic effect in poetry?
A. Assonance B. Onomatopaea
C. Rhyme C. Grammar
Q.127. What is the study of poetry's meter and form called?
A. Prosody B. Potology
C. Rheumatology D. Scansion

Q. 128. What is the difference between a simile and a metaphor?

A. No difference. Simply two different ways in referring to the same thing.
B. A simile is more descriptive.
C. A simile uses as or like to make a comparison and a metaphor doesn't.
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D. A simile must use animals in the comparison.

Q. 129. What is the word for a "play on words"?

A. Pun B. Simile
C. Haiku D. Metaphor

Q. 130. Which represents an example of alliteration?

A. Language Arts B. Peter Piper Picked Peppers
C. I like music. D. A beautiful scenery with music

Q.131.What is the study of language and languages?

A. Phonetics B. Syntax
C. Semantics D. Linguistics

Q.132. A linguist is the person who..

A. Speaks many languages B. Speaks and writes many languages
C. Studies any language D. Studies English language

Q.133. The branch of linguistics which studies meaning is called.

A. Syntax B. Semantics
C. Phonology D. Morphology

Q.134. Phonetics is the study of ...........

A. Meaning B. Sound
C. Style D. Accent

Q.135. How words are formed is studied in which branch of linguistics....

A. Phonetic B. Syntax
C. Morphology D. Semantics

Q.136. The branch of linguistics that studies 'meaning in context' is called

A. Semantics B. Pragmatics
C. Sociolinguistics D. Anthropological linguistics

Q.137. The study of language in relation to social classes, dialectics and genders is known as.
A. Stylistics B. Psycholinguistics
C. Sociolinguistics D. Neuro-linguistics

Q.138. The study of language in relation to mind is called..

A. Sociolinguistics B. Psycholinguistics
C. Neuro-linguistics D. Computational linguistics

Q.139. Phonetics is the study of sounds of language, what do we call these sounds?
A. Phonemes B. Morphemes
C. Syntax D. Lexicology

Q.140. The regional variation in language is referred to as............

A. Dialect B. Accent
C. Sociolect D. Idiolect
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Q.141. Code-switching is the process where a person.....

a. Shifts from one language to
another
b. Intermixes two languages C.
Speaks Native speaker's accent
d. Speaks standard variety of language

Q.142. A dialect of the language which is used in press, education, media and politics is
referred to as..
A. Non-standard dialect B. Standard dialect
C. Substandard dialect D. Super standard dialect

Q.143. ................... is not branch of linguistics.

A. Sociolinguistics B. Anthropology
C. Psycholinguistics D. Computational linguistics

Q.144. A person who speaks many languages is called ......

A. Extra-lingual B. Monolingual
C. Polyglot D. Mega-lingual

Q.145. Which of the following is not studied in sociolinguistics?

A. Sounds of the language B. Dialects
C. Social class D. Gender

Q.146. Noam Chomsky is .....................linguist.

A. German B. American
C. Indian D. Australian

Q.147. Speech Community is the one which speaks.................

A. Many languages B. Same language
C. Same dialect D. Any two languages

Q.148. The number of vowels in English are ......................

A. 7 B. 5
C. 21 D. 19

Q.149. Phonology is the study of.................

A. Production, perception and reception of sound system B. Sound patterns
C. Word formation D. Word order

Q.150. A term that expresses one of the principal senses of the word 'langauge' and specifies
linguistic behavior of people is known as:
A. Langue B. Parole
C. Both A and B D. None of these

Q.151. A term which refers to the sequential characteristics of language is called:

A. Synchrony B. Paradigmatic
C. Syntagmatic D. None of these
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Q.152. A relation which exists between words which have the same form but unrelated senses
is known to be:
A. Hyponymy B. Homonymy
C. Polysemy D. None of these

Q.153. "Speech Act Theory' was developed by:

A. William Labov B. Piaget
C. J.L Austin D. None of these

Q.154. The study of language and literature is said to be:

A. Sociolinguistics B. Historical Linguistics
C. Psycholinguistics D. None of these

Q.155. Comparative Linguistics is the study of:

A. Language and literature B. Language and society C. Language and mind D.
Different languages and their respective linguistic systems

Q.156. The two words: Sofa and Couch fall in the domain of:
A. Synonymy B. Homonyiny
C. Antonymy D. Oxymoron

Q.157. The simulation of language by the use of computers is said to be:

A. Stylistics B. Computational Linguistics
C. Applied Linguistics D. Historical Linguistics

Q.158. The production of speech is controlled mainly by forward proportions of the brain in
an area traditionally known as:
A. Wernicke's area B. Broca's area
D. None of these C. Both A and B

Q.159. Listening and Reading are said to be:

A. Receptive Skills B. Productive Skills
C. Both A and B D. None of these

Q.160. Vowels are the sounds that

A create impossibility to the flow of air
B. do not create obstruction to the flow of air after passing through vocal
cords
C. partially create obstruction to the flow of air after passing through vocal cords D.
None of these

Q.161. The number of Diphthongs in English is:

A. Six B. Seven
C. Eight D. Nine

Q.162. An expression whose meaning cannot be worked out from the meanings of its
constituent words is said to be:
A. Phrasal verb B. Clause
C. Phrase D. Idiom
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Q.163. A variation in the form of a single word for grammatical purposes is said to be:
A. Suffix B. Prefix
C. Inflection D. None of these

Q.164. A type of verb which typically occurs in the progressive form and in the imperative,
and which expresses such meanings as activity, process and bodily sensation are said to be
________
A. Linking B. Main
C. Auxiliary D. Dynamic

Q.165. A type of case, associated with possession and usually marking the possessor
is___________
A. Nominative B. Accusative
C. Genitive D. Declarative

Q.167. A type of mood associated with the issuing of commands and usually realized in
English by a sentence without a subject and with the base form of the verb____________
A. Subjunctive B. Imperative
C. Indicative D. Assertive

Q168. The writing of new dictionaries is said to be:

A. Morphology B. Lexicography
C. Both A and B D. Lexicology
Q.169. is a system of rules which allows us to transmit information in symbolic form.
A. Language B. Form
C. Code D. None of these

Q.170. Who was considered the father of Linguistics', who also authored the book entitled
"Course in General Linguistics?
A. Noam Chomsky B. William James
C. Ferdinad de Saussure D. Leonard Bloomfield

Q.171.Which method of second language teachings is used in the current era of ELT?
A. Grammar translation method B. Audiolingualism
C. Communicative Language Teaching D. Total physical response

Q.172. A teacher can use____________strategy in the classroom to make the students

effective speakers of second language.
A. Tasks/activities B. Question and answers
C. Drills D. None of them

Q.173.What should be included in the classroom teaching?

A. Tasks and activities B. Role plays and dialogue practice
C. Quizzes D. All of them
Q.174. A teacher should first of all analyze__________in the classroom before applying any
teaching method
A. Weather B. Institutional constraints
C. Students' needs and levels D. Teaching goals
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Q.175. Speaking should be taught best while involving students into:

A. Writing of content B. Listening practice
C. Speaking practice D. Both B and C

Q.176. For effective teaching, a teacher should be

A. Sole authority of the classroom B. Textbook bound
C. Friendly with the students D. None of them

Q.177. Those materials of teaching can be effective which are made by:
A. Teachers themselves B. External bodies
C. Students themselves D. People in education ministry
Q.178. Students can be taught to become effective speakers of target language when they
A. Memorize the chunks of target language
B. Practice the language only in classroom
C. Practice the language in different contexts
D. None of them

Q.179. The book English for Undergraduates is written by .....

A. DH Lawrence B. Wren and Marten
C. D H Howe D. Raymond Murphy

Q.180. A language teacher should focus on

A. Grammatical competence of students
B. Linguistic and communicative competence of students
C. Communicative competence of students
D. None of them

Q.181.Instrument used for measuring sample of behavior is?

A. Test B. Measurement
C. Assessment D. Evaluation

Q.182.Limited to quantitative description of pupil's performance is?

A. Test B. Measurement
C. Assessment D. Evaluation

Q.183.The purpose of the evaluation is to make?

A. Decision B. Prediction
C. Judgment D. Opinion

Q.184. The purpose of evaluation is to make judgment about educational?

A. Quantity B. Quality
C. Time period D. Age

Q.185. Evaluation that monitors learning progress is?

A. Placement evaluation B. Formative evaluation
C. Diagnostic evaluation D. Summative evaluation

Q.186.A formal and systematic procedure of getting information is?

A. Test B. Measurement
C. Assessment D. Evaluation
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Q.187.The process of obtaining numerical value is?

A. Test B. Measurement
C. Assessment D. Evaluation

Q.188. A sum of questions is?

A. Test B. Measurement
C. Assessment D. Evaluation

Q.189.The first step in measurement is?

A. Decision of what to measure B. Development of the test
C. Administering the test D. None

Q.190. The purpose of formative evaluation is?

A. Decision of what to measure B. Development of the test
C. Administering the test D. Monitoring progress of students

Q.191. To assess achievement at the end of instruction is?

A. Placement Assessment B. Formative Assessment
C. Summative Assessment D. Diagnostic Assessment

Q.192. Vast of all in scope is..........

A. Test B. Measurement
C. Assessment D. Evaluation

Q.193. The least in scope is...........

A. Test B. Measurement
C. Assessment D. Evaluation

Q.194. Permanent difficulties in learning are investigated in?

A. Placement Assessment B. Formative Assessment
C. Summative Assessment D. Diagnostic Assessment

Q.195. Broader in meaning is.......

A. Aims B. Objectives
C. Instructional objectives D. Specific Objectives

Q.196. Procedures used to determine a person's abilities is...........

A. Maximum performance test B. Typical performance test
C. Norm performance test D. Criterion performance test

Q197. In norm referenced test the comparison is between?

A. Groups B. Individuals
C. Areas D. Interest

Q.198. In which question marking will be more reliable?

A. Completion B. Short answer
C. Multiple choice question D. Essay
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Q.199. Facility value of less than 0.20 means............

A. Item is too easy B. Item is difficult
C. Item is acceptable D. Item is easy

Q.200. Objective type questions have an advantage over essay type because such
questions...........
A. Are easy to prepare B. Are easy to solve
C. Are easy to mark D. None

Q.201. Discrimination value of more than 0.4 means...........

A. Item is good B. Item is acceptable
C. Item is weak D. None

Q.202. Test involving the construction of certain patterns are called...

A. Intelligence test B. Performance tests
C. Scholastic test D. None

Q.203. In multiple choice items the stem of the items should be...........
A. Large B. Small
C. Meaningful D. None

Q.204. Which appropriate verb will you use to make an objective behavioral?
A. To know B. To appreciate
C. To understand D. To construct

Q.205. Objectives representing the purposes of instruction of a teacher are called?

A. Performance B. Instructional
C. Attainment D. None

Q.206. Running description of active behaviour of a student as observed by the teacher

is..........
A. Anecdotal record B. Autobiography
C. Interview D. None

Q.207. A test very popular with class room teacher is?

A. True false test B. Multiple choices
C. Matching D. Completion test

Q.208. Frequently used tools of summative evaluation are?

A. Test B. Teacher observation
C. Daily assignment D. None

Q.209. The summative evaluation is?

A. Diagnostic B. Certifying judgment
C. Continuous D. None

Q.210. The difference between maximum and minimum values is?

A. Mean B. Mode
C. Range D. None
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Q.211. The number of score lying in a class interval is?

A. Mid point B. Quartiles
C. Class D. Frequencies

Q.212. A multiple choice question is composed of question referred as?

A. Stem B. Distracter
C. Foil D. Response

Q.213.In a norm referenced test which item is best?

A. Item difficulty is near zero B. Item difficulty is near 100
C. Item difficulty is near 70 D. Item difficulty is near 50

Q.214. Which question has increasing objectivity of marking?

A. Unstructured essay B. Structured essay
C. Short answer D. Multiple type questions

Q.215.The most widely used format on standardized test in USA is?

A. Unstructured essay B. Structured essay
C. Short answer D. Multiple type questions

Q.216. Which questions are difficult to mark with reliability?

A. Unstructured essay B. Structured essay
C. Short answer D. Multiple type questions

Q.217. Projective techniques are used to measure....

A. Aptitude B. Intelligence
C. Knowledge D. Personality

Q.218. Test meant for prediction on a certain criterion are called?

A. Aptitude test B. Intelligence
C. Knowledge D. Personality

Q.219. Kuder Richardson method is used to estimate?

A. Reliability B. Validity
C. Objectivity D. Usability

Q.220. Value that divides the data into two equal parts is?
A. Mean B. Median
C. Mode D. None

Q.221. The test measures what we intend to measure. This quality of the test is called?
A. Reliability B. Validity
C. Objectivity D. Usability
Q.222. The length of a test is an important factor in obtaining a representative?
A. Mean B. Median
C. Mode D. Sample

Q.223. The test made to compare the performance of student with the other students is called?
A. Criterion reference B. Norm reference
C. Achievement D. None
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Q.224. The summative evaluation is used?

A. At the end of the program B. At the middle of the program
C. At the start of the program D. None

Q.225. Instrument used for measuring sample of behaviour is?

A. Test B. Measurement
C. Assessment D. Evaluation

Q.226. Limited to quantitative description of pupil's performance is?

A. Test B. Measurement
C. Assessment D. Evaluation

Q.227. The purpose of the evaluation is to make?

A. Decision B. Prediction
C. Judgment D. Opinion

Q.228. The purpose of evaluation is to make judgment about educational?

A. Quanitiy B. Quality
C. Teme period D. Age

Q.229. Evaluation that monitors learning progress is?

A. Placement evaluation B. Formative evaluation
C. Diagnostic evaluation D. Summative evaluation

Q.230. A formal and systematic procedure of getting information is?

A. Test B. Measurement
C. Assessment D. Evaluation
Q.231. The process of obtaining numerical value is?
A. Test B. Measurement
C. Assessment D. Evaluation

Q.232. A sum of questions is?

A. Test B. Measurement
C. Assessment D. Evaluation

Q.233. The first step in measurement is?

A. Decision of what to measure B. Development of the test
C. Administering the test D. None

Q.234. The purpose of formative evaluation is?

A. Decision of what to measure B. Development of the test
C. Administering the test D. Monitoring progress of students

Q.235. To assess achievement at the end of instruction is?

A. Placement Assessment B. Formative Assessment
C. Summative Assessment D. Diagnostic Assessment
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Q. 236. Vast of all in scope?

A. Test B. Measurement
C. Assessment D. Evaluation

Q.237. The least in scope is?

A. Test B. Measurement
C. Assessment D. Evaluation

Q.238. Permanent difficulties in learning are investigated in?

A. Placement Assessment B. Formative Assessment
C. Summative Assessment D. Diagnostic Assessment

Q.239. Broader in meaning is?

A. Aims B. Objectives
C. Instructional objectives D. Specific Objectives

Q.240. Procedures used to determine person abilities is?

A. Maximum performance test B. Typical performance test
C. Norm performance test D. Criterion performance test

Q.241. In norm referenced test the comparison is between?

A. Groups B. Individuals
C. Areas D. Interest

Q.242. In which question marking will be more reliable?

A. Completion B. Short answer
C. Multiple choice question D. Essay

Q.243. Facility value of less than 0.20 means?

A. Item is too easy B. Item is difficult
C. Item is acceptable D. Item is easy

Q.244. Objective type question have advantage over essay type because such questions?
A. Are easy to prepare B. Are easy to solve
C. Are easy to mark D. None

Q.245. Discrimination value of more than 0.4 means

A. Item is good B. Item is acceptable
C. Item is weak D. None

Q.246. Test involving the construction of certain patterns are called?

A. Intelligence test B. Performance tests
C. Scholastic test D. None

Q.247. In multiple choice items the stem of the items should be?
A. Large B. Small
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C. Meaningful D. None

Q.248. Which appropriate verb will you use to make an objective behavioural?
A. To know B. To appreciate
C. To understand D. To construct

Q.249. Objectives representing the purposes of instruction of a teacher are called?

A. Performance B. Instructional
C. Attainment D. None

Q.250. Running description of active behaviour of a student as observed by the teacher is?
A. Anecdotal record B. Autobiography
C. Interview D. None

Q.251. A test very popular with class room teacher is?

A. True false test B. Multiple choices
C. Matching D. Completion test

Q.252. Frequently used tools of summative evaluation are?

A. Test B. Teacher observation
C. Daily assignment D. None

Q.253. The summative evaluation is?

A. Diagnostic B. Certifying judgment
C. Continuous D. None

Q.254. The difference between maximum and minimum values is?

A. Mean B. Mode
C. Range D. None

Q.255. The number of score lying in a class interval is?

A. Mid point B. Quartiles
C. Class D. Frequencies

Q.256. A multiple choice question is composed of question referred as?

A. Stem B. Distracter
C. Foil D. Response

Q.257. In a norm referenced test which item is best?

A. Item difficulty is near zero B. Item difficulty is near 100
C. Item difficulty is near 70 D. Item difficulty is near 50

Q.258. Which question has increasing objectivity of marking?

A. Unstructured essay B. Structured essay
C. Short answer D. Multiple type questions

Q.259. The most widely used format on standardized test in USA is?
A. Unstructured essay B. Structured essay
C. Short answer D. Multiple type questions
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Q.260. Which questions are difficult to mark with reliability?

A. Unstructured essay B. Structured essay
C. Short answer D. Multiple type questions

Q.261. Projective techniques are used to measure?

A. Aptitude B. Intelligence
C. Knowledge D. Personality

Q.262. Test meant for prediction on a certain criterion are called?

A. Aptitude test B. Intelligence
C. Knowledge D. Personality

Q.263. Kuder Richardson method is used to estimate?

A. Reliability B. Validity
C. Objectivity D. Usability

Q.264. Value that divides the data into two equal parts is?
A. Mean B. Median
C. Mode D. None

Q.265. The test measures what we intend to measure. This quality of the test is called?
A. Reliability B. Validity
C. Objectivity D. Usability

Q.266. The length of a test is an important factor in obtaining a representative?

A. Mean B. Median
C. Mode D. Sample

Q.267. Compare the performance of student with the other students is called?
A. Criterion reference B. Norm reference
C. Achievement D. None

Q.268. The summative evaluation is used?

A. At the end of the program B. At the middle of the program
C. At the start of the program D. None

Q.269. The alternative name of the table of specification" is?

A. Test Blue Print B. Test Construction
C. Test Administration D. Test Scoring

Q.270. "table of specification helps in?

A. Test development B. Test Construction

C. Test Administration D. Test Scoring

Q.271. The supply type test item is?

A. True/False items B. Matching items

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C.M.C.Q items D. Completion items

Q.272. Alternative response item is?

A. True/False items B. Right/ wrong

C. Correct/incorrect D. All above

Q.273. How many columns matching items have?

A. One B. Two
C. Four D. Five

Q.274. The item in the column for which a match is sought is?
A. Premise B. Response
C. Destructor D. None

Q.275. Identifying relationship between two things is demonstrated by?

A. True / False items B. Matching items
C.M.C.Q items D. Completion items

Q.276. The statement of problem in M.C.Qs is?

A. Premise B. Response
C. Stem D. None

Q.277. The correct option in M.C.Q is?

A. Answer B. Premise
C. Response D. Destructor

Q.278. The incorrect options in M.C.Q are?

A. Answer B. Premise
C. Response D. Destructor

Q.279. The most widely applicable test item is?

A. True/False items B. Matching items
C.M.C.Q items D. Completion items

Q.280. The type of essay item in which contents are limited is?
A. Restricted Response Questions B. Extended Response Questions
C. Matching items D.M.C.Q items

Q.281. The ability to select organize, integrate and evaluate ideas is demonstrated by?
A. Restricted Response Questions B. Extended Response Questions
C. Matching items D.M.C.Q items

Q.282. The Analysis of items is necessary in?

A. Standardized Test B. Essay Type Test
C. Objective type test D. Norm referenced test.

Q.283. Which one is not the type of test of test by purpose?

A. Standardized Test B. Essay Type Test
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C. Objective type test D. Norm referenced test

Q.284. The type of the test by method is?

A. Standardized Test B. Essay Type Test
C. Objective type test D. Norm referenced test

Q.285. Student's performance is compared with other students in?

A. Standardized Test B. Essay Type Test
C. Objective type test D. Norm referenced test

Q.286. The purpose of measurement in education is to

A. Make decisions about students. B. Assess teacher skills.
C. Determine if objectives are being met. D. Collect information for decision making.

Q.287. Measurement and evaluation can be used to

A. Motivate students.
B. Help develop the scope and sequence of teaching.
C. Assess the effectiveness of learning activities.
D. All of the above.

Q.288. Some of the skills involved in interpreting and reporting assessment results are
A. Administering computer-based tests.
B. Explaining percentile ranks and standard scores.
C. Understanding the difference between formal and informal evaluation.
D. Describing the purpose of the evaluation.

Q.289. The best test for a given situation is the one that is the
A. Most difficult.
B. Most specific to the topic
C. Longest.
D. Most appropriate for specific objectives and students.

Q.300. Suggestions for developing your own test include

A. Mix up types of questions throughout the test (switching back and forth).
B. Keep it simple by giving a test with only one type of question.
C. Begin with more complex questions and proceed to more simple ones.
D. Use more than one type of question on each test.

Q.301. A drawback of paper-and-pencil tests, when used to measure attitudes, is that

A. Students tend to be shy about writing down these types of answers.
B. There are too many correct answers for accuracy.
C. The right options may not be provided.
D. Students tend to tell teachers what they think the teachers want to hear.

Q. 302. An attitude scale that provides a range of choices about each issue is an)
A. Likert scale. B. Forced-choice scale.
C. Decisive scale. D. Optional scale.
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Q. 303. The purpose of grades is to

A. Allow teachers to judge student ability.
B. Inform parents about how smart their child is.
C. Provide information about a student's progress.
D. Humiliate students into working harder.

Q.304. National Health Education Standards require assessment strategies largely composed
on
A. Tasks, events, and student portfolios.
B. Observations of students in the classroom.
C. Objective pen-and-paper tests.
D. Non-graded essays on education theory.

Q.305. In theory, the purpose of using standards and benchmarks is to

Adjust education so more students can be successful.
Eliminate the need for pen-and-paper tests.
Change current teaching methodology
Challenge students to perform at higher levels.

Q.306. If a test measures exactly what it is supposed to measure, the test is

exhibiting the property of
A. Validity. B. Objectivity
C. Reliability D. Discrimination

Q.307. If a test differentiates between the good, average, and poor students, the test is said to
exhibit what property?
A. Validity. B. Reliability.
C. Objectivity. D. Discrimination.

Q.308. In education _______________is used to make inference about the learning and
development of students.
A. assessment B. evaluation
C. measurement D. diagnosis

Q.309. An assessment that is conducted prior to the start of teaching or instruction is called
A. initial assessment B. formal assessment
C. formative assessment D. summative assessment

Q.310. An assessment that is carried out thought the course is called

A. initial assessment B. diagnostic assessment
C. formative assessment D. summative assessment

Q. 311. An assessment is ______________if it consistently achieves the same results with the
same (or similar) students.
A. Valid B. Invalid
C. Reliable D. Unreliable

Q. 312. A/An______________ assessment is one which measures what it is intended to

measure.
A. Valid B. Invalid
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C. Reliable D. Unreliable

Q. 313. The word "Pedagogy" means?

A. to understand the child B. to educate the child
C. to lead the child

Q. 314. Pedagogy is the study of?

A. Education B. Learning Process
C. Teaching Methods D. Guiding Students

Q. 315. The philosopher who worked in mathematical and scientific didactics was?
A. Jean Piaget B. John Dewey
C. Martin Wagenschein D. Lev Vygotsky

Q.316. The use of technology to enhance learning process is called______________ in

education.
A. IT B. ICT
C. Information technology D. Communication technology

Q.317. A scoring guide use to evaluate the quality of students is called

A. rubrics B. checklists
C. inventories D. rating scales

Q. 318. Which from the following is termed as student-centered learning method?

A. Direct Instruction B. Inquiry-Based Learning
C. Cooperative learning

Q.319. The role of teacher in inquiry-based learning is of

A. instructor B. facilitator
C. delegator D. formal authority

Q.320. In direct instruction method or lecture method the teacher is considered as

A. partner B. facilitator
C. delegator D. formal authority

Q. 321. In cooperative learning method, the role of teacher is of

A. facilitator B. delegator
C. facilitator and delegator D. delegator and formal authority

Q.322. In cooperative method teachers act as a delegator means the teacher act as a/an___ to
the students.
A. resource B. partner
C. evaluator D. foster

Q.323. The "Apology" the Plato's recollection of the speech given by Socrates when Socrates
was charged with
A. believing in the rotation of the Earth B. not believing in the rotation of the Earth
C. believing in gods D. not believing in gods
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Q. 324. According to Socrates, physical objects and events are _____________ of their ideal
form.
A. shadows B. images
C. parts D. signs

Q.325. According to the theory of forms (or theory of ideas) material world is an __________
of the real world.
A. shadow B. image
C. part D. sign

Q.326. The first institution of higher learning in the Western world, "Academy", was founded
by
A. Socrates B. Plato
C. Aristotle D. John Dewey

Q.327. The "Academy" was founded in

A. Athens B. Stagira
C. Macedonia D. Chakis

Q.328. Education is derived from a Latin word?

A. educate B. Educere
C. evolution D. learning

Q.329. Educeremeans?
A. to draw out B. to guide
C. to piont D. to help

Q.330. "Education is the creation of a sound mind in a sound body" is the saying of?
A. Plato B. Comens
C. Aristotle D. Dewey

Q.331. The best definition of education is that it is?

A. preparation for life B. getting knowledge
C. learning D. growth resulting from experiences

Q.332. Education accoding to john deweyis?

A. preparation for life B. getting knowledge
C. learning to do by doing D. schooling

Q.333. Which of the following is not the characteristic of education?

A. lifelong activity B. Factual absorption
C. Formal and informal activities D. Experiences of life

Q.334. The basic source of educational objectives is?

A, human experience B. Schools
C. educational psychology D. professional organization

Q.335. According to Crow the purpose of formal education is to ?

A. make students more intelligent
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B. make students active and constructive members of society

C. form definite opinions in the mind of students
D. create good name for the nation

Q.336. Determining the aim of education is the responsibility of?

A. parents B. teachers
C. students D society

Q.337. The real goal of education should be?

A. securing a certificate B. acquiring skills habits and knowledge
C. training to made a living D. mastery of subjects matter

Q.338. Education planned with a particular end in view is?

A. Formal education B. Informal education
C. Both a & b D. None of a &b

Q.339. Non formal education has?

A. Flexible rules of entry and exit B. Rigid rules of entry and exit
C. Few rules of entry and exit D. No rules of entry and exit

Q.340. Formal education has?

A. Flexible rules of entry and exit B. Rigid rules of entry and exit
C. few rules of entry and exit D. No rules of entry and exit

Q.341. Informal education has ?

A. Flexible rules of entry and exit B. Rigid rules of entry and exit
C. Few rules of entry and exit D. No Rules of entry and exit.

Q.342. The education confined to educational institution is?

A. Informal education B. Non formal education
C. Formal education D. Learning

Q.343. Education imparted mostly by correspondence in?

A. Informal education B. Non formal education
C. Formal education D. Technical education

Q.344. Education is not pre planned in?

A. Informal education B. Non formal education
C. Formal education D. Both a and c

Q.345. Informal education is?

A. Just schooling B. Time bound
C. Life-Long D. Preplanned

Q.346. What is the most important element of non formal education ?

A. Teacher B. Student
C. Media D. School
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Q.347. Which one is not the source of formal education?

A. School B. Museum
C. Library D. Home

Q.348. Informal education is?

A. Planned B. Incidental
C. Systematic D. Arranged

Q.349. Formal education has well defined?

A. Curriculum B. System
C. Method D. Approach

Q.350. Which is not the element of educational process?

A. Aims B. Curriculum
C. Evaluation D. Motivation

Q.351. The sum of curricular and co-curricular activities is?

A. Aim B. Curriculum
C. Pedagogy D. Summative evaluation

Q.352.Pedagogy is concerned with?

A. Aims B. Content
C. Teaching Methods D. Evaluation

Q.353. To determine the value or worth of anything is?

A. Aim B. Content
C. Teaching Methods D. Evaluation

Q.354. In education process which one is evaluated?

A. Aim B. Content
C. Methods D. All of the above

Q.355. The literal meaning of philosophy is?

A. Love of knowledge B. Love of truth
C. Love of values D. Love of wisdom

Q.356. Axiology in philosophy deals with?

A. Knowledge B. Reality
C. Values D. Culture

Q.357. Epistemology deals with?

A. Knowledge B. Reality
C. Values D. Culture

Q.358. Ontology deals with?

A. Knowledge B. Reality
C. Values D. Culture
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Q.359. Ontology is also called as?

A. Metaphysics B. Axiology
C. Ontology D. Morphology

Q.360. Metaphysics deals with the nature of?

A. Values B. Knowledge
C. Universe D. Reality

Q.361. Useful culture and skill is emphasized in?

A. Perennialism B. Essentialism
C. Progressivism D. Reconstructionism

Q.362. Life is coutinuous changing process is the best?

A. Perennialism B. Essentialism
C. Progressivism D. Reconstructionism

Q. 363. Ethic and aesthetics are components of?

A. Cosmology B. Ontology
C. Epistemology D. Axiology

Q.364. Progressivist teacher put more emphasis on?

A. Abstract ideas B. Practical education
C. Theoretical concept D. Methods

Q.365. The curriculum will be child centered if teacher is?

A. Realist B. Perennialist
C. Progressivist D. Essentialist

Q.366. Education is life itself not a preparation for life according to?
A. Perennialism B. Essentialism
C. Progressivism D. Reconstructionism
Q.376. The soft plate is also known as______.
A. Esophagus B. Alveolar
C. Velum D. N.O.T

Q.377. The hard plate is also called_______

A. The roof of the mouth C. The covering of the mouth
B. The sides of the mouth D. N.O.T

Q.378. Where is alveolar ridge located exactly in the mouth?

A. Between the top front teeth and hard plate
B. between the lower teeth and hard plate
C. Between the front teeth and soft plate
D. Between the lower teeth and soft plate

Q.379. Sounds made with the tongue touching the front teeth, such as , are called
______
A. Dental B. Labiodental
C. Fricative D. N.O.T
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Q.380. What are the properties of Schwa / /?

A. It is stressed central vowel B. It is unstresses vowel
C. It is stressed front vowel D. N.O.T

Q.381. How many long vowels does English have?

A. 3 vowels B. 4 vowels
C. 5 vowels D. 6 vowels

Q.382. How many diphthongs does English have?

A. 5 B. 6
C. 7 D. 8

Q.383. How many triphthongs does English have?

A. 3 B. 5
C. 8 D. English has no triphthongs

Q.384. What is an allophone?

A. A minimal unit of a language
B. A phonetic symbol to present one particular sound
C. N.O.T
D. A sound that is slightly different from another sound of the same phoneme

Q.385. What is acoustic phonetics?

A. All of the below
B. It is concerned with acoustics of speech
C. It is the study of the spectro-temporal properties of the sound waves produced by speech
D. It examines various fields of language such as their frequency, amplitude, and harmonic
structure

Q.386. What is auditory phonetics?

A. It is study of speech with no special target
B. It is concerned with speech production: the perception, categorization, and
recognition of speech sounds and the role of the auditory system and the brain in the
same
C. Both (a) & (c)
D. N.O.T

Q.387. What is phonology?

A. The system of contrastive relationship among the speech sounds that constitute the
fundamental components of a language
B. The comparatively straightforward business of describing the sounds that we use in
speaking
C. The study of the abstract side of language
D. All of the above

Q.388. First syllable of a word is called _______

A. Onset B. Nucleus
C. Coda D. N.OT
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Q.389. In term of morphology, the act of creating new words is widely known as:
A. Word-formation B. Word-invention process
C. The act of making new words D. The act of forming nee lexical items

Q.390. Words such as Kleenex, Teflon, Tylenol and xerox are examples of ______
A. Borrowing B. Coinage
C. Clipping D. Compounding

Q.391. What are acronyms?

A. An abbreviation formed from the medical letters of other words
B. An abbreviation formed from the last letters of other words
C. An abbreviation formed from the initial letters of other words and pronounced as a
word
D. An abbreviation formed from the initial letters of other words and not pronounced as a
word

Q.392. Words like AIDS, SAD, NASA are called the example of ______
A. Clipping B. Blending
C. Abbreviation D. Acronyms

Q.393. The process, in which there is a direct translation of the elements of a word into the
borrowing language is regarded as:
A. Calque B. Narrowing
C. Semantic field D. Blending

Q.394. The combination of two separate forms to produce a single new term is also present in
the process called _______
A. Compounding B. Blending
C. Clipping D. Borrowing

Q.395. The words like ‘ smog ‘ , ‘ smaze ‘ , ‘ gasohol ‘ , ‘ motel ‘ and ‘ infotainment ‘ are the
example of _______
A. Compounding B. Clipping
C. Borrowing D. Blending

Q.396. Al from ‘’Alferd’’ , Ed from ‘’ Edward’’ , condo from ‘’ condominium’’ are the
example of ______
A. Clipping B. Blending
C. Compounding D. Eponym
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Q.397. A change in the function of a word, as for example when a noun comes to be used as a
verb, is generally known as:
A. blending B. clipping
C. Conversion D. Backformation

Q.398. As termed by George Yule, when free morphemes are used with bound morphemes
attached, the basic word forms are technically known as:
A. Twigs B. Shoots
C. Stems D. N.O.T

Q.399. What do inflectional morphemes show?

(a) Inflectional morphemes are used to show if a word is plural or singular
(b) Inflectional morphemes are used to show if it is past tense or not
(c) Inflectional morphemes are used to show if it is a comparative or possessive form
(d) All of the above

Q.400. Generally speaking, the way that words and phrase are put together to form sentences
in a language is described as ______
A. Syntax B. Morphology
C. Pragmatics D. Semantics

Q.401. The word ‘’Syntax’’ comes originally from Greek and literally means:
A. Arrangement B. Putting together
C. The act of joining D. Both (a) & (b)

Q.402. To be exact, the part of linguistics that studies sentence structure is called ______
A. Pragmatics B. Morphology
C. Semantic D. Syntax

Q.403. Syntax is considered one of the major components of _______

A. Phonetics B. Phonology
C. Grammar D. Lexicography

Q.404. According to Dictionary of Language and Linguistics, ‘’ rules which describe how all
well-formed sentences of a language can be derived from basic elements’’ are studies under:
A. Semiotics B. Analytical linguistics
Morphology D. Syntax
Q.405. According to Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics, ‘ a traditional term for the
study of the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language’ is
known as:
A. Morphology B. Syntax
C. Grammar D. Pronunciation

Q.406. In theoretical linguistics, ______ refers to a particular approach to the study of syntax.
A. Generative grammar B. Traditional grammar
C. Prescriptive grammar D. Semiotics

Q.407. Mark the name of the generative grammar as termed by Noam Chomsky.
A. Generative grammar B. Traditional grammar
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C. Descriptive grammar D. Transformational generative

grammar

Q.408. ‘’ I will consider a language to be a set (finite or infinite) of sentences’’ , whose words
are they?
A. Noam Chomsky B. Douglas Q Adams
C. Arthur S. Abramson D. Maulvi Abdul Haq

Q.409. In 1957, Noam Chomsky published Syntactic Structure, in which he developed the
idea that each sentence in a language has two levels of representation namely:
A. Deep structure and Surface structure
B. Week structure and strong structure
C. Single structure and double structure
D. Major structure and minor structure.

Q.410. According to Chomsky, a deep structure deals with:

A. Grammatical construction
B. Punctuation marks
C. The core semantic relations within a sentence
D. Theme of the sentence of a sentence

Q.411. Chomsky believed there are considerable similarities between languages’ deep
structure, and that these structures reveal properties, common to all languages that _______
conceal.
A. Grammatical mistakes B. Semantic absurdity
C. Phonetic structure D. Surface structure

Q.412. A theoretical concept in transformational generative grammar, a system of

grammatical analysis developed in generative linguistics as an alternative to traditional
accounts of phrase structure and lexical categories is called ______
A. Zero-bar theory B. X-Bar theory
C. Double-Bar theory D. X-Tier approach

Q.413. Semantics is the scientific study of the meaning of ______

A. All of the below B. Phrases
C. Sentences D. Words

Q.414. In semantic analysis, what does the term ‘’ signifiers’’ refer to?
A. Words B. Phrases
C. Signs & symbols D. All of the above

Q.415. In Saussurean tradition, the term ‘’meaning’’ is refer as:

A. Diminutive B. Denotata
C. Denotation D. N.O.T

Q.416. When the meaning of one form is included in the meaning of another, the relationship
is described as _______
A. Polysemy B. Metonym
C. Hyponym D. Synonym
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Q.417. According to some researchers, in Pakistan, the most characteristic instance of the
category ‘’bird’’ is sparrow. The idea of the ‘characteristic instance’ of a category is known
as the _______
A. Hyponym B. Prototype
C. Type D. Idiosyncrasy

Q.418. A relevant feature of the setting in which a form appears or might appear is known as
_______
A. Linguistic text B. Dependent situation
C. Countless text D. Linguistic context

Q.419. In traditional semantic and pragmatics, the relation between the linguistic expression
(name, word) and the object in extra linguistic reality to which the expression refers is called
as ________
A. Reference B. Preference
C. Readiness D. Predication

Q.420. How many types of speech acts are there?

A. 2 types—active and passive B. 2 types—direct and indirect
C. 3 types—past, present, and future D. Speech acts has no types

Q.421. Who developed the theory of speech acts?

A. Ludwig C. John Rogers Searle

C. James Ussher D. Ludwig Wittgenstein

Q.425. Name the general term for a conventional knowledge structure that exists in memory:
A. Schema B. Script
C. Background knowledge D. Maxim of hedges

Q.426. According to George Yule, ‘’The study of the linguistic features that have social
relevance for participants in those speech communities is called ______
A. Sociology of a language B. Sociology
C. Anthropology D. Language and its social context
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Q.425. Name the general term for a conventional knowledge structure that exists in memory:
A. Schema B. Script
C. Background knowledge D. Maxim of hedges

Q.426. According to George Yule, ‘’The study of the linguistic features that have social
relevance for participants in those speech communities is called ______
A. Sociology of a language B. Sociology
C. Anthropology D. Language and its social context

Q.427. Sociolect is also known as:

A. Dialect B. Idiolect
C. Sociolinguistics D. Social dialect

Q.428. In the social study of dialect, it is _____ that mainly used to define groups of speakers
as having something in common.
A. Sociolect B. Literary language
C. Social class D. Social language

Q.429. The two main social groups are generally identified as ‘ middle class ‘ , those who
have more years of education and perform non-manual work, and ______
A. Working class B. Upper class
C. High upper class D. Lower class

Q.430. When a linguist refers to ‘middle-class speech’ or ‘ working-class speech’ , (s) talking
about______
A. Idiolect B. Social dialect
C. Transcription of the highbrow speech D. Speech disability

Q.431. The study of Labov (1966) shows us that:

A. Upper- middle class misses out / r / sound
B. Lower- middle class pronounces / r /
C. Both a) & b)
D. N.O.T

Q.432. A change from one style to the other by an individual is regarded as __________.
A. Transformational speech B. Style-shifting
C. Style-buffering D. Speech automation

Q.433. Manner of speaking or writing specific to a certain function, that is, characteristic of a
certain domain of communication (or of an institution), for example, the language of religious
sermons, of parents with their child, or of an employee with his/her supervisor, is defined as:
A. Jargon B. Register
C. Pidgin D. Creole

Q.434. A type of language consisting of words and phrases that are regarded as very informal,
are more common in speech than writing, and are typically restricted to a particular context or
group of people is referred to as _
A. Cant B. Jargon
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C. Slang D. Abusive expression

Q.435. Point out the general expression for a kind of social dialect, typically spoken by a
lower-status group, which is treated as non-standard' because of marked differences from a
socially prestigious variety treated as the standard language.
a) Register b) Jargon
c) Vernacular d) Cant

64. A person who speaks only one language is called _______________

A. Bilingual . B. Monolingual
C. Multilingual D. None of the above

Q.436. A person who is able to speak or use many languages efficiently is called
_____________
A. Bilingual B. Monolingual
C. Multilingual D. None of the above

Q.437. A variety of a language that is not a native language of anyone, but is learned in
contact situations mainly for trading and other monetary purposes is given the name of
A. Dialect B. Pidgin
C. Creole D. Standard language

Q.438. A pidgin that is learnt by one generation to the next and once has native speakers, it is
known as:
A. Dialect B. Pidgin
C. Creole D. Standard language

Q.439.. A variety of a language used recognizably in a specific region or (a social...) by a

specific social class is regarded as:
A. Pidgin B. Creole
C. Dialect D. Language

Q.440. A situation when two distinct (high or low) varieties of the same language are used,
side by side, for two different sets of functions is referred to as:
A. Linguistic ethnicity B. Diglossia
C. Class differentiation D. Variety

Q.441. A deliberate effort to influence the function, structure, or acquisition of languages or

language variety within a speech community is labelled as:
A. Language diffusion B. Language preparation
C. Language distribution D. Language planning
Q.442. The branch of linguistics dealing with the relationship between language and the
structure and functioning of the brain is called:
A. Neurolinguistics B. Psycholinguistics
C. Sociolinguistics D.. General linguistics.

Q.443. In Oxford Dictionary of Linguistics, "interdisciplinary field concerned with the study
of language processing and representation of language in the brain" is labeled as:
A. Sociolinguistics B. Psycholinguistics
C. Neurolinguistics D. General linguistics
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Q.444. According to George Yule, the study of the relationship between_____ and ______is
called neurolinguistics.
A. Heart, soul B. Language, the brain
C. Speech, the written language D.. Addressor, the addressee

Q.445. Agrammatism is often observed in cases of ________ aphasia; and often

'agrammatism' is used synonymously with the syndrome______ aphasia.'
A. Broca's B. Wernicke's
C. Luria' D. Logorrhoea

Q.446. In neurolinguistics, cover term referring to a number of acquired language disorders

due to cerebral lesions (caused by vascular problems, a tumor, or an accident, etc.) is
_________
A Amnesia B. Apahsia
C. Dysprosody D. Agnosia

Q.447. Point out the name of the school of thought that advocates the theory which states that
a child is born with blank sheets in their brains and that all language must be learned by the
child.
A. Mentalism B. Behaviourism
C. Persian School of Thought D. Literary School of Thought

Q.448. Point out the name of the school of thought that advocates the theory which states that
the abstract system of language cannot be learned, but that humans possess an innate
language faculty, or an access to what has been called universal grammar.
A. Mentalism B. Behaviourisme
C. Persian School of Thought D. Literary School of Thought
Q.449. What is the smallesr segment of sound, that comprises that basic building block of a
language?
A. Phoneme B. Metameme
C. Morpheme D. Terameme

Q.450. A Process by which a sound became more like a nearby sound in terms of feature.
A. Phonology B. Phonemes
C. Assimilation D. Complementary

Q.451. The units or sections into which words are divided while pronouncing them are called.
A. Syllables B. Vowels
C. Consonants D. Segments

Q.452. According to john Lyons, when the word can be segmented into parts, these segments
are referred to as:
A. Morpheme B. Morphs
C. Phoneme D. Fricative

Q.453. The phrase meaning of which cannot be predicted from the individual meanings of the
morphemes it comprises, is called:
A. Clause B. Idiom
C. Compound D. All of these
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Q.454. Grammars designed from teaching purpose are often called.

A. Pedagogical grammar B. Scientific grammar
C. Practical grammar D. None of these

Linguistic Terms & Definitions

1. Accent: In phonetics, those factures of pronunciation which feature a person's regional
or social identity. It contrasts with dialect which includes features of grammar and
vocabulary.
2. Achievement test: In language studies, a test which measures how much of a language
someone has learned after following a particular course.
3. Proficiency test: It measures how much of a language someone knows, regardless of
how this knowledge has been acquired.
4. Acoustic phonetics: The branch of science which studies physical properties of speech
sounds. It is also concerned with the way the sounds are produced.
5. Acronym: A word made up out of the initial letters of other words.
6. Acrostic: A poem or other text n which certain letters in each line make up a name or
message:
7. Adjunct: A less important or optional element in a grammatical construction whose
removal does not affect the structural identity of the construction.
8. Adverb: A type of word whose chief function is to specify the mode of action of a verb.
9. Adverbial: An element of clause structure which functions like an adverb. It may be a
single adverb soon adverbial) phrase very soon in the morning adverbial clause when it
was dark.
10. Adversative: A grammatical ending, word or construction which expresses the notion
of contrast. But however and although.
11. Aerometry: The measurement of air flow during speech; also called electro aerometry.
12. Affective meaning: The emotional meaning of an utterance often referred to simply as
affect. It includes the expression of moods, attitudes, dispositions and other feelings.
13. Affix: A meaningful element which is attached to a word root in order to make a more
complex word.
14. Affricate:
15. Agnosia: The lack of ability to interpret sensory information.
16. Alliteration: A sequence of words or of stressed syllables within words beginning with
the same sound.
17. Allographs: The variant forms of a grapheme.
18. Alveolar: Descriptive of a consonant sound made by the tongue tip or blade against the
bony prominence immediately behind the upper teeth.
19. Anagram: A word or phrase formed by changing the order of letters of another word or
phrase.
20. Anaphora: A grammatical relationship in which a linguistic unit takes its interpretation
from some other part of the previously expressed sentence.
21. Cataphora: Forward reference ‘Look at him, the tall man.’
22. Anomia: A language disorder in which the primary symptom is a word finding
difficulty specially difficulty in remembering the names of people, places or things. It is
also called dysnomia.
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23. Anthropological linguistics: A branch of linguistics which has focused on the study of
nonwestern languages specially those of the Americans in relation to social or cultural
patterns and beliefs.
24. Gradable antonyms: where it is possible to express degrees of the difference as with
hot and cold.
25. Ungradable: where there is an either or contrast as with single and married.
26. Approximant: the consonant sounds that are made with a minimum degree of
constriction, similar to that of vowels.
27. Apraxia: the loss of ability to carry out purposeful movements on request as a result of
damage to specific areas of the brain but in the absence of any basic deficits of a motor
or sensory kind also called dyspraxia.
28. Patronym: a name which derives from a person's nature or occupation such as the
surnames. The name may be used humorously or ironically.
29. Arbitrariness: the absence of any physical correspondence between linguistic signals
and the entities in the world to which they refer.
30. Argot: special vocabulary used by a secretive social group to protect its members from
outside interference.
31. Aspiration: audible breath which accompanies the articulation of certain types of
sound.
32. Articulation: the influence exercised by one sound upon the articulation of another, so
that the sounds become more alike or identical; the notion contrasts with dissimilation
where sounds become less alike.
33. Asterisk: a symbol used in linguistics in two main ways. It shows that a usage in a
given language is unacceptable or ungrammatical. *He are ready
34. Audiogram: a graph used to record a person's ability to hear pure tones, routinely
employed in the investigation of deafness.
35. Audio lingual method: a language teaching method based on the use of drills and
dialogues for speaking and listening.
36. Audiology: the study of hearing and hearing disorders specially their diagnosis,
assessment and treatment.
37. Auditory phonetics: a branch of phonetics which studies the way people perceive
sound as mediated by the ear, auditory nerve and brain.
38. Babbling: a type of infant sound production characteristics. It often involves repeated
patterns of syllable..
39. Baby talk: an immature form of speech used by children at around age 18 months.
40. BASIC: British American Scientific International Commercial.
41. Simultaneous bilingualism: in this, the languages are learned at the same time.
42. Sequential bilingualism: in this the second language is acquired after the one has been
learned.
43. Polyglot: it is for someone who speaks several languages.
44. Black English Vernacular BEV: The non standard English spoken by lower class
black people in American urban communities. Among its distinctive features are the
lack of a final s in the third person like she walk or no use of forms of be. Like they real
fine.
45. Blade: the part of the tongue between the tip and the center also called as lamina.
46. Blending: a process in grammar or vocabulary which takes place when two elements
that do not normally co-occur are combined into a single linguistic unit. When the
process affects syntax is syntactic blend.
47. Block language: the use of abbreviated structures in restricted communicative contexts
special use being made of the word or phrase rather than the clause or sentence.
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48. Boomfield leonard: 1987-1949. An American linguist whose thinking dominated the
development of linguistics between the 1930s and the 1950s, bloomfieldian approach
came to be called structuralist because of the various kinds of technique it employed to
identify and classify features of sentence structure.
49. Borrowing: the introduction of a word from one language or dialect into another.
50. Bound form: s minimal grammatical unit which can not occur on its own as a word.
51. Bow-bow theory: he nickname of one of the speculative theories about the origins of
language. It argues that speech arose through people imitating the sounds of the
environment specially animal calls. The main evidence is the use of onomatopoeic
words.
52. Brail: a system devised to enable written language to be read by a blind person.
53. Broca's aphasia: a type of aphasia which arises from damage to Broca's area located
towards the front of the left hemisphere of the brain also called expressive aphasia. It
was named after French neurologist Paul Broca (1824-1880). Person affected faces with
problems of word finding and disruption to the grammatical system.
54. Cacophony: the use of unpleasant harsh sounds specially in speech. Cacography and
cacology
55. Calque: a type of borrowing where the parts of the borrowed word are translated item
by item into equivalent parts in the new language. Sometimes called a loan translation.
56. Cardinal vowels: a set of standard reference points for the articulation and recognition
of vowels devised by Daniel Jones. They provide a fairly precise way of identifying
what the vowel sounds are in a language.
57. Cherology: The study of sign language...study of smallest contrastive units.
58. CHILDES: Child Language Data Exchange System.
59. Chirography: the study of handwriting forms and styles. also calligraphy.
60. Chunking: in the study of the psychology of language, the division of an utterance into
parts to make it easier to process.
61. Classical language: a stage in the historical development of a language when it is
thought to have reached its highest level of literary or cultural importance.
62. Clear: a type of lateral sound which has a resonance similar to that of a front vowel i. it
contrasts with a dark I where the resonance is that of a back vowel with u quality.
63. Cleft sentences: a construction where a single clause has been divided into two separate
sections each with its own verb.janet is looking at john; it is janet who is looking at john.
64. Cliché: an expression which has come to be so overused that it no longer conveys much
meaning and tends to attract criticism when people continue to use it.
65. Clipping: a type of word formation in which new word is derived by shortening another
word.
66. Cluttering: a disorder of fluency in which utterances are produced in an excessively
rapid way.
67. Coalescence: the merging of linguistic units which occur in a sequence.
68. COBUILD: Collins Birmingham University International Language Database.
69. Cockney: the accent and dialect associated with people native to the east end of
London.
70. Code mixing: in bilingual speech the transfer of linguistic elements from one language
into another.
71. Code switching: the use by a speaker of more than one language dialect or variety
during a conversation
72. Cognate: a language or linguistic form which is historically derived from the same
source
73. Coherence: the underlying functional connectedness of a piece of language.
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74. Cohesion: it refers to the specific features that link different parts of a discourse.
75. Communicative language teaching: a method of foreign language teaching devised by
Charles Curran.
76. Comparative linguistics: comparative philology or comparative grammar.
77. Competence: a person's unconscious knowledge of the system of rules underlying his or
her language.
78. Performance: it refers to the ability to produce and understand sentences appropriate to
the social context in which they occur.
79. Complement: an element of clause or sentence structure traditionally associated with
completing the meaning specified by the verb. She called him a nuisance.
80. Complementarity: a type of oppositeness of meaning in which the assertion of one
term implies the denial of the other as in single vs. married. It is also called
contradictories.
81. Componential analysis: the analysis of a set of lexical items in terms of a semantic
space structured by various semantic dimension such as sex generation color and shape.
Each dimension is composed of contrasting semantic features male vs. female, adult vs.
child.
82. Computational linguistics: a branch of linguistics in which the techniques and concepts
of computer science are applied to investigation of linguistic and phonetic problems.
Research areas include speech synthesis the production of concordances automatic translation
83. Concord: the way in which a particular form of one word requires a corresponding form
of another also called agreement.
84. Connotation: the personal or emotional associations which are suggested by words and
which thus form part of their meaning for individual speakers.
85. Denotation: it is the relationship between words and the entities in the world to which
they refer.
86. Consonant: a speech sound produced by a relatively constricted or totally closed
configuration of the vocal tract.
87. Constriction: a narrowing within the vocal tract. Different kinds and degrees of
constriction ae the basis of the articulatory classification of sound qualities.
88. Continuant: (fricative) a sound made with an incomplete closure of the vocal tract as
can be heard with vowels and certain types of consonants.
89. Convergence: in sociolinguistics a process of linguistic change in which dialects
become more like each other.
90. Divergence: here dialects become less like each other.
91. Cooperauve principle: a principle used in the analysis of conversations which states
that speakers try to cooperate with each other when communicating, in particular they
try to be informative truthful relevant and clear.
92. Copula: a verb with little or no independent meaning whose primary function is to DK
elements of clause structure typically the subject and the complement to show that they
are semantically equivalent also called a linking verb.
93. Creole: a pidgin language which has become the mother tongue of a speech community
The process of expanding the structural and stylistic range of the pidgin is called
creolization.
94. Decreolization: it takes place when the standard language begins to exert influence on
the creole and a whole range of varieties emerges to form a continuum between the
standard and creole.
95. Acrolect: prestigious variety of creole.
96. Critical period: in child language acquisition, the hypothesis that there is a particular
time span during which a first language can be most easily acquired.
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97. Deep structure: in transformational grammar the abstract or underlying syntactic

representation of a sentence specifying the factors which govern its interpretation also
called deep grammar.
98. Dental: descriptive of a consonant sound made by contact between the tongue tip of
blade and the upper incisor teeth. Th sounds of such words as this and thin are
sometimes distinguished as interdental.
99. Derivation: a major type of word formation in which a certain kind of affix is used to
form new words as with happiness and unhappy.
100. Inflection: it uses another kind of affix in order to form variants of the same word.
Determine, determines, determining.
101. Determiner: a grammatical element whose main role is to co-occur with nouns to
express such semantic notions as quantity number possession and definiteness.
102. Devoiced: descriptive of a sound in which the normal amount of vocal fold vibration
has been reduced as in bid and did.
103. Diachronic linguistics: the study of languages from the viewpoint of their development
through time also called historical linguistics.
104. Synchronic linguistics: where languages are studied at a theoretical single point in time
disregarding whatever changes might be taking place within them.
105. Diacritic: a mark added to a written symbol which alters the way it should be
pronounced.
106. Dialect: a language variety in which the use of grammar and vocabulary identifies the
regional or social background of the user; the systematic study of dialects is known as
dialectology or dialect geography.
107. Dialectrometry: a statistical method of analyzing dialects.
108.Diglossia: a sociolinguistic situation where two very different varieties of a language
cooccur throughout a speech community each performing an individual range of functions
and each having acquired some degree of status as a standard. The varieties are usually
described as low and high.
109. Ding dong theory: It argues that speech arose because people reacted to the stimuli in
the world around them and spontaneously produced sounds which in some way reflected
the environment. The theory has also been called tata theory -a skeptical reference to the
claim that the way the tongue move while saying the words tata reflects the physical act
of waving good bye.
110. Direct method: a method of language teaching in which students speak only in the
target language in the classroom. The teacher communicates with the students in as
direct a way as possible, using mime gestures and other cues. The method avoids the
conscious learning of grammar and leaves work on reading and writing until after
speaking and listening skills are well established.
111. Dynamic linguistics: the study of language variation in terms of the processes of
change which give rise to it.
112. Dyslexia: a serious disturbance in the ability to read. The term is used both for literate
adults who lose their reading ability after brain injury.
113. Dysphonia: the loss of ability to use the vocal folds to produce normal voice.
114. Dysprosody: the loss of ability to produce speech with a normal intonation loudness and
rhythm.
115. Egocentric speech: speech which does not take into account the needs of the listener
but it is used for such purposes as self-expression and language play. It was given by
Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget.
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116. Electromyography: an instrument which records muscular contractions during speech.

The technique uses electrodes which are applied to the muscles in the vocal tract and the
result are recorded as visual traces.
117. Elision: the omission of sounds syllables or words in connected speech.
118. Ellipsis: a sentence where part of the structure has been omitted.
119. Entailment: a semantic relationship between a pair of sentence such that the truth of the
second necessarily follows from the truth of the first. I have seen a cat it follows that I
have seen an animal.
120. Epiglottis: an anatomical structure which closes over the larynx during swallowing. It is
not used as an active articulator in speech though it can produce an audible trill.
121. Etymology: the study of the origins and history of the form and meaning of words.
122. Euphemism: the use of a vague or indirect expression in place of one which is thought
to be unpleasant.
123. Felicity conditions: the criteria which must be satisfied if a speech act is to achieve its
purpose.
124. Finite: descriptive of a verb or construction which can occur on its own in an
independent clause permitting formal contrasts of tense number and mood.
125. Non-finite: it occurs on its own only in a dependent clause and which lacks these
contrasts. I walk is finite. Walking along the road is a non-finite.
126. Foot: traditionally a unit of rhythm in the metrical system of a language described in
terms of a sequence of stressed and unstressed syllables,
127. Forensic linguistics: the use of linguistic techniques to investigate crimes in which
language data forms part of the evidence.
128. Formal grammar: an approach to grammatical study which focuses on the forms
Formal or which make up the patterns of word and sentence structure,
129. Fortis: descriptive of sounds made with a relatively strong degree of muscular effort
and breath force.
130. Fricative: descriptive of a type of consonants where there is sufficient articulatory
constriction to produce friction as its main auditory feature also called spirant.
131. Friction: the auditory effect of air passing a constriction in the vocal tract.
132. Genre: an identifiable category of artistic composition in the literary domain subsuming
such general notions as poetry drama.
133. Glide: a movement towards a target position is called on -glide. A movement away from
vowel is called off-glide.
134. Descriptive grammar: it provides a precise account of actual usage.
135. Prescriptive grammar: it attempts to establish rules for the correct use of language in
society.
136. Reference grammar: a comprehensive practical description of the structure of
language.
137. Theoretical grammar: it goes beyond the study of individual languages and uses
linguistics data as a means of developing insights into the nature of language as such and
into the categories and processes needed for linguistic analysis.
138. Performance grammar: it analyses the structures found in a corpus of speech or
writing.
139. Competence grammar: it is predictive of speaker's knowledge.
140. Generative grammar: it goes a finite specification of the sentences of a language.
141. Universal grammar: a grammar which tries to establish the definite characteristics of
human language is a universal grammar.
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142. Formal grammar: it concentrates on the study of linguistic forms or analyses language
using the formalized techniques of logic or mathematics it may referred to as formal
grammar.
143. Notional grammar: it assumes the existence of extra linguistic categories in order to
define grammatical units.
144. Graphology: the study of handwriting to obtain information about a person's character
and personality.
145. Hermeneutics: the study of the principles and methodology involved in textual
interpretations. The subject developed as a branch of theology, studying the principles of
biblical exegesis, but it later broadened to include literary and other texts.
146. Heterophony: an unintentional error in spoken or written language.
147. Heterotopy: a misplaced sound during speech specially when someone is speaking very
quickly.
148. Hieroglyphic: a writing system which uses mainly pictorial symbols also called
hieroglyphics.
149. Holograph: a document which is entirely written in the handwriting of its author.
150. Homonymy: words having the same form but different meanings.
151. Hyponymy: a semantic relationship between specific and general lexical items such that
former is included in the latter. Dog is hyponym and animal hyponym. The lexical items
which are included with the same superordinate terms are said to be co-hyponyms.
152. Iconicity: a close physical relationship between linguistic sign and the entity or process
in the world to which it refers.
153. Ideation: the cognitive process of forming ideas and relationships of meaning prior to
their formulation in language.
154.Idioglossia: an invented form of speech whose meaning is known only to the inventor
also called spontaneous speech or cryptophasia. An example is the idiosyncratic form of
communication which sometimes emerges spontaneously between twins.
155. Idiolect: the linguistic system of an individual speaker. Idiolects are personal dialects
arising from the way people have learned slightly different usages in the pronunciation,
grammar, vocabulary and style.
156. Illocutionary act: a speech act which is performed by a speaker by virtue of the
utterance having been made.
157. Lectionary act: here the acts are defined with reference to the effects they have on the
hearer.
158. Implicature: an implication or suggestion deduced from the form of an utterance.
159. A conversational implicature: uses the cooperative principles which govern the
efficiency of conversations.
160. Conventional implicature: it is simply attached by convention to particular
expressions.
161. Innateness hypothesis: also called nativist hypothesis.
162. Interference: the introduction of errors into one language as a result of contact with
another language; also called negative transfer.
163. Interlanguage: a language system created by someone who is in the process of learning
a foreign language.
164.Pragmatics: Language which expresses a meaning other than that literally conveyed by
the words usually for humorous or dramatic effect.
165. Sarcasm: here the intention is to ridicule or wound.
166. Isochrony: a type of linguistic rhythm where the stressed syllables fall at roughly
regular intervals throughout an utterance.
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167. Jargon: technical terms and expressions used by a group of specialists which are not
known or understood by the speech community as a whole.
168. Kernel: a basic type of sentence structure as used in early generative grammar.
169. Labialization: it occurs when a sound which is not normally rounded is articulated with
some degree of lip rounding.
170. Language death: the situation which arises when a language ceases to be used by a
community also called language loss or obsolescence.
171. Langue: the language system shared by a community of speakers.
172. Parole: the act of speaking in actual situations by an individual.
173. Larynx: The interconnecting cartilages in the throat which enclose me also known as
voice box.
174. Laterais: descriptive of a type of consonant where there is an obstruction to the
airstream in the middle of the vocal tract so that air passes through an incomplete
closure at one or both sides. Different kinds of I are laterals.
175. Lexeme: the smallest distinctive unit in the lexicon of a language also called a lexical
item.
176. TTR: Type Token Ratio
177. Lexical phonology: a theory about the organization of grammar in which all
morphological rules and many phonological ones, are placed in the lexicon.
178. Lexica verb: a verb which expresses an action, event, or state also called a main verb or
full verb.
179. Lexicography: the art and science of dictionary making.
180. Lexicon: The vocabulary of a language.
181. Lexical field: a network of semantically related lexical items such as the words for color
or fruit.
182. Mental lexicon: in psycholinguistics, the stored mental representation of what people
knows about their language.
183. Lingua franca: an ordinary language used to permit routine communication between
groups of people who speak different native languages.
184. Synchronic linguistics: it is the study of a language at any given point in time also
called descriptive linguistics.
185. Diachronic linguistics: it is the study of language change also called historical
linguistics.
186. Comparative linguistics: it studies language history by investigating languages thought
to be related.
187. General or theoretical linguistics: it aims to establish universal principles for the study
of languages and to determine the characteristics of human language as phenomenon.
188. Contrastive linguistics: it specially focuses on the differences between languages
especially in the context of language teaching.
189. Typological linguistics: it aims to identify the common characteristics of different
languages or language families.
190. Structural linguistics: it refers to any approach which focuses on the patterned
characteristics of language.
191. Liquid: descriptive of sonorant consonants other than nasals and approximants. It
typically includes sounds made with the apex of the tongue against the alveolar ridge
notably 1 and r.
192. Metalanguage: a language for describing an object of study such as the technical
language of chemistry engineering or law.
193. Method: in the context of pedagogical linguistics, a specific way of teaching &
language.
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194. Approach: it takes into account the nature of language and language learning.
195.1echniques: methods then make use of a variety of classroom.
196. Methodology: the analysis and evaluation of methods.
197. Metonymy: a figure of speech in which the name of an attribute of an entity is place of
the entity itself. Like drinking for bottle and press for newspaper.
198. Metrics: traditionally, the study of versification usually called scansion; in linguistics
the analysis of metrical structure using the whole range of linguistic techniques specially
those belonging to segmental and suprasegmental phonology.
199. Minimal pair: two words which differ in meaning when only one sound is changed.
200. Monitor model: a theory of the relationship between acquisition and learning
propounded by American linguist Stephen Krashen 1941. This account recognizes
subconscious natural process which is the primary force behind foreign language
fluency.
Learning is seen as a conscious process which edits the progress of acquisition and guides the
performance of the speaker.
201. Monogenesis: the hypothesis that all human languages originate from a single source;
contrasts with polygenesis.
202. Monophthong: Vowel with a single perceives auditory quality produced by a
movement of the articulators towards other position in the vocal tract; also called a pure
vowel.
203. Monophthongized: when a diphthong becomes a monophthong as in some cases of
historical or dialect change, the sound is said to to be Monophongized.
204. Morpheme: the minimal distinctive unit of grammar, commonly classified into free
forms.
205. Morphemics: morphemes are the central concern of morphology.
206. Morphs: the abstract units realized in speech as discrete items.
207. Allomorphs: the morphemic variants.
208. Motherese: the style of speech used by mothers when talking to their babies.as short
sentences, repetitive discourse, simplified vocabulary and the expressive intonation.
209. Nazalisation: it is the perceived nasal resonance heard on sounds where the soft palate
is lowered during articulation.
210. Denasalized or hyponasal: sounds with reduced nasal resonance.
211. Neologism: the creation of a new lexical item as a response to changed circumstances in
the external world.
212. Neurolinguistics: the branch of linguistics which studies the basis in the human nervous
system for language development and use.
213. Nomenclature: a list of names or terms arranged in a hierarchy so as to provide a
classification.
214. Notional syllabus: it is organized on the basis of the sentence meanings and functions
which a learner needs in order to communicate notions such as time, location, and
quantity.
215. Structural syllabus: here the basis of organization is a graded series of grammatical
structures.
216. Situational syllabus: here the content is organized into a s situations such as airport
bank or shops.
217. Nucleus or tonic syllable: the syllable in an intonation unit which has the greatest pitch
prominence.
218. Obstruent: a major division of consonant sounds in term of manner of articulation in
which the vocal tract is sufficiently constricted to interfere with free air flow in case of
plosives, fricatives and affricates.
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219. Approximant: here sounds are produce with a relatively free air flow in case of liquids
nasal and laterals.
220. Orthoepy: the study of correct pronunciation.
221. Overextension: a relationship between child and adult meaning in a lexical item where
the child's item has a wider range of application than the equivalent adult term.
222. Palilology: in the study of rhetoric word repetition for emphasis as in I am dying Egypt
dying.
225. Paradox: a statement which is contradictory or absurd on the surface.
224. Paragrammatism: a disorder involving specific errors of morphology or syntax in the
spoken or written language.
225. Paralanguage: variation in tone of voice which seem to be less definable and
systematic than other aspects of nonsegmental phonology also called paralinguistic
features.
226. Parallelism: a sequence of identical or strikingly similar elements in speaking or
writing.
227. Paraphrase: the process or result of producing alternative versions of a sentence or text
without changing its meaning.
228. Paronymy: the semantic relationship which exists between words derived from the
same root.
229. Parsing: in traditional grammar, the pedagogical exercise of analyzing and labelling the
grammatical elements of single sentence.
230. Pharyngeal: any articulation involving a constriction of the pharynx is said to be
pharyngealized.
231. Pharynx: the part of the vocal tract above the larynx which connects the mouth and
nose to the esophagus. It is important in providing resonance for speech sounds and is
actively involved in the production of certain voice qualities.
232. Philology: traditionally, the study of language history sometimes including the historical
study of literary texts also called comparative philology.
233. Phoniatrics: the study of pathologies affecting voice quality and pronunciation.
The phoniatrist is concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of voice disorders.
234. Phonics: a method of teaching reading which trains recognition of the sound values of
individual letters sometimes called the phonetic method.
235. Phonic substance: speech regarded as a set of physical properties.
236. Phonogram: a symbol in a writing system representing a speech sound.
237. Logogram: symbols representing words.
238. Phonogramy: any writing system which represents individual speech sounds.
239. Phonotactics: the sequential arrangements of phonological units that are possible in a
language.
240. Pidgin: a language with a markedly reduced grammatical structure, lexicon and stylistic
range.
241. Creole: creoles are created when pidgins acquire native speakers.
242. Pitch: it corresponds to some degree with the acoustic feature of fundamental frequency
which in the study of speech is based upon the number of complete cycles of vibration
of the vocal folds. The linguistic use of pitch in words is called tone and in sentences
intonation.
243. Place of articulation: the location of the chief articulatory constriction during the
production of a consonant sound.
244. Plosive: a consonant sound made when a complete closure in the vocal tract is suddenly
released. The outward movement of air upon release is called Plosion.
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245. Polysemy: the association of one lexical item with a range of different meanings such as
the various senses of plain also called polysemia.
246. Postvocalic: descriptive of a sound which follows a vowel for example t in cat.
247. Prevocalic: it refers to a sound which precedes a vowel like k in cat.
248. Pragmatics: the study of language from the point of view of the users especially of the
choices they make the constraints they encounter in using language in social interaction.
249. Genera pragmatics: the study of principles governing the communicative use of
language especially as encountered in conversations.
250. Applied pragmatics: the study of verbal interaction in such domains as counselling,
medical interviews, language teaching, and judicial sessions where problems of
communication are of critical importance.
251. Predeterminer: an item that occurs before the determiner in a noun phrase as all in all
the people.
252. Predicate: a major constituent of sentence structure in which all obligatory constituents
other than the subject are considered together.
253. Primary predication: the relationship between a predicate and its subject like between
the cat and chased the ball.
254. Secondary predication: the relationship between an adjunct complement of a noun
phrase in a clause which already contains a primary predication like between mary and
happy in marry returned home happy.
255. Prescriptivism: the view that one variety of language has an inherently higher value
than others and that this ought to be imposed on the whole of the speech community.
256. Productivity: the capacity of language users to produce and understand an indefinitely
large number of sentences also referred to as creativity.
257. Preform: an item in a sentence which substitutes for another item or construction such
as It in I saw it in the garden.
258. Prominence: in auditory phonetics, the degree to which a sound or syllable stands out
from others in its environment.
259. Prosody: variation in pitch, loudness, tempo and rhythm as encountered in any use of
spoken language also called prosodic features.
260. Prototype: a typical member of the extension of a referring expression,
261. Prototype semantics: it holds that word meaning is best analysed in terms prototypes.
262. Proxemics: the study of variations in posture interpersonal distance contact in human
communication.
263. Tummonic: descriptive of any activity associated with the lungs especially in the
context of speech sound production.
264. Pun: a witticism which relies for its effect on playing with the different meanings via
word or bringing together two words with the same or similar form but different
meaning.
265. Received Pronunciation: the regionally neutral educationally prestigious accent in
British English. When this accent displays features of regional influence is known as
modified RP.
266. Recursive: descriptive of rules which are capable of repeated application in generating a
sentence also called iterative.
267. Register: in stylistics and sociolinguistics, a variety of language defined according to its
use in social situations.
268. Relexification hypothesis: the hypothesis that pidgin languages ae derived from the
first widely used pidgin which was based on Portuguese.
269. Rhetoric: the study of effective or persuasive speaking and writing especially as
practiced in public oratory.
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270. Rhotic: descriptive of a dialect or accent where r is pronounced following a vowel in

such words as car.
271. Sapir - Whorf hypothesis: a view about the relationship between language and thought
proposed by Edward Sapir and his pupil Benjamin Lee Whorf. It combines two
principles that language determines the way we think (linguistic determinism) and that
the distinctions encoded in one language are not found in any other language (linguistic
relativity)
272. Scale and category grammar: a linguistic theory developed by Michael Halliday in the
early '60s.
273. Semantic field theory: the view that the vocabulary of a language is a system of
interrelated lexical networks and not an inventory of independent items.
274. Semantic triangle: a particular model of meaning proposed by C.K. Ogden and
L.A. Richards, in the '20s. it claims that meaning is essentially a threefold relationship
between linguistic forms, concepts and referents.
275. Sociolect: a linguistic variety defined on social grounds, such as social class or
occupational group.
276. Speech act: a communicative activity defined with reference to the intentions of a
speaker while speaking and the effects achieved on a listener.
277. Locutionary: the act itself.
278. Illocutionary force: the intentional aspect of the act.
279. Perlocutionary effect. The impact on the listener.
280. Phonostylistics; the study of expressive or aesthetic functions of sound,
281. Literary stylistics: the study of the linguistics characteristics of literature genre and of
style of authors.
282. General stylistics: the study of the whole range of non-dialectical varieties of a
language.
283. Stylostatistics or stylometry: the quantification of stylistic patterns.
284. Suggestopedia: a method of foreign language teaching developed by a Bulgarian
teacher Georgi Lozanoy. It uses music, visual images and relaxation exercises to put the
learners into a state of mind where language learning can take place quickly and
effectively.
285. Syllable: the minimal unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds, acting as a
unit of rhythm.
286. Open syllable: a syllable ending in a vowel.
287. Checked syllable: a syllable ending in a consonant.
288. Syllabification: the division of a word into syllables.
289. Syntagm: a string of related constituents usually in linear order.
290. Syntagmatic relations: the sequential relationships between the constituents at a given
level of analysis.
291. Tautology: an unnecessary repetition of a word or idea in speech or writing; repeating
something a second or third time without cause. A bachelor is an unmarried man. Also
called analytic sentence.
292. Taxonomic linguistics: an approach to linguistics which is predominantly or
exclusively concerned with procedures with of segmentation and classification.
293. Generative linguistics: it stresses the role of underlying structure in linguistic analysis.
294. Telic verb: a verb expressing an event where the activity has a clear terminal point.
295. Atelic: where the event has no such natural end point.
296. Tongue twister: a text made up of words containing the same or similar sounds which
has to be said as rapidly as possible. She sells sea shells by the sea.
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297. Trill: a type of consonant in which there is a rapid vibration at the point of contact
between the articulators also called trilled or rolled consonant.
298. Typology of language: a branch of linguistics which studies the structural similarities
between languages regardless of their history also called typological linguistics.
299. Agglutinating: agglutinating language is the one in which words are built by stringing
forms together often into quite lengthy sequences.
300. Ergative verb: descriptive of an intransitive verb whose subject originates as an object.
The vase broke or someone broke the vase.
301. Utterance: a stretch of speech typically preceded or followed by silence or by a change
of speaker.
302. Vernacular: the indigenous language or dialect of a speech community. Pidgin
languages are also called contact vernaculars.
303. Voicing: the vibration of the vocal folds in response to an airstream passing between
them.
304. Voiced: sounds which use vocal fold vibration.
305. Voiceless: sounds which do not use vocal fold vibration.
Wernicke's aphasia: 4it is characterized by difficulty in understanding.
307. X-bar: each level of phrasal expansion.
308. Xenoglossia: the speaking of a foreign language which has not been previously learned
or heard.
306. Wernick's aphasia: It is characterized by, difficulty in understanding.
307. X-bar: each level of phrasal expansion,
308. Xenoglossia: The speaking of a foreign language which has not been previously learned
or heard.

TRUE/FALSE STATEMENTS
1. Behaviorism is a psychological theory which discusses about how certain behavior is lernt.
2. Behaviorism as a theory was dominant in USA till 1960s.
3. According to Behaviorism, learning a language is not like any other kind of learning that
results from habit formation.
4. Stimulus-Response relation defines the Chomsky's theory of Mentalism.
3. Learning of behavior is the result of connection between stimulus-response and a habit
formation', according to Behaviorism.
6. Classical Conditioning theory of behaviorism was proposed by Ivan Pavlov.
7. Ivan Pavlov was a German Psychologist.
8. Classical conditioning does not consider learning as a habit formation and is based on
association and substitution.
9. Theory of operant conditioning was put forward by B.F Skinner.
10. B.F Skinner is considered the father of behaviorism.
11. B.F Skinner is an American Psychologist.
12. In the original classical conditioning experiments, the sound of the bell is considered the
conditioned response.
13. In the original classical conditioning experiments, the saliva after being presented with
food is considered an unconditioned response.
14. In operant conditioning, the response comes after consequence.
15. Positive reinforcement refers to adding something positive in order to increase the
probability of behavior occurring.
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16. Negative reinforcement refers to adding something negative in order to reduce the
possibility of a behavior occurring.
17. The major principle of behaviorism was that psychology should study covert behaviors.
18. Skinner's reinforcement theory is based on Thorndike's law of effect.
19. Behaviorism is said to have started with Watson's paper in 1915.
20. Operant conditioning was Skinner's term for Pavlovian conditioning.
21. Theory of operant conditioning is an extension of classical conditioning.
22. The evocation of saliva in dogs is an example of classical conditioning.
23. The concept of 'reinforcement' was introduced by B.F Skinner in operant conditioning.
24. The behavior is strengthened if it gets negative reinforcement.
25. The behavior is weakened if it gets positive reinforcement.
26. Both B.F Skinner and Ivan Pavlov come in agreement with the statement that 'learning is
result of stimulus-response relation'.
27. We learn through reward and punishment which is technically called 'operant
conditioning
28. Behaviorism was often linked to the error analysis hypothesis.
29. An American linguist named Noam Chomsky opposed the behaviorism.
30. Noam Chomsky believed that learning is an active process.
31. Chomsky's approach towards language learning is 'mentalist or nativist'.
32. Chomsky has drawn his theory of Mentalism from Plato's rationalism.
33. A child is born with innate capacity to learn a language is proposed in mentalist theory of
language learning.
34. Chomsky proposed the concept of Universal Grammar which is popular as UG.
35. UG through its innate knowledge of principles of Universal Grammar permits all children
to acquire the language of their environment.
36. The human mind is equipped with a faculty of learning language referred to as a learning
Language Acquisition Device (LAD).
37. LAD is similar to the faculties responsible for other kinds of cognitive activities (e.g.
logical reasoning).
38. LAD is a hypothesis in Chomsky's theory of language learning.
39. Noam Chomsky is considered to be the father of modern linguistics.
40. The difference between Chomsky and Skinner is that of approach; the former is mentalist
and the latter is behaviorist.
41. Chomsky totally rejects the concept of stimulus.
42. Chomsky argued that innate knowledge of the principles of Universal Language (UL)
permits all children to acquire the language.
43. Chomsky criticizes B.F Skinner saying that children do not learn and reproduce a large
set of sentences, but routinely create new sentences.
44. Children are biologically programmed for the language.
45. CPH(Critical Period Hypothesis) suggests that children who are not given access to
language in infancy and early childhood will never acquire language if these deprivations
go on for too long.
46. Critical Period Hypothesis is not included in Interactionist perspective.
47. Chomsky suggested that humans are genetically programmed to acquire certain kinds of
knowledge and skill at specific time in life. This concept is linked to Critical period
Hypothesis (CPH)
48. Cognitive approach to language learning attempts to understand the working of human
mind and how brain processes and learns new information.
49. Processing approaches to the language learning is part of Chomsky's linguistics.
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50. There emerged two approaches as to how mind processes when learning takes place
namely processing approaches and emergentist or constructionists
51. Processing approaches are not interested in the mind's information-processing mechanism
and the way this information is made available when needed.
52. McLaughlin's model defines processing approaches.
53. McLaughlin discusses two types of memory: STM and LIM.
54. Adaptive Control of though (ACT) was given by Anderson.
55. ACT model of Anderson accounts for distinction between declarative and procedural
knowledge
56. Declarative knowledge is gradual and is acquired by promoting the skill.
57. Anderson discussed two types of long term memory (LTM): Declarative and Procedural.
58. Emergentist or Constructionist approach to SLA emerged in 1980s.
59. Constructionists are also referred to as connectionists.
60. Connectionists like others believe that language learning is rule-governed.
61. Learning is based on the construction of associative patterns according to
Constructionists' approach to SLA.
62. Connectionists argue that learners gradually build up their knowledge of language
through exposure.
63. Social theory turned the linguists' attention from mind to society.
64. The dominant cognitive theories were replaced by socio-cultural theories focusing on
actual language use.
65. Language is seen as a part of complex and dynamic processes of social membership,
culture and identity in social theory of language learning 66. ZPD is referred to as Zone
of Proximal Development.
67. The concept of ZPD was given by Jean Piaget.
68. ZPD is the difference between the child's develop level as determined by independent
problem solving and the higher level potential development as determined through
problem solving under adult guidance or in collaboration with more capable peers.
69. Vygotsky has theory assumes that cognitive development including language
development arises as a result of social interaction.
70. Lev Vygotsky has different views from Jean Piaget; language is used to represent
knowledge that children have acquired through interaction with environment.
71. Learning is thought to occur when an individual interacts with an interlocutor within his
or her zone of proximal development (ZPD).
72. Behavioral theories emphasize the role of nature in language acquisition.
73. Language acquisition theories differ mostly with respect to the role of nature versus
nurture in acquiring the language.
74. A language Acquisition Devise (LAD) should be given to students in bilingual students.
75. Hypothesis Testing holds with a behavioral /nurture theory type.
76. Typically children who learn a second language from native speaker will have a native
accent. Adults generally will not.
77. Linguistic determinism suggests that structures of language shape thought process.
78. Linguistic Relativity suggests that structure of language shapes thought process.
79. Stylistics tends to understand the texts and their effects on the readers.
80. Stylistics can be seen as a logical extension of moves within literary criticism in early
20th century.
81. Stylistics mainly concentrates on studying authors rather than text.
82. Ninetieth century criticism focused on the author.
83. The approach adopted by LA Richards and William Empson in Britain towards the focus
on text rather than author is known as 'practical criticism'.
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84. New Criticism started in Germany.

8. New Criticism is usually associated with Cleanth Brooks, Rene Wellek, Austen Warren
and other who were from USA.
86. New Criticism was based on the description of literary works as aesthetic objects.
87. Practical Criticism focused on sociological aspects involved in reader interacting with a
work.
88. The psychological aspects involved in reader in interacting with the textbook were
generally dealt in practical criticism.
89. The members of the formalist Linguistic circle in Moscow were called 'British
Formalists'.
90. Formalist linguistic Circle in Moscow was also called Russian Formalists.
91. The foregrounding theory was developed by German Romanticists.
92. The foregrounding theory suggests that some parts of the texts have more effect on
reader than others in terms of interpretation.
93. After Russian revolution in 1917, the formalism further extended its scope and advanced
hugely.
94. Roman Jacobson was a popular linguist of the 18th century.
95. Jacobson joined the Prague Structuralist Circle during Russia revolution as he moved to
Prague.
96. Pague structrualists were not interested in the structure of language and its effects
produced in the texts.
97. Roman Jacobson in 20h century attempted to study practical criticism and New
Criticism in more analytical way.
98. Study of devices in language such as rhetorical figure and syntactical patterns that are
considered to produce expressive or literary styles is referred to as stylistics.
99. One of the roots of stylistics lies in the group called "Russian
100. Roman Jacobson is considered as one of the founding fathers of Stylistics.

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