CE 366 FOUNDATION ENGINEERING

2021-2022 SPRING TERM

Instructor : Assoc. Prof. Dr. Müge AKIN

 STRESSES IN SOIL
Stresses at a point in a soil layer are causedby:

1- Self weight of the soil layers (Geostatic Stresses)

2- Added load (Such as buildings, bridges, dams, etc.)

Stresses at a point in a soil mass are divided into two main types:

I- Geostatic Stresses ------ Due to the self weight of the soil mass. II- Excess Stresses

------ From structures

STRESSES IN SOIL
 Distributed Loads

• Strip Loads (L/B > 9)

– Wall Footings
–Embankements

• Circular Loads(R)
– StorageTanks

• Rectangular Loads(BxL)
– SpreadFootings
– Mat Foundations
 I. Geostatic stresses
I.A. Vertical Stress
Vertical geostatic stresses increase with depth,

There are 3 types of geostatic stresses:

a.Total Stress, σtotal
b.Effective Stress, σ'
c.Pore Water Pressure, u

Total Stress = Effective stress + Pore Water Pressure

σtotal = σ' + u

I.B. Horizontal Stress or Lateral Stress

σh = Koσ'v

Ko = Lateral Earth Pressure Coefficient

• For normally consolidated soils: Ko= 1- Sin

• For over consolidated soils: Ko= (1- Sinf’)(OCR)Sinf’

 VERTICAL STRESS INCREASES IN SOIL
TYPES OF LOADING
Point Loads (P) Line Loads (q/unit length)

Figure 6.11. Das FGE (2005). Figure 6.12. Das FGE (2005).

Examples: Examples:
- Posts - Railroad track
 VERTICAL STRESS INCREASES IN SOIL
TYPES OF LOADING

Strip Loads (q) Area Loads (q)

Examples: Examples:
- Exterior Wall Foundations - Column Footings
 VERTICAL STRESS INCREASES IN SOIL

ANALYSIS METHODS: BOUSSINESQ (1993)

Based on homogeneous, weightless, elastic, isotropic infinitely large half-space
free of initial stress and deformation. The modulus of elasticity is assumed
constant and the principle of linear superposition is assumed valid (EM1110-1-
1904, 1990).

Rigid Surface Layer Over Weaker Underlying Layer: If the surface layer is the more
rigid, it acts as a distributing mat and the vertical stresses in the underlying soil layer are
less than Boussinesq values.

Weaker Surface Layer Over Stronger Underlying Layers: If the surface layer is less
rigid than the underlying layer, then vertical stresses in both layers exceed the
Boussinesq values.
 VERTICAL STRESS INCREASES IN SOIL
ANALYSIS METHODS: WESTERGAARD
Based on the assumption that the soil on which load is applied is reinforced by
closely spaced horizontal layers which prevent horizontal displacement. The effect of
the Westergaard assumption is to reduce the stresses substantially below those
obtained by the Boussinesq equations.

VERTICAL STRESS INCREASES IN SOIL

ANALYSIS METHODS: 2V:1H METHOD
An approximate stress distribution assumes that the total applied load on the surface
of the soil is distributed over an area of the same shape as the loaded area on the
surface, but with dimensions that increase by an amount equal to the depth below
the surface.

Vertical stresses calculated 2V:1H method agree reasonably well with the
Boussinesq method for depths between B and 4B below the foundation.
 VERTICAL STRESS INCREASE (DsZ) IN SOIL
POINT LOADING (BOUSSINESQ 1883)

3P z 3 3P z3
Ds z = =
2p L5 2p (r 2 + z2 )5 / 2

= P ìï3 1 üï P
Ds z ý = z 2I
z2 íïî2p [(r/ z) +1 ]
2 5/ 2
ïþ
1

Where:
Dsz = Change in VerticalStress
P = Point Load
Stresses in an Elastic Medium Caused by Point Loading
3 1
Figure 6.11. Das FGE (2005). I1 =
2p é (r / z )2 +1ù5/2
*Based on homogeneous, elastic, isotropic infinitely largehalf-space
ë û
 VERTICAL STRESS INCREASE (DsZ) IN SOIL
POINT LOADING (BOUSSINESQ 1883)
Table 6.1 Variation of I1 (Das, FGE 2006).
 VERTICAL STRESS INCREASE(DsZ) IN SOIL
LINE LOADING (BOUSSINESQ 1883)

2qz3
Ds =
p( x2 + z2 )2
or
Ds = 2
Dimensionless 2
Form (q /z) éæ x ö 2 ù
pêç ÷ +1ú
êëèz ø úû
Where:
Ds = Change in Vertical Stress
q = Load per Unit Length
Line Load over the Surface of a z = Depth
Semi-infinite Soil Mass Figure
6.12. Das FGE (2005). x = Distance from Line Load
*Based on flexible line load of infinite length on a
homogeneous, elastic, isotropic semi-infinite half-space
 VERTICAL STRESS INCREASE (DsZ) IN SOIL
LINE LOADING (BOUSSINESQ 1883)
Table 6.3 Variation of Ds/(q/z) with x/z (Das, FGE 2006).
 VERTICAL STRESS INCREASE (DsZ) IN SOIL
STRIP LOADING (BOUSSINESQ 1883)

Ds = q [b + sin b cos(b + 2d )]
p

Where:
Ds = Change in Vertical Stress
q = Load per UnitArea
z = Depth
x = Distance from Line Load
Angles measured in counter- clockwise
Flexible Strip Load over the Surface of direction are taken aspositive
a Semi-infinite Soil Mass
Figure 6.13. Das FGE (2005).
 VERTICAL STRESS INCREASE (DsZ) IN SOIL
STRIP LOADING (BOUSSINESQ 1883)
Table 6.4 Variation of Ds/q with 2z/B and 2x/B (Das, FGE 2006).
 VERTICAL STRESS INCREASE (DsZ) IN SOIL
CIRCULAR LOADING (BOUSSINESQ 1883)

ìï üï
Ds = qí1 - 1
3/2
ý
ïî éë(R/ z) 2 +1ùû þï

Where:
Ds = Change in Vertical Stress
q = Load per UnitArea
z = Depth
R = Radius
Vertical Stress Below Center of Uniformly Loaded
Flexible CircularArea
Figure 6.15. Das FGE (2005).
 VERTICAL STRESS INCREASE (DsZ) IN SOIL
CIRCULAR LOADING (BOUSSINESQ 1883)
Table 6.5 Variation of Ds/q with z/R (Das, FGE 2006).
 VERTICAL STRESS INCREASE (DsZ) IN SOIL
RECTANGULAR LOADING (BOUSSINESQ 1883)
B L
Ds = ò ds = ò ò 3qz3 (dxdy)
2p(x + y
2 2 + z 2 )5 / 2
= qI2
y=0 x=0

Where:
Ds = Change in Vertical Stress
q = Load per UnitArea
z = Depth
é 2mn m2 + n2 + 1 æ m2 + n2 + 2 öù
ê ç ÷ú
ç ÷
1 êm + n + m n +1 è m + n +1 øú
2 2 2 2 2 2
I2 = ê ú
4p ê æ 2mn m2 + n 2 + 1 ÷ö ú
-1 ç
ê+ tan ç m 2 ú
+ n 2 - m2n2 +1 ÷
êë è ø úû

Vertical Stress Below Corner of Uniformly

Loaded Flexible RectangularArea
m=B;n=L
Figure 6.16. Das FGE (2005). z z
 VERTICAL STRESS
INCREASE (DsZ) IN
SOIL
RECTANGULAR
LOADING
(BOUSSINESQ 1883)
Variation of I2 with m and n.
Figure 6.17. Das FGE (2005).
VERTICAL STRESS
INCREASE (DsZ) IN
SOIL
RECTANGULAR
LOADING
(WESTERGAARD)

Figure 12. NAVFACDM7.01.

 VERTICAL STRESS INCREASE (DsZ) IN SOIL
RECTANGULAR LOADED AREA

Within a Rectangular LoadedArea:

Ds = qéëI2(1) + I2(2) + I2(3) + I2( 4) ùû

Under Center of Footing:

Ds c = qIc
Ic = f (m1, n1)

m1 = L ;n 1 = z
Figure 6.18. Das FGE (2005). B B
2
 VERTICAL STRESS INCREASE (DsZ) IN SOIL
CENTER OF RECTANGULAR LOADED AREA
Table 6.6 Variation of Ic with m1 and n1 (Das, FGE 2006).
BOUSSINESQ SOLUTIONS SUMMARY
(EM 1110-1-1904 TABLE C-1)
BOUSSINESQ SOLUTIONS SUMMARY
(EM 1110-1-1904 TABLE C-1)
BOUSSINESQ SOLUTIONS SUMMARY
(EM 1110-1-1904 TABLE C-1)
BOUSSINESQ GRAPHICAL
SOLUTION
(EM 1110-1-1904 STRIP SQUARE
FIGURE 1-2) FOOTING FOOTING
 WESTERGAARD
GRAPHICAL SOLUTION
(NAVFAC DM7.01 FIGURE 11)
 WESTERGAARD
GRAPHICAL SOLUTION
(NAVFAC DM7.01 FIGURE 11)
 NEWMARK INFLUENCE CHARTS
(BASED ON BOUSSINESQ SOLUTIONS)
STEPS

1. Draw the footing shape to a scale

using Length AB = Depthz.
2. The point under which we look for Δσv’, isplaced
at the center of the chart.
3. Count the units and partial units
covered by the foundation (m).
4. Δσv’=Δp=(qo)(m)(I)

I = InfluenceFactor
 VERTICAL STRESSINCREASES IN SOIL
ANALYSIS METHODS: 2V:1H METHOD

Dsz = Q
(B + z)(L+ z)

Where:
Dsz = Change in Total
Vertical Stress
Q = AppliedFoundation
Load
B = Foundation Width
L = FoundationLength
Figure C-1. USACE EM1110-1-1904.