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Probability Distributions 230911 132616

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11 views9 pages

Probability Distributions 230911 132616

Uploaded by

Nitin
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Theoretical Probability Distributions

When the random variable X is associated with


the corresponding probability function P(x) then its
spread is called Probability Distributions.

Probability Distributions

Discrete Continuous

*Binomial Distribution
*Normal Distribution
*Poisson Distribution
Binomial Distribution:
 It is a discrete probability distribution of obtaining
exactly x success out of n Bernoulli trials where the
result of each Bernoulli trial is true with probability p
and fails with probability q = 1 – p.
 The Binomial distribution has a Probability Mass
function given by 𝑷 𝑿=𝒙 =
𝒏 𝒙 𝒏−𝒙
𝒙
𝒑 𝒒 ; 𝒙 = 𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐, … … . . 𝒏 Where 𝒙 =
𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝑺𝒖𝒄𝒄𝒆𝒔𝒔
𝒑 = 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒃𝒂𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝑺𝒖𝒄𝒄𝒆𝒔𝒔
𝒒 = 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒃𝒂𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝒇𝒂𝒊𝒍𝒖𝒓𝒆 = 𝟏 − 𝒑
𝒏 = 𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒑𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒍𝒔
Properties of Binomial Distribution
 It is a discrete probability Distribution.
 Any random variable following a binomial distribution is a
binomial variate.
 The shape of the binomial distribution curve depends upon the
values of n and p because n and p are the parameters of Binomial
distribution.
 The mean and mode are equal if np is an integer.
 If n is quite large and neither p nor q is too close to zero then the
binomial distribution approaches to Normal distribution.
 If p is very small and n is large and np is finite then the binomial
distribution tends to Poisson distribution.
 Mean of the binomial distribution is np and variance of the
distribution is npq. And standard deviation is equal to √𝒏𝒑𝒒
Poisson Distribution:
 It is a discrete probability distribution used in the
context of those problems in which the probability of
occurrence of an event is very small (almost equal to
zero) and hence the probability of non – occurrence
of an event is very near to one.
 The value of the random variable takes the values
between 0 and ∞.
 This distribution is based on rare events.
 The probability function of the Poisson variate x is
given by
𝒆−𝝀 𝝀𝒙
𝑷 𝑿=𝒙 = ; 𝒙 = 𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐, … … . .
𝒙!
Properties of Poisson Distribution

 It is a discrete probability distribution.


 The only parameter of Poisson distribution is 𝝀.
 Mean of this distribution is 𝝀.
 Variance of this distribution is also 𝝀. Hence Mean =
Variance in Poisson distribution.
 It is a limiting case of binomial distribution.
 Binomial distribution approaches to Poisson
distribution if n is large, p is small such that np is finite
(ie.,) 𝑝 → 0, 𝑛 → ∞, 𝑛𝑝 = 𝜆.
 Mode of Poisson distribution is 𝝀.
Applications of Poisson distribution
 The number of deaths per day in a certain city due to a
specific disease such as heart attack
 The number of defective pendrives in a lot of 100
 The number of printing mistakes per page in a book
Normal Distribution
 Normal Distribution is the most popular and commonly
used continuous distribution.

 A continuous random variable X is said to follow a


normal distribution if and only if the pdf is given by

𝟏 𝒙−𝝁 𝟐
𝟏 −
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒆 𝟐 𝝈 ; −∞ ≤ 𝒙 ≤ ∞
𝝈 𝟐𝝅
Properties of Normal Distribution
 It is a continuous distribution.
 The curve is bell shaped and symmetrical about the line
𝑿 = 𝝁.
 The parameters of normal distribution are 𝝁 and 𝝈.
 For a normal distribution mean, median and mode
coincides. (i.e) Mean = Median = Mode.
 For this distribution Skewness = 0 and Kurtosis = 3.
 There is only one maximum point at 𝒙 = 𝝁. Thus
normal distribution is a single peaked distribution and
unimodal distribution.
 The points of inflection occurs at 𝒙 = 𝝁 ± 𝝈 points of
inflection are those points on the curve where the
curvature changes its direction.
Importance of normal
distribution
 Many discrete probability distributions such as
Binomial, Poisson distribution etc tend to normal
distribution as the number of trails increases.

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