this is group work.

you should combine and organise your content

BIO122

HISTOLOGY OF CELLS

AND TISSUES

LABORATORY REPORT

Experiment:

Microscopy and the Cells

Students’ Name 1. Putri Alysa Binti Azmey (Student Id:) 2024783967

& ID
2. ALYSSYA NURSYAZREEN BINTI AMRIL NURMAN (Student Id:) 2024527569

3.Shafiq Bin Mohd Arifin (Student id) 2024765093

4.:MUHAMMAD IQWAN ZULQARNAIN BIN EYDDY HASMIZAN (Student id)

2024527589

5. ARISSA DURANI BINTI AZRUL (Student Id:) 2024946803

6. Mohammad Ashraf Bin Zamsuri (Student Id) 2024776837

* State email address and H/P number of group leader

Email : [email protected]
H/P no ; 0108112597
Class A4AS120
Group 1A
Lecturer’s Name DR. MIMI SOPHIA BINTI SARBANDI

Date of 22/5/2024
Submission
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----

Declaration of Academic Honesty

Academic honesty or academic integrity is a very important virtue that all students should uphold
at all times.

I declare that the lab report submitted is not plagiarised and is entirely our group work, and that no
part of it has been copied from any work produced by other person(s)/ source(s) or provided by any
other student(s).

I understand that issuing a false declaration can result in severe penalties and I am willing to be
penalized if any form of copying is found valid.

TITLE:

Experiment 1.1: Compound light microscope

Experiment 1.2: Stereomicroscope / Dissecting microscope

Experiment 1.3 : Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells

OBJECTIVE:

EXP 1.1:
At the end of this lab session, student able to:
1. Describe the parts and functions of the compound light.
2. State the steps in proper order for bringing the cell’s image into focus with the
compound light microscope
EXP 1.2:
At the end of this lab session, student able to:
1. Describe the parts and functions of the dissecting microscope.
2. Calculate the diameter of field and the total magnification of the cell's image.

EXP 1.3:
At the end of this lab session, student able to:
1. Identify the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
2. Identify the differences between animals and plant cells

INTRODUCTION:
EXP 1.1:

“ Micro “ applies to tiny, “ scope “ applies to view or look at the microscope is a tool used to
expand images of small objects / cells so that they can be examined and studied. The
compound light microscope is an instrument containing two magnifying lenses and a set of
knobs to resolve the image ( focus ). Since it incorporates more than one lens, it also called
the compound microscope. We will learn about the proper use and handling of microscope
in this laboratory.
Since 1000 B.C, the capacity to magnify specimens has been around. Until the late 16 th
century, the first simple compound microscope that used two lenses was not invented. It was
this microscope’s invention and modification that changed the way scientists examined living
organism. It allowed scientists to research a living organism’s structure and discover
multiple species that were not visible to the unaided eye. There are several kinds of
microscope available to scientists today that provides the contracts required to discern
information between adjacent objects, in addition to magnifying and resolving an object.
Microscope used in most biology laboratories magnify up tp 1000x. The microscope that
used in laboratory was light compound. The light is transmitted until it enters the user
through the specimen on the stage and through two lenses.
EXP 1.2:
A microscope is one of the instruments in the laboratory that is often used to see cell
structures that cannot be seen with the naked eye. For examples, animal cells and plant cells
or other else that much smaller. There are many types of microscopes that already being
invented such as compound microscopes and stereo microscopes. The first microscope was
created in 1590 that invented by Hans and Zacharias Jenssen based on lenses in a tube.
Microscope one a fantastic invention, because of microscope, we able to observe cells,
enlarge images of cells and examine cells. Also, we able to discover other living cells in this
world and learn cells that living in this world. Now, microscopes become more modern until
we can zoom in through the cell and that make scientists job easier.

EXP 1.3:
All living things are made up of cells. There are many different types of cells in our body
including bone cells, cartilage cells, blood cells, muscle cells, and neural cells.
Cells were separated into two groups which are eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells. There
are many differences between these two groups. One of the main differences between these
two groups is eukaryotic cells have a nucleus that contains their own DNA, while
prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus but only have a nucleoid where DNA can be found.
The nucleoid is not a structure but an area where DNA can be found.
Eukaryotic cells also have large complex organelles which contain many types of organelles
like ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum and in a plant
cell, it has a lot of mitochondria and chloroplasts. On the other hand, prokaryotic cells lack
organelles which means prokaryotic cells do not contain a lot of organelles like a eukaryotic
cell. Prokaryotic cells have a lot of ribosomes to synthesize protein.
Furthermore, organisms with eukaryotic cells are called eukaryotes and it includes all
animals, plants, protozoa, and fungi. While, organisms with prokaryotic cells are called
prokaryotes and it includes bacteria.
Please rephrase your sentences. Many sentences are copy and paste
from Internet
you need to add background of the experiment so that the topic of experiment is clear by defining
the necessary terminologies and problem statement. You need to state the hypotheses for your experiment
MATERIALS:

Experiment 1.1: Compound Light Microscope

1. Compound light microscope

2. Slides
3. Cover slip
4. Marker pen
5. A4 paper / Letter ‘e’ from newspaper / magazine

Experiment 1.2: Stereomicroscope/Dissecting Microscope

1. Stereo microscope / dissecting microscope

2. marker pen
3. A4 paper / Letter 'e’ from newspaper or magazine

Experiment 1.3: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

A - Preparation of Wet Mounts

1. A4 paper / letter ‘e’
2. Microscope slide
3. Cover slip
4. Dropper bottle of water
5. Needle or forceps
6. Filter paper or absorbent paper
B - Staining
7. Methylene blue stain
8. Filter paper or absorbent paper
9. Wet mount slide prepared in step 1
Plant Cell
10. Onion bulb
11. Clean slides
12. Coverslips
13. Distilled water
14. Razor blade
15. White tile
16. Forceps
17. Microscope
Prokaryotic Cells
3. Plain yogurt
4. Flat toothpicks
5. Slides
6. Compound microscope
7. Cover slips
8. Dropper bottle of water

Eukaryotic Cells
Animal Cells

9. Chicken liver cells

10. Slides
11. Cover slips
12. Dropper bottle of water
13. Methylene blue stain
14. White tile
15. Forceps
16. Spatula
17. Toothpicks
18. Compound microscope
19. Filter paper or absorbent paper
PROCEDURE:
Experiment 1.1: Compound Light Microscope

1. After the instructor had explained how to carry the microscope, a microscope was taken and
placed on the table.
2. Various parts on the microscope were identified.

Focusing the Microscope – Lowest Power and Higher Power

1. The nosepiece was turned so that the lowest power objective was in a straight alignment over
the stage.
2. The lower power objective (4x or 10x) was always begin focusing.
3. The stage was lowered with the course-adjustment knob until it stopped.
4. The letter “e” slide was placed on the stage and was stabilized with the clips (if your microscope
has a mechanical stage, pinch the spring of the slide arms on the stage and insert the slide).
The “e” was centralized as best as we can on the stage (if your microscope has a mechanical
stage use the control knobs located below the stage to centralize the “e”).
5. Again, the lowest power objective was made sure in place. Then as we looked from the side, the
distance between the stage and the tip of the objective lens decreased until the lens comes to an
automatic stop or is no closer than 3mm (about 0.12 in) above the slide.
6. While looking into the eyepiece, the diaphragm was rotated (or diaphragm lever) to give the
maximum amount of light.
7. The distance between the stage and the objective lens was slowly increased using the course
adjustment knob until the object came into view or focus.
8. Once the object was seen, the amount of light was adjusted. The diaphragm was rotated
slightly, to increase and decrease the contrast.
9. If necessary, the fine-adjustment knob was used to sharpen the focus.
10. When looking through the eyepiece both eyes was practiced being open,as it greatly reduces
eyestrain.
11. Next, the letter ‘e’ was made sure centered in the field of the objective.
12. Then move to the next higher objective (low power [10x] or high power [40x]) the nosepiece
was turned until we heard it click into place. The focus was not changed ; parfocal microscope
objective will not hit normal slides when the focus was chenged if the lowest objective is
initially in focus. When on lower power [10x], we proceeded to high power [40x] before going
on to step 13.
13. If any adjustment was needed, only the fine-adjustment knob was used. Always only the fine-
adjustment knob with high power was used. When finished the observations if this slide (or
any slide), the nosepiece was rotated until the lowest power objective clicked into place, and
then the slide ws removed.

Experiment 1.2: Stereomicroscope/Dissecting Microscope

1. Identification of parts:

A stereo microscope was obtained, and various parts of the microscope were identified.

2. Focusing the Stereomicroscope / Dissecting Microscope

i. The letter 'e' was placed as an object on the center of the stage.
ii. The distance between the eyepieces on the binocular head was adjusted so that they
comfortably fit the distance between your eyes. The object was seen.
iii. The focusing knob was used to bring the object into focus.
iv. The magnification changing knob was turned to the lowest magnification and the
object was drawn.
 v. Various magnification has been experimented until we are comfortable with the use of
the stereomicroscope.

Experiment 1.3: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells must be in past tense

A.Preparation of wet mounts
1.Clean a microscope slide.
2.A drop of water is placed onto the middle of the slide.
3.The old newspaper had a letter “e” cut from it.
4.The drop of water receives the letter “e” with care, using a needle or forceps.
5.The cover slip is angled and lowered gently onto the slide using a needle or fingers.
6.Withdraw excess water with filter paper or absorbent paper.

B. Staining

1. Place a drop of stain on the side of your prepared slide, touching one edge of the cover
slip.
2. Place a piece of tissue or absorbent paper on the opposite side of the cover slip. Stop when
the stain moves over the specimens.

C. Prokaryotic cells
1.Use the flat end of a toothpick to place a tiny drop of yogurt onto a clean slide.
2. Add a drop of water and mix thoroughly with the yogurt.
3.Place a cover slip and observe under low and high magnification.

D. EUKARYOTIC CELLS

ANIMAL CELLS
1.1. The surface of the cut chicken liver is scraped with forceps, a toothpick, or a
spatula to obtain some chicken liver cells.
1.2. The cover slip should be placed over the scraped chicken liver cells on a clean
slide, and a drop of water added. The slide should then be agitated gently to
disperse the cells in the water.
1.3. Next, add a drop of methylene blue stain to one edge of the cover slip without
removing it. Then, touch a piece of filter paper to the opposite side of the cover
slip to draw the stain under the cover slip.
1.4. Gentle pressure is applied to help spread the cells into a single layer and
remove excess stain.
1.5. The structures of the chicken liver cells are observed under low and high
magnification.
1.6. The nucleus is to be found.
1.7. All the structures you see should be drawn and labeled.

PLANT CELLS
1. An onion bulb was cut into quarters. One of the fleshy scale leaves was removed.
2. The onion scale was bent backwards until it snapped and produced a ragged piece of
epidermis.
3. Forceps are used to evenly remove a small piece of epidermis and spread it in a drop
of water, then observed under low magnification.
4. Identified the cell wall and cytoplasm.
5. Adjusted the light source to obtain a clear image of the nucleus.
6. Changed to high magnification. Drew and labeled the structure.
 You should provide diagram for each view in experiments (experiment 1.1, 1.2 and 1.3)
Please add theoretical expected image from Internet after your diagram.
make sure label your image. These diagrams are for the report.

The image from each individuals were correctly attached--GOOD. However, the individual
RESULT: result must be placed at the end of the report as attachment
where is the table of calculations?
Experiment 1.1
Experiment 1.2
\
Experiment 1.3 :

MOHAMMAD ASHRAF BIN ZAMZURI

ALYSSYA NURSYZREEN BT AMRIL NURMAN
SHAFIQ BIN MOHD ARIFIN
ARISSA DURANI BINTI AZRUL
MUHAMMAD IQWAN ZULQARNAIN BIN EYDDY HAMIZAN
PUTRI ALYSA BINTI AZMEY
DISCUSSION:
 Please organise your discussion in a proper way,
not separated. The entire procedures were conducted for Experiment 1. Please combine the discussion
in an organized manner
Experiment 1.1 You may rephrase the copied text from Internet.

A compound microscope has multiple lenses : the objective lens ( typically 4x, 10x, 40x or
100x ) is compounded ( multiplied ) by the eyepiece lens ( typically 10x )to obtain a high
magnification of 40x, 100x, 400x and 1000x. Higher magnification is archived by using two
lenses rather than just a single magnifying lens. Understanding the fundamentals of
compound light microscope operation through familiar object observation—a printed letter
'e'—was the main goal of this lab. Through practical application, the goals of this exercise
were to demonstrate the ideas of magnification, resolution, and picture orientation. Here,
we'll talk about the findings, how the microscope works, and the consequences of using
something as basic as the letter "e." When the letter "e" was examined under a microscope,
it was discovered that the picture appeared to be flipped and reversed. This happens as a
result of the compound microscope's lenses, which flip the picture twice or once through the
objective lens and again through the eyepiece lens. In this experiment, we are expect that but
it was seen in unclear detail. The clarity of the image improved with higher magnification,
but only up to a point. At the highest magnification, while details were more visible, the
image also became slightly blurry due to the limits of the microscope's resolving power and
potential issues with focusing. However, the possible errors that occured in this experiment
is parallax error and random error. Parallax error is the error that occurs due to incorrect
positioning of the eyes while taking a reading on a measuring scale. If the viewing angle is
not perpendicular to the scale at the point where we are taking the reading, we will get less
or more value of the measurement than the actual value. Then, for random errors in
experimental measurements are caused by unknown and unpredictable changes in the
experiment. These changes may occur in the measuring instruments or in the environmental
conditions. We could improve the experiment by ensure that our eye is positioned directly
above th e eyepiece and remains at a consistent height and angle while observing the
specimen and develop a standardized method for focusing the microscope. Train all users to
focus in the same manner, starting with coarse focus and then fine-tuning with the fine focus
adjustment if the experiment will be repeated in the future.

Experiment 1.2

For orientation and magnification in this experiment, the stereomicroscope

provides a three - dimensional view and maintains the correct orientation of the object.
Unlike a compound microscope, the image will not be inverted or reversed. Next, to saw the
depth perception, stereomicroscope was used for excellent depth perception and able to see
the raised parts of the ink and the texture of the letter 'e' in three dimensions. Then, at lower
magnification the entire letter ‘e’ will be visible. Increasing the magnification allows for
detailed observation of the edges and surface texture. This ability to view details while
retaining the overall structure is beneficial for examining objects that require a three -
dimensional perspective. Lastly, application of findings was needed to be understanding the
properties of the stereomicroscope can help in fields such as biology, materials science, and
quality control where three - dimensional observation and correct orientation are crucial.
Bared on what we saw from the results, we can see the letter ‘e’ with a good and clear image.
Experiment 1.3 do correction for writing format

Introduction of Objectives
The primary objectives of this experiment were to familiarize ourselves with the principles
of light microscopy, to identify and type cells, and to observe and describe their internal
structures, including the nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell membrane.
Observation and Results
During the experiment, we observed several types of cells including plant cells from an onion
petal and animal cells from chicken liver. The onion cells appeared rectangular in shape
with distinct cell walls, while the chicken liver cells were irregularly shaped with no
discernible cell walls. Through the microscope, we were able to visualize the nucleus as a
dark, round structure within each cell surrounded by the lighter cytoplasm. Additionally, we
observed that the cell membrane is a thin, semi-permeable boundary enclosing the
cytoplasm.
Comparison with Objectives
Generally, our observations align well with the stated objectives of the experiment. We
successfully applied the principles of light microscopy to visualize different types of cells.
Furthermore, we were able to observe and describe the internal structures of these cells,
including the nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell membrane as intended. did you observed these?
Interpretation
The observation of structures such as the nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell membrane
underscores the importance of microscopy in biological research. Our observations confirm
the presence of these fundamental components in both plant and animal cells, highlighting
their universal importance. The distinct structural characteristics of each type of cell reflect
their unique biological functions.

you should report your actual findings you may add the possible source of errors.
you have to explain your result and also explain the theoretical result (whats supposedly obtain in
the experiment)

Implications and Applications:

The findings of this experiment have implications for various fields, including medicine,
agriculture, and biotechnology. Understanding the structure and function of cells is essential
for diagnosing diseases, engineering crops, and developing new therapeutic interventions.
Moreover, the techniques learned in this experiment can be applied to more advanced
studies, such as tissue culture and histology, further expanding our knowledge of cellular
biology.
Future Directions:
Moving forward, it would be interesting to explore more specialized cell types and their
unique features using advanced microscopy techniques, such as confocal microscopy or
electron microscopy. Additionally, investigating the dynamic processes occurring within
cells, such as mitosis and apoptosis, could provide further insights into cellular function and
regulation.
CONCLUSIONS:

Experiment 1.1

To conclude the objective of this experiment,

the light microscope is a powerful tool for understanding the structure and function of
tissues. It is widely used in biomedical science courses and also in research and diagnostic
laboratories. We must understand the capabilities and limitations of the light microscope to
get the best results from microscopy. The different staining techniques are ability to identify
the structures and specific cell types. From this experiment, we were able to discover the cell
of bacteria, plant and animal through microscope. Besides, we were able to identify the
structure of cell such as bacteria cell, plant cell and animal cell. We also canidentify the
difference of bacteria cell, plant cell and animal cell. Moreover, proper cleaning oflenses
should be done as well to avoid accumulation of dust particles that will lead to discomfort
usage of the microscope when viewing the specimen. The light microscope is a very powerful
tool for understanding the structure and function of tissues and it is widely used in
biomedical science courses as well as in research and diagnostic laboratories. The invention
of the microscope allowed scientists to see cells bacteria and many other structures that are
too small to be seen with the unaided eye.

Experiment 1.2

In experiment 1.2, the primary objective was to familiarise ourselves with the use of a
stereomicroscope, also known as a dissecting microscope, to observe the intricate details of
various specimens. This type of microscope is particularly valuable for viewing the surface
details of three-dimensional objects at relatively low magnification, which is essential for
biological studies.

Experiment 1.3

In conclusion, this experiment provided valuable hands-on experience in microscopy and

cell biology. By achieving the objectives set out at the beginning of the experiment, we gained
a deeper understanding of the principles of light microscopy, identified different types of
cells, and observed their internal structures. These findings contribute to our understanding
of cellular biology and lay the foundation for future research endeavours.
add future recommendations
REFERENCES:

Experiment 1.1
please write in APA style
1. https://byjus.com/biology/study-of-the-parts-of-a-compound-microscope/
2. https://pa01000192.schoolwires.net/cms/lib7/PA01000192/Centricity/Domain/48/Letter%20e
%20Lab.pdf
3. https://www2.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/microscopes4schools/compoundmicroscopes.php
4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lo2aC_m2vyo
5. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PKDj1x3iyP4
6. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bA9npPr2NJI

Experiment 1.2
1. https://youtu.be/vbKYNsTQS28?si=2pVl-pKKSJmll1xm
2. https://youtu.be/wseEwoNwnwo?si=QaoDRG7gRYuo0_A4
3. https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Botany/Botany_Lab_Manual_(Morrow)/03%3
A_From_Prokaryotes_to_Eukaryotes/3.03%3A_Using_the_Dissecting_Microscope
4. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/dissecting-microscope
5. https://www.biologydiscussion.com/botany/practicals-botany/parts-of-dissecting-
microscope-botany/54523

Experiment 1.3

1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y_5DJNMEMHU
2. https://www.biologydiscussion.com/botany/practicals-botany/parts-of-dissecting-microscope-
botany/54523
3. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/dissecting-microscope
4. https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Botany/Botany_Lab_Manual_(Morrow)/03%3A_From
_Prokaryotes_to_Eukaryotes/3.03%3A_Using_the_Dissecting_Microscope
5. https://youtu.be/wseEwoNwnwo?si=QaoDRG7gRYuo0_A4
DATASHEETS:

Experiment 1.1
Experiment 1.2
DATASHEET (PERSONAL)

ALYSSYA NURSYZREEN BT AMRIL NURMAN

https://isiswauitmedu-
my.sharepoint.com/:w:/g/personal/2024527569_isiswa_uitm_edu_my/ETiLLovdXapMpCkq9ZT
Ac0wBk3W68mlb1IrW1iUFpHD9Qw?e=oG2mmh

PUTRI ALYSA BINTI AZMEY

https://isiswauitmedu-
my.sharepoint.com/:w:/g/personal/2024783967_isiswa_uitm_edu_my/Eb_ZaZffoURIg1aMr
nvAMFwBWQydKupiou3po8zaJ0k4Bg?e=ZVoBl4

SHAFIQ BIN MOHD ARIFIN

https://1drv.ms/w/c/df47c6454f80fb17/EUXdbsAG4IVOmAaZzdZ1wrcBDfKquBikHF2E91t
8Al4ccg?e=a6rfnF
MUHAMMAD IQWAN ZULQARNAIN BIN EYDDY HAMIZAN

https://isiswauitmedu-
my.sharepoint.com/:w:/g/personal/2024527589_isiswa_uitm_edu_my/EXmDT60paAlPmVfE3Tpj
MCUBEDgbSlJA8XA5vB6c3hp1cQ

ARISSA DURANI BINTI AZRUL

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1KlaTx4qk6WjhMWa1TT8gia5hKVRvRNH2/edit?usp=shar
ing&ouid=111330571582449447792&rtpof=true&sd=true
MOHAMMAD ASHRAF BIN ZAMZURI

https://sg.docworkspace.com/d/sIAun5ZjbAZH5trIG