BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 01

BY: AR. QUEENIE B. QUINTINITA

 MODULE 09
DOORS & WINDOWS

BY: AR. QUEENIE B. QUINTINITA

1. GLASS
Glass is a hard, brittle, chemically inert substance produced by
fusing silica together with a flux and a stabilizer into a mass that
cools to a rigid condition without crystallization. It is used in
building construction in various forms.
Foamed or cellular glass is used as rigid, vapor proof
thermal insulation.

Glass fibers are used in textiles and for material

reinforcement. In spun form, glass fibers form
glass wool, which is used for acoustical and
thermal insulation.

Glass block is used to control light transmission,

glare, and solar radiation.

Glass, however, is used most commonly to glaze

the window, sash and skylight openings of
buildings.
1. GLASS

The four major types of flat glass are the following:

Crown glass is an old form of window glass formed by

blowing and whirling a hollow sphere of glass into a flat,
circular disk with a center lump left by the worker’s rod.
1. GLASS
The four major types of flat glass are the following:

Sheet glass is fabricated by drawing the molten glass from a

furnace (drawn glass), or by forming a cylinder, dividing it
lengthwise, and flattening it (cylinder glass). The fire-
polished surfaces are not perfectly parallel, resulting in some
distortion of vision. To minimize this distortion, glass should
be glazed with the wave distortion running horizontally.
1. GLASS
The four major types of flat glass are the following:

Plate glass is formed by rolling molten glass into a plate that

is subsequently ground and polished after cooling. Plate
glass provides virtually clear, undistorted vision.
1. GLASS
The four major types of flat glass are the following:

Float glass is manufactured by pouring molten glass onto a

surface of molten tin and allowing it to cool slowly. The
resulting flat, parallel surfaces minimize distortion and
eliminate the need for grinding and polishing. Float glass is
the successor to plate glass and accounts for the majority of
flat-glass production.
1. GLASS
Other types of glass include the following:

• Annealed glass is cooled slowly to relieve internal

stresses.
1. GLASS
Other types of glass include the following:

• Heat-strengthened glass is annealed glass that is

partially tempered by a process of reheating and sudden
cooling. Heat-strengthened glass has about twice the
strength of annealed glass of the same thickness.
1. GLASS
Other types of glass include the following:

• Tempered glass is annealed glass that is reheated to just

below the softening point and then rapidly cooled to induce
compressive stresses in the surfaces and edges of the
glass and tensile stresses in the interior. Tempered glass
has three to five times the resistance of annealed glass to
impact and thermal stresses but cannot be altered after
fabrication. When fractured, it breaks into relatively
harmless pebble-sized particles.
1. GLASS
Other types of glass include the following:

• Laminated consists of two or more plies of flat glass

bonded under heat and pressure to interlayers of polyvinyl
butyral resin that retains the fragments if the glass is
broken. Security glass is laminated glass that has
exceptional tensile and impact strength.
1. GLASS …other types

• Wired glass is flat or patterned glass having a square or

diamond wire mesh embedded within it to prevent shattering
in the event of breakage or excessive heat. Wired glass is
considered a safety glazing material and may be used to
glaze fire doors and windows.
1. GLASS …other types

• Patterned glass has a linear or geometric surface pattern

formed in the rolling process to obscure vision or to diffuse
light.
1. GLASS …other types

• Obscure glass has one or both sides acid-etched or

sandblasted to obscure vision. Either process weakens the
glass and makes it difficult to clean.
1. GLASS …other types

• Spandrel glass is an opaque glass for concealing the

structural elements in curtain wall construction, produced by
fusing a ceramic frit to the interior surface of tempered or
heat-strengthened glass.
1. GLASS …other types
• Insulating glass is a glass unit consisting of two or more
sheets of glass separated by a hermetically sealed air space
to provide thermal insulation and restrict condensation; glass
edge units have a 3/16” (5) air space; metal edge units have
a ¼” or ½” (6 or 13) air space.
1. GLASS …other types
• Tinted or heat-absorbing glass has a chemical admixture
to absorb a portion of the radiant heat and visible light that
strike it. Iron oxide gives the glass a pale blue-green tint;
cobalt oxide and nickel impart a grayish tint; selenium
infuses a bronze tint.
1. GLASS …other types

• Reflective glass has a thin, translucent metallic

coating to reflect a portion of the light and radiant
heat that strike it. The coating may be applied to
one surface of single glazing, in between the
plies of laminated glass, or to the exterior or
interior surfaces of insulating glass.
1. INNOVATION GLASS
• Low-emissivity (low-e) glass
transmits visible light while
selectively reflecting the lo9nger
wavelengths of radiant heat,
produced by depositing a low-e
coating either on the glass itself or
over a transparent plastic film
suspended in the sealed air space
of insulating glass.
1. INNOVATION GLASS
PHOTOCHROMIC GLASS
This type of glass change color properties when sunlight (photon)
hits the surface of the glass.
1. INNOVATION GLASS
THERMOCHROMIC GLASS
Glass changes its color when the surface reaches the prescribed
temperature.
1. INNOVATION GLASS
HOLOGRAPHIC OPTICAL ELEMENTS (HOE)
 1. GLASS

Glass Product Type Nominal Thickness Maximum Area Weight

inch (mm) inches (mm) psf*

Sheet Glass AA, A, B SS 3/32 (2.4) 60 x 60 (1525 x 1525) 1.22

DS 1/8 (3.2) 60 x 80 (1525 x 2030) 1.63
Float or Plate Mirror ¼ (6.4) 75 sf (7 m2) 3.28 * Verify maximum sizes with
Glazing 1/8 (3.2) 74 x 120 (1880 x 3050) 1.64 glass manufacturer
¼ (6.4) 128 x 204 (3250 x 5180) 3.28
*Any glass 1/8” or thicker can
Heavy Float or Glazing 5/
16 (7.9) 124 x 200 (3150 x 5080) 4.10 be tempered, except for
Plate 3/8 (9.5) 124 x 200 (3150 x 5080) 4.92 patterned or wired glass;
½ (12.7) 120 x 200 (3050 x 5080) 6.54 tempered glass can also be
5/8 (15.9) 120 x 200 (3050 x 5080) 8.17 incorporated into insulating or
laminated glass units
¾ (19.1) 115 x 200 (2920 x 5080) 9.18
* Reflective coatings may be
7/8 (22.2) 115 x 200 (2920 x 5080) 11.45 applied to float, plate,
Patterned Glass Various 1/8 (3.2) 60 x 132 (1525 x 3355) 1.60 tempered, laminated or
patterns 7/32 (5.6) 60 x 132 (1525 x 3355) 2.40 insulating glass
Wired Glass Polished-mesh ¼ (6.4) 60 x 144 (1525 x 3660) 3.50
Patterned- ¼ (6.4) 60 x 144 (1525 x 3660) 3.50
mesh 7/32 (5.6) 54 x 120 (1370 x 3050) 2.82
Parallel wires ¼ (6.4) 60 x 144 (1525 x 3660) 3.50
3/8 (9.5) 60 x 144 (1525 x 3660) 4.45
Laminated Glass (2) 1/8” float ¼ (6.4) 72 x 120 (1830 x 3050) 3.30
Heavy float 3/8 (9.5) 72 x 120 (1830 x 3050) 4.80
½ (12.7) 72 x 120 (1830 x 3050) 6.35
5/8 (15.9) 72 x 120 (1830 x 3050) 8.00

*1 psf = 47.88 Pa
 1. GLASS

Glass Product Type Nominal Thickness Maximum Area Weight

inch (mm) inches (mm) psf*

Tinted Glassd Bronze 1/8 (3.2) 35 sf (3 m2) 1.64

Gray 3/16 (4.8) 120 x 144 (3050 x 3660) 2.45
* Solar energy transmission
¼ (6.4) 128 x 204 (3250 x 5180) 3.27 reduced 35% to 75%
3/8 (9.5) 124 x 200 (3150 x 5080) 4.90 •Visible light transmission
½ (12.7) 120 x 200 (3050 x 5080) 6.54 reduced 32% to 72%
1/8 (3.2) 35 sf (3 m2) 1.64
3/16 (4.8) 120 x 144 (3050 x 3660) 2.45
¼ (6.4) 128 x 204 (3250 x 5180) 3.27
3/8 (9.5) 124 x 200 (3150 x 5080) 4.90
1/2 (12.7) 120 x 200 (3050 x 5080) 6.54

Insulating Glass Glass edge units

(2) 3/32” sheets 3/16” air space 3/8 (9.5) 10 sf (0.9 m2) 2.40 * R-value = 1.61
(2) 1/8” sheets 3/16” air space 7/16 (11.1) 24 sf (2.2 m2) 3.20 * R-value = 1.61
Metal edge units * R-value = 1.72
(2) 1/8” ¼” air space ½ (12.7) 22 sf (2.0 m2) 3.27 * R-value = 2.04
Sheet, plate or float ½” air space ¾ (19.1) 22 sf (2.0 m2) 3.27 * R-values for units w/
(2) 3/16” ¼” air space 5/8 (15.9) 34 sf (3.2 m2) 4.90 ½” air space and low-e
Plate or float ½” air space 7/8 (22.2) 42 sf (3.8 m2) 4.90 coating:
(2) ¼” ¼” air space ¾ (19.1) 50 sf (4.6 m2) 6.54 e = 0.20, R = 3.13
Plate or float ½” air space 1 (25.4) 70 sf (6.5 m2) 6.54 e = 0.40, R = 2.63
e = 0.60, R = 2.33

*1 psf = 47.88 Pa
2. GLASS GLAZING
• Process / Stage:
1. Face Glazing
2. Wet Glazing

3. Dry Glazing
2. GLASS GLAZING
• Process / Stage:
4. Butt Joint Glazing

5. Glass Mullion
 3. WINDOWS
WINDOW COMPONENTS

Window Frame
Sash

Hardware
Casing

Pane

Sill/ Stool
 3. WINDOWS
WINDOW PARTS

Top Rail Window Frame

Sash

Meeting Stile Mullion

Pane
Bottom Rail
Sill/ Stool
3. WINDOWS
TYPES of WINDOWS ACCORDING TO OPERATION
1. Fixed. A window or sash of a window that does not
open for ventilation
3. WINDOWS
TYPES of WINDOWS ACCORDING TO OPERATION
2. Pivot. A window having a sash that rotates 90 degrees
or 180 degrees about a vertical or horizontal axis or near
its center
3. WINDOWS
TYPES of WINDOWS ACCORDING TO OPERATION
3. Casement. A window sash opening on hinges
generally attached to the upright side of its frame
3. WINDOWS
TYPES of WINDOWS ACCORDING TO OPERATION
4. Awning. A window having a one or more sashes
swinging outward on hinges generally attached on the top
of the frame
3. WINDOWS
TYPES of WINDOWS ACCORDING TO OPERATION
5. Hopper. A window having a one or more sashes
swinging inward on hinges generally attached on the
bottom.
3. WINDOWS
TYPES of WINDOWS ACCORDING TO OPERATION
6. Jalousie. A window having a horizontal glass or wood
louvers that pivot simultaneously in a common frame
used primarily in mild climates to control ventilation and
to cut off visibility from the outside.
3. WINDOWS
TYPES of WINDOWS ACCORDING TO OPERATION
7. Sliding. A window having two or more sashes of which
at least on slides along a horizontal grooves or tracks
3. WINDOWS
TYPES of WINDOWS ACCORDING TO OPERATION
8. Single Hung. A window having two or more sashes of
which at least on slides along a horizontal grooves or
tracks
3. WINDOWS
TYPES of WINDOWS ACCORDING TO OPERATION
9. Accordion.
3. WINDOWS
OTHER TYPES OF WINDOWS
10. Ribbon Window. A horizontal band of windows
separated only by mullions
3. WINDOWS
OTHER TYPES OF WINDOWS
11. Picture Window. A large usually fixed single pane
window placed to frame an attractive exterior view
3. WINDOWS
OTHER TYPES OF WINDOWS
12. Clerestory. A portion of an interior rising above
adjacent rooftops and having windows admitting daylight
to the interior.
3. WINDOWS
OTHER TYPES OF WINDOWS
13. Bay Window. A window or a series of windows
projecting outside from the main wall of the building and
forming a bay or a clove in a room within.
3. WINDOWS
OTHER TYPES OF WINDOWS
14. Dormer Window. A vertical window in a projection
built out from a sloping roof
3. WINDOWS
WINDOW FRAMES OPENING

1. Wood Frame

2. Steel Frame
3. WINDOWS
WINDOW FRAMES OPENING

3. Aluminum

4. UPVC
3. WINDOWS
WINDOW FRAMES MATERIALS

1. Steel Window

Flat Bar Square Bar Z-Bar

2. Aluminum
3. WINDOWS
WINDOW FRAMES MATERIALS

3. UPVC

Compression Gasket Cam Lock

4. Composite
4. DOORS
DOOR COMPONENTS

Door Frame

Door Panel

Door Opening

Door Hardwares

Door Casing
 4. DOORS
DOOR PARTS

Top Rail

Hinge Stile

Lock Rail

Muntin
Lock Stile

Meeting Stile
Bottom Rail
4. DOORS
DOOR FRAMES
1. Wood Frames

2. Steel Frame
4. DOORS
DOOR INSTALLATION
1. CONCRETE

10 dia

2” min Mortar/mass
4. DOORS
DOOR INSTALLATION
2. Steel

Strap

Welded

2” min Mortar/mass
4. DOORS
DOOR INSTALLATION
3. Wood

Wood

Wood glue
Nailed to wood glue
Titiktikan
Wood Peg

Wood glue
Titiktikan
Hole
Titiktikan
Expansion
bolt
4. DOORS
DOOR INSTALLATION
4. Drywall

Metal tracks

Screw/ Blind rivets

Blind rivets
Board
Metal studs
 4. DOORS
TYPES OF DOOR FRAME

1. Single Rabbet 3. Wrapped Around

2. Double Rabbet 4. Butt

 4. DOORS
TYPES OF DOOR FRAME

Sliding Door

Patch Fitting

“Dado” or
Canal

Pivot Hinge
4. DOORS
TYPES OF DOOR ACCORDING TO PANEL APPEARANCE

1. Panel Door 2. Panel Door

4. DOORS
TYPES OF DOOR PANEL & DOOR FRAME WOOD

Wooden Doors

Can not be wood Frame: Supa

Can be wood Frame:

Mahogany
Kamagong
Yakal
Molave
Narra
Guijo
Ipil
4. DOORS
TYPES OF DOOR PANEL & DOOR FRAME MATERIAL

1. Metal Doors
Steel
Galvanized Iron
Aluminum
Stainless
4. DOORS
TYPES OF DOOR PANEL & DOOR FRAME MATERIAL

2. Glass Doors
Frames
4. DOORS
TYPES OF DOOR PANEL & DOOR FRAME MATERIAL

2. Glass Doors
Frames
4. DOORS
TYPES OF DOOR PANEL & DOOR FRAME MATERIAL

2. Glass Doors
 4. DOORS
TYPES OF DOOR PANEL & DOOR FRAME MATERIAL

3. Plastic Doors

Acrylic

uPVC
Polycarbonate

Fiberglass
4. DOORS
TYPES OF DOOR PANEL & DOOR FRAME MATERIAL

4. Composite Doors

MDF/HDF/Chipboard

Metal Sheet

Insulation
4. DOORS
TYPES OF DOOR PANEL & DOOR FRAME MATERIAL

5. Phenolic Doors

MDF/HDF
Advantage: maximizes space easily
Disadvantage: too noisy
4. DOORS
TYPES OF DOOR PANEL & DOOR FRAME MATERIAL

6. MDF& HDF Doors

4. DOORS
TYPES OF DOOR PANEL & DOOR FRAME MATERIAL

7. Hollow Core Flush Doors

4. DOORS
TYPES OF DOORS ACCORDING TO BUILT

1. Frame Flush Door

2x2

½ x2

½ x2

2x2
4. DOORS
TYPES OF DOORS ACCORDING TO BUILT

2. Rail & Stile Doors or Panel Doors

Top Rail

Panel

Stile
Lock Rail

Bottom Rail
4. DOORS
TYPES OF DOORS ACCORDING TO BUILT

3. Batten Door
4. DOORS
TYPES OF DOORS ACCORDING TO BUILT

4. Fire Rated Door

Latch Set

Astragal

Intumescent
seal
4. DOORS
TYPES OF DOORS ACCORDING TO BUILT

4. Fire Rated Door

Door
Coordiantor

Pivot hinge

Magnetic
Door
Contact
4. DOORS
TYPES OF DOORS ACORDING TO OPERATION

Swing Out Tile Separation

4. DOORS
TYPES OF DOORS ACORDING TO OPERATION

No Final Swing Double Door Swing

 4. DOORS
TYPES OF DOORS ACORDING TO OPERATION

Double Swing Door Opposing Door

4. DOORS
TYPES OF DOOR PANEL & DOOR FRAME MATERIAL

Min: 4”
 4. DOORS
OTHER TYPES OF DOORS

Pivot Door Dutch Door

 4. DOORS
OTHER TYPES OF DOORS

Magnetic catch

Jib Door
 4. DOORS
OTHER TYPES OF DOORS

Tracks

Guides

Sliding Door
Tracks Guides
Wood Up Down
Steel Up Down
Aluminum Down Up
 4. DOORS
OTHER TYPES OF DOORS
Sliding Door:

Senepa/ Fascia

Bypass Door Door

 4. DOORS
OTHER TYPES OF DOORS
Sliding Door:

Door Handle: 1 ¼

Pocket Sliding 2”
 4. DOORS
OTHER TYPES OF DOORS

Mohaire

Folding Slide Door

4. DOORS
OTHER TYPES OF DOORS

Overhead Door
 4. DOORS
OTHER TYPES OF DOORS

Roll up Casing
G.A. #16

Roll-up Door Revolving Door

4. DOORS
OTHER TYPES OF DOORS

Automatic Doors
 5. HARDWARE
5.01 NAILS

Nails are straight, slender pieces of metal having one end pointed
and the other enlarged and flattened for hammering into wood or
other building materials as a fastener.
Material • Nails are usually of mild steel, but may also be of aluminum,
copper, bras, zinc or stainless less.
• Tempered, high-carbon steel nails are used for greater
strength in masonry applications.
• The type of metal used should be compatible with the
materials being secured to avoid loss of holding power and
prevent staining of the materials.
Length and • Nail lengths are designated by the term penny (d).
Diameter of • Nails range in length from 2d, about 1” (25) long, to 60d
the Shank about 6” (150) long
• Nail length should be about 3 x thickness of the material
being secured
• Large diameter nails are used for heavy work while lighter
nails are used for finish work; thinner nails are used for
hardwood rather than for softwood.
 5. HARDWARE
5.01 NAILS
Form of the • For greater gripping strength, nail shafts may be serrated,
Shank barbed, threaded, fluted or twisted.
• Nail shafts may be cement-coated fro greater resistance
to withdrawal, or be zinc-coated for corrosion resistance.
 5. HARDWARE
5.01 NAILS

Nail Heads • Flat heads provide the largest amount of contact area and
are used when exposure of the heads is acceptable.
• The heads of finish nails are only slightly larger than the
shaft and may be tapered or cupped.
• Double-headed nails are used for easy removal in
temporary construction and concrete formwork
 5. HARDWARE
5.01 NAILS

Nail Points • Most nails have diamond-shaped points.

• Sharp-pointed nails have greater holding strength but
may tend split some woods; blunt points should be
used for easily split woods.
 2. HARDWARE
2.01 NAILS

Power-Driven • Pneumatic nailers and

Fasteners staplers, driven by a
compressor, are capable of
fastening materials to wood,
steel or concrete.
• Powder-driven fasteners
use gunpowder charges to
drive a variety of studs into
concrete or steel.
2. HARDWARE
2.02 SCREWS

Screws are metal fasteners having tapered, helically threaded

shanks and slotted heads, designed to be driven into wood or the
like by turning, as with a screwdriver. Because of their threaded
shafts, screws have greater holding power than nails, and are
more easily removable. The more threads they have per inch,
the greater their gripping strength. Screws are classified by use,
type of head, material, length and diameter.
• Material: steel, brass, aluminum, bronze,
stainless steel
• Lengths: ½” to 6” (13 to 150)
• Diameters: up to 24 gauge
2. HARDWARE
2.02 SCREWS

The length of a wood screw should be about 1/8” (3) less than
the combined thickness of the boards being joined, with ½ to 2/3
of the screw’s length penetrating the base material. Fine-
threaded screws are generally used for hardwoods while
coarse-threaded ones are used for softwoods.
Holes for screws should be predrilled and be equal to the base
diameter of the threads. Some screws, such as self-tapping
and drywall screws, are designed to tap corresponding female
threads as they are driven.
2. HARDWARE
2.03 BOLTS

Bolts are threaded metal pins or rods, usually having a head at

one end, designed to be inserted through holes in assembled
parts and secured by a mating nut. Carriage bolts are used
where the head may be inaccessible to the placement of a nut or
where an exceptionally long bolt would be needed to penetrate a
joint fully.

• Lengths: ¾” to 30”
(75 to 760)
• Diameters: ¼” to
1-¼” (6 to 32)
2. HARDWARE
2.03 BOLTS
• Washers are perforated disks of metal, rubber or plastic
used under the head of a nut or bolt or at a joint to distribute
pressure, prevent leakage, relieve friction or insulate
incompatible materials.
• Lock washers are specially constructed to prevent a nut
from shaking loose
• Load-indicating washers have small projections that are
progressively flattened as a bolt is tightened, the gap
between the head or nut and the washer indicating the
tension in the bolt.
2. HARDWARE
2.03 BOLTS
• Expansion bolts are anchor bolts having a
split casing that expands mechanically to
engage the sides of a hole drilled in
masonry or concrete.
• Molly is a trademark for a brand of
expansion bolt having a split, sleevelike
sheath threaded so that turning the bolt
draws the ends of the sheath together and
spreads the sides to engage a hole drilled
in masonry or the inner surface of a hollow
wall.
• Expansions shields are lead or plastic
sleeves inserted into a predrilled hole and
expanded by driving a bolt or screw into it.
• Toggle bolts are used to fasten materials to
plaster, gypsum board and other thin wall
materials. They have two hinged wings that
close against a spring when passing through
a predrilled hole and open as they emerge
to engage the inner surface of a hollow wall.
2. HARDWARE
2.03 BOLTS
• Rivets are metal pins that are used for permanently joining
two or more structural steel members by passing a headed
shank through a hole in each piece and hammering down
the plain end to form a second head. Their use has been
largely superseded by the less labor-intensive techniques
of bolting or welding.

• Explosive rivets, used when a joint is accessible from

one side only, have an explosive-filled shank that is
detonated by striking the head with a hammer to
expand the shank on the far side of the hole.
2. HARDWARE
2.04 ADHESIVES
Adhesives are sued to secure the surfaces of two materials
together. Numerous types of adhesives are available, many of
them being tailor-made for use with specific materials and under
specified conditions. They may be supplied in the form of a solid,
liquid, powder or film; some require a catalyst to activate their
adhesive properties. Always follow the manufacturer’s
recommendations in the use of an adhesive. Important
considerations in the selection of an adhesive include:
• Strength: Adhesives are usually strongest in resisting tensile
and shear stresses and weakest in resisting cleavage or
splitting stresses.
• Curing or setting time: This ranges from immediate bonding to
curing times of up to several days.
• Setting temperature range: Some adhesives will set at room
temperature while others require baking at elevated
temperatures.
• Method of bonding: Some adhesives bond on contact while
others require clamping or higher pressures.
• Characteristics: Adhesives vary in their resistance to water,
heat, sunlight and chemicals as well as their aging properties.
2. HARDWARE
2.04 ADHESIVES

Common types of adhesives:

• Animal or fish glues are primarily for indoor use where
temperature and humidity do not vary greatly; they may be
weakened by exposure to heat or moisture.
• White or polyvinyl glue sets quickly, does not stain and is
slightly resilient.
• Epoxy resins are extremely strong, waterproof and may be
used to secure both porous and nonporous materials; they
may dissolve some plastics. Unlike other adhesives, epoxy
glues will set at low temperatures and under wet conditions.
• Resorcin resins are strong, waterproof and durable for
outdoor use, but they are flammable and their dark color may
show through paint.
• Contact cement forms a bond on contact and therefore does
not require clamping. It is generally used to secure large sheet
materials such as plastic laminate.
 References:

https://archive.org/details/FrancisD.K.ChingBuilding
ConstructionIllustratedWiley2014_201606/page/n433/
mode/2up
http://arki-reviewer.weebly.com/building-materials--
building-tech.html
Building Construction Illustrated - D.K. Ching
CDEP Review Center Notes, 2018
 END OF MODULE 09

BY: AR. QUEENIE B. QUINTINITA