2024 9 20

1. p, p′ , p1 , p2 , · · · .

2. a | b a b.

3. a ∤ b a b.

4. (a, b) a, b .

5. (a, b, · · ·, c) a, b, · · ·, c .

6. [a, b] a, b .

7. [a, b, · · ·, c] a, b, · · ·, c .

8. a ≡ b(mod q) q > 0, q | a − b.
q .

9. [x] x .

10. x = x − [x] x .

11. ∥x∥ min {{x} , 1 − {x}} x .

1
 12.
∑ ∑ ∑ ∑
, ; ,
n<x n≤x p<x p≤x

x ; x
.

1.0.1
∑
[x]
∑ 1
n= n= [x]([x] + 1)
n=0 n≤x
2
.

13.
∑

d|n

n n .

14. b1 (u), ((u)) u − [u] − 12 .

15. e(z) e2πiz ,z .

16.
∑
q
′

n=1

:1 ≤ n ≤ q, (n, q) = 1.

17.pα ∥ a pα |a pα+1 ∤ a, p .

1.0.2 23 24 ,32 18 .

1.

2
 f (x) g(x), f (x) = O(g(x)),
A |f (x)| ≤ Ag(x), f (x) ≪ g(x). f (x) = o(g(x))
x→0 g(x)/f (x) → 0.

1.1.1
∑ 1
n=[x]
f (x) =
n=1
n

g(x) = 1 + log x, f (x) = O(g(x))

.

1.1.2 x≥1
x2 = O(x3 )
A≥1
1 ,

sin x = O(1)

1.1.3 sin x = o(x2 ) (x + 1)2 = o(x3 )

1.1.

(a) : N x≥N x + 1 = O(ex )

π2
(b) : x1 + x + 2 = O(ex ) + 6

(c) : x1 + x + 2 = O(ex )

1.2. :
∑
log n = x log x − x + O(log x)
n≤x

1.3. :
∑1
= log x + O(1)
n≤x
n

3
1.4. : log x = O(xk ) k

1.5. : x→∞ ,xk = o(ex ) k .

1.6. f (x) = sin(x), f (x) = O(1).

1.7. :log x = O(x1/4 )

1.8. :
∑
π(x) = 1
p≤x

x , :π(x) = O(x)

1.9.

(a) :log x = o(x1/2 ).

(b) :x2 = o(ex ).
(c) : x1 = o(1).
(d) : logx x = o(1).
(e) : exx = o(1).

2.

Riemann ζ
∑
∞
ζ(s) = n−s
n=1

N . f :N→C

f (mn) = f (m) + f (n)

f :N→C

f (mn) = f (m)f (n)

(m, n) = 1.

4
 Möbius µ
{
(−1)r n = p1 p 2 · · · p r , p1 , p2 , · · ·, pr
µ(n) =
0 n

d(n) σk (n)
∑
d(n) = 1 (1)
d|n
∑
σk (n) = dk (2)
d|n

d(n) = σ0 (n).

Euler
∏( 1
)
φ(n) = n 1−
p
p|n

n n n
.

Möbius
∑ ∑ n
g(n) = f (d) = f( )
d
d|n d|n

g(n) f (n) Möbius . f (n) g(n) Möbius .

1.2.1 {
∑ 1 ( n = 1)
µ(d) =
d|n
0 ( )

n = pe11 · · · perr Möbius ,N = p1 · · · pr n

.
{p1 , · · ·, pr } , .
( )
∑ ∑ ∑
r
r
µ(d) = µ(d) = (−1)i = (1 − 1)r = 0
d|n d|N i=0 i

5
n=1 ,µ(1) = 1.

1.2.2 Möbius f (n) g(n ,

∑
f (n) = g(d)
d|n

∑ (n)
g(n) = µ(d)f
d
d|n

∑ (n) ∑ ∑ ∑∑
µ(d)f = µ(d) g(e) = µ(d)g(e)
d
d|n d|n e| n
d d|n e| n
d

de|n, Möbius
∑ ∑ ∑
µ(d)g(e) = g(e) = g(e)
de|n e|n d| n
e

n
1.2.2, e
=1 ,Möbius .

∑ ∑∑ ( )
d
g(d) = µ(e)f
e
d|n d|n e|d

est = n,f s
∑ ∑ ∑
µ(e)f (s) = f (s) µ(e) = f (n)
est=n s|n e| n
s

1.1.1 .

1.2.3 Möbius F (x) G(x) [1, ∞)

∑ (x)
G(x) = F
1⩽n⩽x
n

∑ (x)
F (x) = µ(n)G
1⩽n⩽x
n

6
 ∑ (x) ∑ ∑ ( x ) ∑ ( x )
µ(n)G = µ(n) F = µ(n)F
1⩽n⩽x
n n⩽x x
m⩽ n
mn mn⩽x
mn
∑ (x) ∑
= F µ(n) = F (x)
r⩽x
r
n|r

1.1.1.
∑ (x) ∑ ∑ ( x ) ∑ (x) ∑
F = µ(n)G = G µ(m) = G(x)
n⩽x
n x
n⩽x m⩽ n
mn r⩽x
r
m|r

1.2.4
φ(n) ∑ µ(d)
=
n d
d|n

∏( 1
)
φ(n) = n 1−
p
p|n

, n .
, ,
Möbius . Möbius
n- .
∏( 1
) ∑ µ(d)
1− =
p d
p|n d|n

1.2.5
∑
φ(d) = n
d|n

1.2.4
∑ n
φ(n) = µ(d)
d
d|n

1.2.2
∑
φ(d) = n
d|n

7
 1.2.6 von Mangoldt

log p if n = pk p k ≥ 1,
Λ(n) =
0 .

∑
Λ(n) = − µ(d) log d
d|n

∑ n
Λ(n) = µ(d) log
d
d|n

,
∑
log n = Λ(d)
d|n

n , r
∑ ∏ ∏
− µ(d) log d = log d−µ(d) = log p−t
d|n d|n p|n

( )
∑
r
r
t= (−1)i = (1 − 1)r = 0
i=0 i

∑
− µ(d) log d = 0
d|n

n = pk ,n p
∑ ∏
− µ(d) log d = log d−µ(d) = log p
d|n d|n

, n ̸= 1
∑ ∑ ∑
Λ(n) = − µ(d) log d = log n µ(d) − µ(d) log d
d|n d|n d|n

∑ n
= µ(d) log
d
d|n

8
 1.2.7
, .
,
, .

1.2.7 ε > 0, C(ε)

d(n) = C(ε)nε

∏
d(n) = (α + 1)
pα ∥n

n = p1 α 1 · · · pk , nε
d(n) ∏ (α + 1)
=
nε pαε
α p ∥n

p ≥ 2ϵ
1 1
:p < 2 ϵ .
,p ≥ 2,
ϵ

α+1 α+1
pαϵ ≥ 2α , ≥ ≥1
pαϵ 2α
1
p < 2ϵ .
α+1 α 1
pαε < 2α , ≤ 1 + αε ≤ 1 +
pαε p ε log 2

αε log 2 ≤ eαε log 2 = 2αε ≤ pαε

,
∏ ( 1
)
1+ = C(ε)
1
ε log 2
p<2 ε

9
 1.2.8 . η>0 ,
n,
d(n) ≤ 2(1+η) log n/ log log n

.
,
) (
1 + η2 log 2
ε=
log log n
1 + x ≤ ex
∏ ( 1
) 1
≤ e ε log 2 ·2
1 ε
1 + log 2
1
ε
p≤2 ε

∏ ( 1
) (
1
)∑ 1
p≤2 ε
1
1 + log 2 = 1 + log 2
1
ε ε
p≤2 ε

p, ,
1 ( )
: p n , 2ε p 1 + 1ε log 2
( )
p 1 + 1ε log 2 .
, p ,
p .

1
1 η
2 ε = (log n) 1+ 2

{ }
log log n 1/(1+ η2 )
C(ε) ≤ exp ( ) · (log n)
1 + η2 log2 2
{ }
η log 2 log n
≤ exp · = 2η log n/ log log n < 2(1+η) log n/ log log n
2 log log n

log 2/ log log n > ε ⇐⇒ 2log n/ log log n > nε

⇐⇒ nε 2η log n/ log log n < 2(1+η) log n/ log log n

10
 1.2.9 ξ≥2 ,
∑ 1 2 2
σ(n) = π ξ + O(ξ log ξ)
1≤n≤ξ
12

∑ ∑∑ ∑ 1 [ ξ ] ([ ξ ] )
σ(n) = d= +1
1≤n≤ξ n≤ξ d≤ ξ n≤ξ
2 n n
n

∑1 ( { }) ( { } )
ξ ξ ξ ξ
= − − +1
n≤ξ
2 n n n n
( { }2 { } { })
∑ 1 ξ2
ξ 1
ξ ξ 1 ξ
= 2
−
+ −
n≤ξ
2n
n 2
n n 2 n
( )
∑ ( 1 ξ2 ( )) ∑
ξ 1 ξ2 ∑1
= +O = +O ξ
n≤ξ
2 n2 n n≤ξ
2 n2 n≤ξ
n

1 2∑ 1 1 1 2 2
ξ 2
+ O(ξ(log ξ + γ + O( )) = π ξ + O(ξ log ξ)
2 n≤ξ n ξ 12

∑ 1 ( )
π2 1
2
= +O 2
n≤ξ
n 6 ξ

( )
∑1 ∑t
1 ∑1
t
= lim − −γ+γ
n≤ξ
ξ t→∞
n=1
n n=ξ n
( ∫ t )
1 1 1
= lim log t − dq + O( ) + γ = log ξ + γ + O( )
t→∞ ξ q ξ ξ
γ Euler ,
( )
∑
t
1
γ = lim − log t
t→∞
q=1
q

11
 Harmonic Series vs Logarithmic Function
10 y
log t
9 Ht
8 Area representing Ht − log t
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
x
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Harmonic Series and 1/x function
10 y
1
9 x
Harmonic Series Steps
8 Area representing γ
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
x
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Eular γ , m ∈ N \ {0}
(m, m + 1) Am
1 1
Am ≤ −
m m+1

∑
∞ ∑∞ ( )
1 1
γ= Am ≤ − =1
m=1 m=1
m m+1
Euler γ .

12
2.1. 1.2.7

(a) :d(n) ≤ n.
√
(b) :d(n) ≪ 2 n.
(c) : A .
√
(d) :d(n) ≤ 2 n.

2.2. 1.2.7 : ε>0

σ(n) = O(n1+ϵ )

2.3. : ξ≥1
∑ √
d(n) = ξ log ξ + (2γ − 1)ξ + O( ξ)
1≤n≤ξ

2.4. :
d(mn) ≤ d(m)d(n)

m, n

2.5. :
σ(n) ≤ n(log n + 1)

2.6. : c1 , c 2

c1 x2 ≤ φ(n)σ(n) ≤ c2 x2

2.7. v(n) n . :
log n
v(n) ≤
log 2

2.8. : n
1
φ(n) = O( )
log log n
.

13
 2.9. :
∑
M (x) = µ(n)
n≤x

M (x) = O(x1/2+ε )

2.10. Λ(n) Von Mangoldt

∑ √
Λ(n) = x + O( x log x),
n≤x
√
O( x log x) .

2.11. Ramanujan
∑ am
cn (m) = e2πi n ,
1≤a≤n
gcd(m,n)=1

Möbius

(a) :
∑ am
cn (m) = e2πi n ,
d|(m,n)

.
(b) :
∑ a
µ(n) = e2πi n ,
1≤a≤n
(a,n)=1

m = 1.

3.

Dirichlet
∑
∞
f (n)
D(f, s) =
n=1
ns

s ,f (n) .
∑
∞
D(f, s) + D(g, s) = (f (n) + g(n))n−s
n=1

14
 ∑
∞
D(f, s)D(g, s) = h(n)n−s
n1

h(n)
∑
h(n) = f (d)g(e)
de=n

h=f ∗g , h f g Dirichlet

1.3.4(Euler ) f (n) Dirichlet

( )
∏ ∑
∞
n −ns
D(f, s) = f (p )p
p∈prime n=0

, f (n) = 1 Dirichlet Riemann ζ ,

∏ ( )−1
1
ζ(s) = 1− s
p∈prime
p

, .
f (n) = 1
( )
∏ ∑
∞
−ns
D(1, s) = ζ(s) = p
p∈prime n=0

∑
∞ ( )−1
−ns 1
p = 1− s
n=0
p
.

15