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Infinite Series

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Infinite Series

Infinite

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BK_2004
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Infinite Series 9.1, SEQUENCE A.sequence is a funetion whose domain is the set N of all natural numbers whereas the range may be any set 8. In other words, a sequence in a set § is a rule which assigns to each natural number a unique element of S. 9.2, REAL SEQUENCE A real sequence is a function whose domain is the set N of all natural numbers and range a subset of the set R of real numbers. Symbolically f:N—R (orx:N—+Rora:N— R)isa real sequence. Note. If : NR be a sequence, the image of n © N instead of denoting it by xin), we shall xenerally denote it by x,, Thus x), x) %, ete. are the real numbers associated to 1, 2,3, ete. by this ‘mapping. Also, the sequence x: N'~» Ris denoted by (x,) or {ry Sy, on are called the frst, second... terms ofthe sequence. The m'* and n'* terms-x,, ands, form +n ave treated as distinct event ifs,, =x, ie, the terms occurring at different positions are treated as distinct terms even if they have the same value. 9.3, RANGE OF A SEQUENCE ‘The set of all distinet terms of a sequence is called its range. Note. In a sequence {x,], since n € Nand N is an infinite set, the number of terms of sequence is always infinite! The range of a sequence may be a finite set, eg. if'x, =(— 1" then LDA ad ‘The range of sequence (x, 1, 1] whieh is a finite set 9.4. CONSTANT SEQUENCE A sequence [x,] defined byx,=ce Ry n€ Niscalled a constant sequence. 8 rg] =l6, ¢, ¢; nnd 48 a constant sequence with rang 9.5, BOUNDED AND UNBOUNDED SEQUENCES Bounded above sequence. A sequence (a, is said to be bounded above if a real number K suchthat —a,sK WneN. Bounded below sequence. A sequence {a} is said to be bounded below if a real number K suchthat a,>k VneN. Bounded sequence. A sequence (a, is said to be bounded when it is bounded both above and below. 549 550 ATEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS = A sequence (a,] is bounded if 3 two real numbers k and K(k < K) such that kea,1, ¥ ne N, 3noreal number K such that a, < K. The sequence is unbounded above, 9.6. CONVERGENT, DIVERGENT AND OSCILLATING SEQUENCES Convergent sequence. A sequence |a,) is said to be convergent if Lt 4, is finite, For example, consider the sequence Here 4, = Se lt a,= Lt 2 =0, which is finite, ne gaa Bm > The sequence la, is convergent. Divergent sequence. A sequence {a,] is said to be divergent if Lt a, isnot finite, ie., Lt_a,=+=0r-=. For example (@ Consider the sequence [n?} Here a,=n?, Lt a,=+e — The sequence (n"| is divergent, (ii) Consider the sequence |~ 2"), Here =2", Lt a, = Lt 29) = The sequence {- 2"] is divergent, Oscillatory sequence. If » sequence (a,] neither converges to a finite number nor diverges to + © or ~ «, it is called an oscillatory sequence. Oscillatory sequences are of two types (@1 A bounded sequence which does not converge is said to oscillate finitely. For example, consider the sequence {(~ 1)") Here @,=C1" INFINITE SERIES 551 It is a bounded sequence. Lt a,,= Lt (-1)%=1 Lt ag, = Lt C12 2-1 ‘Thus Lt a, does not exist = the sequence does not converge. Hence this sequence oscillates fi itely. (ii) An unbounded sequence which does not diverge is said to oscillate infinitely. For example, consider the sequence {(— 1Y" n}, Here q,=(-1P a. It is an unbounded sequence. Lt a,,= Lt C0" .9n= Lt n= 40 Le a,,.,= Lt (D1 ane I= Lt Qs 1)= ‘Thus the sequence does not diverge. Hence this sequence oscillates infinitely. Note. When we say Lt_a,=/,itmeans Lt a,,= Lt a,,, =f Similasly, Lt a,=+emeans Lt ay,= Lt ay 9.7, MONOTONIC SEQUENCES (i) A sequence [a,| is said to be monotonically increasing if ,,,2a, V neN. ie, if 4, $0, £05 one £0, £04415 (ii) A sequence [a,) is said to be monotonically decreasing if a,.,...24, 24, (iti) A sequence [a,) is said to be monotoni monotonically decreasing. (fv) A sequence (c,] is said to be strictly monotonically increasing if ara, ¥ nen, (v) A sequence (c, is said to be strictly monotonically decreasing if asa, ¥ neN, (vi) A sequence a, is said to be strictly monotonic ifit is either strietly monotonically increasing or strictly monotonically deereasing. ent if it is either monotonically increasing or 9.8. LIMIT OF A SEQUENCE A sequence {a,] is said to approach the limit ! (say) when n — ©, integer m (depending upon e) such that |a,—1|0,3.a+ve Note. |a,-1| 0,3 a + ve integer m, such that 552 TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS Ja,-l] 1, anda,<¢,Sby Vn, then, 91, (Squeeze Principle) ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES Example 1. Give an example ofa monotonic increasing sequence which is (i) convergent, (ii) divergent. 123 n Sol. (i) Consider the sequence 2,2, 3. 234 ned since 1 <2<3 1e sequence is monotonic increasin, Sine 5<3<7 the seq rte crea! * ae Beem gaeborel which is finite ‘The sequence is convergent. INFINETE SERIES 553 (ii) Consider the sequence 1, 2, 3, ....M, Since 1<2< 3 <...., the sequence is monotonic increasing, Lt 4,5 Ltn=@ ‘The sequence diverges to + <=, Example 2. Give an example of a monotonie decreasing sequence which is convergent, (it) divergent. re! Sol. i) Consider the sequence 1,4,4,......2, “a ren Since 1 > $> 7 > nna the sequence is monotonic decreasing, AS spe th 2, ‘The sequence converges to 0. (ié) Consider the sequence ~ 1,~2,~3, som. —m, Since ~ 1 >-2>—3> ..., the sequence is monotonic decreasing, a,=—m, Lt a= Lt Cn) =-= The sequence diverges to ~~. Example 3. Discuss the convergence of the sequence {a,) where n+l n 1,1 z wa, ia, = 145 + yet toe Sol. () Also a, = (a,) is bounded below by 1, (a, is decreasing and bounded below, it is convergent. Lt a,= Lt (ued}=a i 2 s m+ ag 2 Mth (24 Vin? + = nin? + 2n +2) msn GDP eA weed in? sn 2Kn™ +) nth — 0 vn = ay 0, Vm, then ‘of positive terms. 9.13, ALTERNATING SERIES ‘A series in which the terms are alternate positive and negative is called an alternating series. Thus, the series ¥ (~ 1) yy Hg gt one DP y+ ey Where us, > 0 Y nis an alternating series 9.14, PARTIAL SUMS TPE, = Uy + Uy + Hey bonne +e, + oon is an infinite series, where the terms may be + ve or—ve, then’ sum of £u,. Thus, the n'® partial sum of (Spat Fly + os + ty is called the 2 par an infinite series is the sum’of its first n terms. INFINITE SERIES 555 S,, 8, Sy...» are the first, second, third, ... partial sums of the series, Since n € N, {S,} is a sequence called the sequence of partial sums of the infinite series Bu, To every infinite series Iu, there corresponds a sequence (S,} of its partial sums, 9.15, BEHAVIOUR OF AN INFINITE SERIES An infinite series Su, converges, diverges or oscillates (finitely or infinitely) according as the sequence {S,] of its partial sums converges, diverges or oscillates (finitely or infinitely). (i) The series 3, converges (or is said to be convergent) if the sequence (8,} of its partial sums converges. Thus, Eu, is convergentif Lt S, = finite. (i) The series u,, diverges (or is said to be divergent) if the sequence (S,) of its partial sums diverges. ‘Thus, Yu, isdivergent if Lt §, = +e oro» (ii) The series 2c, oscillates finitely if the sequence (S,] of its partial sums oseillates finitely. ‘Thus, 2, oscillates finitely if (S,) is bounded and neither converges nor diverges. (iv) The series Zu, oscillates infinitely if the sequence [S,} of its partial sums oscillates infinitely. ‘Thus, Ze, oscillates infinitely if (§,) is unbounded and neither converges nor diverges. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE: Example 1. Discuss the convergence or otherwise of the series he gee tod it 12°33" 340° nme ee 11 4 Boll Hare "= nine D on ned Patting N12, Byrsony Adding 556 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS Lt S, = {S,) converges tol = Eu, converges to 1. Example 2. Show that the series 7242242200412 + ou. diverges to + © Sol. 8, = 124 24924 er = teeter Lt $,=+0 => (S,) diverges to += => The given series diverges to +0. Article 1. The geometric series 1 +x 452 429 +... too (converges if-—1 the given series is convergent (ii) When x21 Sub-case I. When x =1 = the given series diverges to <, Sub-case II. When x > 1,2" © asin 3 As" =) = lextat su. ton terms = S,=1 tont — Lt S,== = the sequence [S,} diverges to = > the given series diverges to =. (ite) When x == 1 8,=1-141-1+.....ton terms Lor 0 according as n is odd or even, = Lt §,=1or0 = the sequence [S,| oscillates finitely. > the given series oscillates finitely. (iv) When x<-1 wel = -xol Let r=—x, then F> 1 Ee Ps coagn yo INFINITE SERIES 887 Lest +x 23+ 20. ton terms = = L4xeat+ ton te ee lor t dort der ae © I according as r is even or odd l-« lta = the sequence [S,,] oscillates infinitely = the given series oscillates infinitely. Article 2. Ifa series Su, is convergent, then Lt u, Proof, Let , denote the n'” partial sum of the series Eu, ‘Then 2u, is convergent > {S,) is convergent = Lt Sisfinite and unique =s (say). => Lt S,_) Now S,-Spa= Lt_u,= Lt G,-S,,)= Lt S,- Lt S,,=s-9=0. Hence Eu, is convergent = Lt u,=0. ‘The converse ofthe above theorem is not always true, ie, then term may tend to zero as n> » even if the series is not convergent. For example, the series 1+ 4424 ple, the s qth Lt w= Lt 1 <9, Note 1-2, isconversent > Lt u,=0 4,=0 => Su, may oF may not be convergent diverges, though Note 3. Lt u,40 =) Su, is not convergent Article 3. A positive term series either converges ar diverges to + =. Proof. Let 3u, be a positive term series and S, be its n'” partial sum. ‘Then S yyy = My $y te tly par = Sy + gat = Spa Sp= tye O Von by u>0¥ nl = Sui>S, va = (S, is a monotonic increasing sequence. ‘Two eases arise. The sequence (S,] may be bounded or unbounded above, Case I. When (S,| is bounded above. Since [S,} is monotonie increasing and bounded above, it is convergent > Zu, is convergent. Case IL. When (S,) is not bounded above. Since (S,) is monotonic increasing and not hounded above, it diverges to-+ => Zu, diverges to +2 Hence a positive term series either converges or diverges to + =. 558 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS Cor.If u,>0 Vn and Lt u, #0, then the series 2, diverges to +e. Proof. u,>0 Yn = 2u, is aseries of +ve terms. = %u, either converges or diverges to + Since Lt_u, #0 (given) 2a, does nat converge, Hence 2u, diverges to +=, Article 4. (a) The necessary and suffictent condition for the convergence of a positive term series Su, is that the sequence |S,| of its partial sums is bounded above. Proof, (i) Suppose the sequence, | is bounded above. Since the series u, is of positive terms, the sequence (8,) is monotonically increasing, Since every monotonically increasing sequence which is bounded above, converges, therefore (S,] and hence 2x,, converges. (ii) Conversely, suppose Eu, converges. Then the sequence (S,_) of its partial sums also converges, Since every convergent sequenee is bounded, (S,] is bounded. In particular, (S,} is bounded above (b) Cauchy's General Prineiple of Convergence of Series ‘The necessary and sufficient condition for the infinite series )" u, to converge is that mt given € > 0, however small, there exists a positive integer m such that | u, tu,[m Example. Prove with the help of Cauchy's general principle of convergence that the series et * Ugg + & 11 FSH Zt tS + ne dows not converge. Sty qe ten does not He Sol. If possible, suppose the given series is convergent. 1 Take ey By Cauchy's general principle of convergence, there exists a positive integer m such that 1,1 Latent vn 11 . mt von>m a . m+l m+ By taking n =2m, we observe that =o msi” m+2 aia 3 sty dy, Bm” Bm * Bm ten mimeo where n= 2m > m. This contradicts (1). => Our supposition is wrong. > The given series does not converge. INFINITE SERIES 559 Article 6. [fm is a given positive integer, then the two series + tly + ou. + Upp + Uys And ty + Mpg + = converge or diverge together, Proof. Let S, and s, denote the nth partial sums of the two series. Then Sy = ty ty tse ty Ba Mes * ga * oom t Ma thy Fy Fe Uy) Uy Uy st ly) Spa Se > fa Sm Se a) S,, being the sum of a finite number of terms of 2u, is a fixed finite quantity. (@IES,,y — a finite limit-as m=, then from (1), so does s,- (i) S),)) > + a8. 0, 0 does s, (ii) IfS,,,, > —= as n> =, s0 does ,, (iv) IfS,,,, does not tend to any limit (finite or infinite), so does s,, = The sequences (S,| and (s,| converge or diverge together. = The two given series converge or diverge together. Hence the result, Note. The above theorem shows that the convergence, divergence or oscillation of a series is not affected by addition or omission ofa finite number of its terms, Article 6. 1/ Su, and Sv, converge tow and v respectively, then Stu, + v,) converges tolutoh Proof. Let Uy Fy tou ty Op Uy tomo Uy and dy +g) + (ly +g) + nt ily #0) ‘Then Quy Hat ani Hg) + (Oy # Ug Since Zu, converges tou, Lt, U, =u Xp, converges tov, Lt V,=0 Lt 8,= Lt (U,+V,)= Lt U,+ Lt V, = Xu, +0,) converges to (u + u), Article 7. Comparison Tests Test I. If Zu, and Lv, are series of positive terms and Xv, is convergent and there is a positive constant k such that u, ku, ¥ n> mt, then Za, is also convergent. Proof. Let U, =u, +iy+ nn +t, and Vy 20; 40,4 oo #0, Now u, ko, ¥n>m = ggg SPs Hye SRY. Adding ty1 + Unt $y SHU pt + Ogg = sk(V,-V,,) ¥ n>m = U, SAV, +(U,,-AV,) Vo m>m > U, SAV, thy Vo n>m a) where hy = U,, ~ kV, is fixed number. Since 3», is convergent, the sequence {V, | is eonver- gent and hence bounded above. + From (1), the sequence (U, is bounded above. Su, is a series of + ve terms [U,} is monotonic increasing. 560 ATEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS (U1,] is monotonic increasing sequence and is hounded above, It is convergent. > %u, is convergent, Test I. If Su, and Su, are two series of positive terms and Xo, is divergent and there is @ positive constant k such that u, > kv,, Yn >m, then Yu, is also divergent, Proof. Let and Now - Adding ty + Uygg + nore +My > A Wugn + Ugay tone + Uy) = U,-U, >k1V, ~V,,) vo n>m = U, > kV, + (U,, AV) vo n>m = U,> AV, + hy von>m where fy = U,, ~ RV, is a fixed number. Since Lo, is divergent, the sequence [V,] is divergent. = Foreach positive real number f,, however large, there exists a +ve integer m’ such that V,>h) vo nom Let m*=max.(m,m'l,then V,>k, von>ms From (1), U,>khythy=K VY neme > (U,)is divergent > 2u, is divergent. Test II. If 2u, and 30, are two positive term series and there exist two positive con- stants H and K (independent of n) and a positive integer m such that H<"* m then the two series Yu, and Ev, converge or diverge together, Proof. Since 20, isa series of + ve terms,v,>0, Wn s H<“*m = Ho,m and 30, is convergent. = Yu, is convergent, [See Test I] Case IL. When 20, is divergent From (1), u,> Ho, Vn>m and 2», is-divergent. = Xu, is divergent. (Seo Test I] Case TIL. When Su, is convergent From (1), Ho, m INFINITE SERIES 564 1 = on < ye vn>m (Ho) Since Su, is convergent. ¥v, is convergent. (See Test I] Case IV. When Su, is divergent From (1), Ko, >, vn>m = > Ete Vm ( K>0) Since Su, is divergent. Sv, is divergent. [See Test IT] Particular Case of Test II (When m = 0) If u,, and Sv, are two positive term series and there exist two positive constants Hand K (independent of n) such that H< {* 0,v,>0 oe >0 Lt “39 But Now = given e > 0,3. +ve integer m such that|“*—1]m = Iecte cite vn>m = (-0)v, eu, <@+e)v, vn>m tr 2,20) ‘Choose €> 0 such that /~e> 0. Let |-e=H,/+e=K, whore H, Kare > 0 : Ho, m a Case I. When Zu, is convergent From (1), Ho, m oe 0) a, Vn>m 1 = o> Ete Vnom K>0) Since 21, is divergent, 20, is also divergent. Case IIL. When 3», is convergent From (1), u,< Ko, vn>m Since 2e,, is convergent, 2u, is also convergent. Case IV. When 30, is divergent From (1), u,> He, Vn>m Since Zo, is divergent, Su, is also divergent. Hence Su, and Zp, converge or diverge together. (ie)HHere Lt “* =o Given e > 0, 3a +ve integer m such that | “*-0]m uy = m % = 4, m (ov, >0 Since Zo, is convergent, Bu, is also convergent. Me Un (ii) Here Lt 2 Given M > 0, however large, 3 a 4ve integer m sueh that “> M Vn >m > u,> Mo, Yn>m Since Lv, is divergent, Su, is also divergent. Test V. Let 2u,, and Zu, be two positive term series, wap te vn >m and 2v, is convergent, then Zu, is also convergent. Unit Une Wn >m and 3v, is divergent, then Su, is also divergent. Yaar Uns u, Proof. (i) vn>m Usk Unt 5 im st Yea Una Uno Umea INFINITE SERIES 563 Multiplying the corresponding sides of the above inequalities, we have = * le _ = 4, cho, Vn om, where k= 4 Ye Since $0, is convergent, 80 is Sx, Yn ea is a fixed +ve quantity. i) Usin va>m musing Uyat Ouat and proceeding as in part (i), we have See Vn>m = vn>m = va>m, The series ifps. Proof, Case I. When p > 1 = ey nP QP 3P pare Similarly, the sum of next eight terms 1 564 TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS bee A. ae +h) ar) ar BF er ae Lae BP s. Each term of(1) after the first is less than the corresponding term in 1 t a) wee tote + nie uf) apr gent But (2) is a G.P. whose common rati rod <1 i psa 4+ (2) is convergent. > (1) is convergent. Hence the given series is convergent. Case II. When p = 1 3 a1+de(Ed)+(Pe2-3-3) rn “ota ay e677 as* " Bach term of (1) after the second is greater than the corresponding term in 14a te desde bau (2) 22°38 But after the second term (2) is a G.P. whose common rati . Q)is divergent. = (1) is divergent. Hence the given series is divergent. Case IIL. When p< 1 1 1 <1 3 nen = >> vn PB nen ws But the series J) is divergent (Case I). also divergent. INFINITE SERIES 565 ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES Example 1. Examine the convergence of the series: 4 1 tos 14 ar 4 ¥ : 1 Now 2u, isa G.P, with common ratio = Jy whi Lu, is convergent, 0, is also a G.P, with common ratio = + which is numerically less than 1 20, is convergent. The given series viz. Xiu, + 0,) is also convergent. (i) V+ cig t apt actgp + toe 14 et te tte BT ET GR TP” BPE a By p-series test, the given series is convergent. Example 2. Test the convergence of the series : Qn-1 nia + Ika ashe CE Sol. Here 2 Lt Me= up ——_n 2 ns Dy (oD) a) + Yu, and B), converge or diverge together, =2 which is finite and ¥ 0, Since 2u, = isofthe form 2 withp =2> 1. Bu, is convergent => Zu, is convergent. 566 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS n + Bane D Example 3. Test the convergence of the following series: 1 Sol. (i) Here u,= = Vn+ (nti de us fd Un 1a ‘ ht Bee Lt TO Tpi7g Which isfinite and +0 Lyles Zu, and 2, converge or diverge together. 1 inititetoen st ihp= Lei n ne 2 ergent => Zw, is divergent. n n+ D i) Here y= 1 z Lt u, = Lt 20 + Eu, does not converge. Since the given series is a series of +ve terms, it either converges or diverses. Since it does not converge, it must diverge. Hence the given series is divergent. al 12? 3) 4 Example 4. Test the convergence of the series: 1+ 2, +2743). = pence of a?" gt ae” BF addition or deletion of a finite number of terms 1 Sol. Leaving aside the first term doos not alter the nature of the series), we have u, = Take », INFINITE SERIES 567 “1 é 1 which is finite and # 0, +. Tu, and B), converge or diverge together. Since Zo, == 4 is of the form 2 4 withp =1 o ‘Boy ia divergent. Ss, is divergent Example 5. Examine the convergence of the series: Sol. Here Take which is finite and + 0. *. Zu, and 2», converge or diverge together. ‘ 1 1 Since 2u,, = % —by is of the form ¥ + with p => >1. W * i Bu, is convergent. => Eu, is convergent. Example 6. Examine the convergence of the series: oy ee wd (an) nP a beg enti, is (Rationalising) Sol. (i) Hore Take Lt eet, me Pd, del ” *. Zu, and £0, converge or diverge together. | which is finite and +0, 568 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 1 1 Since Fv, = — oy is convergent ifp + > land divergent ifp + 5 <1 ia, cavengeatitp> 2 eget itp <2 (i) Here Take which is finite and +0. Zu, and 3», converge or diverge together. Since Fv, = “+ is ofthe form + with p=2>1 2», is convergent => u, is convergent Note, Rationalisation is effective only when square roots are involved whereas this method of Binomial Expansion is general TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE Test the convergence or divergence ofthe following series 1 tow 3. tow 5. tow 1 tow INFINITE SERIES 569 oP ar ae vi ne lim eles (eae an yous 1. yes wy Wat Sn +1 ws. i aS res) n. 8. (Ve) 1. - 0. devia 21. 22.5) oot tnt > 1 a 1D ais Answers 8 Comergentorp>2 vent orp <2 & Divergent 12, Cowergeat 18 Cmvergnt. 14, Convergent 1, Divergent 16. Dergnt te Comergeat_ 18, Convent 19, Convergent 20, Divergent aL Convergent. 22, Convertent_———-28. Convert 24. Divergent. Article 9. D’ Alembert’s Ratio Test. Statement. If, 8.4 postive term series, and. Lt til = J, then (0), i convergint if 1: GA) Zp, i divergent if1 >, Note. Iff = 1, the test fails, 2, no conclusion can be drawn about the convergence or divergence of the series. Proof. Since Lt given e > 0, however small, there exists a positive integer m such that Met _j)ce ¥n2m 0 such that /0) Putting n =m, m+ 1,m +2, 00 We get Una

its common ratio r < 1), Hence the given series is also convergent, (ii) When [> 1, Choose ¢ > 0 such that !-e>1 Put. f-c=R, then R>1. From (i), “EL5R vnem > u,,>Ru, ¥ n2m Gr u,>0) Putting m =m, m+ 1,m +2, su we get Usa > Rely Use > Ruy. > Ret Umes > Rig. > Rou, and so on. Adding tj, + Upusg + gag + oe > My (RARE RO 4 2) = each term of the given series Eu, after leaving the first m terms tie. a finite number of terms) is greater than the corresponding term of a geometric series which is divergent (2 its common ratio R > 1). Hence the given series is also divergent. Practical Form of D’Alembert’s Ratio Test In practice, Ratio Test is used in the following form If Eu, isa positive term series, and Lt “4 =/, then ( Yu, is convergent if > 1 (ii) Zu, is divergent if <1. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES Example 1. Discuss the convergence of the following series: 2h gh ae tat 1 Lt tgp) i) SHI 4S — oP ar al me 23°85 aay 2? 3? 2! INFINITE SERIES 571 Sol. (i) Here _ (ney? “ot (aa! Ln? (me D! nm? intDat ne Maer E(t DP alin Pv DPT + By D’Alembert’s Ratio Test, Bu, is convergent. 1 (ii) Here Uy 2 By D’Alembert’s Ratio Test, Su, is convergent. (iit) Here yg HW ne Dw te . nt ms (ned! ty ins DE Dn ins Dn pa al “int Din + 2" nling 2) By D’Alombert’s Ratio Test, Eu, is convergent. 572 ATTEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS Example 2. Test the convergence of the following series: 2 a nisa nie @ (ii) . w Dera oy oo : wha (i+ oa Sol. (i) Her ote (6) Here u, = Yon = poly g risa 24a n+Di+a’ 2 +a mie S) a(t a a) leat | a(i ty Mn 10, 140 nm yy L¥O 140 By D’Alembert’s Ratio Test, Bu, is convergent. 1 nize (ns Dt2"! (ii) Here aa nig (ne et tha SDT Bins ne ~ boo | “2B 1/,,1)"_2 ut 4(144) -£ les) “i Ne ee) Now 2eecd = 1<$<5 bt fe aS 1 + Bu, is convergent Example 3. Discuss the convergence of the series: ) ™ a ! Sol. Here 2 (w+! _(4Dnt__n! “ol Tepe (ned ne DP it BTM ae (1.4) a om ka 2 Lt Lt (et) ze>l (: 2 1 be, red 1 and divergesif <1 ie, 2>1 When x= 1, the Ratio Test fails. 1 Lt Ly, 4 ‘Take v, ==, Lt 2% : Take wae - © which is finite and # 0, By Comparison Test, 2u,, and Zo, converge or diverge together. 1 1 pd with p since 5) % = 5 7p isofthe form Y) So, diverges > Yu, diverges, Hence the given series 3x, converges ix <1 and. diverges ifr 1 Example 6. Examine the convergence or divergence ofthe following series 41, ee, 21 3N2 N38 54 ae Sol. Here 4 * Ge uy _(n+2Wntd Uy (nt Dn 874 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 1 424 eta By DAlembert’s Ratio Test, 57 1, converges i te, #e1 and diverges if <1 ie, x°>1 L 1 When = 1,u,= 2-7 anim 8(43) —1., By comparison test 21, is convergent te psd Hence Ez, is convergent ifx? <1 and divergent if x? > 1 Example 6, Examine the convergence or divergence of the following series: fetter bas, Ete ost 1S oO 7 BT NF we BON Sol. Here, leaving the first term, u, 22 2 ra ona, 2 ete ahead a 1 er veils 1 +: By DAlembert’s Ratio Test, Yu, converges if >> 1, te, x<1 1 and diverges if [<1 ie, x>1. yi 2 1 nenrene, ence (cae) ty enh eT pals Te) tags aie gts) Us ges Lt_u,=120 = Su, does not converge. Being a series of + ve terms, it must diverge. Hence 2u, is convergent if < 1 and divergent if 2 1. Example 7. Test for convergence the positive term series - 4 SH (as Ward) (as DOa+ Has 1) B41” (B+ DAB+D ” (B+ DOB+DER+D 1 INFINITE SERIES 875 (a+ DQ0+1) © (B+1K284 D, 4+ DQG +D)....ne + Dnt Dat Be DOR + D... nb + Din + DB + Sol. Leaving the first term «, By D’Alombert’s Ratio Test, Su, converges wf >1 te, Board B and divergesif [<1 ie, Ba or a>B>0 mL. 13, 15, When t= fi, the Ratio Test fails. When o= fu, Liu, =140 = 3u, does not converge. Being a series of +ve terms, it must diverge. Hence the given series is convergent if ()> a> 0 and divergent if 42 B>0. TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE Discuss the convergence of the following series: a ee aa aor) *\s578) So" 576 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS w 18, Answers Convergent 2. Convergent Divergent, 6. Convergent Convergent Convergent for x < 1, divergent for x21 Convergent for x < 1, divergent for x21 Convergent for x <1, divergent for x>1 Convergent for x € 1, divergent for 1 3. Convergent 7. Convergent 10. Convergent for.x <3, divergent for x > 3. 4, Convergent 8. Convergent 12, Convergent for x <1, divergent fors = 1 14, Convergent for x < 1, divergent for x > 1 16. Convergent for x < 1, divergent for x > 1 18, Convergent for x < 1, divergent for x > 1 Convergent for x < 1, divergent forx > 1 20. Convergent 21, Convergent. Article 10. Cauchy’s Root Test. Statement. If2u, is a positive term series and Lt (u,)!!* =, then (i) Su, is convergent if < 1 tid) Su, is divergent if T> 1 Note. if/ = 1, the test fails Ze, mo conclusion can be drawn about the convergence or divergence of the series. The series may converge, it may diverge. Proof. Since Lt_(u,)!"=1, given e > 0, however small, there exists a +ve integer m such that [uu —1]m = ~e<(uM 0 such that / 1 Choose > 0 such that / Put {-e From (1), Putting n =m,m4+1,m+2, vonzm oy WO BOE Uy RM ty gy > RM, tagg CRM, a ad 80 00. INFINITE SERIES or7, Adding Alyy #gyat F Mga one > RM RL RA = each term of the series Dx, after leaving the first (m — 1) terms, (ie, a finite number of terms) is greater than the corresponding term of a geometric series which is divergent. (its common ratio R > 1). Hence the given series is also divergent. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES. Example 1. Test the convergence of the following series: Et lag) = Lt [ 1s 3] te een By (Coach Roa Tey the sven serise i, ta conrangent Example 2. Examine the convergence of the series: at ay" (98 a" at a vod 2 2 3 ~ tty) n4d ‘Sol. Here 4,=|[7> soe nea mst a f(t)" in 1y Lt (w)! = Lt fas) {a+ =(el-Ip= <1 (s e=2.7) By Cauchy’s Root Test, 21, is convergent. 578 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE Discuss the convergence of the following series: 1 . oe 4 re x Dee 4 L2.(2f a we pli) sey oE (25) diet arene Answers 1. Convergent 2. Convergent B. Convergent 4. Convergent 5. Convergent 6, Convergent for x < 1, divergent for x2 1 7. Convergent 8. Convergent for x < 1, divergent for © 21 9. Convergent for <1, divergent for ¢ 21 10. Convergent forx < 1, divergent for x2 1 Article 11. Raabe's Test Statement. 1/31, is aseris of postive tems and bt a 1} 4 chen the sores is Unit convergent ift > I and divergent if <1, Pio TA ema tho peeve Thon suns, 2 eh we know converges iffp > 1 and diverges ifp < 1, Uy ni)? 1) 24,2, 2e-) 1 al ee (ed ee eee (n+ DP 1e convergent, sa that p > 1 u » or 12 te a pip=D 1 oo if bal : )>p or iff>p But pis itself greater than 1, «Su, is convergent if > 1. INFINITE SERIES 579 Case II, Let 0, be divergent, so that p <1. or or if aa[te-tlep or ifl 1 and diverges if p < 1. n+ DP ( re ie Prat ne n Case I. Let Bb, be convergent, so that p > 1. Now ‘Then 2x, will also be convergent if ~“*—> 2 or if gored} or if of or if | or if Lt nlog—2 >p we Tye or if | + p> 1igiven) 580 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS Case Il. Let 20, be divergent, so that p< 1. Then 3, also diverges it M*— 1 and diverges if <1. Note. The test never fails as we know that the series diverges for 4 = 1, Moreover the test is 4, 1 applied after the failure of Ratio test and when it is possible to expand -™*~ in powers of > by Binomial ‘Theorem or by any other method. —————_ ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES. 1,13 13.5 Example 1. Discuss the convergence ofthe series: 5+ 57+ 5-2 + 1.8.5...0.C2n—D) Sol. Here “= 348 . ee BB Benn — DON + D wl 24 B....OniOn +2)

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