ADVENT OF EUROPEAN INVASION The Impact of Portuguese Presence

Sources of Modern India Perfected a pattern of Battle of Chaul (1508) -

Indian rulers remained divided and
Written Sources controlling the Indian Ocean Portuguese was Defeated -
Europeans took advantage of it.
Archives trade through a combination Francisco’s son was Killed
Gun powder and superior artillery played a
Material Sources of political aggressiveness Battle of Diu (1509) -
significant role.
and naval superiority Portuguese Defeated Gujarat,
Portuguese could contain the monopolistic
Egypt and Turkey - Established
Advent of the Europeans Portuguese in India trade of the Arabs.
as Naval power in India
Capture of Constantinople by But it did not really help them. Instead, it
29 October 1502 Gama visited
the Turks in A.D (CE) 1453, the Alfonso de Albuquerque benefited the British who removed pirates on
Calicut for the second time with
land route between India and (1509-1515) the sea routes and made the sea voyage safe.
20 vessels.
Europe was closed. Marriages between Europeans and Indians -
Gama moved from Calicut to Real founder of the Portuguese
Prince Henry of Portugal created a new Eurasian racial group.
Cochin as its harbor was better. power in India.
(Navigator) - encouraged his Catholic Religion spread in India.
Soon realized that the Defeated Yusuf Adil Khan, the
countrymen - adventurous Mylapore was the Portuguese ‘Black Town’.
monopolistic trade of the Arabs ruler of Bijapur in 1510 and
life of exploring World. (Black Town of the British period was George
needed to be broken if European captured Goa.
Bartholomew Diaz, a Town).
trade was to thrive. Ddeveloped Goa into a centre
Portuguese sailor reached the Portuguese threatened disruption of trade
Used the enmity between the two of commerce.
southern-most point of Africa by violence unless their protection, cartaz,
Hindu rulers of Cochin and Attacked the Arabs and was
in 1487. was bought.
Calicut for this purpose. successful in taking Aden.
Vasco da Gama, reached the Under the cartaz system, the Portuguese
He established a factory 1515 - established the
southern-most point of Africa exacted money from the traders as price for
[warehouse] in Cochin and a Portuguese authority over
continued his journey to protection against what they termed as
prison at Kannur. Ormuz in Persian Gulf.
Mozambique - sailed to India. piracy.
Encouraged the marriages of
In A.D (CE) 1498, he reached Francisco de Almeida (1505-1509) Printing Press - Est. in 1556
the Portuguese with Indian
Calicut - cordially received by 1505, Francisco de Almeida - first women. Dutch in India
King Zamorin, the ruler of Viceroy for the Portuguese Attempted to stop the practice First Dutch expedition to the South East Asia
Calicut. possessions in India. of Sati. was in 1595 by a trader (Jan Huyghen)
Second Portuguese navigator, Aim of developing the naval
Nino de Cunha (1529-1538) Created a Dutch East India company in 1602
Pedro Alvares Cabral, sailed power of the Portuguese in India.
[United East Indies Company]
towards India - with 13 ships His policy was known as the “Blue Moved capital from Cochin to
Founded their first factory in Masulipatnam,
and a few hundred soldiers in Water Policy”. Goa in 1530.
(Andhra Pradesh) in 1605.
1500. Portuguese tried to break the 1534, he acquired Bassein from
Captured Amboyna from the Portuguese in 1605
Vasco da Gama came to India Arab's monopoly on Indian Ocean Bahadur Shah of Gujarat.
and established its supremacy in the Spice
for the second time in 1501 trade, it negatively impacted on In 1537, the Portuguese
Islands.
with 20 ships and founded a the trade interests of Egypt and occupied Diu.
Captured Nagapattinam near Madras from the
trading centre at Cannanore. Turkey.
Antonio de Noronha Portuguese and made this place as their strong
Established factories at Sultans of Bijapur and Gujarat
(1761-1763) hold in South India.
Calicut and Cochin. were also apprehensive of the
Pullicat - 1st headquarters - Shifted it to
1503 - Battle of Calicut (King expansion of Portuguese control Mughal ruler Akbar visited
Nagapattinam in 1690.
Zamorin Vs Portuguese) - King of ports which led to an alliance Cambay in Gujarat and the first
Indian commodities traded - silk, cotton, indigo,
Zamorin Defeated between Egypt, Turkey and contacts between the
rice and opium.
Cochin Became 1st Head Gujarat against Portuguese Portuguese and the Mughal
Monopolized the trade in black pepper and
Quarters of Portuguese invaders. emperor established.
other spices.
Invasion.
 Important factories in India were Pullicat, Danes in India
Surat, Chinsura, Kasim bazaar, Patna, Within a year the French established another factory at
Denmark and Norway (together till 1813) possessed
Nagapattinam, Balasore and Cochin. Masulipatnam.
colonial settlements in India
Dutch killed ten English traders and nine The French were able to remove the Dutch from San
Possessions In India - Tarangambadi or Tranquebar in
Javanese in Amboyna - Accelerated the Thome in Mylapore in 1672.
TN, Serampore in West Bengal and Nicobar Islands
rivalry between the two Europeans Pondicherry in 1673 was a small fishing village. Francis
March 17, 1616 the King of Denmark, Christian IV,
companies. Martin - Governor of Pondicherry made Pondicherry
issued a charter - created Danish East India Company
Final collapse came with their defeat by the the strategic centre of French settlements in India.
- did not get any positive response from the Danish
English in the Battle of Bedara in 1759. 1672 France and Holland were continuously at war.
traders.
The Dutch lost their settlements one by one Dutch could capture Pondicherry easily in 1693.
First expedition to Ceylon in 1618 - No Trade
to the English and was completely wiped 1697, according to the treaty of Ryswick, Pondicherry
Contract
out by the year 1795. was once again restored to the French. handed over
While returning in disappointment - main vessel was
only in 1699.
Dutch in TN sunk by the Portuguese at Karaikkal. 13 sailors with
The French secured Mahe in 1725 and Karaikal in 1739.
trade director Robert Crappe taken to the Nayak
Dutch Captured Pullicat in 1609 - Strong Extended settlements in Qasim Bazaar, Chandannagar
ruler of Thanjavur.
Hold of Portuguese. and Balasore in the Bengal region.
Robert Crappe negotiated with the Thanjavur King
Built the Castle Geldria - once the seat of influence of the French - present day Pondicherry,
and struck an agreement.
Dutch power. Mahe, Karaikkal, and Chandannagar.
Signed on 20 November 1620, the Danes received
Established control of Masulipatnam in
the village of Tarangambadi or Tranquebar and the British in Bengal
1605.
right to construct a Fort there. Fort - Still Intact.
Possessions - Nagapattinam, Punnakayal, Long-drawn struggle for the British to obtain trading
Set up a factory at Masulipatnam. Small trading
Porto Novo, Cuddalore rights.
posts at Pipli (Hoogly River) and Balasore.
(Thiruppathiripuliyur) and Obtained trading privileges from Shah Shuja, the
After King Christian IV death in 1648 his son
Devanampatinam. second son of Shajahan and the Governor of Bengal but
Frederick abolished Danish East India Company.
Pullicat - Coromandel headquarters of the no royal confirmation of such privileges.
Second Danish East India Company was started in
Dutch East India Company. The trading rights for the British in Bengal - Obt.in 1680.
1696.
Diamonds - exported from Pullicat to the Local officials interfered with the trading rights of the
Settled in Andaman and Nicobar in 1755, but due to
western countries. British - declaring war with the ruler representing the
the threat of malaria they abandoned it in 1848.
Nutmeg, cloves, and mace too were sent Mughals.
During the Napoleonic wars, the British caused heavy
from here to Europe. Peace was restored in 1690 - Company established its
damage to their possessions. Serampore was sold to
A gun powder factory was also set up by first settlement at Sutanuti - which became the future
the British in 1839 and Tranquebar and other
the Dutch to augment their military power. Calcutta.
settlements in 1845.
Involved in Slave Trade - People from The factory was fortified in 1696 and in 1698 the
Bengal and from settlements such as French in India Company secured the zamindari rights over three
Thengapattanam and Karaikal were brought French East India Company, established in 1664. villages, Sutanuti, Kalikata and Gobindpur in return for a
to Pullicat. The French traders arrived in Madagascar (in Africa) payment of 1200 rupees a year.
The Dutch employed brokers at Madras for in 1602. Though the French colonized Madagascar, The fortified factory was called Fort St. William which
catching and shipping slaves. they had to abandon it in 1674, excepting a small became the headquarters of the Presidency in 1770.
Famines, droughts and war that resulted in coastal trading post.
food shortage led to the flourishing of the First French factory was established at Surat in
slave trade. December 1668, much against the opposition of the
Dutch.