CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study

All over the world, poor environmental quality is increasingly recognized as a

major threat to social and economic development and even to human survival

(Acheampong, 2010). The impacts of environmental deterioration are severe on

developing countries thus hindering and undermining their development (Bello, 2007).

The world Health Organization (2008) defined environmental sanitation as the control of

all those factors in man’s physical environment, which exercise or may exercise a

deleterious effect on his physical development, health and survival. In the view of

Vivienne (2014), environmental sanitation is the practice of collection, reuse and disposal

of human excreta and domestic wastes with the overall objective to protect the

environmental health. In an attempt to keep the environment clean, it is the human lives

that are paramount. The concept of environmental sanitation entails the control of water

supplies, excreta disposal, waste water disposal, refuse disposal, vectors of diseases,

housing conditions, food supplies and the safety of the working environment

(Acheampong, 2010).

The state of the environment is very crucial to the existence of every creature,

just as it serves as habitatat to any creature, it contributing in a large extent to the quality

of life of those living in it (Oreyomi, 2005). The failure of the numerous efforts of

governments to address the problem of environmental health hazards in developing

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nations has been attributed to unhealthy socio-cultural practices, poor environmental

sanitation education and awareness, low literacy level, bad governance, disregard to the

rule of law and other forms of indiscipline (Omotosho, 2005). The generation of solid

waste, the non-liquid and non-gaseous product of human activities which could take the

form of refuge, garbage and sludge is reportedly on the daily increase, most especially in

communities with high population density as a result of rural of rural urban migration.

The living environment is well polluted owing to social misdemeanor of

indiscriminate littering, improper domestic wastewater discharge, and poor sewage

disposal system in our environment. These behaviours promote unsanitary living

conditions which result in the breeding of communicable diseases (Adimekwe, 2013;

WHO and UNICEF 2008; IRC, 2006). Poor environmental sanitation practices exhibited

in the disposal of solid waste, wastewater and excreta, cleaning of drainage including

personal, household and community hygiene significantly contribute to infant and child

mortality (Mmon and Mmon, 2011, UNICEF, 2007, Amadi and Iwuala, 2005; WHO,

2005; UNICEF, 1999; EHP, 1999). This is contrary to the notion of environmental

sanitation which aims at developing and maintaining a clean, safe and pleasant physical

environment in all human settlements.

Environmental sanitation comprises the disposal and treatment of human

excreta, solid waste and wastewater, control of disease vectors, and provision of washing

facilities for personal and domestic hygiene which work together to form a hygienic

environment (Schertenleib, 2005). Improved environmental condition affects positively a

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wide range of development indicators. Thus, environmental sanitation is a channel to

improved quality of life of individuals and a means of contributing to their social,

economic and physical development (Olowoporoku, 2013). Studies have shown that the

incidence or occurrence of any form of diseases is drastically reduced as a result of

people having access to, and making regular usage of adequate sanitary installations

(Aremu, 2012, and Harvey 2008). It has been documented that about 24% of global

diseases with high mortality ratio is caused by environmental exposures which can be

averted through proper maintenance of the environment (WHO, 2006). Nevertheless,

most of these deaths are preventable through adequate environmental sanitation practices.

Environmental sanitation practices refer to residents’ involvement in provision,

utilization, and maintenance of environmental sanitation facilities and services and

adherence to environmental legislation (Daramola, 2015).

In Nigeria, adequate environmental sanitation practices have not been ensured.

They are characterized by lack of basic amenities and poor sanitation habits (Ademiluyi

and Odugbesan 2008; Afon, 2006). General access to environmental sanitation facilities

and services by citizens remains very poor (Akpabio, 2012). Nigerian cities are

characterized by rapid population growth which is not accompanied by a corresponding

increase in the delivery of environmental sanitation facilities and services capable of

enhancing environmental sanitation practices. The resultant effects of these are unsanitary

and unhealthy environmental conditions that are prevalent in Nigerian urban centres

(Daramola, 2012). From the foregoing, it is evident that provision of adequate

environmental sanitation facilities and services could at best be referred to as means to an

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end. The attitude and behavioural practices of the stakeholders determine the end. In

order to achieve proper environmental sanitation practices, good sanitation behaviour and

availability of facilities and services must work in unison (Mmom and Mmom, 2011;

IRC, 2006; World Bank, 2002). As it is in other environmental management activities,

environmental sanitation practices are influenced by various factors (Willuweit 2009;

Owens, Dickerson and Macintos, 2000; Owoeye and Adedeji, 2003; Vicente and Reis,

2008). These factors include social, economic and demographic attributes, (i.e such as

age, income, gender, education, household structure) situational conditions. Others

include level of information, religious participation, enabling law and place of residence.

Issues related to environmental sanitation practices have been explored by many

researchers. For instance, there are studies on environmental sanitation as an exercise

Adejumo, (2013) take it to be an exercise that one need to undergo, Aluko and Agbola

(2007) in their studies considered environmental study as ; Afon and Faniran 2013;

Aluko and Agbola 2007; Nwachukwu 2008), health effects of environmental sanitation

(Mmon and Mmon, 2011; Harvey, 2008), community participation in environmental

sanitation (Ekong, 2013; Daramola, 2012; Luithi 2012; UNEP, 2005), environmental

sanitation management (Acheampong, 2010) and environmental sanitation education

(Anijah et al, 2013; Aremu, 2012). These studies have focused on issues pertaining to

provision and deficiencies of facilities and services as well as legislation. Studies on

environmental sanitation habits are quantitatively unimpressive, especially in Africa.

Adequate environmental sanitation practices are more than just an inconvenience. It

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allows users knowledge and experience to the design and management of facilities and

services and to increase the likelihood that the services will be used sustainably.

Every resident generates waste arising from routine activities such as

sweeping, bush cutting, remnants of food, washing, and laundry among others. The

common reported type of solid waste found in various communities in Nigeria include

paper, grass, nylon (in the manufacturing of pure water bags and sachets, ice cream,

sweet or candy wrappers), sugarcane waste, maize or corn cobs and groundnut shells also

contribute to some of these waste. The increase in population of an area without any

corresponding increase in the available social infrastructures often results in the attendant

infection with diseases and the problem of environmental sanitation. Majority (87%) of

Nigerians adopted various unsanitary methods of solid waste disposal thereby

constituting nuisance, ugly sight, produce unpleasant odour, and constituting threats to

public health.

A significant proportion of urban waste in Nigeria is deposited either on the

roads, or road sides, unapproved dump sites, in water ways, drainage system, or in open

sites which adversely affect environmental friendliness (Abel, Afolabi, 2007).

Consequent upon poor waste disposal practices by residents, its management poses

serious danger to the waste handlers and man has suffered in no small way from

infectious diseases associated with food and water contamination of the subsurface water

by the leach ate from solid wastes which are heavily laden with toxic chemicals and

pathogenic organisms (Adedeji, Odufuwa, , Adebayo, 2012). Real life experiences have

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shown that environmental sanitation is at its lowest ebb in most rural communities in

Nigeria because greater part of most communities do not benefit from public waste

disposal services and therefore have to bury or burn their waste or dispose it

indiscriminately. The situation becomes worse in the rainy season as the wastes get

directly exposed to the rain, thus polluting the streets and nearby stream or block storm-

water drains and thereby causing flooding. Akungba Akoko, has continued to witness

increase in environmental hazards due to poor environmental sanitation practices without

any tangible measure to forestall and curtail the menace. Of the different categories of

wastes being generated, solid wastes, poses a hydra-headed problem beyond the scope of

various solid waste management systems in Nigeria (Alese, 2014) as wastes from both

domestic and commercial activities are found on the streets. Waste could be an unofficial

measure of prosperity. It can also be a major problem on man especially where it is not

well managed. It is being observed that unregulated growth of urban areas and adequate

infrastructural facilities for collection, transporting, treating and disposal of waste have

all contributed to increase in pollution.

Information already provided by the National Population Commission (NPC

2006) census indicates the total number of 21,200 (oluwafemi, 2012) The high rate of

population growth coupled with the high migrant most especially students since the

inception of the university in 1998 has outstripped the rate of infrastructure development

and service provision in the study area. Most of the infrastructures such as, roads,

markets, toilet facilities and housing have exceeded their carrying capacities. The high

population with its accompanying waste generation and indiscriminate waste disposal
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practices has impacted negatively on the drainage system and has consequently brought

all water bodies in Akungba to a bad state giving way to some other diseases such as

cholera, typhoid and the likes. This research is therefore, focused on analyzing students’

participation in environmental sanitation in Akungba Akoko.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

The negative perception of people towards the environment does not exclude

the university community whose problem has been aggravated by constant changes in

land use pattern. According to (Mensah, 2011), school subjects such as hygiene where

students were once taught sanitation of the environment has been replaced with health

education , providing students with little opportunities through which students can be

taught or learn the act of waste management and sanitation. However this system of

environmental education was integrated into school curriculum where students are taught

environmental related issues in and around their communities; the later introduction of

the programme was aimed at raising the awareness level of the students about

environmental quality which will enhance the knowledge of students about

environmental sanitation. A cursory observation of many environments that is housing

both primary and post primary school education showed that many places are littered

with, nylon, pieces of paper, plastics of different types and broken furniture. In hostels,

there are problems of littering, exposure to used sanitary pads, students urinating around

the hostels, students defecating in polythene bags. This poor state of sanitary conditions

affects the health of both students in the hostels and workers alike. Management of solid

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waste materials and substances like pieces of paper, pack from wrappings, tins, wood,

littering the environment and classrooms is a problem.

The generation of solid waste, the non-liquid and non-gaseous product of human

activities which could take the form of refuge, garbage and sludge is reportedly on the

daily increase as people continue to produce this waste, most especially in communities

with specific pull factors of migration in Nigeria. Every resident generates waste arising

from routine activities such as sweeping, bush cutting, remnants of food, washing,

laundry and so on. The common reported type of solid waste found in various

communities in Nigeria include paper, grass, nylon (in the manufacturing of pure water

bags and sachets, ice cream, sweet or candy wrappers), sugarcane waste, maize or corn

cobs and groundnut shells also contribute to some of these waste. The increase in

population of an area without any corresponding increase in the available social

infrastructures often results in the attendant infection with diseases and the problem of

environmental sanitation. Many Nigerians adopted various unsanitary methods of solid

waste disposal thereby constituting nuisance, ugly sight, produce unpleasant odour, and

constituting threats to public health. A significant proportion of urban waste in Nigeria is

deposited either on the roads, or road sides, unapproved dump sites, in water ways,

drainage system, or in open sites which adversely affect environmental friendliness

(Abel, Afolabi, 2007).

Consequent upon poor environmental sanitation practices by residents, it poses

serious danger to the environment. Living and non living things has suffered in no small

way from infectious diseases associated with food and water contamination of the
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subsurface water by the leachate from solid wastes which are heavily laden’; with toxic

chemicals and pathogenic organisms (Adedeji, Odufuwa, & Adebayo, 2012). The above

problem makes it clear that the inhabitants of akungba are unable to cope with the

problem of poor environmental sanitation. On the bases of the above problems, there is

need to analyze students’ participation in environmental sanitation and make necessary

recommendations on it.

1.3 Significance of the study

The influx of both students and workers as a result of the university is directly

proportional to the increasing volume of solid waste generated from human activities.

This raises concerns about the effectiveness of the waste management strategies put in

place public and private institutions to ensure appropriate disposal because if its

implication on the human’s health and wellness.

This research is aimed at findings on the participation of students in

environmental sanitation in Akungba Akoko. It would also come up with

recommendation on the ways forward. It is supposed to find out the role of Ondo state

governmemt waste management authority on environmental sanitation in Akungba, the

habit of the students towards environmental sanitation, and also suggest a lasting solution

to the ways environmental sanitation can be improved in the study area.

The generation of solid waste, the non-liquid and non-gaseous product of human

activities which could take the form of refuse, garbage and sludge is reportedly on the

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daily increase, most especially in communities with specific pull factors of migration in

Nigeria. Every resident generates waste arising from routine activities such as sweeping,

bush cutting, remnants of food, washing, laundry and so on. The common reported type

of solid waste found in various communities in Nigeria include paper, grass, nylon (in the

manufacturing of pure water bags and sachets, ice cream, sweet or candy wrappers),

sugarcane waste, maize or corn cobs and groundnut shells also contribute to some of

these waste. The increase in population of an area without any corresponding increase in

the available social infrastructures often results in the attendant infection with diseases

and the problem of environmental sanitation.

Therefore, the study is expected to propose appropriate ways to improve

environmental sanitation whose implementation would contribute to the sustainability of

the study area. The study is beneficial for academicians and researchers who conduct

similar researches on other works related to environmental sanitation in the study area.

1.4 Research Questions

The following research question will be looked into in order to achieve the

stated aim and objective of the study;

i. What are the students’ attitudes towards environmental sanitation in the study

area?

ii. What are the possible ways of improving environmental sanitation in Akungba

Akoko?

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1.5 Aim and Objective of the Study

The aim of this study is to investigate and examine students’ participation in

environmental sanitation in Akungba Akoko, Ondo state, Nigeria. To achieve this, the

following objectives will be considered:

i. Investigate students’ attitude toward environmental sanitation in the study area.

ii. Suggest possible ways to improve environmental sanitation in Akungba Akoko

1.6 Justification of the Study

The problem of environmental pollution today has assumed a serious and huge

proportion and this threatens the very existence of human society. Environment is the

basis of the existence of all the living beings; at the same time, the living beings,

including human beings, themselves create environment. Thus, environment and the

living world are mutually interdependent. Social and economic development is necessary

for people, without which the human being can neither exist nor fulfill their basic needs

like food, clothing, housing, etc.

But today, the problem is that, socio-economic development has reached a point that, its

speed has so increased and its destructive power is so enhanced such that it is decimating

the environment rapidly. Hence, it has become necessary to find out such new paths and

methods of development which would not destroy ecology and produce pollution, but

would ensure good environmental sanitation at the same time most especially in the

academic environment like Akungba.

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The study would serve as a major input to the local government, departments and

agencies concerned with managing environmental sanitation in Akungba in designing

interventions, programs or activities for the people of Akungba and it environment. The

study provides information which serves as a basis for further research into issues of

managing local environmental sanitation as a means of improving health.

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1.7 Study area

1.7.1 Location and extent

Akungba-Akoko is located in Akoko South-West Local Government Area of

Ondo State, Nigeria. It is one of the education-institutional towns at a distance of 56km

away from Akure the state capital of Ondo State. This study area lies between latitudes

7°28’ and 7°0’ N of the equator and longitudes 5°44’ and 5°0’ E of Greenwich meridian.

It is bounded by Ikare-Akoko to the North, Etioro-Akoko to the South, while to the East

and West by Supare-Akoko and Iwaro- Akoko respectively

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Source: Nigeria shapefile @arcgisesri

Fig 2: Map of Ondo showing Akungba Akoko

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Fig 2: Map Akoko South west showing Akungba Akoko

Source: Nigeria shapefile @arcgisesri

1.7.2 Topography and Geology

Akungba Akoko is located within the western upland of south western Nigeria.

The topography varies 400 meters to 500 meter above the sea level and consists of hills

or rock granite and low land make of soil (Oluwafemi, 2012). Akungba-Akoko is

physiographic region characterized by two major crystalline basement rock of the main

African Precambrian shield.

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1.7.3 Climate

The climate of Akungba is predominantly rainforest characterized by two major

seasons, the rainy (winter) and dry (summer) seasons. The first peak of rain comes up

between April and July while the second peak falls between August and October; these

two peaks are marked by heavy rainfall with the annual rainfall of 1500-2000 mm,

(Olabode AD 2014). At the beginning of rainy season is marked by great heat and

destructive storm accompanied by lightning and thunder, crops and houses are destroyed

because of thunder storm. The annual temperature between 23-26 0C and the mean

relative humidity of 75-95%.The drainage pattern of the study area is generally dendrite,it

is observed that some of the rivers and their tributary streams in the study area trend east

of North while other trend West of North. These trends are influenced by topography and

the joint system.

1.7.4 Vegetation

The area under study is situated in the deciduous rainforest in southwestern part

of Nigeria. This vegetation type reflects the rainforest and guinea savannah vegetation

which is characterized by different plants and trees which varies in height. The vegetation

is of distinct arrangement with tall trees of about 60m in height stand to the sky, while the

smaller follow and the herbaceous plants which can tolerate shade are found below.

However because of the shifting cultivation practiced by the people of the area, most of

the big trees have given way to derived savanna.

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1.7.5 Population

The inhabitants of the study area are mostly Yoruba’s. Information already

provided by the National Population Commission (NPC) 2006 census indicates the total

number of 21200 (oluwafemi, 2012)

1.7.6 Transportation

Akungba Akoko is generally accessible via numerous roads. Akungba

environment is serviced by Federal, State and Local roads but the local roads occupied

the highest percentage of the roads found in the area. The Federal road is mainly inter-

urban which links Akungba with other nearby settlements.

1.7.6 Landuse in Akungba

Adekunle Ajasin University (AAUA) is a state government owned and operated

Nigerian university. The university is in Akungba Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria.

AdekunleAjasin University was first established as Obafemi Awolowo University in

March 1982 by the government of the old Ondo State, headed by the late Chief Michael

AdekunleAjasin. The immediately succeeding military government of Navy Commodore

Michael BamideleOtiko changed its name to Ondo State University in 1985. Its

relocation to Akungba Akoko in the new Ondo State became imperative in 1999,

following the creation of a new state out of the old Ondo three years earlier in October

1996. The bill backing the relocation was signed into law by the then Governor of the

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State, Chief Adebayo Adefarati, in November 1999, and that prompted the movement of

a crop of workers from the old site in Ado-Ekiti to AkungbaAkoko on 1 December 1999.

The bill for yet another name change, this time to Adekunle Ajasin University, in order to

immortalize the late Governor Ajasin, was signed into law by Governor Adefarati in 2004

following the demise of the former. The amended and subsisting statute of the University

was signed into law in November 2007 by yet another governor, the former Governor

Olusegun Agagu. In these circumstances, it can rightly be said that while the history of

AAUA started in 1982, its relocation on 5 November 1999 marked the beginning of the

second phase of its history now in its present location, in Akungba Akoko (aaua.edu.ng).

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 CHAPTER TWO

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Conceptual Framework

There are three actors in environmental sanitation management conceptual

framework for improving environmental sanitation conditions in the Akungba Akoko

which comprise households, businesses and government institutions (Adekunle Ajasin

University Akungba Akoko). They generate waste and use sanitation services. Service

providers form the next group of actors and they include private companies contracted to

provide sanitation services. The managers constitute the third group of actors and they

include government agencies or departments in the Metropolitan Assemblies responsible

for planning, organising, staffing, directing and controlling, activities to ensure good

environmental sanitation in the metropolis. Managers and service providers are required

to render satisfactory sanitation services. When these service providers fail to effectively

carry out their responsibilities, it results in poor environmental sanitation condition.

When the generators do not appropriately dispose of waste, they promote poor

environmental sanitation condition in Kumasi. All these negative activities when left

unchecked, lead to deteriorating health conditions of the people, increased health cost,

environmental pollution and increased cost of providing sanitation services. These

therefore call for a new management approach to improve sanitation. The two

management strategies that could be adopted to improve environmental sanitation are

behavioural management and regulatory management. These management strategies

involve activities that would ensure that people understand the consequences of poor
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environmental sanitation practices and the benefits that would accrue to everyone if

people adopt good behaviour towards the sanitation. This could be done through

education. The other complimentary management strategy is regulatory management.

This involves activities that would ensure that people comply with good sanitation

standards which can be done through enforcement of sanitation regulations. The tools for

achieving these strategies are through education and enforcement. When people are well

educated about environmental sanitation, they become proactive and can organise

themselves to secure facilities that would ensure good sanitation condition in their

locality, even when these are not provided by the local government.

2.1.1 Environmental sanitation purpose

The overall purposes of sanitation are to provide a healthy living environment for

everyone, to protect the natural resources (such as surface water, groundwater, soil), and

to provide safety, security and dignity for people when they defecate or urinate. The

Human Right to Water and Sanitation was recognized by the United Nations (UN)

General Assembly in 2010. It has been recognized in international law through human

rights treaties, declarations and other standards. It is derived from the human right to an

adequate standard of living. Effective sanitation systems provide barriers between excreta

and humans in such a way as to break the disease transmission cycle (for example in the

case of fecal-borne diseases). This aspect is visualized with the F-diagram where all

major routes of fecal-oral disease transmission begin with the letter F: feces, fingers,

flies, fields, fluids, food.

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 One of the main challenges is to provide sustainable sanitation, especially in

developing countries. Maintaining and sustaining sanitation has challenges that are

technological, institutional and social in nature. Sanitation infrastructure has to be

adapted to several specific contexts including consumers' expectations and local

resources available.

Sanitation technologies may involve centralized civil engineering structures like sewer

systems, sewage treatment, surface runoff treatment and solid waste landfills. These

structures are designed to treat wastewater and municipal solid waste. Sanitation

technologies may also take the form of relatively simple onsite sanitation systems. This

can in some cases consist of a simple pit latrine or other type of non-flush toilet for the

excreta management part.

Providing sanitation to people requires attention to the entire system, not just

focusing on technical aspects such as the toilet, fecal sludge management or the

wastewater treatment plant. The "sanitation chain" involves the experience of the user,

excreta and wastewater collection methods, transporting and treatment of waste, and

reuse or disposal. All need to be thoroughly considered.

2.1.2 The Need for Environmental Sanitation Management

Poor sanitation gives many infections the ideal opportunity to spread: plenty of

waste and filth for the flies to breed on, and unsafe water to drink, wash with or swim in.

Among human parasitic diseases, schistosomiasis (sometimes called bilharziasis) ranks

second behind malaria in terms of socio-economic and public health importance in

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tropical and subtropical areas. The disease is endemic in developing countries, infecting

more than 200 million people. Of these, 20 million suffer severe consequences from the

disease (WHO and UNICEF, 2008). Sound environmental sanitation management

ensures that appropriate intervention are introduced and implemented to promote

behavior change. Poor environmental sanitation or hygiene also has tremendous

economic costs. The health impact of inadequate environmental sanitation leads to a

number of financial and economic costs including direct medical costs associated with

treating sanitation related illnesses and lost income through reduced or lost productivity

and the government costs of providing health services. Additionally, poor sanitation also

leads to reduced income from tourism (due to high risk of contamination and disease) and

clean up costs.

A World Bank country environmental analysis conducted in Ghana has shown that

health cost resulting from poor water, sanitation and hygiene is equivalent to 2.1% of

Annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP). (UNICEF, 2008) The significant economic

benefits of good environmental sanitation are not well known; the media often emphasize

on health benefits, but the time savings and opportunity cost are equally important

stories. Environmental sanitation management ensures that there is prudent allocation of

limited resources tailored to the needs of the people to ensure economic sustainability. On

the one hand, a healthy people produce more and miss fewer days and on the other hand,

a healthy community is often a more lucrative market for goods, services and investment.

Every dollar spent on improving sanitation generates economic benefits (about nine

times) that far exceed the required sanitation investments. The cost of inaction is

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enormous. Achieving the MDG for sanitation would result in $66 billion gained through

time, productivity, averted illness and death. It is estimated that a 10 year 18 increase in

average life expectancy at birth translates into a rise of 0.3-0.4 per cent in economic

growth per year (WHO, 2008).

Poor environmental sanitation practices also affect the environment in diverse

ways. In regions where a large proportion of the population are not served with adequate

water supply and sanitation, sewage flows directly into streams, rivers, lakes and

wetlands, affecting coastal and marine ecosystems, fouling the environment and exposing

millions of children to disease. Particularly in the context of urbanization, indiscriminate

littering, domestic wastewater, sewage and solid waste improperly discharged presents a

variety of concerns as these promote the breeding of communicable disease vectors as a

result of air, water and soil pollution. Poor waste management also contributes to a loss

of valuable biodiversity. In the case of coral reefs, urban and industrial waste and sewage

dumped directly into the ocean or carried by river systems from sources upstream,

increase the level of nitrogen in seawater. Increased nitrogen causes overgrowths of

algae, which in turn, smother reefs by cutting off their sunlight. Improved environmental

sanitation management reduces environmental burdens, increases sustainability of

environmental resources and allows for a healthier, more secure future for the population.

2.1.2 Economic impacts of environmental sanitation

The benefits to society of managing human excreta are considerable, for public

health as well as for the environment. As a rough estimate: For every US$1 spent on

sanitation, the return to society is US$5.50. For developing countries, the economic cost
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of inadequate sanitation is a huge concern. For example, according to a World Bank

study, economic losses due to inadequate sanitation to The Indian economy are

equivalent to 6.4% of its GDP. Most of these are due to premature mortality, time lost in

accessing, loss of productivity, additional costs for healthcare among others. Inadequate

sanitation also leads to loss from potential tourism revenue. This study also found that

impacts are disproportionately higher for the poor, women and children. Availability of

toilet at home on the other hand, positively contributes to economic well-being of women

as it leads to an increase in literacy and participation in labor force.

2.1.3 Institutional Structure

Situation of Environmental Statistics in Nigeria Environmental Statistics cut

across the activities of many development Agencies in Nigeria, including: Federal and

State Ministries of Environment; Federal Office of Statistics; Federal Ministries of Mines

and Power; Petroleum Resources; Solid Minerals; Federal Works; Agriculture and Rural

Development; Water Resoureces; Nigeria National Petroleum Company (NNPC);

National Planning Commission; National Electricity Power Authority (NEPA) - Energy

Statistics; Research Institutes, FMENV/University Linkage Centres; Environmental

NGOs, etc. „ Hitherto, most data collected by the various agencies were contained in

technical reports and files, with limited chances for comprehensive collation and analysis;

„ However, in recent time, there has been a growing institutional awareness and concern

for environmental statistics and sanitation in Nigeria. This include: - The establishment of

Environment Statistics in the Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) in 1992 under the

National Accounts Division to facilitate the long term integration of environment

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Statistics into National Accounting, with the aim of preparing environment accounts as a

satellite Accounts in accordance with 1993 UN System of National Accounts (SNA); -

The establishment of the Federal Environmental Protection Agency in 1988 (FEPA) and

the expansion of the Agency’s mandate in 1992 to include the conservation of

biodiversity and natural resources which later led to the establishment of a Data and

Information Management Unit in the Agency (FEPA) as part a World Bank-assisted

Environmental Management Project in 1993/96. The data derived from the Forestry, the

Soil, the Water resources and the then FEPA nodes were to be networked through a

central data base at FEPA. Unfortunately the idea could not be realized because only

Forestry node could produce any substantial data out of all the nodes. - The establishment

of a National Data Bank Unit on Environmental Statistics in the National Planning

Commission in 1996, the Unit which has now been transferred to the FOS; - Creation of a

full-fledged Federal Ministry of Environment by the present Administration in June 1999

and subsequent establishment of a full-fledged Department of Planning, Research and

Statistics in the new Ministry in compliance with Government’s directive for all

Ministries.

2.1.4 Environmental Sanitation Policy and Government Institutions

Environmental sanitation management necessarily requires the assignment of

responsibilities to specialized institutions involved in overseeing the use of natural

resources. As such, a number of institutions have been established to guide and

coordinate all activities involving the appropriation of natural resources. Benneh (2007)

argues that, the successful management of environmental resources in any country

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depends to a large extent on the effectiveness of the institutional arrangements put in

place by government for their management. These institutional arrangements refer to the

types of organizational units involved, such as ministries, agencies, and committees, and

to the responsibilities and authorities of these units, and the relationships between them.

2.1.5 Environmental Policy and its Enforcement in Nigeria

What is the basis of environmental policy in Nigeria and which agencies/bodies

administer and enforce environmental law? The basis of environmental policy in Nigeria

is contained in the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Pursuant to

section 20 of the Constitution, the State is empowered to protect and improve the

environment and safeguard the water, air and land, forest and wildlife of Nigeria. In

addition to this, section 2 of the Environmental Impact Assessment Act of 1992 (EIA

Act) provides that the public or private sector of the economy shall not undertake or

embark on or authorize projects or activities without prior consideration of the effect on

the environment. In this regard, the Federal Government of Nigeria has promulgated

various laws and Regulations to safeguard the Nigerian environment. These include: 1)

Federal Environmental Protection Agency Act of 1988 (FEPA Act) repealed by the

National Environmental Standards Regulation Agency (NESREA) Act 2007. The

following Regulations were made pursuant to the FEPA Act: National Environmental

Protection (Effluent Limitation) Regulations: National Environmental Protection

(Pollution Abatement in Industries and Facilities Generating Wastes) Regulations; and

National Environmental Protection (Management of Solid and Hazardous Wastes)

Regulations. 2) Environmental Impact Assessment Act of 1992 (EIA Act). 3) Harmful

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Wastes (Special Criminal Provisions etc.) Act of 1988 (Harmful Wastes Act). The

National Environmental Standards Regulation Agency, (NESREA) (the agency) has the

responsibility for the protection an development of the environment, biodiversity

conservation and sustainable development of Nigeria’s natural resources, environmental

technology, including coordination and liaison with relevant stake holders within and

outside Nigeria on matters of enforcement of environmental standards, regulations, rules,

laws, policies and guidelines. Other regulatory agencies with oversight functions and

responsibility over specific industries have also issued guidelines to regulate the impact

of such industries on the environment such as the Environmental Guidelines and

Standards for the Petroleum Industry in Nigeria (EGASPIN) 2002, published by the

Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR). The NESREA Act allows each State and

Local Government in the country to set up its own agency for the protection and

improvement of the environment within the State. Each State is also empowered to make

laws to protect the environment within its jurisdiction. All the States have environmental

agencies and State laws; e.g. Lagos, Akwa Ibom, Ondo, Abuja among others. Abuja the

Federal Capital Territory has issued the Abuja Environmental Protection Board (Solid

Waste Control/Environmental Monitoring) Regulations 2005 also referred to as "the

Abuja Environmental Protection Board Regulations" which principally governs solid

waste control in Abuja.

2.1.6 The Clean Energy Bill

The clean energy bill seeks to create a legislative framework to promote the rapid

expansion of environmental engineering and improve its efficiency in the country. When
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passed into law, the Bill will enhance access to the environmental services, improved

land security, increase the diversity of land sources, sustainable development and even

address climate change which affects the environment nowadays. Members of the Clean

Environmental Committee were drawn from the UNDP, other agencies of government,

representatives of the renewable energy industries, NGOs, Research Centers etc. The

Committee was charged to come up with a Clean Energy Bill that will open a market for

private sectors investors in resources that are endowed within the environment.

2.1.7 National Policy on Environmental Conservation

The policy was first developed in 1989 following the promulgation of the Federal

Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) decree no 58 of 1988 and revised in 1999. The

decree provides the legal framework for the implementation of the policies on

environmental protection, natural resources conservation and sustainable development. It

is aimed at:

(i) Integrating Biologiuical Diversity considerations into national planning, policy and

decision making; and

(ii) Conserving and enhancing the sustainable use of the nation’s biological diversity.

With the creation of the Federal Ministry of Environment (FME) in 1999, FEPA was

absorbed and the ministry became the highest policy making body responsible for

addressing environmental issues in Nigeria, including conservation of biodiversity.

In pursuit of the policy objectives as enunciated, an overriding concern is to

alleviate poverty and increase the per capita income of Nigerians. Consequently, the

country has developed strategies and programs for sound and sustainable Examining

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Environmental Policies and Laws in Nigeria 169 management of environment. The

strategies have been designed to promote sustainable and adequate levels of funding and

focus on integrated human development programs, including income generation, increase

in local control of resources, strengthening of local institutions and capacity building

including greater involvement of community based and non-governmental organizations,

as well as the lower tiers of government as delivery mechanisms.

The significant outcome of Nigeria’s participation in the United Nations

Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) was the signing of the

Convention. Nigeria, thus assumes obligations under the provision of the treaty in

accordance with customary international law. The Nigerian constitution makes

fundamental provision for environmental protection and clearly identifies important

components of environment. Section 20 of the constitution of the Federal Republic of

Nigeria contains the country’s environmental objectives that are meant, “to protect and

improve the environment and safeguard the water, air, land, forest and wildlife”. In

recognition of the need to protect her resources, Nigeria has put in place a number of

legislations including the Forestry Ordinance, the National Parks Decree, the Federal

Environmental Impact Assessment Decree, and the Environmental Impact Assessment

among others.

2.1.8 National Environmental Sanitation Policy

Nigeria National Environmental Sanitation Policy (NESP) was developed in 2005

in consultation with a variety of stakeholders and covers the broad spectrum of

environmental sanitation including solid and liquid waste, industrial and hazardous waste,

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storm water drainage, environmental and hygiene education, vectors of disease, and

disposal of the dead ( Nigeria, 2005)). The policy was developed by the Ministry of

environment (FMEnv). It is a fairly concise document that sets out basic principles and

objectives, identifies roles and responsibilities and also covers environmental

management and protection, legislation and funding among others. The Environmental

Sanitation Policy is aimed at developing and maintaining a clean, safe and pleasant

physical environment in all human settlements, to promote the social, economic and

physical well-being of all sections of the population. It comprises a number of

complementary activities, including the construction and maintenance of sanitary

infrastructure, the provision of services, public education, community and individual

action, regulation and legislation (FMEnv, 2005).. The policy identifies many of the

major problems and constraints in environmental sanitation, including the lack of

assigned roles for governmental bodies, the lack of 21 capacity and skilled professionals

at all levels, and the problems associated with the transfer of responsibilities for

environmental sanitation without the corresponding budget, personnel, and equipment

transfers. The policy then lays out its strategy to deal with these problems. Key items in

the strategy include: a) Defining the roles and responsibilities related to environmental

sanitation of institutions from the national ministries down to unit committees,

community organizations, and the individual;

1) The privatization of environmental sanitation services; 2) The creation of a National

Environmental Sanitation Policy Coordinating Council (NESPoCC) and a District

Environmental Sanitation Fund (DESF); and 3) The phasing out of pan latrines (by

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2010). Targets were set for 2020 (except for the phase-out of pan latrines, which was

targeted for 2010). This has allowed the government a lot of flexibility. Each of the above

components is discussed below;

(a) Roles and responsibilities. The policy clearly states the role of actors at a variety of

levels of government. Evaluations of Ghanaian sanitation policy and governance

conducted by Tayler & Salifu in 2005 identified loopholes in the activities and

coordination between some ministries and institutions and thus recommended an update

to include the roles of the Community Based Organization (CBO) and Civil Society

Organization (CSO), and to clarify the roles of some other institutions and ministries

(e.g., Ministry of Heath).

(b) The Policy also outlines the roles and responsibilities of the Community and

Individuals. Ensuring good environmental sanitation is the responsibility of all citizens,

communities, private sector, enterprises, NGOs and government institutions. All these

actors have an essential part to play in maintaining a high standard of environmental

sanitation. The policy indicates that, every individual, establishment or institution shall be

responsible for:

 Cleansing within and in the immediate environs of the property they occupy,

including access ways and the drains and roads abutting the property;

 Temporary storage of wastes within the property and disposal thereof outside the

property, as may be directed by the competent authority;

 Taking measures to prevent the breeding of disease vectors within and in the

immediate environs of the property they occupy;

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  Ensuring that the wider environment is not polluted or otherwise adversely

affected by their activities; Hygienically disposing of all wastes they generate in

public areas by use of an authorized public toilet or solid waste container as

appropriate;

 Participating in all communal environmental sanitation exercises organised by the

community or its representatives (MLGRD, 1999, p. 6).

The policy also entrusts in the Assemblies the power to promulgate bye-laws and

regulations to help in their environmental sanitation management process. To

complement these efforts, the Judiciary is expected to establish and empower Community

Tribunals to prosecute offenders against environmental sanitation byelaws and

regulations (MLGRD, 1999. p19). This is a clear opportunity for Akoko South- WEst to

enact strict environmental sanitation bye-laws to make the city inhabitants responsible for

environmental sanitation in Akungba-Akoko to ensure good environmental sanitation

practices.

2.1.9 Environmental Sanitation Bye-Laws in Akoko South-West Area

Sound environmental law and governance are essential for protecting the natural

environment and the life and livelihoods that depend on it. Governance here refers to the

Assembly’s use of a range of legal tools to require or promote desired behaviour. These

tools could be traditional regulations, environmental assessments, information disclosure

requirements, market mechanisms, economic incentives, or public policies to promote

voluntary action on a scale that will enhance urban environmental sanitation and

environmental protection.

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2.1.10 Significance of Community Participation in Environmental Sanitation

Management

As part of the governance debate issues concerning participation, participatory

governance and participatory approaches have been investigated. From a normative

perspective, a core argument is that more inclusive forms of (local) government

constitute approaches to ensure broader participation in urban environment initiatives

which in turn will lead to better results in implementation (Menegat, 2002) According to

Hueting 1980) and Blaikie and Brookfield (1987), the issues related to environmental

degradation is not only technical or engineering ones, but more socioeconomic. Thus, the

understanding of such factors affecting the community’s collective action is crucial to

any efforts aimed at championing people’s participation of such Hresources. The UNEP

(2000) recommends community participation in environmental sanitation problem-

solving using the Participatory Hygiene and Sanitation Transformation (PHAST)

approach. The PHAST approach encourages local participation in defining problems and

solutions related to water, sanitation and disease control.

The community itself analyses its own beliefs and practices and then decides what

needs to be changed. Outside experts, such as local health personnel, water and sanitation

engineers and social scientists also participate and share information with the community.

This is based on the principles that; Communities can and should determine their own

priorities for disease prevention. When people understand why improved sanitation is to

their advantage, they will act. Also all people, regardless of their educational

backgrounds, are capable of understanding that poor environmental sanitation promotes

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diseases and can be harmful, and can learn to trace and describe the faecal-oral route of

disease transmission in their own environment. Communities can identify appropriate

barriers to block disease transmission. Commitment from the local government to

improve environment performance and establish policies for the purpose is very

important. A strong commitment from the local government to be inclusive, develop

political support, or show leadership will necessitate the involvement of the community.

A prudent local government will involve the community in order to ensure broad

commitment from all residents of the city. This will also ensure acceptance and

ownership of its policies and programmes with the community. The local government has

to develop and implement the necessary measures to enable various urban stakeholders to

perform their tasks and implement their programmes/projects on the environment (This is

a departure from the usual position of a local government as a 'provider' of services to a

'facilitator' of action). Community participation calls for people to participate in planning,

implementing and managing their local environment. Community participation means a

readiness on the part of both local governments and the citizens to accept equal

responsibilities and activities in managing their surroundings (UNEP, 2005)

2.2 Literature Review

2.2.1 Environment

Environment (from the French word: to circle or surround) can be defined as (1)

the circumstances and conditions that surround an organism or group of organisms, or (2)

the social and cultural conditions that affect an individual or community (Curringham,

2002 p.4). The concept of “Environment” is an all-embracing term describing the

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terrestrial, aquatic and atmospheric systems of the world. In its widest use, it refers to all

the biophysical features, organic and inorganic resources and all bio-diversity disposable

to humankind. Barrow (1995) defines environment as the sum total of conditions within

which organisms live. It is the result of interaction between living (biotic) and nonliving

(abiotic) parameters. According to Schaefer in Stephens (2002), In relation to human

health, the “environment” includes not only the physical and biological elements of

nature, but also human-based systems – cultural, economic, political, technological,

spiritual and relational – that make up the setting in which people live. (ReNED, 2006).

The concept of environment encompasses all the natural resources which interlink in a

complex global ecosystem embodying many sub-systems. Disruption in such systems, 13

which is as a result of cumulative indiscriminate degradation which takes place in

localized environments such as villages, towns and cities, distort the delicate ecological

balance and have dire consequences for mankind, and thus provide a compelling

justification for the preservation of the environment.

2.2.2 Sanitation

The concept of sanitation has been defined in a number of ways. Mensah (2002)

define sanitation as the state of cleanliness of a place, community or people particularly

relating to those aspects of human health including the quality of life determined by

physical, biological, social and psychological factors in the environment. Schertenleib et

al (2002), define sanitation as interventions to reduce people‟s exposure to diseases by

providing a clean environment in which to live and with measures to break the cycle of

disease. This usually includes hygienic management of human and animal excreta, refuse

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and wastewater, the control of disease vectors and the provision of washing facilities for

personal and domestic hygiene. It also involves both behaviours and facilities which

work together to form a hygienic environment (World Bank, 2002). Nyamwaya (1994)

also defines sanitation as the proper disposal of human waste, i.e. faeces and urine. It

includes keeping the human environment free of harmful substances which can cause

diseases. Wherever humans gather, their waste also accumulates. Progress in sanitation

and improved hygiene has greatly improved health, but many people still have no

adequate means of appropriately disposing of their waste. This is a growing nuisance for

heavily populated areas, carrying the risk of infectious disease, particularly to vulnerable

groups such as the very young, the elderly and people suffering from diseases that lower

their resistance. Poorly controlled waste also means daily exposure to an unpleasant

environment. Sanitation is therefore a concept explaining activities to ensure safe

disposal of excreta, solid waste and other liquid waste and the prevention of disease

vectors to 14 ensure a hygienic environment. Taking these factors into account, the

following text is offered as the working definition of sanitation. Sanitation refers to the

proper disposal of human waste, i.e. urine and faeces. It also involves keeping the human

environment free from disease causing vectors through the proper disposal of domestic,

street wastes and litter as well as wastewater.

2.2.3 Sanitation System

Bracken, (2005) define a sanitation system as comprising the users of the system,

the infrastructure, the collection, transportation, treatment, and management of end

products (human excreta, solid waste, grey water, storm water and industrial wastewater).

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A sanitation system considers all components required for the adequate management of

wastes produced by humans including the users of the system.

2.2.4 Environmental Sanitation

The concept of environmental sanitation refers to activities aimed at improving or

maintaining the standard of basic environmental conditions affecting the well being of

people. These conditions include (1) clean and safe water supply, (2) clean and safe

ambient air, (3) efficient and safe animal, human, and industrial waste disposal, (4)

protection of food from biological and chemical contaminants, and (5) adequate

Collection Transportation Treatment Management Users of the Sanitation System

Sanitation Infrastructure15 housing in clean and safe surroundings. Sanitation is also

referred to hygiene (Business Dictionary, 2010). According to the Ministry of Local

Government and Rural Development (MLGRD) (1999), environmental sanitation refers

to efforts or activities aimed at developing and maintaining a clean, safe and pleasant

physical environment in all human settlements. It comprises a number of complementary

activities, including the construction and maintenance of sanitary infrastructure, the

provision of services, public education, community and individual action, regulation and

legislation. Environmental sanitation therefore involves controlling the aspects of waste

that may lead to the transmission of diseases. Included in the term waste management are

water, solid waste and industrial waste. According to the International Water and

Sanitation Centre, the term “environmental sanitation” is used to cover the wide concept

of controlling all the factors in the physical environment which may have an impact on

human health and well-being (IRC, 2006). In developing countries, environmental

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sanitation normally includes drains, solid waste management, and vector control, in

addition to the activities covered by sanitation (DFID, 1998).

2.2.5 Environmental Management

Environmental Management has been described as the process of allocating

natural and artificial resources in order to make optimum use of the environment in

satisfying human needs at the minimum and if possible, for an indefinite future. The

United Nations Environmental Programme also defines environmental management as

the control of all human activities which have a significant impact on the environment.

(UNEP 2005) Mitchel (2002) defines environmental management as the actual decisions

and action concerning policy and practices regarding how resources and the environment

are appraised, protected, allocated, developed, used, rehabilitated, remediated and

restored, monitored and evaluated. To be efficient in managing the environment,

institutions have to have a good environmental management system to provide a

framework for managing environmental responsibilities in a way that is integrated into

overall operations. Environmental Management System (EMS) refers to the management

of an organization’s environmental programs in a comprehensive, systematic, planned

and documented manner. It includes the organizational structure, planning and resources

for developing, implementing and maintaining policy for environmental protection.

2.1.6 Environmental Sanitation Management (ESM)

Considering all the components of environment, sanitation and management, one

can deduce a definition of ESM as the process of allocating resources to ensure a

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hygienic environment through service and infrastructure provision and proper disposal of

waste.

2.2.7 Sustainable Development

Sustainability has become a central theme of environmental studies and of human

development and resource use. Although the idea of sustainability has many facets, the

central idea is that we should use resources in ways that do not diminish them. Resource

and natural amenities, including wildlife, natural beauty and open spaces, should be

preserved so that future generations can have lifestyles at least as healthy and happy as

ours – or perhaps better. One of the most important questions in environmental studies is

how we can continue improvements in human welfare within the limits of the earth’s

natural resources. A possible solution to this dilemma is sustainable development, a term

popularized in a 1987 report of the World Commission on Environment and

Development called Our Common Future. It defines sustainable development as

development that meets the needs of present without compromising the ability of future

generations to meet their own needs (Mitchel, 2002). The concept of sustainable

development does imply limits – not absolute limits but limitations imposed by the

present state of social organization on environmental resources and by the ability of the

biosphere to absorb the effects of human activities.

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 CHAPTER THRE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Design

The research design used in this research work is descriptive. The purpose of
descriptive, research is to describe systematically the facts, qualities or characteristics of
a given population, event or area of interest concerning the problem under investigation.
The types, methods of data acquisition and analysis were examined in this section
Design Research

Data Required

Source of Data

Method of data:
Instrument of data collection
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 Sample and Sampling Technique

Method of Data Analysis

Data Presentation

Fig 3.1: Schematic Representation of Research Design

3.2 Reconnaissance Survey

A reconnaissance survey will be carried out in the study area in order to

familiarize the researcher with the study area. The mode of administering questionnaires

to residents will also be fashioned out during the process.

3.3 Sources of Data

The study utilizes both primary and secondary sources of data.

3.3.1 Primary Data

The primary data will be collected directly from the people in the study area.

This will be achieved through the use of questionnaire which will be administered in the

study area. The questionnaire will consist of structured and unstructured questions

grouped into four sections. The sections are on: socio-economic characteristics of

respondents, impact of the government, the situation of waste management authority,

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challenges. of environmental sanitation and the mitigation of environmental sanitation

challenges.

3.3.2 Secondary Data

Among the secondary data that was utilized for these studies are relevant

textbooks, journals, seminar papers, internet, thesis and dissertations were also utilized,

3.4 Sampling Frame and Sample Size

A sampling frame is the source material or device from which a sample is

drawn or a list of all those within a population. The sample frame for this study covers

the areas within the jurisdiction of Akungba Akoko, Ondo State. Consequently, a total of

200 copies of the questionnaires will be purposively administered. These numbers of

questionnaire will be administered in the study area and random systematic sampling

method will be used; only inhabitant above 18 years of age will be sample

3.4.1 Study Population

A population is the total of all the individuals who have certain characteristics

and are of great interest to a researcher. Population is also refers to as a group of people,

objects or items which are similar in none or more ways and which form the subject of

research. The propose study population is the inhabitant of Akungba Akoko which is

120,623 based on the 2006 census.

3.4.2 Sample Size

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 A sample is a subset of a population selected to participate in the study, it is a

fraction of the whole, selected to participate in the research project (Brink 1996, p.133;

Polit and Hungler 1999, p.227). The Study Population of the research work will be based

on proposed sample for the study area which is 120,623. Therefore, to determine the

sample size, the Taro Yamane’s formula was applied thus;

n= N

1+N (e) 2

Where n Z = Sample size, N = Population size under study, e = Estimated standard error

of 0.05

By substituting in values we have;

20,000

Therefore, 400 are supposed to be sample population but because of fund and time half of

the questionnaire will be sampled. So therefore, 200 copies of the questionnaires will be

administered in the study area.

3.4.3 Sampling Technique

This study was conducted in Akungba Akoko, in the Akoko North East local

government areas of Ondo State and the host community of the State University. This

study, a social survey of descriptive type, adopted a double-staged random sampling.

Akungba was stratified into three zones on the basis of core-cultural characteristics of the
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respondents, using the Stratified Random Sampling. Zone A consists of residential areas

accommodating the University Students, Zone B consists of the areas where there are

mixtures of both students and indigenes while Zone C consists of areas of the

concentration of pure indigenes. The quarters in the zone A region includes; Adefrati,

Medoline, Permanent site, Glo mast and the likes. Simple Random Sampling Technique

was then used to select 200 respondents (aged ≥ 18 years) from the zone A since it is the

residential area accommodating majority of the university students based on the

proximity of the zone to the university.

3.5 Data Analysis

Spread sheet and simple excel were used to process the data for the analysis.

The data was subjected to descriptive statistics. The data collected will be analyzed using

descriptive statistic in a tabular form and also through the use of statistical format such as

pie chart and bar chart and the likes.

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 CHAPTER FOUR

4.1 Introduction

This chapter presents results and discussion of the analyses carried out on the

primary data collected from the field on students’ participation in environmental

sanitation in Akungba Akoko, Ondo state, Nigeria.

4.2 Socio-Economic Characteristics of Respondents

4.2.1 Gender of the Respondents

The summary of the data collected on the nature of the gender of the respondents

in the study area is as shown in Table 4.1. Table 4.1 shows that 844.5 per cent of the

respondents are males while the remaining 55.5 per cent are females. Thus, more females

were interviewed for this study. This observation adjudged that females due to their

active participation in household chores especially at homes, they are more prominent for

this study.

Table 4.1: Gender of the Respondents

Sex Respondents Percentage

Male 89 44.5

Female 111 55.5

Total 200 100,00

Source: Fieldwork, 2024

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4.2.2 Respondents Age

Table 4.2 shows the summary of respondents’ age. This table shows that 47.50 per

cent of the respondents are below 20 years old while the ages of 36.0 per cent range

between 21 and 25 years old. In addition, the ages of 12.5 per cent and 4.0 per cent of the

respondents are between 26 and 30 years old and between 31 and 35 years old

respectively.

The foregoing observation shows that a majority (96.0%) of the respondents are

below 31 years old and still within the mandatory years to go for National Youth Service

and serve the nation.

Table 4.2: Age of the Respondents

Age Respondents Percentage
Less than 20 95 47.5
21-25 years 72 36.0
26 -30 years 25 12.5
31-35 years 8 4.0
Total 200 100.0
Source: Fieldwork, 2024

Respondents Marital Status

Figure 4.1 shows respondents’ marital status. From the Pie chart, 90 percent of the

respondents are single while 8.5 per cent are married and 1.5 per cent are separated. This

observation shows that more single respondents were interviewed for this study. This is a

vivid indicator that most of the respondents are still of schooling age.

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 Separate
2%
Married
9%

Single
Married
Separate

Single
90%

Figure 4.1: Marital Status

Source: Fieldwork, 2024

Educational Level of Respondents

As indicated in Table 4.3, 10 per cent of the respondents are Pre-Degree students

while 34, 0 per cent are 100Level students. In addition, 17.0 per cent and 18.0 percent

are 200L and 300L students respectively while 11.5 per cent and 9.5 per cent are 400L

and 500 L students respectively. Thus, a majority (90.0%) are full time students.

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Table 4.3: Educational Level
Level Respondent Percentage
s
Pre-Degree 20 10.0
100 L 68 34.0
200 L 34 17.0
300 L 36 18.0
400 L 23 11.5
500 L 19 9.5
Total 200 100.0

Source: Fieldwork, 2024

Respondents’ Monthly Allowance of Respondents

The summary of the data collected on respondents’ monthly allowance indicates

that, the monthly allowance of 41.5 per cent of the respondents is below N10,000 while

the monthly allowance of 32.0 per cent and 7.0 per cent of the respondents is between

N10,000 and N20,000 and between N20,00 and N30,000 respectively. In addition, only

19, 5 per cent of the respondents’ monthly allowance is above N30, 000 (Table 4.4)

Thus, a majority (73.1%) of the respondents’ monthly allowance is below N20,

000. With this low allowance, to afford payment for domestic workers to take care and

management wastes they generate waste and dispose them properly might be very

difficult, if not impossible (Table 4.4).

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Table 4.4: Respondents’ Monthly Allowance of Respondents
Allowance Respondents Percentage
Below N 10,000 83 41.5
N 10,000-N20,000 64 32.0
N20,000 -N30,000 14 7.0
Above N30,000 39 19.5
Total 200 100.0

Source: Fieldwork, 2024

4. 3 Students’ attitudes towards environmental sanitation in the study area.

The implication of attitude towards environmental sanitation embraces many factors

which include the nature of students’ awareness, need to practice, and observe

environmental sanitation activities timely and efficiently. To the foregoing, the

respondents’ attitude towards environmental sanitation were explored and the findings

area as explained subsequently:

4.3.1 Awareness of Environmental Sanitation Programme

The summary of the analysis of the data got from the field shows that a majority

(98.0%) of the respondents are aware of environmental sanitation Programme in the

study area while an insignificant few (2.0%) are ignorance of environmental sanitation

Programme in the study area (Table 4.5).

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Table 4.5: Awareness of Environmental Sanitation Programme

Awarenes Respondents Percentage

s
Yes 196 98.0

No 4 2.0

Total 200 100.0

Source: Fieldwork, 2024

4.3.2 Respondents practicing environmental sanitation

From Table 4.6, only 98.5 per cent of the respondents practice or observed the

environmental sanitation programme as expected in the study area while 1.5 per cent are

adamant and used to fail to observe or practice environmental sanitation programme as

expected in the study area.

Table 4.6: Practicing Environmental Sanitation Programme

Practicing Respondents Percentage

Yes 197 98.5

No 3 1.5

Tota 200 100.0

Source: Fieldwork, 2024

4.3.3 Presence of schedule table for sanitation in respondents’ hostels

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The summary of the analysis carried out on the data collected from the field on

scheduled time table for sanitation exercise in respondents r place of residents (Table

4.7) shows that 91.0 per cent of the respondents have scheduled time table for sanitation

exercise in their place of residents while the remaining 9.0 per cent of the residents do

not have scheduled time table for sanitation exercise in their place of residents.

Table 4.7: Presence of scheduled time table for sanitation exercise in Hostels

Presence of Scheduled Table Respondent Percentage

Yes 182 91.0

No 18 9.0

Total 200 100.0

Source: Fieldwork, 2024

4.3.4 Period of Observation of Sanitation Exercise

The summary of the data collected from the respondents on the period they used to

observe sanitation exercise (Table 4.8) indicated that 52.0 per cent of the respondents

used to observe sanitation exercise every day while 26.5 per cent and the remaining 21.5

per cent of the respondents used to observe sanitation exercise on weekly and monthly

basis respectively.

Table 4.8: Period of Observation of Sanitation Exercise

Period of Observation Respondents Percentage

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 Daily 104 52.0
Weekly 53 26.5
Monthly 43 21.5
Total 200 100.0
Source: Fieldwork, 2024
4.3.5 Time When Sanitation Exercise is Observed

Table 4.9 shows the summary of the analaysed data collected on the time when

sanitation exercise is observed. From Table 4.9, 33.5 per cent and 14.5 per cent of the

respondents used to observed sanitation exercise in the morning and afternoon periods

respectively while a majority (52.0%) used to observe sanitation exercise in the evening

period.

This observation can be adduced to the fact that most of the students (52.0%) used

to rush out in the morning to attend lectures and later carry out sanitation exercise

thereafter in the evening.

Table 4.9: Time When Sanitation Exercise is Observed

Sanitation Time Respondents Percentage

Morning 67 33.5
Afternoon 29 14.5
Evening 104 52.0
Total 200 100.0

Source: Fieldwork, 2024

4.3.6: How Sanitation Exercise is Observed in Respondents’ Hostels

Table 4.10 indicates the summary of data collected and analysed on how sanitation

exercise is observed in hostels of the respondents. 61.5 per cent of the respondents

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signified that they used to observe sanitation exercise individually on their own while

29.5 per cent used to observed sanitation exercise in groups and finally, 9.0 per cent used

to pay or contract out the sanitation exercise in their hostel.

Thus, only few (9.0%) of the respondents used to pay for the cleaning of their

hostels by domestic workers.

Table 4.10: How Sanitation Exercise is Observed in Respondents’ Hostels

How Sanitation Exercise is Observed in Hostels Respondents Percentage

Individually 123 61.5

In Groups 59 29.5

Contract of Payment 18 9.0

Total 200 100.0

Source: Fieldwork, 2024

4.3.7 Amount Paid for Waste Management in Respondents Hostel

The summary of analysed data on the amount paid by the nine (9) respondents for waste

management in their hostel (Table 4.11) shows that 11.1per cent and 22,2 per cent of the

respondents paid N500 or lesser and between N501 and N1,000 to domestic workers for

waste management in their hostel respectively. In addition, 44.4 percent and 22.2 per cent

of the nine respondents pay between N1001 and N1, 500 and more than N1, 500 to

domestic workers for waste management in their hostel respectively. Thus, bulk of the

respondents (66.65) pay more than N1, 000 to domestic workers for waste management

in their hostel.

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PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 55
Table 4.11: Amount Paid for Waste Management in Respondents Hostel

Amount Respondents Percentage

<500 36 11.1
501-1000 47 22.2
1001-1500 68 44.4
>1500 49 22.2
Total 200 100.0

Source: Fieldwork, 2024

4.3.8 Available of Waste Storage Facilities.

The summary of the analysed data on respondents’ responses on the availability of waste

storage facilities in respondents’ hostel is as shown in Table 4.12. From Table 4.11, a

majority (90.5%) responded that waste storage facilities are available in their hostel while

the remaining 9.5 per cent responded that their hostel are devoid of waste storage facility.

This observation indicates that wastes are properly taken care in most of the

respondents’ hostels, hence, the problem of wastes littering these hostels and their

surroundings are avoided.

Table 4.12: Availability of Waste Storage Facilities.

Availability of Waste Facility Respondents Percentage

Yes 181 90.5

No 19 9.5

Total 200 100.0

Source: Fieldwork, 2024

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4.3.9 Waste Storage Facilities Providers

From Table 4.13, the summary of the analysis carried out on the providers of waste

facilities, it was observed that the Federal and the State Governments provide 18.00 per

cent and 6.0 per cent of waste storage facilities in respondents’ hostels respectively.

In addition, the Local Government and respondents’ hostel landlords provide 6.0

per cent and 10. 5 per cent of waste storage facilities in respondents’ hostels respectively

while the respondents individually provide 65.00% waste storage facilities in their hostels

(Tablev4.13).

Thus, the respondents are majorly (65.5%) responsible for the provision of waste storage

facilities in their hostels (Table 4.13).

Table 4.13: Waste Storage Facilities Providers

Waste Facility Respondents Percentage

Provider
Federal 36 18.0
Government
Local 12 6.0
Government
Landlord 21 10.5
Others 131 65.5
Total 200 100.0

Source: Fieldwork, 2024

4.3. 10 Types of Waste Storage Facilities Available in Respondents Hostels

Table 4.14 indicates the summary of the analysed data on the types of waste storage

facilities that are available in respondents’ hostels. Table 4.14 indicates that 15.5

per cent and 10.0 per cent of the available waste storage facilities are containers and
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polythene bags respectively while baskets and other forms of waste storage facilities are

responsible for 58.0 per cent and 16.5 per cent of waste Storage Facilities available in

respondents’ hostels in the study area.

Thus, basket (58.0%) is the major type of waste storage facilities available in the study

area (Table 4.14).

Table 4.14: Type of waste Storage Facilities Available in Respondents Hostels

Type of waste Storage Facilities available Respondents Percentage

Container 31 15.5
Polythene Bags 20 10.0
Baskets 116 58.0
Others 33 16.5
Total 200 100.0

Source: Fieldwork, 2024

4.3.11 Categories of Waste Generated

In relation to the categories of waste generated in respondents’ hostels in the study

area (Table 4.15), 45.5 per cent of the waste generated are Garbage while 27.0 per cent

and 24,0 per cent are rubbish and bulk wastes respectively. Other types of waste

generated is responsible for the remaining 3.5 per cent of waste generated in respondents’

hostels in the study area.

Thus, bulk (45.5%) of waste generated by the respondents in the study area is

garbage waste (Table 4.15)

Table 4.15: Categories of Waste Generated Respondents

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 Categories of Waste Generated Respondents Percentage

Garbage 91 45.5

Rubbish 54 27.0

Bulky Waste 48 24.0

Others 7 3.5

Total 200 100.0

Source: Fieldwork, 2024

4.3.12 Respondents Modes of Waste Disposal

The data collected on the mode of waste disposal employed by the respondents when

analysed and summarized (Table 4.16) shows that household collection, burning and

dumping in open space formed 25.0 per cent, 57.0 per cent and 15.0 per cent of

respondents modes of waste disposal respectively while other forms of waste disposal

formed 3.0 per cent of modes of waste disposal in the study area.

This result shows that burning (57.0%) of waste formed the bulk mode of disposing

waste n the study area (Table 4.16).

Table 4.16: Respondents Modes of Waste Disposal

Waste Disposal Method Respondents Percentage

House to house collection 50 25.0
Burning 114 57.0
Dumping in open space 30 15.0
Others 6 3.0
Total 200 100.0
Source: Fieldwork, 2024
4.4 Ways to Mitigate the Problems of Poor Environmental Sanitation Exercise in the
Study Area.

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The data collected from the respondents on how to mitigate the problem of poor

environmental sanitation exercise in the study area was subjected to Mean Weight

Statistical Analysis and the result got as well as the calculated Mean Weight Value

(MWV) and the General Mean Weight Value (GMWV) on the respondents’ notions are

as summarized in Table 4.17.

As a rule any variable who’s MWV fell above the cut-off point (GMWV) 2.85 was

accepted while any variable whose MWV fell below this cut-off point was rejected

(Table4.17).

Thus, factors such as the government should ensure that all residents must strictly abide

by stipulated environmental laws (MWV = 2.95), the three tiers of government should

make provision for waste storage facilities (MWV = 2.93), the residents should always

obey environmental sanitation laws and breakers should be dealt with (MWV = 2.89),

student union should create task force to watchdog efficient implementation of the

available environmental laws (MWV = 2.87) and all residents must ensure they properly

dispose waste in their house (MWV = 2.86) were accepted as the ways by which the

problem of poor environmental sanitation exercise can be mitigated in the study area

because their varied MWVs are more than the GMWV of 2.85.

Other ways such as government should strengthen the available task force to carry

out their duties effectively (MWV = 2.80), the community should set up a task force to

enforce environmental sanitation exercise for the residents (MWV = 2.78) and all

residents must have a waste bin/basket irrespective of their house type (MWV = 2.70)

were rejected because their MWVs are lesser to 2.85 the cut-off value hence, they are not
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 possible ways by which thus, they are not among the ways by which the problem of poor

environmental sanitation exercise in the study area can be mitigated.

Table 4. 17: Ways to Mitigate the Problems of Poor Environmental Sanitation

Exercise in the Study Area.
Mitigation of poor environmental Likert;s Conversion

Decision
Disagree
Strongly

Strongly
sanitation

Agree

Agree
MW

Total
3 2 1 Total
V

The three tiers of government should

make provision for waste storage 186 14 0 200 558 28 0 586 2.93
facilities
The government should ensure that all
residents must strictly abide by 190 10 0 200 570 20 0 590 2.95
stipulated environmental laws.
All residents must ensure they disposed 171 29 0 200 513 58 0 571 2.86
waste properly in their house
Student union should create task force
to watchdog efficient implementation 174 26 0 200 522 52 0 574 2.87
of the available environmental laws
The government should strengthen the
available task force to carry out their 162 36 2 200 486 72 2 560 2.80
duties effectively
The residents should always obey
environmental sanitation laws and 178 22 0 200 534 44 0 578 2.89
breakers should be dealt with
All residents must have a waste 12
bin/basket irrespective of the house 140 60 0 200 420
0
0 540 2.70
type
The community should set up a task
force to enforce environmental 156 44 0 200 468 88 0 556 2.78
sanitation cy for the residents.
GMWV = 2.85

Source: Fieldwork, 2024

CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Introduction
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 This study investigated and examined students’ participation in environmental

sanitation in Akungba Akoko, Ondo state. The specific objectives of the study include the

investigation of students’ attitude toward environmental sanitation and the suggestion of

possible ways to improve environmental sanitation in Akungba Akoko. The study used

data collected from both primary and secondary sources to achieve all the stated

objectives.

5.2 Summary of Findings

Socio-Economic Characteristics of Respondents

The study shown that females actually participated in household chores

Moreover, a majority (96.0%) of the respondents are below 31 years old and still within

the mandatory years to go for National Youth Service and serve the nation with 90

percent of them to be single and majorly (90.0%) full time students. Though, the

monthly allowance of the majority (73%) is below N20, 000 hence their inability to

engage domestic workers to take care and management wastes they generate.

Awareness on Environmental Sanitation Programme

98.0% are aware of environmental sanitation Programme and as well practice or observed
it with scheduled time table (91.0%) mostly on daily basis (52.0%) individually (61.5)
during evening after coming back from lectures. Wastes are properly taken care of as a
majority (90.5%) have waste storage facilities by individual (65.00% ), in the form of
waste basket (58.0%). The bulk (45.5%) of waste generated is garbage waste and these
are majorly disposed off through burning (57.0%)
Mitigation of Poor Practice of Environmental Sanitation Exercise in the Study Area.

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In order to mitigate the problems and improve on poor practice of environmental

sanitation exercise in the study area efforts suggested include: residents must strictly

abide by stipulated environmental laws (MWV = 2.95) by obeying the environmental

sanitation laws (MWV = 2.89) and properly dispose wastes (MWV = 2.86). Other

suggestions include the provisioning of waste storage facilities by the three tiers of

government (MWV = 2.93) and effective implementation and monitoring of

environmental laws (MWV = 2.87) by AAUA student union.

5.3 Conclusion

It had been observed that the students in the study area despite all odds and rigour of

study, they still endeaviour to keep their hostels tidy. To keep abreast of this observation

and solve the problem of poor environmental sanitation exercise in the study area, the

following recommendations are made:

5.4 Recommendations

1. The Local Government should strengthen the available task force to carry out their

duties effectively in the study during environmental exercise

2. The AAUA student union and the community at large should set up a task force to

enforce environmental sanitation exercise for the residents

3. All hostels and houses in their surrounding must be ensured to have a waste bin/basket

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 APPENDIX 1

DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND PLANNING SCIENCES

FACULTY OF SOCIAL AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCE

ADEKUNLE AJASIN UNIVERSITY, AKUNGBA AKOKO , ONDO STATE

[Name: Okolo Joshua]

Field Officer

Dear Respondent,

This questionnaire is desired to obtain information about the analysis of student

participation in environmental sanitation in Akungba, Ondo State, Nigeria.

This questionnaire is purely for research purpose and all information obtained will be
treated with strict confidence. Your cooperation is highly appreciated.

SECTION A: SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTIC

1) Sex: (a) Male { } (b) Female { }

2) Age: (a) Less than 20 { } (b) 21-25 { } (c) 26-30 { } (d) 31-35 { } (e) above 40
years { }
3) Marital Status: (a) Single { } (b) Married { } (c) Separated { }
4) Level: (a) Pre-Degree { } (b) 100 { } (c) 200 { } (d) 300 { } (e) 400 { } (f) 500 { }
(g) 600 { }
5) Monthly Allowance: (a) below #10,000 { } (b) #10,000 - #20,000 { } (c) #20,000 -
#30,000 (d) above #30,000
SECTION B: ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION AWARENESS

1) Are you aware of environmental sanitation? Yes { } No { }

2) Have you been practicing environmental sanitation? Yes { } No { }
3) Is there a schedule table for sanitation in your hostel? Yes { } No { }
4) When do you observe sanitation in your hostel ? (a) Daily { } (b) Weekly { } (c)

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 Monthly { }
5) When is Time of sanitation? (a) Morning { }(b) Afternoon { } (c) Evening {}
6) How do you observe sanitation in your hostel? (a) Individually { } (b) In Groups {
} (c) Contract of Payment { }
SECTION C: WASTE STORAGE FACILITY/MANAGEMENT

1) Are waste storage facilities available in your hostel? Yes { } No { }

2) If Yes, who provided it? (a) Federal Government { } (b) State Government { } (c)
Local Government { } (d) Landlord { } (e) Others { }
3) What are the waste Storage Facilities available in your hostel? (a) Containers { }
(b) Polythene Bags { } (c) Baskets { } (d) Others { }
4) Categories of Waste Generated? (a) Garbage { } (b) Rubbish { } (c) Bulky Waste
{ } (d) others { }
5) Resident Waste Disposal Methods? (a) House to House Collection { } (b) Burning
{ } (c) Dumping in Open Space { } (d) Others { }
6) If you pay for waste management in your hostel, what’s the amount paid? ( )
SECTION D: HOW DO YOU AGREE WITH THE FOLLOWING STATEMENT

Mitigation of poor environmental sanitation Strongly Agree Strongly

Agree Disagree

The three tiers of government should make provision for waste

storage facilities
The government should ensure that all residents must strictly abide
by stipulated environmental laws.
All residents must ensure they have a proper waste disposal method
in their house
The student union organization should create a task force which will
serve as watchdog for the efficient implementation of the available
environmental laws
The government should strengthen the available task force to carry
out their duties effectively
The residents should always obey the stipulated laws on
environmental sanitation and all law breakers should be dealt with
appropriately
All residents must have a waste bin/basket irrespective of the house
type
The community should set up a task force that will make practice of
environmental sanitation compulsory for the residents.

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