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HYPOXIA Respiration

Respiration lesson

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19 views4 pages

HYPOXIA Respiration

Respiration lesson

Uploaded by

ivadu0402
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DISTURBANCES OF RESPIRATION

▪ Normal respiratory pattern is called Eupnea.

Altered patterns of respiration are:

▪ Tachypnea: Increase in the rate of respiration


▪ Bradypnea: Decrease in the rate of respiration
▪ Polypnea: Rapid, shallow breathing resembling panting in dogs.
Only the rate of respiration increases
Force of respiration does not increase significantly.
▪ Apnea: Temporary arrest of breathing
▪ Hyperpnea: Increased pulmonary ventilation due to Forced (Deep) breathing with or
without increase in respiratory rate.
▪ Hyperventilation: Increase in pulmonary ventilation (exceeding metabolic needs) due to
increase in rate and force of respiration
▪ Hypoventilation: Decrease in rate and force of respiration
▪ Dyspnea: Difficulty in breathing

Kussmaul Breathing :
▪ Abnormal breathing pattern characterized by rapid,deep breathing
▪ Often associated with metabolic acidosis especially Diabetic Keto Acidosis (DKA)
▪ It is a form of hyperventilation which reduces CO2 in blood due to increased rate and
force of respiration
▪ May cause fruity odour of acetone to the breath
HYPOXIA
▪ Hypoxia is defined as reduced availability of oxygen to the tissues.
(Anoxia- Total Absence of Oxygen delivery to the tissues)
Factors which lead to hypoxia are:
1. Oxygen tension in arterial blood
2. Oxygen carrying capacity of blood
3. Velocity of blood flow
4. Utilization of oxygen by the cells

Types of Hypoxia :
On the basis of above factors, hypoxia is classified into four types:
1. Hypoxic hypoxia
2. Anemic hypoxia
3. Stagnant hypoxia
4. Histotoxic hypoxia

1. Hypoxic Hypoxia
▪ Hypoxic hypoxia means decreased oxygen content in blood.
▪ Also called arterial hypoxia.
Causes:

• Low oxygen tension in inspired air- As in high altitude


• Respiratory disorders- Like Asthma, emphysema, fibrosis
• Cardiac disorders- Where heart cannot pump sufficient blood
2. Anemic Hypoxia :
• Caused by reduced oxygen carrying capacity of blood
• Oxygen availability is normal.
• But the blood is not able to take up sufficient amount of oxygen due to anemic
condition.
Causes:
▪ Decreased RBC Count – Like in Bone marrow diseases, hemorrhage etc
▪ Decreased hemoglobin content in the blood : As in anemia of all types
▪ Formation of altered hemoglobin : like Methemoglobin
▪ Combination of hemoglobin with gases other than oxygen and carbon dioxide- Eg
Carboxyhemoglobin (Hb +CO)

3.Stagnant Hypoxia :
o Caused by decreased blood flow to the tissues.
o Also called hypokinetic hypoxia.

Causes:
It occurs mainly due to reduction in velocity of blood flow.
Eg. In conditions like,
o Hemorrhage
o Thrombosis & Embolism
o Atherosclerosis
o Vasospasm

4.Histotoxic Hypoxia :
Produced by the inability of tissues to utilize oxygen.
Causes :
▪ It occurs due to cyanide or sulfide poisoning.
▪ These poisonous substances destroy the cellular oxidative enzymes
Effects Of Hypoxia :

• Acute and severe hypoxia : leads to unconsciousness. If not treated immediately, brain
death occurs.

• Chronic hypoxia : produces various symptoms in the body.

Effects of hypoxia are of two types:


i. Immediate effects
ii. Delayed effects.
Immediate Effects :
▪ On Blood – Increases erythropoiesis by inducing erythropoietin secretion from
kidney
▪ On CVS -Increase in rate and force of contraction of heart, cardiac output and BP
▪ On respiratory system - Initially rate of respiration increases, later periodic
breathing, finally rate and force of respiration decreases
▪ On GIT -Loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting, dryness of mouth, thirst
▪ On kidney –Increased secretion of erythropoietin from the juxtaglomerular
apparatus, excretion of alkaline urine

▪ On CNS-
• The symptoms are similar to those of alcoholic intoxication.
• Individual is depressed, apathetic with general loss of self-control.
• Disorientation, loss of discriminative ability and loss of power of
judgment.
• Memory is impaired.
• Weakness, lack of coordination and fatigue of muscles
Delayed Effects of Hypoxia
The person becomes highly irritable and develops the symptoms such as nausea,
vomiting, depression, weakness and fatigue.
Treatment For Hypoxia – Oxygen Therapy
▪ Best treatment - Oxygen therapy.
▪ Pure oxygen or oxygen combined with another gas is administered.
▪ Given either under normal atmospheric pressure or under high pressure (hyperbaric
oxygen).

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