1.

To prepare a temporary mount of a leaf peel to show

stomata

Aim

To prepare a temporary mount of a leaf peel to show stomata.

Materials Required
Lily leaf, Watch glass, Slide, Cover slip, Safranin solution,
Glycerine, Forceps, Dropper, Scissors or Blade, Petri Dish, Filter
Paper, Distilled water, Brush, Compound microscope
Procedure

Step 1: A lily leaf is taken and simply fold in the centre which gets
broken into two pieces.
Step 2: One leaf piece is gently pulled and we got a transparent
leaf peel.
Step 3: The leaf peel of lower epidermis is taken and cut with
scissors or a blade into small pieces. These pieces transferred
with the help of paintbrush into a petri dish containing water. (Do
not keep them without water. They will dry)
Step 4: A piece of leaf peel is selected and transferred into
another watch glass containing dilute solution of safranin (a red
stain).
Step 5: With the help of paintbrush specimen is transferred back
into first water containing petridish/watch glass to remove excess
of stain.
Step 6: Specimen is transferred to slide with the help of brush.
Step 7: A drop of glycerine is put on the peel and it is covered
carefully with a cover slip by using needle to avoid air bubbles.
Excess glycerine is removed with help of a filter paper.
Step 8: The leaf peel is observed under low power of microscope.
Step 9: For inner details, again the leaf peel is observed under
high power (45x) of microscope.

Observation
1. A horizontal row of cells is seen.
2. The cells may be irregular or rectangular in shape, depending
upon the leaf used for leaf peeling.
3. At certain places stomata are seen.
4. Each stoma is guarded by a pair of bean shaped cells that are
guard cells.
5. The central pores/apertures are called stomata.
6. Inner wall of guard cell is thicker than the outer wall.
Precautions
1. The epidermal peel should be taken from a freshly-plucked leaf.
2. Take the epidermal layer from the lower surface of a leaf, as it
has more stomata.
3. Always use a clean glass slide.
2. To show experimentally that carbon dioxide is given out
during respiration:

Aim
To show experimentally that carbon dioxide is given out during
respiration.
Materials Required
Germinating gram seeds, KOH solution, petroleum jelly, a conical
flask, (100 mL), a beaker (250 mL), a single-bore cork, a clean
delivery (bent) tube, a small test tube, a piece of thread, and a
measuring scale.
Procedure
Step 1: About fourty germinating seeds are taken in a conical
flask.
Step 2: The cork to the mouth of the conical flask is fixed and with
the help of a thread, the tube is suspended containing KOH
solution.
 Step 3: One end of a clean delivery tube is inserted in the conical
flask through the cork. The other end of the delivery tube is
dipped in a beaker filled with water as shown. The water level
inside the delivery tube rises at the end dipped in the water due
to capillary action which is marked. This is the initial reading (h1)
of water level in the delivery tube.
Step 4: The conical flask is made air-tight by applying a thin
smear of petroleum jelly so that the gas evolved during the
process of respiration by the germinating seeds does not leak out.
Step 5: This set-up is kept undisturbed for about forty five
minutes in the bright sunlight.
Step 6: The final water level (h2) in the delivery tube is marked
and recorded.

Observation
After two hours, the level of water has risen in the delivery tube
at the end dipped in the beaker of water.
Precautions
1. Ensure that the experimental set-up is air-tight.
2. KOH is corrosive. Handle it carefully.
3. Studying (a) binary fission in Amoeba, and (b) budding in yeast and
Hydra with the help of prepared slides.
(A) Binary Fission in Amoeba
 This is a type of asexual reproduction in which two daughter cells (or two individuals) are formed from
a single parent.
 Parent cell becomes elongated.
 Nucleus divides first and then the cytoplasm divides.
 At the point of fission, construction appears and deepens to divide the cell into two daughter cells.
B) Budding in hydra

(C) Budding in Yeast:

1. In this type of asexual reproduction, a small protuberance or outgrowth arises from the
parent body called bud.
2. Nucleus divides to form two daughter nuclei, of which one passes into the bud.
3. The bud now detaches from the parent body and grows independently as a new individual or may
remain attached to parent body, forming chain of cells.
4. Parental identity is not lost.

4.To identify the different parts of an embryo of a dicot seed:

Identification:
The displayed specimen is to identify the different parts of embryo in a dicot
seed.
Comments:
1. The embryo consists of two large, white and kidney-shaped cotyledons.
2. The cotyledons are attached laterally to the curved embryonal axis.
3. Radicle is the lower end of embryonal axis.
4. Plumule is the upper end of embryonal axis.

5. To prepare stained temporary mounts of onion peel:

Aim

To prepare a stained, temporary mount of onion peel and to study

its cells.

Materials Required

An onion bulb, slides, cover slips, two watch glasses, needle,

brush, forceps, razor blade, compound microscope, blotting
paper, methylene blue solution (or safranin), glycerine, and water.

Procedure

Step 1: One fleshy scale leaf of an onion is taken. It is broken into

two and a thin membranous peel is pulled out using a forcep
adhering to the inner surface of the leaf. This is the epidermal
peel.
Step 2: The peel is placed in a watch glass containing water and is
cut into small rectangular pieces.
Step 3: 1 or 2 drops of methylene blue or safrarin is mixed in a
small quantity of water taken in another watch glass. The peel is
transfered into it. Peels are leave for about 3 minutes. The peel is
dipped in water to remove excess stain.
Step 4: Clean slide is taken with a drop of glycerine in the middle
and a brush is used to transfer the washed and stained peel on to
it.
Step 5: Cover slip is placed over it by slowly lowering it with a
needle. Avoid entry of air bubbles.
Step 6: Excess glycerine is removed from the edges of cover slip
with the help of a piece of blotting paper.
Step 7: The slide is observed under the microscope, first in low
power and then in high power.
Step 8: A labelled diagram of the cells is drawn as seen under
microscope.
 Precautions
1. Staining of the peel must be appropriate. Excess stain can be
removed by rinsing the peel with water taken in a watch glass.

2. Use a brush to transfer the peel on to the slide.

3. While placing the cover slip care should be taken to avoid air
bubbles.

AIM:- identification of parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma tissues

in plants.
I. Parenchyma
These tissue cells are isodiametric.
Cells have inter-cellular spaces in between them.
Parenchymatous cells possess a large central vacuole and peripheral
cytoplasm with the nucleus.
These are commonly present in the soft parts of plants like roots, flowers,
leaves, etc.
The function of parenchymatous cells is storage, photosynthesis, etc.
2.CoIIenchyma

 collenchymatous cells are somewhat oval to elongated.

 Every cell contains large vacuoles and peripheral cytoplasm with a
prominent nucleus.
 The corner of cells is thick and thickening comprising cellulose and pectin.
 Intercellular space is not present in these cells.
 Mainly it provides mechanical strength.
 3. Sclerenchyma

 Sclerenchyma tissue cells are dead and these possess highly thick walls.
Thickenings comprise lignin.
 These are two types of cells:- 1) fibers which have elongated cells with
tapering ends and 2) sclereids, these are roughly isodiametric cells and
have narrow cavities. these are called stone cells.
 Sclerenchyma's main function is to give support and mechanical strength to
the plant.

AIM 2:- To identify striped, smooth, and cardiac muscle fibers and
nerve cells in animals from prepared slides.
1. Striped or Skeletal Muscles

 These are also known as striated and these are cylindrical, elongated, and
enclosed in a membrane called sarcolemma.
 These muscle cells are multi-nucleated and the presence of light and dark
bands gives a striped appearance to it.
 These are attached to the skeleton of the body and these are also
voluntary muscles.

2. Smooth Muscles

 These are also known as Non- striated muscles.

 These cells have spindle shapes and the nucleus is present in the center.
 These muscles don't have striations( i.e., no light and dark bands).
 These are involuntary muscles and are commonly found in alimentary
canals and blood vessels.

3. Cardiac Muscles

 These muscle cells are long, branched, and uninucleated.

 Intercalated discs are present and these also show the alternate light and
dark bands.
 Muscles are involuntary and also responsible for rhythmic contraction and
relaxation of the heart.
 Cardiac muscles are mainly present in the heart walls.
 4. NERVE CELL

 These cells are made up of a cell body or cyton with only one nucleus and
cytoplasm.
 Dendrons are parts that consist of small cytoplasmic projections that arise
from cyton. Dendrons are further divided into dendrites.
 Long cytoplasmic projection generated from the cell body is known as an
axon
 Axon may have myelin sheath over them. these are known as a myelinated
nerve fibers.
 These cells help in the conduction of nerve impulses.