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Lesson 1 - Classification, Abiotic and Biotic Factors

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20 views58 pages

Lesson 1 - Classification, Abiotic and Biotic Factors

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Zhe
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MODULE 3

BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
1. How do environmental pressures
promote a change in species diversity
and abundance?
2. How do adaptations increase an
organism’s ability to survive?

I N Q U I RY
3. What is the relationship between
QUESTIONS evolution and biodiversity?

4. What is the evidence that supports the


Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection?
CLAS SI FI CATI ON
• The science of
classification of living
things is taxonomy.
• The main reason for
classification is for
simplification and
TA XO N O M Y communication between
members of the scientific
community and the
general public.
H IER A RC H Y

Biological classification
is organised into a Kingdom Phylum Class
hierarchy with specific
levels and ranks:

Order Family Genus Species


KINGDOMS
• Kingdoms in the eukaryote
domain include protista, plantae,
fungi and animalia.
After a lifetime of studying ichthyology, evolution and taxonomy, palaeontologist Stephen J.
Gould (1941 – 2002) determined that, biologically speaking, there is no such thing as a fish.
GENUS

The great ape family has 6 groups, or


subfamilies, most with multiple genus.
They are:
• Gibbons
• Orangutans
• Gorillas
• Chimps and bonobos
• Humans
SPECIES
If two healthy individuals can
reproduce to form a fertile
offspring, they are considered the
same species.
There is only one species in our
genus, Homo sapiens, whereas our
closest genus, Pan, has two species,
Pan troglodytes (chimpanzees) and
Pan paniscus (bonobos).
B I N O M I A L N O M E N C L AT U R E
• This refers to the scientific naming system of species.
They follow specific rules recognised internationally
and are designed to recognise each species as unique.
• The scientific names are usually in Latin, written in
italics and use the genus (always use a capital) with
species name in lower case.
• Humans fall under the genus Homo and the species
name sapiens. So our species name is Homo sapiens
BEAR BEAR
Brown Bear, Ursus arctos, means “bear” in two languages
COMMON NAMES
• Common names can be misleading (koala bear), not unique (a brown snake in multiple countries)
• Predict the effects of
selection pressures on
organisms in
ecosystems, including:
Biotic factors
Abiotic factors

I N Q U I RY Q U E S T I O N 1 ( E N V I R O N M E N TA L
EFFECTS)
ECOSYSTEMS
• Combination of all the organisms, biotic and abiotic,
living in a community and how they interact
• Organisms with favourable characteristics/adaptations
that are uniquely suited for that ecosystem will ultimately
survive better
ECOSYSTEMS

Environment refers to
the surroundings or
dwelling place of all
living things
ECOSYSTEMS

• Terrestrial
Found on land
Dessert,
grasslands, forest,
Woodland
ECOSYSTEMS

• Aquatic
Freshwater: Wetlands, Mangrove swamps, estuaries, rivers, lakes
Saltwater: Oceans
SELECTION PRESSURES
• Within any interbreeding population, there is
variety among the individuals.
• Selection pressure = change in the environment
that reduces the reproductive success of a
proportion of any population. This will change
the population dynamics over a few
generations.
SELECTION PRESSURES
• Selection pressure does not always reduce the
population.
• Different new pressures, such as a new food
source, new predator, or sexual selection by
females, can:
Stabilise a population by reducing the variety
of a particular trait
Direct the population so that the frequency of
a particular trait shifts
Disrupt the population into two or more main
groups
ABIOTIC COMPONENTS
Abiotic components of an environment are those that are non-living
and never were living.

In terrestrial environments, this includes:


Light Geology Water Climate Soil Altitude
availability availability chemistry
L I G H T AVA I L A B I L I T Y
GEOLOGY
W AT E R AVA I L A B I L I T Y
CLI MATE
S O I L C H E M I S T RY
ALTITUDE
ABIOTIC COMPONENTS

- Salinity
- Depth
In aquatic and marine - Density
environments, abiotic - Current
factors also include: - Surfaces available
- Turbidity
- Dissolved oxygen available
SALINITY
DEPTH
DENSITY
CURRENT
S U R F A C E S AV A I L A B L E
TURBIDITY
DISSOLVED OXYGEN
AVA I L A B L E
BIOTIC
COMPONENTS
• The biotic components are the living things
that shape an environment and the
interactions between these organisms and how
they live together (symbiotic relationship).
BIOTIC COMPONENTS
• Living organisms include:
Producers – plants and other
photosynthetic/chemosynthetic organisms
Consumers – animals that depend on
producers for food
Decomposers – fungi and microbes that
break down material from (usually dead)
organisms into simpler forms, which can be
reused.
BIOTIC COMPONENTS
• Living organisms include:
Producers – plants and other
photosynthetic/chemosynthetic organisms
Consumers – animals that depend on
producers for food
Decomposers – fungi and microbes that
break down material from (usually dead)
organisms into simpler forms, which can be
reused.
BIOTIC COMPONENTS
• Living organisms include:
Producers – plants and other
photosynthetic/chemosynthetic organisms
Consumers – animals that depend on
producers for food
Decomposers – fungi and microbes that
break down material from (usually dead)
organisms into simpler forms, which can be
reused.
BIOTIC
COMPONENTS
• Organism interactions include:
Predation – one animal killing another
for food
BIOTIC COMPONENTS
Parasitism – one organism benefits at the expense of another, usually
without killing them
BIOTIC
COMPONENTS
Commensalism – one organism
benefits while the other is neither
harmed nor is benefited
BIOTIC COMPONENTS
Mutualism – both organisms benefit from the
relationship
BIOTIC
COMPONENTS
Competition – both organisms
competing over the same
resource/space/mate etc, are
harmed
BIOTIC COMPONENTS
Disease - A pathogen is a disease-causing parasite that
lives on or in a host. E.g. viruses, bacteria, fungi and
single celled eukaryotes
YO U R TA S K

11.2 – 11.5 - Selection Pressures

2: Abiotic and Biotic Features


of the Environment (Highlight)

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