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Updated FT - Jayesh Rathod

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Diploma Engineering

Laboratory Manual
Fertilizer Technology
(4350501)

Semester : 5 – Chemical (05)

Enrollment No.
Name of the Student
Programme/Branch Diploma in Chemical Engg. (05)
Academic Term
Name of the Institute
Directorate Of Technical Education
Gandhinagar - Gujarat
Certificate

This is to certify that Mr./Ms. .....................................................

.................................................................. Enrollment No........................................

of semester 5 of Diploma in Chemical Engineering(05) of the

institute ............................................................................................(GTU
Code:................) has satisfactorily completed the term-work in the course
Fertilizer Technology (4350501) for the Academic Year : 202…… - 202……
Term: Even as prescribed in the GTU curriculum.

Place: …………………..

Date: …………………..

Signature of Course Faculty Head of the Department

Fertilizer technology (4360501)  Laboratory Manual

Preface

The primary aim of any laboratory/Practical/field work is enhancement of required skills as

well as creative ability amongst students to solve real time problems by developing relevant
competencies in psychomotor domain. Keeping in view, GTU has designed competency focused
outcome-based curriculum -2021 (COGC-2021) for Diploma engineering programmes. In this more
time is allotted to practical work than theory. It shows importance of enhancement of skills amongst
students and it pays attention to utilize every second of time allotted for practical amongst Students,
Instructors and Lecturers to achieve relevant outcomes by performing rather than writing practice in
study type. It is essential for effective implementation of competency focused outcome- based Green
curriculum-2021. Every practical has been keenly designed to serve as a tool to develop & enhance
relevant industry needed competency in each and every student. These psychomotor skills are very
difficult to develop through traditional chalk and board content delivery method in the classroom.
Accordingly, this lab manual has been designed to focus on the industry defined relevant outcomes,
rather than old practice of conducting practical to prove concept and theory.
By using this lab manual, students can read procedure one day in advance to actual
performance day of practical experiment which generates interest and also, they can have idea of
judgement of magnitude prior to performance. This in turn enhances predetermined outcomes amongst
students. Each and every Experiment /Practical in this manual begins by competency, industry relevant
skills, course outcomes as well as practical outcomes which serve as a key role for doing the practical.
The students will also have a clear idea of safety and necessary precautions to be taken while
performing experiment.
This manual also provides guidelines to lecturers to facilitate student-centered lab activities
for each practical/experiment by arranging and managing necessary resources in order that the students
follow the procedures with required safety and necessary precautions to achieve outcomes. It also
gives an idea that how students will be assessed by providing Rubrics.
Fundamental information will help the diploma engineers to apply the basic concepts of
Industrial Chemistry to solve broad problems in chemical industries through the inclusion of various
practical exercises, creative activities, etc. Many global problems/issues and their in-depth
understanding is addressed through the inclusion of topics of relevance like functional groups;
saturation/unsaturation, aliphatic/aromatic nature, determination of nature and identification of organic
compounds; preparation of solutions and green compounds, etc. in this lab manual of the course.

Page | 3 Chemical
Engineering Department
Although we have tried our level best to design this lab manual, but always there are chances
of improvement. We welcome any suggestions for improvement.
Fertilizer technology (4360501)  Laboratory Manual

Practical No. 0

DTE’s Vision:

 To provide globally competitive technical education;

 Remove geographical imbalances and inconsistencies;
 Develop student friendly resources with a special focus on girls’
education and support to weaker sections;
 Develop programs relevant to industry and create a vibrant pool of
technical professionals.

DTE’s Mission:
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
Institute’s Vision: (Student should write)

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
Institute’s Mission: (Student should write)

Page | 5 Chemical
Engineering Department
Department’s Vision: (Student should write)

Programme Outcomes (POs) : (as prescribed by National Board of Accreditation(NBA))

1. Basic and Discipline specific knowledge: Apply knowledge of basic mathematics,

science and engineering fundamentals and engineering specialization to solve the
engineering problems.

2. Problem analysis: Identify and analyse well-defined engineering problems using

codified standard methods.

3. Design/ development of solutions: Design solutions for engineering well-defined

technical problems and assist with the design of systems components or processes to
meet specified needs.

4. Engineering Tools, Experimentation and Testing: Apply modern engineering tools

and appropriate technique to conduct standard tests and measurements.

5. Engineering practices for society, sustainability and environment: Apply appropriate

technology in context of society, sustainability, environment and ethical practices.

6. Project Management: Use engineering management principles individually, as a team

member or a leader to manage projects and effectively communicate about well-defined
engineering activities.

7. Life-long learning: Ability to analyze individual needs and engage in updating in the
context of technological changes in field of engineering.

Programme Specific Outcomes (PSOs) : (Student should write)

.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................

Page | 7 Chemical
Engineering Department
Programme Educational Objectives (PEOs) : (Student should write)
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
Fertilizer technology (4360501)  Laboratory Manual

Practical Outcome - Course Outcome matrix

Course Outcomes (COs):

CO-1: Apply the concept of unit process and unit operations for manufacturing of various fertilizers

CO-2: Characterize fertilizers on the basis of different properties.

CO-3: Identify engineering problems in various fertilizers manufacturing.

CO-4: Outline applications of various fertilizer.

Sr. No. Practical Outcome/Title of the Experiment CO-1 CO-2 CO-3 CO-4

Prepare chart for fertilizer classification with

1.  - - -
chemical formula and nutrient content
Estimate nutrient content (% N, %P2O, %
2. K2O) in different fertilizers from their  - - -
chemical formula
Estimate percentage of Nitrogen in
3. -  - -
Ammonium chloride by substitution method
Estimate percentage of Nitrogen in
4. -  - -
Ammonium sulfate by substitution method
Estimate percentage of Nitrogen in
5. -  - -
Ammonium chloride by back titration
Estimate percentage of Nitrogen in
6. -  - -
Ammonium sulphate by back titration

7. Analysis of Urea by Formaldehyde method -  - -

Estimate percentage of Nitrogen in

8. Ammonium Chloride/Sulphate by Kjeldhal's -  - -
method
 - - -
9. Prepare potassium sulphate

10. Preparation of Organic fertilizer  - - -

Page | 9 Chemical
Engineering Department
 (A) indicates ‘Application’ or Higher Cognitive Levels (Analyzing, Evaluating and
Creating) of Action verb/s used in Practical Outcome/Title of the Experiment
according to Revised Bloom’s Taxonomy.
Fertilizer technology (4360501)  Laboratory Manual

 Industry Relevant Skills :

The following industry relevant skills are expected to be developed in the students by performance
of experiments of this course.

1. Use principles of Chemistry to solve broadly-defined engineering problems.

2. The practical exercises, the underpinning knowledge, and the relevant soft skills associated with
the competency are to be developed in the students to display the COs.

 INSTRUCTIONS IN CHEMISTRY LABORATORY 

 Guidelines to Course Faculty :

1. Course faculty should demonstrate experiment with all necessary implementation strategies
described in curriculum.
2. Course faculty should explain industrial relevance before starting of each experiment.
3. Course faculty should involve & give opportunity to all students for hands on experience.
4. Course faculty should ensure mentioned skills are developed in the students by asking.
5. Utilise 2 hrs of lab hours effectively and ensure completion of write up with quiz also.
6. Encourage peer to peer learning by doing same experiment through fast learners.

Page | 11 Chemical
Engineering Department
 Instructions for Students :

1. Bring this Laboratory Manual regularly.

2. Before entering the lab, students should be aware of the fundamental prerequisites
(concepts and principles), etc., expected, to perform the practical.
3. Have some meal before you come in the chemistry laboratory i.e., don’t come with
empty stomach.
4. According to the timetable, students should regularly report to the Chemistry laboratory.
5. Study the list of Experiments/Practical Outcomes (PrOs) with their COs and Rubrics with
Marks distribution from 0 to 5 considering each of the PrOs Five Criteria for Five
miscellaneous Performance Indicators for Continuous Assessment (CA) of Practicals of
the course from this Laboratory Manual to make yourself well acquainted about it by which
you can learn in a very systematic and scientific way to score well with flying colours.
6. As you enter the lab, place your backpack, water bottle, and any other personal items in the
bookrack.
7. While working in a chemistry lab, always wear an Apron.
8. Each student should keep a record (log) book for any unscheduled writing that occurs when
receiving instructions, performing, being observed, doing calculations, getting results, etc.
9. Maintain a neat and orderly workplace. (Good housekeeping)
10. Always perform experiments in accordance only with correct procedures. Never choose the easy
option.
11. Only perform experiments in the lab when you are watched over by a faculty member/s.
Fertilizer technology (4360501)  Laboratory Manual

12. Do not be afraid to seek for help from your instructor in any situation. It might have to do with
safety, standard operating procedure, etc. Before moving ahead, make sure you properly understand
each of the instructions.
13. Organize the work in the group. Keep records on the practical observations and do the
calculations as needed, etc. Also complete the Interpretation of results, Conclusion and Answers of
the ‘Practical related quiz’.
14. After usage, store the reagents where they are. Do not change their positions.
15. Submit the lab manual, in time, as and when asked for Continuous Assessment (CA) by the
course faculty member.
16. Students should clean the equipment and glassware after the practical/experiment gets completed.
Store the unused chemicals. Dispose of the unwanted, useless chemicals carefully. Disconnect the
setup you've made and return all the instruments and components you've used after the practical is
completed.
17. Verify that your workspace is clean and dry before leaving the laboratory. Make sure that every water,
electricity, and gas valve is turned off completely.
18. When leaving the lab, fully wash your hands.
19. Student shall attempt to develop related hand-on skills and build confidence.
20. Student shall develop the habits of evolving more ideas, innovations, skills etc.
21. Students shall develop maintenance skills as expected by industries.
22. Student shall refer practical relevant videos, technical magazines, data books, etc.

 Follow these DO’s & DON’T’S …to Protect yourself and others :

1. Use extreme caution and maintain good discipline in the laboratory.

2. Before igniting the bunsen burner, be sure that all combustible chemicals have been completely kept
away from it.
3. Any equipment damage should be reported to the lab supervisor if something occurs during the
experiment. While using the chemicals or handling the apparatus (equipment and/or glassware
and/or chemicals), you should use precautions.
4. Food and beverages are not permitted in the lab.
5. Never use pipette by mouth suction for taking out the concentrated solutions.
6. Never pour water directly into any concentrated acid.
Page | 13 Chemical
Engineering Department
7. Chemicals should never be placed directly on the balance pan. When weighing a chemical with a
balance, always use the appropriate weighing container.
8. Avoid using the washbasin to dispose of strong acids. Do not discard any used paper, litmus paper,
or other materials into the sink. Throw them in the dustbin. While not in use, keep the water and gas
knobs closed.

 Following SHOULD BE DISPLAYED & ALL SHOULD KNOW TO

FOLLOW … :

1. All Chemicals must be properly labeled and stored appropriately.

2. Display all twelve principles of Green Chemistry and all should be followed by everyone to the
maximum possible extent to follow Competency-focused Outcome-based Green Curriculum (COGC)
 2021 of GTU in Chemistry Laboratory also.
3. Display List of Experiments/Practical Outcomes (PrOs) with their COs & Cognitive Levels (R, U
and A) for the action verbs used, Rubrics for Continuous Assessment (CA) for Practicals in the
Chemistry Laboratory to make the students well acquainted about it.
4. Ventilation and/or Roof ventilation must be there in Chemistry laboratory.
5. When harmful or unpleasant vapours are produced, use the Fume hoods and/or Exhaust fan/s.
6. Standard Safety Signs and Symbols must be displayed in the laboratory.
7. Be familiar with emergency EXIT from the Chemistry Laboratoy.
8. Lab staff, students, and faculty members should be informed of the general Electrical Safety Regulations
that must be followed too.
9. All people should have easy access to Fire Extinguishers and also display its operating procedure
near to it in short.
10. Everyone should have easy access to a First-Aid kit.
11. Emergency Contact Numbers for Gas cylinder supplier / PNG should be displayed in the lab and
known to each one.
12. Everyone in the lab should be aware of and have access to the Important Common Emergency
Numbers.
13. If possible, CCTV cameras should be installed in Chemistry Laboratory for monitoring and safety
purposes.
Fertilizer technology (4360501)  Laboratory Manual

 ALL SHOULD BE WELL AWARE OF … :

1. To prevent accidents from occurring and to respond to them effectively and in a timely
manner, laboratory staff, students, laboratory assistant/s and faculty members should be well-
versed in common safety symbols, signage, emergency exit routes, general electrical safety
guidelines/rules, Important Common Emergency Numbers, etc. and operation of safety gadgets,
fire extinguishers, First-Aid kit, etc to avoid any accident to happen and to manage it well in
time.
2. Students, laboratory assistant/s and faculty members should be knowledgeable about
identifying chemical dangers, storing specific chemicals, using safety and emergency
equipment, and disposing of chemical waste properly.
3. Students, laboratory assistant/s and faculty members should be aware of the proper actions to
take in the event of laboratory accidents, such as chemical spills, fires, explosions, injuries to
the body, chemical burns, heat burns, injuries to the face, glass-related cuts, inhaling
dangerous gases, etc.

Page | 15 Chemical
Engineering Department
RUBRICS for all PrOs with marks distribution for Continuous Assessment (CA)

of Practicals of Fertilizer Technology (4360501) for 25 Marks

PrOs PERFORMANCE INDICATORS for the PrOs Criteria OF STUDENTS in Practical Exercises
Sr. CRITERIA (Each of maximum 5 Marks)
Excellent Very Good Good Average Poor
No. (As per GTU
5 marks 4 marks 3 marks 2 marks 1 mark
Curriculum)
 “PROCESS” related skills
-Prepare -Prepare Prepare -Prepare -Prepare -Prepare
Experimental Experimental Experimental Experimental Experimental Experimental
setup accurately setup accurately setup setup with some setup with the setup poorly
by own satisfactorily by help of faculty help of faculty
1. own member member
- Handling of - Very carefully -Carefully - Good Handling -Proper - Poor Handling
apparatus/glasswa Handling of Handling of of apparatus/ Handling of of apparatus/
res for precise apparatus/ apparatus/ glasswares apparatus/ glasswares
measurements glasswares glasswares glasswares
- Practice and - Practice and - Practice and - Practice and - Practice and - poorly Practice
adapt good and adapt standard adapt very good adapt good and adapt gladly and adapt weak
safe measuring and safe and safe safe measuring and safe and unsafe
techniques measuring measuring techniques measuring measuring
2.
techniques techniques techniques techniques
-Record - Record - Record - Record - Record - Record
observations observations observations observations observations observations
correctly correctly properly satisfactorily partially incorrectly
- Housekeeping -Regularly Keeps -Keeps -Keeps -Sometimes -Keeps
surrounding area surrounding area surrounding area Keeps surrounding area
neat and very very clean clean surrounding unclean
3. clean area clean
-Observance - Strictly Follow - Nicely follow - Follow safety -Sometimes - Rarely Follow
/Follow safety safety rules safety rules rules Follow safety safety rules
rules rules
 “PRODUCT” related skills
- Does Calculations - Did correct - Did precise - Did good - Did - Did incorrect
Calculations with Calculations with Calculations with Calculations Calculations
unit unit unit satisfactorily without unit
- Interpret the without unit
Results and their - Interpret the - Interpret the - Interpret the - Interpret the - Interpret the
4.
Conclusion/s Results and their Results and their Results and their Results and Results and their
Conclusion/s with Conclusion/s with Conclusion/s with their Conclusion/s with
perfect very clear good explanation Conclusion/s unclear
explanation explanation with partial explanation
explanation
5. - Prepare report of - Perfectly - Properly - Moderately - Partially - Poorly Prepare
practical in Prepare report of Prepare report of Prepare report of Prepare report report of practical
Fertilizer technology (4360501)  Laboratory Manual

prescribed format practical in practical in practical in of practical in in prescribed

prescribed format prescribed format prescribed format prescribed format
format

- Viva-voce - Answer the - Answer the - Answer the - Able to - Only able to
questions questions with questions, but answer basic answer few basic
effectively with explanations and fails to elaborate questions questions
explanations and elaboration
elaboration
When above Performance Indicator/s for the PrOs Criteria is/are NOT fulfilled at all by the student/s then 0 Mark is to
IMP
given for that criteria.

Continuous Assessment (CA) Sheet of Practicals of Fertilizer Technology (4350501)

Page | 17 Chemical
Engineering Department
Name of the Institute : .................................................................................... (GTU Code : ...........)

Programme : Diploma in CHEMICAL Engineering (Programme Code : 05)

Academic Term : ..................................................... Enrollment No. : .................................................

Semester : 6 Full Name of the Student : ....................................................................................

PrOs Criteria of Rubrics (refer previous page)

c-1 c-2 c-3 c-4 c-5 TO

- Prepare Experimental setup

- Practice and adapt good and safe

- Housekeeping

- Prepare report of practical in

- Does Calculations
TA
Signat

prescribed format
L

accurately
ure
S Pa Mar
of the
r. Practical Outcomes (PrOs) / ge Dat ks
course

- Observance /Follow safety rules

N Title of the Experiment No e Obt
Faculty
o. . aine

- Interpret the Results and their

Membe
d
Marks Obtained Out Of r

Conclusion/s
(based on Performance Indicator/s for the PrOs Criteria)
measuring techniques

=
5 +5 +5 +5 +5
25


 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Fertilizer technology (4360501)  Laboratory Manual

Total Marks obtained of all Practicals

Overall (Average) MARKS OBTAINED out of 25 Marks
(GTU Examination Scheme for Practical Marks of CA : 25 Marks (To Pass: 10
Marks))
 Important Note for the Course Faculty Member :

At the end of the term, after the submission of this Laboratory Manual by the student, the Course Faculty
Member should detach this Continuous Assessment (CA) Sheet to keep record for future aspects.

Page | 19 Chemical
Engineering Department
Date: ...... - ...... - 202…..

Practical No. 1

FERTILIZER CLASSIFICATION
A. Objective:

To prepare detail chart of fertilizer classification with chemical formula and nutrient content.

B. Expected Program Outcomes (POs):

1. Discipline knowledge

2. Design/Development of solutions

3. Experimentations and Testing

C. Expected skills to be developed based on Competency:

This practical is expected to develop the following skills for the industry-identified
competency: ‘Use/Apply basic principles of Chemistry in various engineering
applications’.

D. Expected Course Outcomes (COs)::

Use different solvents/reagents and perform various reactions to identify different

organic functional groups.

E. Practical Outcome (PrOs):

1. Determine the reactivity of functional groups with various test reagents.

2. Identify an unknown functional group in organic compound based on chemical reaction.

F. Expected Affective Domain related Outcomes (ADOs):

1. Develop leadership and team management

2. Follow safety measures
3. Follow ethical values
4. Learn Time Management

G. Prerequisite Theory:
Fertilizer technology (4360501)  Laboratory Manual

According to nutrient content of fertilizers, it can be classified as straight and complex

fertilizer. Straight fertilizer contain only one plant nutrient whereas complex fertilizer contain more
than one primary or major nutrient element.
1. Primary nutrients
2. Secondary Nutrients
3. Micronutrients

Primary nutrients

Primary nutrients are added in excess amount in a fertilizer for healthy growth of plants. The
primary nutrients are nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium; however, their concentration in a
chemical fertilizer is expressed as a percentage of total nitrogen (N), available phosphate (P 2O5)
and soluble (K2O).

Secondary Nutrients

Calcium, magnesium and sulphur are called the secondary nutrients. It is required for plant
growth in relatively smaller quantities than primary nutrients. Any deficiency of the secondary
nutrients and other essential elements reduce the efficiency of primary nutrient by restricting the
yield to low levels. Therefore, to obtain optimum results, crops have to be supplied with
secondary nutrient in addition to primary nutrients.
Calcium and magnesium are the elements that are largely responsible for the acidity or alkalinity
of soil. They are moderately soluble, so in regions of high rainfall they are washed from the soil
and carried away. Soils in these regions are usually acid, and lime (calcium carbonate) is often
added every year to make the soil less acid. In areas of low rainfall, and where the soil is derived
from limestone, the soil is high in calcium and magnesium and is usually alkaline.
Sulfur is present in many commercial fertilizers, even though it is not listed on the label. As
sulfate, it is highly acid and is often used to make alkaline soils acid.

Micronutrients
Micronutrients are a group of nutrients which are essential for plant growth but are required by

Page | 21 Chemical
Engineering Department
plants in small quantities. Intensive cropping depletes all nutrients including micronutrients from
the soil at a fast rate. Therefore selective use of micronutrients is necessary for increasing
agricultural production. Micronutrients are often applied incorporated in NPK fertilizers. They
may also applied in solution, directly or sprayed on bulk blends. Where quick action is required,
salts of micronutrients dissolved in water are sprayed onto crop foliage.Iron, zinc, manganese,
copper, boron, molybdenum and chlorine fall under this category.

Types of fertilizers:-

Straight Fertilizer: -Those fertilizers which contain only one essential nutrient are called
straight fertilizer. Ex.:- Nitrogen(N), phosphorous(P), potassium(K).

Nitrogenous fertilizer

Percentage of
Name of fertilizers
Nitrogen
Ammonium Sulphate 20.6-21.0
Urea 44.0-46.0
Ammonium Chloride 25
Ammonium Nitrate 32-35
Ammonium Sulphate Nitrate 2.6
Calcium Ammonium Nitrate 25.0
Sodium Nitrate 16.0
Calcium Nitrate 15.6-21.6
Potassium Nitrate 13.0
Calcium cynamide 212.0

Phosphatic fertilizer
Fertilizer technology (4360501)  Laboratory Manual

Percentage of
Name of fertilizers
P 2O 5
Single Superphosphate 16.1 - 20
Double Superphosphate 30.1 - 35
Triple Superphosphate 45 - 50
Basic Slage (India) 3- 8
Dicalcium Phosphate 35- 40
Rock Phosphate 20 - 25

Potassic fertilizer

Name of fertilizers Percentage of

Murate of potash 50.0-60.0
Potassium sulphate 48.0-52.0

Compound Fertilizer: - Those fertilizers which contain two or more essential nutrients are
called compound fertilizer.

Ex.:- Calcium nitrate (Ca(NO3)2),Urea(NH2CONH2), Ammonium sulphate ((NH4)2

SO4).Potassium sulphate(K2SO4).Potassium nitrate(KNO3)Potassium carbonate(K2CO3)

Mixed fertilizer: - Those fertilizers which contain two compound fertilizers by mechanical
mixing without any chemical reaction are known as mixed fertilizer.

Ex.:- NPK Fertilizer.

Mixed fertilizers are physical mixtures of fertilizer materials containing two or all three of the
major nutrients (Nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium) mixed fertilizers are made by
thoroughly mixing the ingredients either mechanically or manually.

Page | 23 Chemical
Engineering Department
Complex Fertilizer: - Those fertilizers which are prepared from compound Fertilizers with a
chemical reaction are called as complex fertilizer. These fertilizers contain all the essential
nutrients for growth of a plant.

Ex.:- NPK Fertilizer10-26-26.

NPK complex fertilizers are based on ammonium phosphates or nitro phosphates, potash and
additional nitrogen generally in the form of urea.

Ex: ammonium phosphate sulphate 16-20-0, urea ammonium phosphate

Complex fertilizers

Material Total
Nitrogen (N)
phosphate potash
(P2O5) (K2O)
Ammonium Phosphate
11-52-0 11.0 44.2
1846-0 18.0 41.0
Ammonium Phosphate
Sulphate
16-20-0 16.0 19.5
20-20-0 20.0 17.0

18-9-0 18.0 8.5

Ammonium Phosphate

Sulphate Nitrate
20-20-0 20.0 17.0
Nitrophosphate
20-20-0 20.0 12.0
23-23-0 23.0 18.5
Ammonium Nitrate
Fertilizer technology (4360501)  Laboratory Manual

Phosphate
23-23-0 23.0 20.5
Urea Ammonium
Phosphate
28-28-0 28.0 25.2
24-24-0 24.0 20.4
20-20-0 20.0 17.0
Potassium Nitrate

(cystalline/prilled)
13-0-45 13.0 45.0
Mono Potassium
Phosphate
0-52-34 52.0 34.0
NPK fertilizers
15-15-15 15.0 4.0 15.0
10-26-26 10.0 22.1 26.0
12-32-16 12.0 27.2 16.0

Direct Fertilizer:-Those fertilizers which are directly absorbed by the plants from the soil
are called direct fertilizers.

Ex.:- Nitrates, ammonia compounds.

Indirect fertilizer: -
Those fertilizers which improve the mechanical, chemical and Biological properties of soil
are known as indirect fertilizers.

These Fertilizers will not directly increase the fertility of the soil. This fertilizer maintains the
pH of the soil. Ex. lime which reduces acidity of the soil.

Page | 25 Chemical
Engineering Department
Practical related Quiz:
List out primary, secondary and micronutrients required for plant growth.
Ans.
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………

What is straight fertilizer? Give its example

Ans……………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
What is the difference between mixed and complex fertilizers?

Ans……………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………

H. References/Suggestions:
Students should search and write any one reference relevant to this
experiment .......................................................................................................
.........................

Q. Assessment-Rubrics:
Fertilizer technology (4360501)  Laboratory Manual

As mentioned in (1) Rubrics (Pg. 11) and (2) Continuous Assessment (CA)
(Pg. 12) is to be done by the course faculty member.

 Remarks (if any) :

......................................................................................................

 Signature of the course Faculty Member with

Date : .............................................

Page | 27
Date: ...... - ...... - 202…..

Practical No. 2

ESTIMATE NUTRIENT CONTENT

A. Objective:

To estimate nutrient content (%N, %P2O5, %K2O) in following fertilizers

from their chemical formula.

1. Urea (NH2CONH2)
2. Ammonium Nitrate(NH4NO3)
3. Ammonium Sulphate(NH4)2SO4
4. Ammonium phosphate(NH4H2PO4)
5. Ammonium Chloride(NH4CL)
6. Diammonium phosphate(NH4)2HPO4)
7. Triple Superphosphate (Ca(H2PO4)2)
8. Potassium Nitrate KNO3
9. Calcium Ammonium Nitrate(Ca(NO3)2NH4NO3
10. Potasium Chloride(KCl)
11. Potasium Sulphate(K2SO4)

B. Expected Program Outcomes (POs):

1. Discipline knowledge

2. Design/Development of solutions

3. Experiments and Testing

C. Expected Skills to be developed based on competency:

This practical is expected to develop the following skills for the industry-
identified competency: ‘Use/Apply basic principles of Chemistry in various
engineering applications’.
Fertilizer technology (4360501)  Laboratory Manual

D. Expected Course Outcomes (COs):

Use different solvents/reagents and perform various reactions to identify

saturation/unsaturation in organic compounds.

E. Practical Outcomes (PrOs):

1. Precisely perform the various chemical reactions by using sample

organic compounds, different solvents and solutions.

2. Patiently observe the chemical reaction and predict inference.

F. Expected Affective Domain Outcomes (ADOs):

1. Develop leadership and team management

2. Follow ethical values
3. Observe safety measures
4. Learn Time Management

CALCULATION:

1. Urea (NH2CONH2)

1 mol of NH2CONH2= 2 mol of N = 1mol of N2

60 kg of NH2CONH2= 28 kg N = 28 kg of N2

100 kg NH2CONH2contain N= 28/60 *100

= 46.67% N or 46.67% N2

Page | 29
G. Results:

SR NO NAME OF FERTILIZER %N2 %P2O5 %K2O

1. Urea (NH2CONH2)
2. Ammonium Nitrate(NH4NO3)
3. Ammonium Sulphate(NH4)2SO4
4. Ammonium

phosphate(NH4H2PO4)
5. Ammonium Chloride(NH4CL)
6. Diammonium

phosphate(NH4)2HPO4)
7. Triple Superphosphate

(Ca(H2PO4)2)
8. Potassium Nitrate KNO3
9. Calcium Ammonium

Nitrate(Ca(NO3)2NH4NO3
10. Potasium Chloride(KCl)
11. Potasium Sulphate(K2SO4)

H. Interpretation of Results:
Fertilizer technology (4360501)  Laboratory Manual

I. Conclusion:

J. Practical related Quiz.

Calculate amount of P2O5 presence in DAP from its comical formula.

Ans....
…………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………
………………
Write Calculate percentage of N2 present in ammonium nitrate.
. Ans.
…………………………………………………………………………

Page | 31
…………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………
………………

K. References/Suggestions:

Students should search and write any one reference relevant to this
experiment .......................................................................................................
.........................

Q. Assessment-Rubrics:

As mentioned in (1) Rubrics (Pg. 11) and (2) Continuous Assessment (CA)
(Pg. 12) is to be done by the course faculty member.

 Remarks (if any) :

......................................................................................................

 Signature of the course Faculty Member with

Date : .............................................
Fertilizer technology (4360501)  Laboratory Manual

Date: ...... - ...... - 202…..

Practical No. 3

Estimate percentage of Nitrogen in Ammonium chloride by substitution method

A. Objective:

Varieties of solutions are made in chemistry laboratory. Preparing the

solutions in chemistry laboratory is an important and integral part of studying
chemistry.

“A solution whose concentration/strength is known accurately is known as

Standard solution.”

There are two types of solutions: Primary standard solution and Secondary
standard solution.

“A solution that is prepared by accurately weighing a known quantity of the

solute followed by its dissolution in a solvent to get the definite volume of the
solution is termed as primary standard solution.”

B. Expected Program Outcomes (POs)

1. Discipline knowledge

2. Design/Development of solutions

3. Experiments and Testing

C. Expected Skills to be developed based on competency:

This practical is expected to develop the following skills for the industry-
identified competency: ‘Use/Apply basic principles of CHEMISTRY in
various engineering applications’.

D. Expected Course Outcomes (COs):

Page | 33
Use different solvents/reagents and perform various reactions to
identify the nature of sample compound.

E. Practical Outcome (PrOs):

1. Calculate the required amount of a given substance using prerequisites.

2. Weigh accurately the required amount of a given substance using

electronic weighing balance.

F. Expected Affective Domain Outcomes (ADOs):

1. Develop leadership and team management

2. Follow ethical values
3. Observe safety measures
4. Learn Time Management

G. Prerequisite Theory:

  Molarity :
“The number of gram mole weight of the solute dissolved in 1 litre (1000
mL) of the solution is known as the molarity of the solution.”
 Its unit is M or mole/L. (It is read as Molar.)
 Molarity of solution = 1000  Weight of substance (g)
Molecular weight of substance  Volume of solution (mL)

 1 M solution :
“The solution which contains 1 gram mole weight of the solute per litre
(1000 mL) of the solution is known as 1 molar solution.”
 Normality :
“The number of gram equivalent of the solute dissolved in 1 litre (1000 mL)
of the solution is known as the normality of the solution.”
 Its unit is N. (It is read as Normal.)
 Normality of solution = 1000  Weight of substance (g)
Equivalent weight of substance  Volume of solution
(mL)
Fertilizer technology (4360501)  Laboratory Manual

 1 N solution :
“The solution which contains 1 gram equivalent weight of the solute per litre
(1000 mL) of the solution is known as 1 normal solution
Resources/Equipments Required:

Sr. Instruments
Specification Quantity
No. /Components
o Weight Balance, 50 ml burette, 250 Require
ml volumetric flask, conical flask, as per
1. Glassware
25 ml pipette, 25 ml measuring students
cylinder. group
o sample of ammonium chloride, All
Standard 0.1N NaOH solution,
chemicals
standard 0.1N Succinic Acid or
are
0.1N Oxalic Acid Solution,
2. Chemicals required
formalin solution (37%
in small
formaldehyde), distilled
water,Thymal blue,phenolthalein.
quantities
.

H. Safety and necessary Precautions:

1. While working in the laboratory use Apron.

2. Handle all the glassware and chemicals/solutions very safely and
carefully.
3. Clean all the glassware thoroughly before using them.
4. Use the chemicals/solutions and distilled water judiciously.
5. Disposal of the used chemicals/solutions should be done through
drainage or by appropriate methods.
6. After completion of this experiment, store the unused solutions for
further use in future.

I. Procedure to be followed:

Page | 35
(1) Prepare approximately 0.1 N NAOH solution and standardize it against
standard 0.1N Succinic Acid or 0.1N Oxalic Acid Solution and find the exact
normality of NAOH solution.

(2) Weight accurately 1.5 gm of sample of Ammonium chloride.

(3) Transfer it to 250 ml volumetric flask.
(4) Add distilled water to it and dilute up to the mark, i.e. make it 250 ml.
(5) Shake the solution and transfer 25 ml of this solution to 250 ml conical
flask.
(6) Now, to this solution add 10 ml of Formalin and 2 - 3 drops of thymal
blue.
(7) Titrate this solution against ____N NaOH solutions until the color
changes.
(8) The end point will be yellow to violet color.
(9) Also carryout blank test. For this take 25 ml of distilled water, add 10 ml
of formalin 2-3 drop of thymal blue indicator but don’t add sample solution.
(10) Titrate it against _____ N NaOH, the endpoint is yellow to violet color.

STANDARDIZATION OF NaOH:
 Burette : x N NaOH solution
 Pipette : 0.1N succinic acid
 Indicator : Phenolphthelein
 Endpoint : Colorless to Pink

J. Observations:

Sr no burette reading difference average

(ml) (ml)
Initial Final
Fertilizer technology (4360501)  Laboratory Manual

Actual Normality of NaOH :

NaOH ≈ Succinic acid

N1V1= N2V2

N 2V 2
N1 =
V1

(N1) = __________ N

OBSERVATION (With Sample Solution) :

(i) Burette : Standard ___ N NaOH solutions.
(ii) Conical flask : 25 ml of sample solution + 10 ml formalin + 2-3 drops of thymal blue
(iii) Indicator : Thymal blue
(iv) Endpoint : Yellow to violet

Sr no burette reading difference average

(ml) (ml)
Initial Final

BLANK READING :
(i) Burette : Standard _____ N NaOH solutions.
(ii) Conical flask : 10 ml formalin + 25 ml water + 2-3 drops thymal blue
(iii) Indicator : Thymal blue
(iv) End point : Yellow to violet color.

Page | 37
OBSERVATION TABLE :

Sr. Burette reading Difference Average

no. ml ml
Initial Final

CALCULATION :
Factor F = actual normality
Theoretical normality

F = ___________

% of N2 in ammonium chloride
sample = (burette reading – blank reading) * 0.0014 * F * 250 *100
Weight of sample * 25

Also Calculate theoretical % of Nitrogen in given sample :

K. Results:

1) N2 content in ammonium Chloride sample = ____________ %.

2) Theoretical N2 content in the Ammonium chloride = ___________ %.

L. Interpretation of Results:

…...........................................................................................................
....................................
Fertilizer technology (4360501)  Laboratory Manual

…...........................................................................................................
..........…...........................................................................................

M. Conclusion:

.
…...........................................................................................................
....................................
…..........................................................................................

N. Practical related Quiz:

1 .Write down the properties of ammonium chloride.

2.Give application of ammonium chloride

Page | 39
......................................................................................................

O. References / Suggestions:

Q. Assessment-Rubrics:

As mentioned in (1) Rubrics (Pg. 11) and (2) Continuous Assessment (CA)
(Pg. 12) is to be done by the course faculty member.

 Remarks (if any) :

......................................................................................................

 Signature of the course Faculty Member with

Date : .............................................
Fertilizer technology (4360501)  Laboratory Manual

Date: ...... - ...... - 202…..

Practical No. 4

N2 ESTIMATION BY DIRECT METHOD

A. Objective:

Estimate percentage of Nitrogen in Ammonium sulphate by substitution method

B. Expected Program Outcomes (POs):

1. Discipline knowledge

2. Design/Development of solutions

3. Experiments and Testing

C. Expected Skills to be developed based on competency:

This practical is expected to develop the following skills for the

industry-identified competency: ‘Apply basic principles of Chemistry
in various engineering applications.’

D. Expected Course Outcomes (COs):

Use different solvents/reagents and perform various reactions to

determine different classes of compounds.

E. Practical Outcome (PrOs):

1. Determine the reactivity of different classes of organic compounds with

various test reagents.
2. Identify an unknown class of Nitrogen compound based on chemical
reaction.

F. Expected Affective Domain Outcomes (ADOs):

1. Develop leadership and team management

Page | 41
2. Follow ethical values

3. Observe safety measures

4. Learn Time Management

G. Prerequisite Theory:

Chemical Reactions :
When formalin is added to an ammonium salt solution they react with each other by
condensation. The condensation products are hexa-methylene tetramine (CH 2)6N4
and an acid radical.
2(NH4)2SO4 + 6HCHO → (CH2)6N4 + 2H2SO4 + 6H2O

Resources/Equipments Required:

Sr. Instruments
Specification Quantity
No. /Components

• Weight Balance, 50 ml burette, 250

ml volumetric flask, conical flask, Require as per
1. Glassware
25 ml pipette, 25 ml measuring students group
cylinder
• sample of ammonium sulphate,
Standard N/10 NaOH solution, All chemicals are
2. Chemicals formalinsolution (37% required in small
formaldehyde), distilled water. quantities.
• Thymal blue, phenolphthalein

H. Safety and necessary Precautions followed:

1. While working in the chemistry laboratory use Apron.

5. Disposal of the used chemicals/solutions should be done through drainage

or by appropriate methods.
6. After completion of this experiment, store the unused solutions for further
use in future.

I. Procedure to be followed:

1.Prepare approximately 0.1 N NaOH solution and standardize it against

standard 0.1N Succinic Acid or 0.1N Oxalic Acid Solution and find the exact
normality of NaOH solution.

2.Weight accurately 1.5 gm of sample of Ammonium sulphate.

3.Transfer it to 250 ml volumetric flask.

4.Add distilled water to it and dilute up to the mark, i.e. make it 250 ml.

5. Shake the solution and transfer 25 ml of this solution to 250 ml conical flask.

6. Now, to this solution add 10 ml of Formalin and 2 - 3 drops of thymal blue.

7. Titrate this solution against ____N NaOH solutions until the color changes.

8. The end point will be yellow to violet color.

9. Also carryout blank test. For this take 25 ml of distilled water, add 10 ml of

Formalin and 2- 3 drops of thymal blue indicator but don’t add sample
. Solution.

10. Titrate it against _____ N NaOH, the end point is yellow to violet color.

STANDARDIZATION OF NaOH:
 Burette : x N NaOH solution
 Pipette : 0.1N succinic acid
 Indicator : Phenolphthelein
 End point : Colorless to Pink

Page | 43
P. Observations:

Sr no burette reading difference average

(ml) (ml)
Initial Final

Actual Normality of NaOH :

NaOH ≈ Succinic acid

N1V1= N2V2

N 2V 2
N1 =
V1

( N 1) = __________ N

OBSERVATION(With Sample Solution) :

 Burette : Standard ___ N NaOH solutions.
 Conical flask : 25 ml of sample solution + 10 ml formalin + 2-3 drops of
thymal blue
 Indicator : Thymal blue
 End point : Yellow to violet
Fertilizer technology (4360501)  Laboratory Manual

OBSERVATION TABLE

Sr no burette reading difference average

(ml) (ml)

Initial Final

BLANK READING :
 Burette : Standard _____ N NaOH solutions.
 Conical flask : 10 ml formalin + 25 ml water + 2-3 drops thymal blue
 Indicator : Thymal blue
 End point : Yellow to violet color.

OBSERVATION TABLE

Sr no burette reading difference average

(ml) (ml)
Initial Final

Page | 45
CALCULATION :
Factor F = actual normality
Theoretical normality
F = ___________
% of N2 in ammonium sulphate
sample = (burette reading – blank reading) * 0.014 * F * 250 *100
Weight of sample * 25
=
=
Also Calculate theoretical % of Nitrogen in given sample :

RESULT :
(1) N2 content in ammonium sulphate sample = ____________ %.

(2) Theoretical N2 content in ammonium sulphate = ___________ %.

L. Interpretation of Results:

…...........................................................................................................
....................................
…...........................................................................................................
..........…...........................................................................................

M. Conclusion:

N. Practical related Quiz:

Which indicator is used in this practical?

Ans. .....................................................................................................
......................................................................................................
......................................................................................................
....................................................................................................
Write down the application of ammonium sulphate.
Ans. .....................................................................................................
......................................................................................................
......................................................................................................
......................................................................................................
......................................................................................................
What is formalin?
Ans. .....................................................................................................
......................................................................................................
......................................................................................................
......................................................................................................
......................................................................................................
......................................................................................................
O. References / Suggestions:

Page | 47
Q. Assessment-Rubrics:

As mentioned in (1) Rubrics (Pg. 10) and (2) Continuous Assessment (CA)
(Pg. 11) is to be done by the course faculty member.

 Remarks (if any) :

......................................................................................................

 Signature of the course Faculty Member with

Date : .............................................
Fertilizer technology (4360501)  Laboratory Manual

Date: ...... - ...... - 202…..

Practical No. 5

N2-ESTIMATION OF NH4CL BY INDIRECT (BACK TITRATION)

METHOD

A. Objective:

Estimate percentage of Nitrogen in Ammonium chloride by back titration

B. Expected Program Outcomes (POs):

1. Discipline knowledge: Utilize basic knowledge of organic chemistry to

identify different organic acids.

2. Experiments and practice: Perform experiments and practices to use the

results to solve broadly-defined Industrial engineering problems.

C. Expected Skills to be developed based on competency:

1. Use principles of chemistry to solve broadly-defined chemical engineering

problems.

2. Precisely perform the various chemical reactions to identify substances.

D. Expected Course Outcomes (COs):

1. Solve various engineering problems applying the concepts of organic

compounds on the basis of their properties.

2. Use relevant aliphatic and aromatic compounds to solve domestic and industrial
applications.

E. Practical Outcomes (PrOs):

Identify the given organic compound by organic qualitative analysis.

49 | Page

Chemical Engineering
F. Expected Affective Domain Outcome (ADOs):

Handle chemicals and equipments / glassware carefully with safety and necessary
precautions.

G. Prerequisite Theory:

NH4Cl + NaOH → NaCl +H2O + NH3 ↑

In the indirect method of N2 estimation of Ammonium salt (other than the

carbonate) the salt is boiled with known excess of standard NaOH solution. The
boiling is continued until all ammonia escape with the steam. The excess of NaOH
is titrated with standard acid solution using Phenolphthalein as an indicator.

H. Resources/Equipment Required:

Instrument/
Sr. Equipment
Specification Quantity
No. /Components/
Trainer kit
Glassware • Weight balance,Burette, pipette, 500
1. (Borosil) / ml Beaker, 250ml flask, burner, -
Apparatus weight box
• NH4Cl, NaOH, Succinic Acid, HCl,
2. Chemicals -
etc. Methyl orange ,phenolphethalin

I. Safety and necessary Precautions followed:

1. While working in the chemistry laboratory use Apron.

2. Handle all the glassware and chemicals / solutions very safely and
carefully.
3. Clean all the glassware thoroughly before using them.
4. Use the chemicals/solutions and distilled water judiciously.
5. Disposal of the used chemicals/solutions should be done through drainage or by
appropriate methods.
Fertilizer technology (4360501)  Laboratory Manual

6. After completion of this experiment, store the unused solutions for further use in
future.

J. Procedure to be followed:
1. Weight accurately about 1 gm of NH4Cl sample.
2. Transfer it in 500 ml Beaker and add 50 ml water to dissolve NH 4Cl by stirring
thoroughly.
3. . Add 300ml of above NaOH solution in beaker containing 50 ml NH 4CL Solution
4. Prepare 250 ml, 0.1 N standard Succinic or Oxalic acid solution by taking proper weight
of it.
5. Prepare 500 ml of 0.1N NaOH solution by dissolving approximately 2.2 gm of NaOH in
500 ml of distilled water.
6. Find out the exact normality of this NaOH solution by titrating the solution with 0.1 N
standard Succinic or Oxalic acid solution. Take the NaOH solution in burette.
8. Heat the content till all the NH3 produced due to reaction is drawn off.

OBSERVATIONS :
 Weight of NH4Cl= ________gm.
 Volume of reaction mixture in Beaker at the start of Reaction = 350 ml
 Volume of reaction mixture in Beaker at the end of Reaction
(v) = _______ml

Standardization of NaOH :
 Burette : x N NaOH solution
 Pipette : 0.1N succinic acid
 Indicator : Phenolphthelein
 End point : Colorless to Pink

51 | Page

Chemical Engineering
OBSERVATION TABLE

Sr no burette reading difference average

(ml) (ml)
Initial Final

Actual Normality of NaOH :

NaOH ≈ Succinic acid
N1V1=N2V2
N1 = N2V2
V1
=
(N1) = __________ N

Back titration of NaOH (Reaction Mixture) after completion of reaction :

 Burette : x N NaOH solution(Reaction Mixture after cooling)
 Pipette : 0.1N succinic acid
 Indicator : Phenolphthelein
 End point : Colorless to Pink

TEST FOR THE PRESENCE OF AMMONIA :

flask during the performance.

 After ammonia is completely drawn off, cool the content and measure the volume
of the remaining solution by standard measuring cylinder and Note down it.
 Take out 10 cc of standard 0.1N Succinic acid or Oxalic acid solution in conical
flask and titrate it with above reacted NaOH solution kept in Burette.

OBSERVATION TABLE

Sr no burette reading difference average

(ml) (ml)
Initial Final

Actual Normality of NaOH(Reaction Mixture after cooling) :

NaOH ≈ Succinic acid

N1V1= N2V2
N1 = N2V2
V1
(N2) = __________ N

53 | Page

Chemical Engineering
OBSERVATION TABLE:

Sr no burette reading difference average

(ml) (ml)
Initial Final

Actual Normality of NaOH(Reaction Mixture after cooling) :

NaOH ≈ Succinic acid
N1V1= N2V2
N1 = N2V2
V1
(N2) = __________ N

CALCULATION :

NH4Cl + NaOH → NaCl + 2H2O + 2NH3↑

NaOH Consumed in the reaction :

NaOH in solution before reaction :

Gm/lit of NaOH in solution before reaction = Normality * Equivalent Weight
= (N1) * (40)
G1 = ___________ gm/lit
1000ml solution contains G1 = ___________ gm of NaOH
300 ml of NaOH solution contains = 300*G1/1000
=
G2 =___________ gm of NaOH
NaOH in solution after reaction :
Fertilizer technology (4360501)  Laboratory Manual

Gm/lit of NaOH in solution after reaction = Normality * Equivalent Weight

= (N2) * (40)
=
G1 = ___________ gm/lit

K. Results:
1) Percentage of Ammonia in NH4Cl =___________
2) Percentage of N2 in NH4Cl =_______________

L. Interpretation of Results:
…..................................................................................................................................
.............
…..................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................

M. Conclusion:

…..................................................................................................................................
.............
…..................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................

P. Practical related Quiz:

1. What is the difference between direct titration and back titration method .
Ans. ...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
How can we detect the leakage of ammonia?
Ans. ...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................

55 | Page

Chemical Engineering
................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................

Q. References / Suggestions:

Assessment-Rubrics:
As mentioned in (1) Rubrics (Pg. 11) and (2) Continuous Assessment (CA) (Pg.
12) is to be done by the course faculty member.

 Remarks (if any) :

......................................................................................................

 Signature of the course Faculty Member with

Date : .............................................
Fertilizer technology (4360501)  Laboratory Manual

Date: ...... - ...... - 202…..

Practical No. 6

N2-ESTIMATION OF (NH4)2SO4 BY INDIRECT

(BACK TITRATION) METHOD

A. Objective:

Estimate percentage of Nitrogen in Ammonium sulphate by back titration.

B. Expected Program Outcomes (POs):

1. Discipline knowledge: Utilize basic knowledge of chemistry to identify
different organic compounds.
2. Experiments and practice: Perform experiments and practices to use the
results to solve broadly-defined Industrial engineering problems.
C. Expected Skills to be developed based on competency:

This practical is expected to develop the following skills for the industry-identified
competency

‘Use principles of chemistry to solve broadly-defined chemical engineering

problems.’

 Precisely perform the various chemical reactions to identify substances.

D.Expected Course Outcomes (COs):

1. Solve various engineering problems by applying the concepts of organic

compounds on the basis of their properties.

2. Use relevant aliphatic and aromatic compounds to solve domestic and industrial
applications.

57 | Page

Chemical Engineering
D. Practical Outcomes (PrOs):

1. Identify the given organic compound by organic qualitative analysis.

2. Determine the reactivity of amine group with particular test reagent.

E. Expected Affective Domain Outcomes (ADOs):

1. Work as a leader/a team member

2. Follow ethical practices

3. Follow safety rules

4. Housekeeping

5. Time management

F. Prerequisite Theory:

(NH4)2SO4 + NaOH → NaHSO4 +H2O + 2NH3 ↑

In the indirect method of N2 estimation of Ammonium salt (other than

the carbonate) the salt is boiled with known excess of standard NaOH solution.
The boiling is continued until all ammonia escape with the steam. The excess of
NaOH is titrated with standard acid solution using Phenolphthalein as an indicator.
H.Resources/Equipment Required:

Sr. Instrument /Equipment

Specification Quantity
No. /Components / Trainer kit
Glassware (Borosil) / • Weight balance,Burette,
1.
Apparatus pipette, 500ml Beaker, -
250ml flask, burner
• (NH4)2 SO4, NaOH, As per need
2. Chemicals
Succinic Acid, HCl, Methyl As per need
orange, Phenolphthalein As per need
Fertilizer technology (4360501)  Laboratory Manual

G. Safety and necessary Precautions followed:

1. While working in the chemistry laboratory use Apron.
2. Handle all the glassware and chemicals/solutions very safely and
carefully.
3. Clean all the glassware thoroughly before using them.
4. Use the chemicals/solutions and distilled water judiciously.
5. Disposal of the used chemicals/solutions should be done through drainage or by
appropriate methods.
6. After completion of this experiment, store the unused solutions for further use in
future.

H. Procedure to be followed:
 Weight accurately about 1 gm of (NH4)2 SO4sample.
 Transfer it in 500 ml Beaker and add 50 ml water to dissolve ((NH 4)2 SO4by
stirring thoroughly.
 Add 300ml of above NaOH solution in beaker containing 50 ml (NH 4)2 SO4
Solution.
 Prepare 250 ml, 0.1 N standard Succinic or Oxalic acid solution by taking proper
weight of it.
 Prepare 500 ml of 0.1N NaOH solution by dissolving approximately 2.2 gm of
NaOH in 500 ml of distilled water.
 Find out the exact normality of this NaOH solution by titrating the solution with
0.1 N standard Succinic or Oxalic acid solution. Take the NaOH solution in
burette.
 Heat the content till all the NH3 produced due to reaction is drawn off.

59 | Page

Chemical Engineering
OBSERVATIONS :

 Weight of (NH4)2 SO4= ________gm.

 Volume of reaction mixture in Beaker at the start of Reaction = 350 ml
 Volume of reaction mixture in Beaker at the end of Reaction
(v) = _______ml

Standardization of NaOH (Titration -1) :

 Burette : x N NaOH solution

 Pipette : 0.1N succinic acid
 Indicator : Phenolphthelein
 End point : Colorless to Pink

K. Observation Table

Sr no burette reading difference average

(ml) (ml)
Initial Final

Actual NNormality of NaOH :

NaOH ≈ Succinic acid
N1V1=N2V2
N1 = N2V2
V1

(N1) = __________ N
Fertilizer technology (4360501)  Laboratory Manual

TEST FOR THE PRESENCE OF AMMONIA :

 Take a drop of concentrated HCl on a glass rod and keep it above the mouth of conical
flask.
 If while fumes are evolved the presence of NH3 is suggested.
 The care must be taken that no drop of concentrated HCL should fall in conical flask
during the performance.
 After ammonia is completely drawn off, cool the content and measure the volume of the
remaining solution by standard measuring cylinder and Note down it.
 Take out 10 cc of standard 0.1N Succinic acid or Oxalic acid solution in conical flask and
titrate it with above reacted NaOH solution kept in Burette.

Back titration of NaOH(Reaction Mixture) after completion of reaction :

 Burette : x N NaOH solution(Reaction Mixture after cooling)
 Pipette : 0.1N succinic acid
 Indicator : Phenolphthelein
 End point : Colorless to Pink

OBSERVATION TABLE

Sr no burette reading difference average

(ml) (ml)

Initial Final

61 | Page

Chemical Engineering
Actual Normality of NaOH (Reaction Mixture after cooling) :

NaOH ≈ Succinic acid

N1V1= N2V2

N1 = N2V2
V1
(N2) = __________ N

CALCULATION : (NH4)2 SO4 + NaOH → NaHSO4 + H2O + 2NH3↑

NaOH Consumed in the reaction :

NaOH in solution before reaction :

Gm/lit of NaOH in solution before reaction = Normality * Equivalent Weight

= (N1) * (40)

G1 = ___________ gm/lit

1000ml solution contains G1 = ___________ gm of NaOH

300ml of NaOH solution contains = 300*G1/1000

G2 =___________ gm of NaOH

NaOH in solution after reaction :

Fertilizer technology (4360501)  Laboratory Manual

Gm/lit of NaOH in solution after reaction = Normality * Equivalent Weight=N2*40

G1 = ___________ gm/lit

1000ml solution contains G1 = ___ gm of NaOH ml (v) of NaOH

solution(After reaction) contains = (v) * G1/1000 =

G2 =___________ gm of NaOH

Hence NaOH Consumed in the reaction :

= NaOH taken at the start of reaction –-NaOH remained after reaction

= G1 –- G2

(G) =__________ gm reacted Gm moles of NaOH reacted = (G) /40 =

(z) = _________gm moles NaOH Gm moles of NH3 generated = Gm moles NaOH

reacted

= (z) =___________ gm mole

Gms of NH3 generated = (Z) = (z) * 17
Hence 1 gm of (NH4)2 SO4 contains (Z) = ________ gm of NH3
100 gm of (NH4)2 SO4 contains = (p) = 100 * (Z) = _________gm of NH3 practically
Hence percentage of Ammonia in (NH4)2 SO4 = (p) = _________
17 gm NH3 has 14 gm N2
(p) = _______ gm NH3 has (p)*14/17
= ____________
(q) =____________ gm N2
Percentage of N2 in (NH4)2 SO4 = (q) =__________
Also Calculate theoretical percentage of N2 in the (NH4)2 SO4

63 | Page

Chemical Engineering
L. Results:

(1) Percentage of Ammonia in (NH4)2 SO4 =___________ .

(2) (2) Percentage of N2 in (NH4) 2 SO4 =_______________ .

M. Interpretation of Results:
…..................................................................................................................................
.............
…..................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................

O. Practical related Quiz:

1. What is to be done in this practical to check the presence of ammonia in the
reaction mixture?
Ans. ...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
Fertilizer technology (4360501)  Laboratory Manual

2.Write down the properties of ammonium phosphate.

P. References / Suggestions:

Assessment-Rubrics:

As mentioned in (1) Rubrics (Pg. 11) and (2) Continuous Assessment (CA) (Pg.
12) is to be done by the course faculty member.

 Remarks (if any) :

......................................................................................................

 Signature of the course Faculty Member with

Date : .............................................

65 | Page

Chemical Engineering
aDate: ...... - ...... - 202…..

Practical No. 7

Analysis of Urea by Formaldehyde method

A. Objective:

Analysis of urea by formaldehyde method

B. Expected Program Outcomes (POs):

1. Discipline knowledge

2. Design/Development of solutions

3. Experiments and Testing

C. Expected Skills to be developed based on competency:

This practical is expected to develop the following skills for the industry-
identified competency: ‘Apply basic principles of Chemistry in various
engineering applications.’

D. Expected Course Outcomes (COs):

Use Lucas reagents and perform its reaction to determine different classes
of alcohols.

E. Practical Outcome (PrOs):

1. Determine the reactivity of different classes of alcohols with Lucas Test.

2. Identify an unknown class of alcohol based on chemical reaction.

F. Expected Affective Domain Outcomes (ADOs):

1. Develop leadership and team management

2. Follow safety measures

3. Follow ethical values

Fertilizer technology (4360501)  Laboratory Manual

4. Learn Time Management

G. Prerequisite Theory:

H. Chemical Reactions :
When formalin is added to urea, they react with each other by condensation.
2NH2CONH2 +6HCHO → (CH2)6N4 + 2H2 CO3 + 2H2O

Urea Carbonic Acid

Sr. Instrument
Specification Quantity
No. /Components

• Weight Balance, 50 ml burette,

250 ml volumetric flask, conical
1. Glassware -
flask,25 ml pipette, 25 ml
measuring cylinder.
• sample of urea , Standard N/10
NaOH solution, formalin
solution (37% All chemicals
2. Chemicals formaldehyde), Succinic or required in small
Oxalic acid ,distilled water, quantities
thymal blue indicator,
phenolphthalein indicator

I. Safety and necessary Precautions followed:

1. While working in the chemistry laboratory use Apron.

67 | Page
6. After completion of this experiment, store the unused solutions for further use
in future.
J. Procedure to be followed:

1.Prepare 500 ml of 0.1N NaOH solution by dissolving approximately 2.2 gm of

NaOH in 500 ml of distilled water.
2. Find out the exact normality of this NaOH solution by titrating the solution with 0.1
N standard Succinic or Oxalic acid solution. Take the NaOH solution in burette.
3. Weight accurately 1.5 gm of sample of urea
4. Transfer it to 250 ml volumetric flask.
5. Add distilled water to it and dilute up to the mark, i.e. make it 250 ml.
6. Shake the solution; transfer 25 ml of this solution to 250 ml conical flask.
7. Now, to this solution add 10 ml of Formalin and 2 - 3 drops of thymal blue.
8. Titrate this solution against ____N NaOH solutions until the color changes.
9. The end point will be yellow to violet color.
10. Also carry out blank test. For this take 25 ml of distilled water, add 10 ml of
formalin and 2 - 3 drops of thymal blue indicator but don’t add sample solution.

STANDARDIZATION OF NaOH:
 Burette : x N NaOH solution
 Pipette : 0.1N succinic acid
 Indicator : Phenolphthelein
 Endpoint : Colorless to Pink

OBSERVATION TABLE
Fertilizer technology (4360501)  Laboratory Manual

Sr no burette reading difference average

(ml) (ml)
Initial Final

Actual Normality of NaOH :

N1V1=N2V2
N1 = N2V2
V1
=
= __________ N

OBSERVATION (With Sample Solution) :

(i) Burette : Standard ___ N NaOH solutions.

(ii) Conical flask : 25 ml of sample solution + 10 ml formalin + 2-3 drops ofthymal blue
(iii) Indicator : Thymal blue
(iv) Endpoint : Yellow to violet

OBSERVATION TABLE

69 | Page
Sr no burette reading difference average
(ml) (ml)
Initial Final

OBSERVATION TABLE

Sr no burette reading difference average

(ml) (ml)
Initial Final

CALCULATION :
Fertilizer technology (4360501)  Laboratory Manual

Factor F = actual normality

Theoretical normality
F = ___________
% of N2 in UREA = (burette reading – blank reading) * 0.014 * F * 250 *100
Weight of sample * 25

=
Also Calculate theoretical % of Nitrogen in given sample :

L. Results:

(1) N2content in given urea sample = ____________ %

(2) Theoretical N2 content in the urea = ___________ %

Interpretation of Results:
…..................................................................................................................................
.............
…..................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................

M. Conclusion:
…..................................................................................................................................
.............
…..................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................

N. Practical related Quiz:

1. Write down the properties of urea.
Ans. .............................................................................................................
...........

71 | Page
...........................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
2.List out the manufacturing process of urea
Ans. ...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................

P. References / Suggestions:

Q. Assessment-Rubrics:

As mentioned in (1) Rubrics (Pg. 11) and (2) Continuous Assessment (CA) (Pg.
12) is to be done by the course faculty member.

 Remarks (if any) :

......................................................................................................

 Signature of the course Faculty Member with

Date : .............................................
Fertilizer technology (4360501)  Laboratory Manual

Date: ...... - ...... - 202…..

Practical No. 8

N2 ESTIMATION BY KJELDAHL ASSEMBLY

A. Objective:
Estimate percentage of Nitrogen in Ammonium Chloride/Sulphate by Kjeldhal's method.

B. Expected Program Outcomes (POs):

1. Discipline knowledge: Utilize basic knowledge of organic chemistry to
identify different organic acids.
2. Experiments and practice: Perform experiments and practices to use the
results to solve broadly-defined Industrial engineering problems.

C. Expected Skills to be developed based on competency:

1. Use principles of industrial chemistry to solve broadly-defined chemical

engineering problems.

2. Precisely perform the various chemical reactions to identify substances.

D. Expected Course Outcomes (COs):

1. Solve various engineering problems applying the concepts of organic

compounds on the basis of their properties.

2. Use relevant aliphatic and aromatic compounds to solve domestic and industrial
applications.

E. Practical Outcomes (PrOs):

Estimate percentage of Nitrogen in Ammonium Chloride

73 | Page
F. Expected Affective Domain Outcomes (ADOs):

1. Handle chemicals and equipment / glassware carefully with safety and necessary
precautions.

G. Prerequisite Theory:

Chemical Reaction:

-
NH4+ + OH → NH3 + H2O

2. NH3 + H3BO3 → NH4H2BO3 → NH4+ + H2BO3-

3. H2BO3- + H+(From Dilute H2SO4) → H3BO3

The ammonium salt is treated with a solution of strong base (NaOH). The mixture is
distilled. NH3 is quantitatively expelled & absorbed in boric acid solution. The borax
formed is determined by titrating with Standard 0.05 N H2SO4.

H. Resources/Equipment Required:

Instrument/ Equipment
Sr.
/Components/ Trainer Specification Quantity
No.
kit
• Weight balance,Kjeldahl
Glassware (Borosil) /
1. assembly, burette, conical flask, -
Apparatus
pipette, etc.
• Standard 0.05 N H2SO4, 2% As per need
boric acid, 0.1 N NaOH, Mixed
2. Chemicals
indicator, Phenolphathalin
Ammonium sulfate

I. Safety and necessary Precautions followed:

1. While working in the chemistry laboratory use Apron.

2. Handle all the glassware and chemicals/solutions very safely and
Fertilizer technology (4360501)  Laboratory Manual

carefully.
3. Clean all the glassware thoroughly before using them.
4. Use the chemicals/solutions and distilled water judiciously.
5. Disposal of the used chemicals/solutions should be done through drainage or by
appropriate methods.
6. After completion of this experiment, store the unused solutions for further use in
future.
J. Procedure to be followed:

1.Take 1 gm. of accurately weighed finely powdered sample of Ammonium sulphate.

Add about 100 ml of water & few porcelain pieces into the flask and connect it with
condenser to arrange the assembly.
 Take 100 ml of 2% Boric acid solution in a 500 ml conical flask & place it under the
condenser such that the lower end of the condenser just dip into acid.
 Add 30 ml of 0.1 NaOH solution into flask by operating a pinch coke. Close the coke
immediately.
 Heat the flask so that the contents boil gently.
 Continue distillation for 30 to 40 minutes by this time almost all NH3 will pass over
into the receiver, open pinch coke whenever vacuum is formed in the flask.
 Finally open the Pinch coke and let the contents to cool.
 Remove the burner after opening the pinch.
 Remove the receiver. Titrate the Boric acid solution of the receiver with standard 0.05
N H2SO4 using mixed indicator.

Observation

Standardization of NaOH
 Burette : x N NaOH solution
 Pipette : 0.1N succinic acid
 Indicator : Phenolphthelein
 Endpoint : Colorless to Pink

75 | Page
OBSERVATION TABLE

Sr no burette reading difference average

(ml) (ml)
Initial Final

Actual Normality of NaOH :

NaOH ≈ Succinic acid
N1V1= N2V2
N1 = N2V2
V1
=
Titration of Boric acid solution in receiver after completion of reaction :
Weight of sample (NH4)2 SO4 or NH4Cl = ________ gm
Volume of Boric acid solution in receiver after completion of reaction
(v) = ____________ ml
 Burette : 0.05 N H2SO4
 Pipette : 10 ml solution of Boric Acid from receiver flask after reaction
 Indicator : Mixed Indicator
 Endpoint : Violet to yellow
Fertilizer technology (4360501)  Laboratory Manual

OBSERVATION TABLE

Sr no burette reading difference average

(ml) (ml)
Initial Final

CALCULATION :

 Normality of H2SO4 used for titration N1= _______ N

 H2SO4 consumed for titration (y) = ________ ml

 Gm∕lit of H2SO4 (x) = Normality * Equivalent weight

= N1* (49)
(x) = ___________ gm ∕lit

 1000 ml solution contains = __________(x) gm H2SO4

(y) ml contains = (y) * (x)/(1000)

(z) = _________ gm H2SO4

 Gm mole of H2SO4consumed = (z) /98
Z = __________ gm moles H2SO4 consumed

H2SO4 → 2H+ + SO4-2

77 | Page
 Gm mole of H+ formed = 2 * Z

(w) = ____________ gm mole

 Gm mole borate formed = gm mole H+ reacted = (w)

(w) = ___________ gm mole

 Gm mole NH 3 formed & dissolved in Boric Acid solution

= gm mole of borate formed = (w)

(w) =___________ gm mole

 For 10 ml solution NH3 evolved (w) =___________ gm mole

For (v)ml _______ solution NH3 evolved = (v) (w)/10

(A)=____________ gm mole

 Weight of NH 3 evolved = A* molecular weight of NH 3 = (A)gmmole * (17 )

= _______________

(a) =_________________gm NH 3 evolved

1 gm of (NH4)2 SO4 gives = _________ (a) gm of NH 3

100 gm of (NH4)2 SO4 can give = 100 * (a)

Fertilizer technology (4360501)  Laboratory Manual

(b) = _________ gm of NH3

% of NH 3 in given (NH4)2 SO4 = (b) = ________% of NH 3

Now 17 gm NH3 contains 14 gm N2

(a)_________ gm NH3contains = (a) * 14/17

(n) = _________ gm of N2

% of N2 in the given (NH4)2 SO4 = (n)

=____________practically obtained

 Theoretical % of NH3 in (NH4)2 SO4:

Molecular weight of (NH4)2 SO4 = ________ gm∕ mol

% of NH3 in (NH4)2 SO4 = ______________

% of N2 in (NH4)2 SO4 = _______

79 | Page
L. Results:

% of N2 content in Ammonium Sulfate = ________ %

% of N2 content in Ammonia = ________ %

N. Conclusion:
…..................................................................................................................................
.............
…..................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................

O. Practical related Quiz:

1. Calculate the N2 content in ammonia from its formula.
Ans. ...........................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
2.Write down the importance of nitrogen in plant growth.
Ans. ...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................... .
............................................................................................................................
Fertilizer technology (4360501)  Laboratory Manual

2. Write physical properties and uses of ethanol.

P. References / Suggestions:

Q. Assessment-Rubrics:

As mentioned in (1) Rubrics (Pg. 11) and (2) Continuous Assessment (CA) (Pg. 12)
is to be done by the course faculty member.

 Remarks (if any) : ......................................................................................................

 Signature of the course Faculty Member with Date : .............................................

81 | Page
Date: ...... - ...... - 202…..
Practical No. 09

Prepare potassium sulphate

A. Objective:

To prepare potassium sulphate.

B. Expected Program Outcomes (POs):

1. Discipline knowledge: Understand basic knowledge of percent

solutions in chemistry to solve engineering problems.

2. Problem analysis: Analysis well defined engineering problem to

express and calculate the percentage concentration of a solution by using
its mass ratio.

3. Engineering Tools, Experimentation & Testing: Apply modern

engineering tools and techniques to prepare a percent solutions with
different concentrations by using its mass ratio for different Industrial
compounds.

C. Expected Skills to be developed based on competency:

This practical is expected to develop the following skills for the industry-
identified competency

1. Use principles of Chemistry to solve broadly-defined chemical

engineering problems.

2. Perform to prepare solution of different concentration by using

percentage solutions in different Industrial applications.

D. Practical Outcome (PrOs):

Fertilizer technology (4360501)  Laboratory Manual

1. Apply different methods to prepare solutions quantitatively by using

percent solutions in given compound.

2. To express and calculate the percentage concentration of a solution by its

mass ratio.

3. Perform to prepare percent solutions in given compound.

E. Expected Affective Domain Outcomes (ADOs):

1. Work as a leader/a team member

2. Follow ethical practices
3. Follow safety rules
4. Housekeeping
5. Time management
6. Record observations correctly
7. Does Calculations, Interpret the Results and their Conclusion

F. Prerequisite Theory:

Natural resources of potassium sulfate are minerals like kainite, schonite,

leonite, langbeinite, glaserite and polyhalite etc

REACTION – 2KOH(aq) + H2SO4 (aq) → K2 SO4 (aq) + 2H2O(l)

The quantity of solute and/or solution can be expressed in terms of mass,

volume, or number of particles. There are several ways by which we can
describe the concentration of the percent solutions quantitatively.

In British English potassium sulphate known as potash of sulfur

The Natural resources of potassium sulfate are minerals like kainite,

schonite, leonite, langbeinite, glaserite and polyhalite etc

In the laboratory K2 SO4 can be prepared by following methods

Page | 83
Pp
(1) You need a base which supplies the cation (K+) and an acid which
supplies the anion
(SO4 2-) React sulfuric acid and potassium hydroxide as above, in the
appropriate oncentrations and relative volumes. Then evaporate off the water
leaving solid K2SO4 crystals.
2KOH(aq) + H2SO4 (aq) → K2 SO4 (aq) + 2H2O(l)

we combined 5g of potassium hydroxide that was dissolved in water with 4.37

gm of Sulphuric acid to synthesize 7.6 grams of potassium sulfate.

(2) You need an acid that supplies the anion and a carbonate that supplies the
cation
H2SO4 (aq) + K2CO3 (aq) → K2SO4 (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O (l)
The carbon dioxide gas will bubble off on its own. So once again, you simply
have to evaporate off the water to obtain the desired solid salt crystals.

(3) Potassium sulfate can be synthesised by reaction of potassium

chloride with sulfuric acid according to the Leblanc process. Potassium sulfate
is produced according to the following reaction: 2 KCl + H 2SO4 → 2 HCl +
K2SO4

Potassium sulfate (K2SO4) (in British English potassium sulphate, also

called sulphate of potash, arcanite, or known as potash of sulfur) is a non-
flammable white crystalline salt which is soluble in water. The chemical is
commonly used in fertilizers, providing both potassium and sulphur.

The anhydrous crystals form a double six-sided pyramid, but are in fact
classified as rhombic. They are transparent, very hard and have a bitter, salty
taste. The salt is soluble in water, but insoluble in solutions of potassium
hydroxide (sp. gr. 1.35), or in absolute ethanol. It melts at 1,067 °C.

The principal use of potassium sulfate is as a fertilizer. K2SO4 does not

contain chloride, which can be harmful to some crops. Potassium sulfate is
preferred for these crops, which include tobacco and some fruits and vegetables.
Fertilizer technology (4360501)  Laboratory Manual

Crops that are less sensitive may still require potassium sulfate for optimal
growth if the soil accumulates chloride from irrigation water.

The crude salt is also used occasionally in the manufacture of glass. Potassium
sulfate is also used as a flash reducer in artillery propellant charges. It
reduces muzzle flash, flareback and blast overpressure.

G. Resources/Equipment Required:

Sr. Instrument/ Equipment

Specification Quantity
No. /Components/ Trainer kit
Beaker(500ml), Beaker -2
Glassware (Borosil) / Nos.(250ml), Funnel,
1.
Apparatus Pipette, Stirrer,
Weighing balance
2. Chemicals (AR) • KOH, H2SO4 As per need

H. Safety and necessary Precautions followed:

1. While working in the chemistry laboratory use Apron.
2. Handle all the glassware and chemicals/solutions very safely and
carefully.
3. Clean all the glassware thoroughly before using them.
4. Use the chemicals/solutions and distilled water judiciously.
5. Disposal of the used chemicals/solutions should be done through
drainage or by appropriate methods.
6. After completion of this experiment, store the unused solutions for
further use in future.

I. Procedure to be followed:
Combine 5g of potassium hydroxide dissolved in water with 4.37 gm of
Sulphuric acid to synthesize 7.6 grams of potassium sulfate. Otherwise

Page | 85
Pp
(1) Prepare 100 ml of 1 N KOH solution in a beaker by dissolving solid
Potassium hydroxide in distilled water
(2) Prepare 100 ml of 1 N H2SO4solution by diluting concentrated H2SO4
(3) Add 100 ml of 1 N KOH solution in 1 litre beaker .
(4) Add 100 ml of 1 N H2SO4 to above solution.
(5) Use stirrer to improve the contact and increase the rate.
(6) Heat is generated due to exothermic nature of Reaction.
(7) K2SO4 is crystallized by evaporation and cooling.
(8) Dry the crystals and weigh them accurately .

Observations and Calculations:

 Observations:
(1) Normality of H2SO4 solution used for reaction =

(2) Volume of H2SO4 solution used for reaction =

(3) Normality of KOH solution used for reaction =

(4) Volume of KOH solution used for reaction =

(5) Mass of dry K2SO4 produced =

 Calculations:
(1) Theoretical amount of K2SO4which can be produced at 100 %
yield :

1 litre 1 N KOH contains 1 gm mole KOH

100 ml 1 N KOH contains 0.1 gm mole KOH

Complete conversion and 100 % yield gives 0.05 gm mole K2SO4 =

(0.05)(174.26) = 8.713 gm K2SO4

Fertilizer technology (4360501)  Laboratory Manual

(2) Actual yield of K2SO4 produced = gm of dry K2SO4 produced

practically × 100

Theoretical amount of K 2SO4

produced

= × 100
8.713 gm

J. Results:
Theoretical yield of K2SO4 =______gms

Practical yield of K2SO4=_______gms

% Yield of K2SO4 = -------%

K. Interpretation of Results:
…........................................................................................................................
.......................
…........................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
......

L. Conclusion:

….......................................................................................................................
........................
….......................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
.......

Page | 87
Pp
O. Practical related Quiz:
Calculate the potassium content in K2SO4
Ans. ..................................................................................................................
.........
..................................................................................................................
.........
..................................................................................................................
.........

List out the properties of K2SO4

References / Suggestions:

Q. Assessment-Rubrics:
Fertilizer technology (4360501)  Laboratory Manual

As mentioned in (1) Rubrics (Pg. 11) and (2) Continuous Assessment (CA)
(Pg. 12) is to be done by the course faculty member.

 Remarks (if any) :

......................................................................................................

 Signature of the course Faculty Member with

Date : ..............................................

Page | 89
Pp
Date: ...... - ...... - 202…..

Practical No. 10

Organic fertilizer

A. Objective:

Preparation of Organic fertilizer

Expected Program Outcomes (POs):

Discipline knowledge:

Experiments and practice:

B. Expected Skills to be developed based on competency:

Use principles of chemistry to solve broadly-defined chemical engineering

problems.

C. Expected Affective Domain Outcome (ADOs):

Handle chemicals and equipment / glassware carefully with safety and

necessary precautions.

D. Prerequisite Theory:

The best materials for natural fertilizer can be found in nature itself.
Seaweed, leaves, weeds, fruits, vegetables and manure or any other organic
material are great for making biofertilizer because they contain macro and
micronutrients, growth-regulating hormones and living beneficial
microorganisms. Make sure to keep each type of organic material separate
Fertilizer technology (4360501)  Laboratory Manual

when making biofertilizer, however, it is okay to mix the final liquid

products together.

Page | 91
Pp
Resources/Equipment Required:

Instrument/ Equipment
Sr. No. /Components/ Trainer Specification Quantity
kit
1. Personal protective equipment
2. Plastic bucket
3. Organic material for
Glassware (Borosil) / fermenting (e.g. Seaweed,
1.
Apparatus freshly picked leaves, fruits
vegetables and manure)
4. Water

E. Safety and necessary Precautions followed:

1. While working in the chemistry laboratory use Apron.

F. Procedure to be followed:
Fertilizer technology (4360501)  Laboratory Manual

1. Collect organic material (e.g. Seaweed, freshly picked leaves, fruits,

vegetables and manure).
2. Rinse organic material with fresh water to clean off any debris.
3. Fill a plastic bucket with cleaned organic material.
4. Fill the plastic bucket containing clean organic material with fresh
water.
5. Place the lid on the plastic bucket containing organic material and
water.
6. Let the contents in the plastic bucket anaerobically ferment (without
aerating or mixing) for 4 weeks or longer.
7. Once anaerobic fermentation process is complete, separate the
remaining organic material from the nutrient-rich water. Store the
nutrient rich water in an airtight jar. One can continue steps 4 through 7
with remaining organic material or acquire new organic material.

G. Results:
Dilute nutrient rich water 1 tablespoon with 1 gallon of water
and apply to soil generously or spray on plants generously.
Apply as needed

H. Interpretation of Results:
…........................................................................................................................
.......................
…........................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
......

Page | 93
Pp
I. Conclusion:
….......................................................................................................................
........................
….......................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
.......

P. References / Suggestions:
https://youtu.be/wAsXlT7GYJQ
Students should search and write any one reference relevant to this
experiment ........................................................................................................
...........................

Assessment-Rubrics:

As mentioned in (1) Rubrics (Pg. 10) and (2) Continuous Assessment (CA)
(Pg. 12) is to be done by the course faculty member.

 Remarks (if any) :

......................................................................................................

 Signature of the course Faculty Member with

Date : ..............................................
Fertilizer technology (4360501)  Laboratory Manual

Page | 95
Pp
APPENDIX

2. GLASSWARE / PLASTICWARE / WOODEN / METAL

LABWARE

Specifications
No. Apparatus Practical No.
(G/P/W/ML)
1 Watch glass G
Standard volumetric flask
2 G
with stopper (100 mL)
3 Funnel G/P

4 Beakers (100 mL) G/P

5 Beakers (150 mL, 250mL) G/P

6 Wash bottle (500 mL) P

7 Burette stand ML/P

8 Conical flask (250 mL) G

9 Test tube stand P/W

10 Test tubes G
11 Test tube holder Steel & W

12 Glass rod G
13 Measuring cylinder (10 mL) G
Measuring cylinder (100
14 G
mL)
Temperature range: As
15 Thermometer
per requirement
16 Bunsen burner ML & Rubber tube
17 Water bath ML

18 Dropper G
19 Tripod stand ML
Fertilizer technology (4360501)  Laboratory Manual

20 Wire gauze ML
Stands for distillation
21 ML
assembly
Rubber tubes (for inlet and
22 outlet i.e., continuous water Rubber
supply for distillation)
23 Mortar and Pestle ML/Ceramic
24 Metal tongs Heat resistant metal

25 Policeman Rubber & Steel

26 Spatula P/Steel

27 Crucible Silica
28 Petri dish G

29 Gloves Heat resistant

30 Water bath ML

31 Sand bath ML

 IMPORTANT :
 Handle the Glassware very carefully.
 Return back all the Apparatus after their use.

Page | 97
Pp
APPENDIX

CHEMICALS

3. INORGANIC Side Reagents

Compounds/Solutions

No. Reagents Concentration Practical No.

1 Distilled water -
saturated Sodium bicarbonate
2 5%
(NaHCO3) solution
3 Ceric ammonium nitrate
4 conc. H2SO4
5 Sodium (Na) metal
6 Baeyer’s (KMnO4) solution
Bromine (Br2) water / Bromine
7
solution
Tetrachloromethane (Carbon
8
tetrachloride) (CCl4)
Sample organic compounds
9
(aliphatic/aromatic compound)
10 conc. HNO3
11 NaOH
12 NaOH solution 5%
13 HCl solution 5%
14 Alcoholic FeCl3 solution
15 neutral FeCl3 solution
16 NaNO2
17 Ice 0o – 5o C
18 Cl2 water
19 Sample alcohols (1o, 2o, 3o)
Methanol (Methyl alcohol) (1o),
Propan-2-ol (iso-propyl
Fertilizer technology (4360501)  Laboratory Manual

alcohol) (2o),
2-methylpropan-2-ol (tert-butyl
alcohol) (3o)
20 anhydrous Zinc chloride (ZnCl2)
21 Alcohol sample
22 Iodine
23 Iodine solution
24 Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
25 Activated charcoal
26 Potassium hydroxide (KOH)
27 Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Azeotropic mixture (Azeotrope) of
28 (i) propan-1-ol and water or
(ii) ethanol and water
29 pH strips (pH papers)
30 Filter paper
31 Blue litmus paper
32 Red litmus paper
33 Porcelain pieces
34 Copper (Cu ) foil
35 Whatman Filter paper
36 Starch paper
37 Turmeric paper
38 dil. HCl solution 0.1 M
39 conc. Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
IMPORTANT :

 Use the Chemicals Judiciously.

 Put the reagent bottles at their own places after their use.
 Don’t waste the chemicals.

IMPORTANT :

Page | 99
Pp
 Don’t waste the chemicals.
 Put the Side reagent bottles at their own places after their use.

Video/Virtual Lab Resources

Fertilizer technology (4360501)  Laboratory Manual

Sr.no Practical name Virtual Lab/You tube link/Video lecture Date

accessed
Prepare chart for fertilizer https://eiliitg.vlabs.ac.in/
Determination_of_Dynamic_Performance_Characteristics_
1. classification with chemical of_First_Order_System%20(Simulator).html
formula and nutrient content
Estimate nutrient content (% https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=30a_VF4y7qA
N, %P2O, % K2O) in different
2.
fertilizers from their chemical
formula
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AJF2HJLGAPc
Estimate percentage of
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lMjsVa3YKNI
Nitrogen in Ammonium
3.
chloride by substitution
method
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AJF2HJLGAPc
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vkBKId1p8jw
Estimate percentage of https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vrxREbyv-Y0
4.
Nitrogen in Ammonium
sulfate by substitution method
Estimate percentage of https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AJF2HJLGAPc
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vkBKId1p8jw
5. Nitrogen in Ammonium
chloride by back titration
Estimate percentage of https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hgr0MiOHWgE

6. Nitrogen in Ammonium
sulphate by back titration
Analysis of Urea by https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g2MZWC9gaWU
7.
Formaldehyde method
Estimate percentage of https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RFWj7L05Yxo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
Nitrogen in Ammonium v=ESlv1F4BYOM&t=193s
8.
Chloride/Sulphate by
Kjeldhal's method
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wnUcUN-IRNo
9. Prepare potassium sulphate https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v7NUi88Lxi8
Preparation of Organic https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jXRksET5vNo
10.
fertilizer

Page | 101
Pp

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