Wind Load Analysis

Introduction
We consider in our structural project, the design of G+4 Apartment building located in Haramaya
town. Wind forces are variable loads which act directly on the internal and external surface of
structures. The intensity of wind load on a structure is related to the square of the wind velocity
and the dimensions of the members that are resisting the wind.

Wind Load on Roof

Wind produces dynamic loads on a structure at highly variable magnitudes. The Variation in
pressures at different locations on a building is complex to the point that Pressures may become
too analytically intensive for precise consideration in design. To simplify the complexity in
analysis of wind load different codes provides specifications for wind load by considering basic
static pressure zones on a buildings representative of peak loads that are likely to be experienced.
Wind forces act directly or indirectly on the internal and external surface of Structures. Wind
loads fluctuate with time. A wind load produces static, dynamic and Aerodynamic effects on
structures.

The effect of wind load on the structure depends on the:

 Wind velocity direction

 Height of the structure
 Topographical location of the structure
 Orography
 Roughness of the surrounding

Wind pressure on the structure may be external wind pressure or internal wind Pressure. External
wind pressure (We) is the wind pressure acting on the external surfaces of a structure and internal
wind pressure (We), is the wind pressure acting on the internal surfaces of a structure

Building data

 The building is located at Haramaya University so, according to EBCS EN 1991-1.4 from
Table 4.1; terrain category III
 Type of roof : Flat
  Length of building; L = 15.72m
 Width of building; W = b = 11.29m
 Height to eaves; H = 15.2m

Basic values

 Fundamental basic wind velocity; vb,0 = 22.0 m/s

 Season factor; cseason = 1.00
 Direction factor; cdir = 1.00
 Shape parameter K; K = 0.2
 Exponent n; n = 0.5
 Air density; = 1.250 kg/m3

Orography

 Orography factor not significant; co = 1.0

 Terrain category; III

Table 3.1: terrain category

Category Terrain description Zo (m) Zmin (m)

III Area with regular cover of vegetation or buildings or with 0.3 5
isolated obstacles with separations of maximum 20
obstacle height( such as villages, suburban terrain,
permanent forest)
1, BASIC WIND VELOCITY

v m (z)=C r ( z)⋅C0 ( z )⋅ v b

Where v b is the basic wind velocity given by =

v b=C dir ⋅C season ⋅v b ,0 , =22∗1∗1=22 m/s

2. Mean wind velocity

v m ( z e )=c r ( z e ) ⋅c o ( z e ) ⋅ v b

Reference height (ze)

In case of when the wind direction= 90 degree

b ¿ h<2 b ¿

The wind ward face should be divided in to two parts

Ze1=b=11.29 and ze2=h=15.2

 Roughness factor (c r (z e ))

c r (z e )=k r ⋅ ln
( )ze
z0

Zo= 0.3m Z 0 ,II =0.05 m

( )
0.07

( )
0.07
Z0 0.3
K r =0.19 ⋅ =0.19⋅ =0.2154
Z 0 ,II 0.05 m
Part – 1 with reference height Ze1=b=11.29

c r ( z e 1) =0.2343 ⋅ln ( 11.29

0.3 m )
m
=0.85

Part –2 with reference height ze2=h=15.2

c r ( z e 2) =0.2343 ⋅ln ( 15.2

0.3 m )
m
=0.92

 Orography factor(co(z))
Neglect the effect of orography i.e assume the site in os flat terrain.
Co(ze1)=co(ze2)=1
Then determine mean wind velocity for both parts .
Use vb=22 m/s
v m ( z e 1 )=c r ( z e 1 ) ⋅ c o ( z e 1 ) ⋅ v b = 0.85*1*22 = 18.7 m/s
v m ( z e 2 )=c r ( z e 2 ) ⋅ c o ( z e 2 ) ⋅ v b = 0.92*1*22 = 20.24 m/s

3. Wind Turbulence Intensity

The recommended rules for the determination of wind turbulence lv(z) are given by

Where

k l Is the turbulence factor. The recommended value is k l=1.0

1
Iv (ze 1)= =0.2756
1∗ln (
11.29
0.3 )
 1
Iv (ze 2)= =0.2548
1∗ln( )
15.2
0.3
4) Density of air
It depends on altitude and its recommended value is 1.25 Kg/m3.
5) Peak velocity pressure (q p (z))
1 2
q p ( z)=[1+7 ⋅l v ( z)]⋅ ⋅ ρ ⋅ v M (z)
2
1 N kN
q p ( ze 1 )=[ 1+7 ( 0.2756 ) ] ⋅ (1.25)(18.7 ) = 640.2 2 = 0.6402 2
2
2 m m
1 N kN
q p ( ze 2 )=[ 1+7 ( 0.2548 ) ] ⋅ (1.25)(20.24 ) = 712.7 2 = 0.7127 2
2
2 m m

6) Pressure coefficient (Cpe and Cpi)

External Pressure coefficient (Cpe)
Pressure zone (A, B, C, Du, Db and E)
e= min {b, 2h} = min {11.29, 2(15.2)
e = 11.29
h/d =1
 Side face windward face

Leeward face

Zone –A with A=34.52m2 >10 m2 i.e Cpe 10 = -1.20

Zone –B with A=137.29m2 >10 m2 i.e Cpe 10 = -0.80
Zone –C with A=67.34m2 >10 m2 i.e Cpe 10 = -0.50
Zone –Db with A=127.46m2 >10 m2 i.e Cpe 10 = +0.8
Zone –Du with A=44.14m2 >10 m2 i.e Cpe 10 = +0.8
Zone –E with A=171.61m2 >10 m2 i.e Cpe 10 = -0.5
Internal wind pressure (Cpi)
For internal wind pressure we can also use the most onerous Internal pressure coefficient
Cpi=0.2 or Cpi= -0.3

7) Wind pressure on different zone

External wind pressure (we) for each zone

We=qp(ze2)*Cpe

Zone A= qp(ze2)*Cpe=0.7127 (-1.20)= -0.855

Zone B =qp(ze2)*Cpe=0.7127 (-0.8)= -0.57

Zone C= qp(ze2)*Cpe=0.7127 (-0.5)= -0.356

Zone Db =qp(ze1)*Cpe=0.6402 (0.8)=0.512

 Zone Du= qp(ze2)*Cpe=0.7127 (0.8)= 0.57

Zone E= qp(ze2)*Cpe=0.7127 (-0.5)= -0.356

Internal pressure (wi)

Wi= qp (ze2)*Cpi

=0.7127 *0.2=0.142

Wi= qp(ze2)*Cpi

=0.7127 *(-0.3) = -0.214

8) Net wind pressure

Wnet = we-wi

kN
For zone A=-0.855-0.142=-0.997 2
m

kN
For zone B=-0.57-0.142= -0.712 2
m

kN
For zone C=-0.356-0.142= -0498 2
m

kN
For zone Db=0.512-(-0.214) = 0.726 2
m

kN
For zone Du=0.57-(-0.214) = 0.784 2
m

kN
For zone E=-0.356-0.142= -0.776 2
m

Calculation for net force (Fw)

Zone A Fw=P*Aref=-0.997*34.52= -34.42 KN

Zone Cpe Net pressure Area(m2) Net force

 P KN/m2 Fw (KN)
A -1.20 -0.997 34.52 -34.42
B -0.80 -0.712 137.29 -97.75
C -0.50 -0.498 67.34 -33.54
Db 0.8 0.726 127.61 92.64
Du 0.8 0.784 44.14 34.61
E -0.5 0.776 171.61 133.17

Wind load on the roof

1) Reference height (Ze)

Ze is the maximum height above the ground of building h including height 0f parapet hp.
Ze = h + hp = 15.2 m
2) Peak wind velocity (q p ( z))
kN
(q p ( z)) = q p ( ze 2 ) = 0.7127 2
m

3) Pressure coefficient (Cpe and Cpi)

External Pressure coefficient (Cpe)
Pressure zone (F, G, H and I)
e= min {b, 2h} = min {11.29, 2(15.2)
e = 11.29
Area of each zone
Zone F A=2.82*1.13 = 3.19 m2
Zone G A= (11.29-2*2.82)*(1.13) =6.38m2
Zone H A= (5.65-1.13)*(11.29) =51.03 m2
Zone I A=10.07*11.29=113.69 m2
External pressure coefficient for each zones
Zone F 1m2 <A=3.19 m2<10m2
C pe=C pe , 1−( C pe ,1−C pe ,10 ) log 10 A

Cpe,1= -2.2 and Cpe,10= -1.6

C pe=−2.2−(−2.2− (−1.6 ) ) log 10 3.19=−0.81

Zone G 1m2< A=6.38 m2<10m2

C pe=C pe , 1−( C pe ,1−C pe ,10 ) log 10 A

Cpe,1=-1.8 and Cpe,10=-1.1
C pe=−1.8−(−1.8−(−1.1 ) ) log 10 6.38=−0.89
Zone H A>10m2 use Cpe,10=-0.70

Zone I A>10 m2 use Cpe,10= 0.20 or -0.2

Internal pressure coefficient (Cpi)

Cpi= 0.2 or Cpi= -0.3

4) External and internal wind pressure

External wind pressure

We=qp(ze2)*Cpe

kN
Zone F We = (0.7127)*(-0.81) = -0.577 2
m
kN
Zone G We = (0.7127)*(-0.89) = -0.634 2
m
kN
Zone H We = (0.7127)*(-0.7) = -0.499 2
m
 kN
Zone I We = (0.7127)*(-0.2) = -0.142 2
m
kN
We = (0.7127)*(0.2) = 0.142 2
m
Int3rnal wind pressure
Wi= qp (ze2)*Cpi

kN
Wi = (0.7127)*(0.2) = 0.142 2
m
kN
Wi = (0.7127)*(-0.3) = -0.213 2
m
5) Net wind pressure ( Wnet)
Wnet = We-Wi
Zone F Wnet = -0.577-0.142= -0.142 KN/m2
Zone G Wnet = -0.634-0.142=-0.776 KN/m2
Zone H Wnet = -0.499-0.142= -0.641 KN/m2
Zone I Wnet = -0.142-0.142= -0.284 KN/m2
Wnet = 0.142-(-0.213) =0.355 KN/m2
Calculation for net force (Fw)

Zone F Fw=P*Aref=-0.142*3.19 = -0.453 KN

Zone G Fw=P*Aref=-0.776*6.38 = -4.951 KN

Zone H Fw=P*Aref=-0.641*51.03 = -32.71 KN

Zone I Fw=P*Aref=-0.284*113.69 = -32.288 KN or

Fw=P*Aref=0.355*113.69 = 40.36 KN

 Total vertical net force; Fw,v = -70.4 KN

 Total horizontal net force; Fw,h = 0.00 KN

Zone Peak velocity Cpe Net pressure Area(m2) Net force

pressure P KN/m2 Fw (KN)
qp, (KN/m2)
F 0.7127 -0.81 -0.142 3.19 -0.453

G 0.7127 -0.89 -0.776 6.38 -4.951

H 0.7127 -0.7 -0.641 51.03 -32.71
I 0.7127 -0.2 -0.284 113.69 -32.288