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Hybridization

Class 11 hybridization

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62 views

Hybridization

Class 11 hybridization

Uploaded by

nivethasundaresan123
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Hybridization

Definition
A redistribution of the energy of individual atomic orbitals to give orbitals of
equivalent energy occurs when the two atomic orbitals combine to form a hybrid
orbital in a molecule. This process is known as hybridization. During the
hybridization process, atomic orbitals of comparable energies are mixed. They
mostly involve merging two 's' orbitals or two 'p' orbitals or mixing an 's' orbital
with a 'p' orbital and an 's' orbital with a 'd' orbital. A new orbitals thus formed are
known as hybrid orbitals. More importantly, hybrid orbitals are quite helpful in
explaining the bonding properties of atoms and molecular geometry.

Key Features of Hybridization

 Atomic orbitals with equal energies undergo hybridization.


 The no. of hybrid orbitals formed equals the number of mixed atomic
orbitals.
 Not all half-filled orbitals need to participate in hybridization. Filled orbitals
with slightly different energies can also participate.
 Hybridization occurs only during bond formation and not in an isolated gas
atom.
 The shape of a molecule can be determined if the hybridization of the
molecule is known.
 The larger lobe of the hybrid orbital always has a positive sign, while the
smaller lobe has a negative sign on the opposite side.

Types of Hybridization

The hybridization can be classified as sp3, sp2, sp, sp3d, sp3d2, and sp3d3. Let us now
discuss the various types of hybridization, along with their examples.

sp Hybridization

sp hybridization is determined when one s and one p orbital are in the same main
shell of an atom that is mixed to form two new equivalent orbitals. The new
orbitals formed are known as sp hybridized orbitals. It forms a linear molecule at
180°.
 This type of hybridization involves mixing one ‘s’ orbital and one ‘p’ orbital
of the same energy to give a new hybrid orbital called sp hybridized orbital.
 Each sp hybridized orbital has an equal amount of s and p character, i.e.,
50% p character and 50% s character.
 sp hybridization is also known as diagonal hybridization.

Examples of sp Hybridization:

 All compounds of carbon-containing triple bond like C2H2.


 All compounds of beryllium like BeF2, BeH2, BeCl2

sp2 hybridization
sp2 hybridization is determined when 1 s and 2 p orbitals of the equal shell of an
atom are mixed to form 3 equivalent orbitals. The new orbitals formed are known
as sp2 hybrid orbitals.

 sp2 hybridization is also known as trigonal hybridization.


 It combines 1 ‘s’ orbital and 2 ‘p’ orbital’s of the same energy to give a new
hybrid orbital called sp2.
 s and p orbital mixture form trigonal symmetry and are maintained at 1200.
 All the 3 hybrid orbitals remain in 1 plane and make a 120° angle with one
another. Each hybrid orbital formed has a 66.66% ‘p’ character and 33.33%
‘s’ character.
 The central atom of the molecule is linked to three atoms and is
sp2 hybridized have a triangular planar shape.

sp3 Hybridization
When the 1 ‘s’ orbital and 3 ‘p’ orbitals belong to the same shell of an atom that is
mixed together to form 4 new equivalent orbitals, this type of Hybridization is
known as sp3 or tetrahedral Hybridization. The new orbitals formed are known as
sp3 hybrid orbitals.

 These are directed towards the 4 corners of a regular tetrahedron and make a
109°28’ angle with one another.
 Each sp3 hybrid orbital has 75% p character and 25% s character.
 An angle between the sp3 hybrid orbitals is 109.280
 Example of sp3 Hybridization: ethane (C2H6), methane.

sp3d Hybridization
sp3d hybridization consists of mixing 1s orbital, 3p orbitals, and 1d
orbital, usually forming five sp3d hybridized orbitals of the same energy.
They have trigonal bipyramidal geometry.

 3 hybrid orbitals usually lie in the horizontal plane inclined at an


angle of 120° to each other, known as the equatorial orbitals.
 The s, p, and d orbital mixture form trigonal bipyramidal
symmetry.
 The remaining 2 orbitals lie in the vertical plane at an angle 90
degrees plane of the equatorial orbitals, known as axial orbitals.
 Example: Hybridization in Phosphorus pentachloride (PCl5)

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