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Practical Geometry

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9 views

Practical Geometry

Uploaded by

pravetagattani
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Practical Geometry

Basic Constructions
The tools in our geometry box are:

Ruler
Compass
Divider
Set squares
Protractor

The description of each tool and its uses are given below:

Ruler:

A ruler is a flat and straight-edged strip, whose one side is graduated into centimetres and the other into
inches. A ruler is commonly called a scale. It is the most essential tool in geometry. It is used in all
constructions.
The basic uses of a ruler are:

Measuring lengths of line segments

Drawing line segments

Compass:

A compass has two ends. One end holds a pointer, while the other end holds a pencil. It is also called a pair
of compasses.

The basic uses of a compass are:

Marking off equal lengths


Drawing arcs
Drawing circle

Divider:

A divider is a tool similar in shape to a compass. It has a pair of pointer ends.

The basic uses of a divider are:

Comparing lengths of line segments


Helping avoid positioning errors
Construction of Lines And Angels

Construction of Lines
Steps to construct a line segment of length 5 cm:

1.Draw line l.

2.Mark a point on line and name it P.

3.Open the compass to measure the length of the line segment by


placing the pointer on the 0 mark of the ruler and the pencil point on the
5 cm mark.

4.Place the pointer of the compass on point P.

5.Swing an arc on the line to cut it at Q.

6.PQ is the required line segment of length 5 cm.

Two lines are said to be perpendicular when they intersect each other at an angle of 90o.

The perpendicular bisector is a perpendicular line that bisects another line into two equal parts.
Constructing of Angles
An exact copy of a line segment can be constructed using a ruler and a compass.
To construct a copy of an angle:

Draw a line AB.


Mark any point O on AB.
Place the compass pointer at vertex X of the given figure and draw an arc with a convenient radius,
cutting rays XY and XZ at points E and F, respectively.
Without changing the compass settings, draw an arc on line AB from point O. It cuts line AB at P.
Set the compass to length EF.
Without changing the compass settings, draw an arc from P cutting the previous arc at point Q.
Join points O and Q.
Hence, ∠POQ is the required copy of ∠YXZ.

To construct the bisector of an angle:

Let the given angle be LMN.

Place the compass pointer at vertex M of the given angle.

Draw an arc cutting rays ML and MN at U and V, respectively

Draw an arc with V as the centre and a radius more than half the length of UV in the interior of ∠LMN.

Draw another arc with U as the centre and the same radius intersecting the previous arc.

Name the point of intersection of the arcs as X.

Join points M and X.


Thus, the ray MX is the required bisector of ∠LMN

Steps to construct a 60° angle:

Draw a line.
Mark point P on the line.
Draw an arc from point P with a convenient radius cutting the line at a point.
Name the point of intersection of the arc and the line as Q.
Draw another arc with Q as the centre and the same radius so that it passes through point P.
Name the point of intersection of the two arcs as R.
Join points P and R.

In a similar way, we can construct:


A 900 angle without using the protractor
A 1200 angle without using the protractor

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