REFERENCE page 1

ALGEBRA GEOMETRY
Arithmetic Operations Geometric Formulas
a t_ c ad-fbc
a(b+c):ab-tac Formulas for area A, circumference C, and volume V:
bdbd
LI Triangle Circle Sector of Circle
alc a L badadv___ A : tbh A: rr2 e: lr'e
bb
I

i cbcbc
: lab sinl :2rrr : r0
d C s (0 in radians)

Exponents and Radicals

d
: x- .t
x^)e' x**n _
-
!m-n
xn
I b
(x^)" : x*" _--n
-" r
xn

\;i :T
/,\' xo
(xy)" : x"y"
Sphere Cylinder Cone
xt/o: fi x^/n:tr:(d;)- V : !nr3 V : rrrzh y : \rrrzh

w : {;{v
t-W A: 4nrz e: nrJf + tf
Vy {/y
l'

ry T
Factoring Special Polynomials
T It
x2-y2:(n+yXx-y)
I
h

x3 + y3: (x + y)(x' - xy t- yz) r1

x' - 1,' : (x - y)(xz + xy t y2)

{
Binomial Theorem Distance and Midpoint Formulas
(;r+y)':12 + Lxy-ly2 (r-y)':x2 -lxy-ty2 Distance between Pr(-rr, y,) and P:(,r2, )z):
(, + y)t : 13 + 3x2y -t 3xy2 + y3
)-
u- - xr)2 * ()z - y,),
(, - y)' : x3 - 3x2y -t 3*y' - y'
(x + y)' : xn * nx"-'y . ot P'h
\|-x2 yrtlz
+*n-2r2 Midpoint
2 2

+ "' + (1)'" *vo +' " * nxv'-'| * Yn

\ft/
n(n-t)"'(n-e+l) Lines
. /r\
where I I :
\k/ t.2.3.....k Slope of line through P,(.rr, y,) and Pz(xz, yz):

Quadratic Formula tfl:

tz-tr
-n t '9'- q* xz- xr
lf axz + bx * c: 0, then - :
2a -
Point-slope equation of line through Pr(xr, yr) with slope m:
Inequalities and Absolute Value
l-!r:m(x-xi
Ifa(bandb(c,thena1c.
Ifa<b,thenalclb*c. Slope-intercept equation of line with slope m and y-intercept b:

If a 1 b and c ) 0, then ca I cb.

Y:mx+b
If a < b andc ( 0, then ca) cb.
lfa>0,then Circles
l*l:, means x:a or x:-a Equation of the circle with center (h, k) and radius r:
l*l < o means -a 1x I a
lrl>o means xla or x1-a (* - h)'+ (y - k)' : r'
 REFERENCE page 2
TRIGONOMETRY
Angle Measurement Fundamental ldentities
rrradians : 180' csc0:-sin 0 1
sec 0 : ---= 1

cos [/
r
1o:
180
rad lrad:- I 80" sin 0 cos 0
'lt
tan0: cot0:
cos 0 sin 0
s:r0
(0 in radians) I
cot0: sin2g + cos'0: I
tan 0

Right Angle Trigonometry

-
I + tan20: sec'g I +cot2g:csc2g
hvo
sln 0
opp
csc0:s sin(-0) : -sin 0 cos(-0) : cos 0
hvp opp

adi hvo opp

: -tan {n \
cos0:r sec0:s tan(-0) 0 sin\T - 0 ): cos9
hyp adj 0

oDD adi
adj
/_ \
tan0: -r-i
adj
cotp:
-opp
.",(; - ,) :sin0 ",(; -
o): cote

Trigonometric Functions
The Law of Sines B
v
sin0:Iry csc0:l sin A sin B sin C il
(x, v) a b L

cos0:Irx sec0:l r
C
(.'

e
tarrO:lxy The Law of Cosines
"otO:I x
h
az : bz +
- Lbc cosA c2
Graphs of Trigonometric Functions bz:a2+c2-ZaccosB
v v v y: tan x c': a2 + b2 - ZabcosC A

Y: sin x y: cos ,r

Addition and Subtraction Formulas

.x 2rx TI x sin(r t I) : sin.r cos J, * cos x sin y
-1 -1 sin(x - y) : sin -x cos y- cos x sin y

cos(.rt y): cosr cosy - sinx siny

} ): csc x ] y:sec.r v )' cot _r cos(x - y) : cos.f, cos y * sin x sin y

i\
I
i\, \ tan(x*v):-
I-
tanx * tany
tan,r tany

rt 2n lrl 1- x 7f x
: tanx - tany
tan(x - y)
l*tanxtany
-1
iA -l
ini
I

Double-Angle Formulas
sin 2,r : 2 sin.r cos J
Trigonometric Functions of lmportant Angles
cos2x: cos2.tr - sin2x:Zcoszx - l:1 - 2sin2x
0 radians sin 0 cos 0 tan 0
^o Ztanx
U 0 0 1 0
li rn
|- tan'x
30' T/6 L/2 $tz \/ 3/ J
45' r/4 "[ztz ^fz/z Half-Angle Formulas
60' 7t/ J ,[ztz r/2
^fr .1 1-cos2x " l*cosLx
900 n/2 0 srn-J: cos-x:
1
2 2
t t
t t tI CENGAGE

Cslculus, Metric Edition, A2021Cengage Learning Korea Ltd,

9th Edition
Original edition O 2021 Brooks Cole, a part of Cengage Learning.
James Stewart Calculus, Metric Editian, 9th Edition
Daniel K. Clegg byJames Stewart, Daniel K. Clegg, and Saleem Watson
Saleem Watson ISBN: 9780357113462

This edition is translated by license from Brooks Cole, a part of Cengage Learning, for
sale in Korea only.

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may
be reproduced, transmitted, stored or used in any form or by any means graphic,
electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording,
scanning, digitalizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, or information
storage and retrieval systems, without the prior written permission of the publisher.

For permission to use material from this text or product, email to

asia.i nfokorea@cen ga g e.com

I SB N-1 3: 97 9-1 1 -597 1 -325-5

Cengage Learning Korea Ltd.

14F YTN Newsquare 76 Sangamsan-ro
Mapo-gu Seoul 03926 Korea
Tel: (82) 2 330 7000
Fax: (82) 2 330 7001

Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions

with office locations around the globe, including Singapore, the United Kingdom,
Australia, Mexico, Brazil, andJapan. Locate your local office at: www.cengage.Eom

Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd.

To learn more about Cengage Learning Solutions, visit www.cengageasia.com

Printed in Korea
Print Number: 0l Print Year:2021
fi ?Jo I trl qg
P refa ce

ol z4g d ^Jl4l4sE zj-tr-r*ol ol¤:al-E j/zl]

+ 6l-+.J xlloJ:- aF.
"l4EE
9=(James Stewarr)9 Calculus xllg*e-l HE^loltrl. dfzlql ;zr} +C+"J oI
qq Bg ++ saE EB6LI 9l+. ole+ eg 49 Hqa|{ azflB + gt4l El
qqr-ql^l
"l +'Jqlrl zog"1 'J4l 4Eg +C gzl-5"ll4l "l]+ 9"1 ?tE oJol oI
H+H+
gH}4se.
"l4$qLg 4qr:z ttrILJ ^l¤ql EH+=ql, '1++q qr^gEg "14
Eg ell E]]+loF altzl, qqq qB4l ol+6llot o[zl$ EE= d-q.ll^J ++61-
qEq B"lE Szl dtol+. rfl+ ol 4g x.fxfz|,qCE"ll4I'ql^J fl++ Hl-e+
zJol qg 54 Eolz} ol-H A4lEg HIE+ zl_Er++ rE]r +E ";
^l-El4q'-+
EqI +- zl9 s= +oFql^J ,+4+. tr4-r+ qB4 Eegq fls4,
"l4Bqrol
"l4$g F61l "14 zlzl ¤+g q$rll rll,lap E"l4zl}xl xf.glof4l ¤H6l_r
9l+ $aJ Maple, Mathematica, EE rI-S9 =o4 zj+ r4g A_==ill"lE olg:
6ll^l
'J46f7J +lg
r4sE 5^dg +^J *ol-EE+ +E6l_tr, q++ +
4 ExllE 4l4lzlE oJgalEE ^4E
fl6}r 9t+ r4r Ezfl afltrql qej++ H- trl
4g +lBll 4*ll+ ¤Eq flEE xll+61-= g^IolEE +g'l-r gt+. E,* B+ trI
^J=ol ++61-E^l uuJ-xlzJ fl+ s+ql qlil #xll"ll Cr srl$ Eq f9E Elzl
6Ir qEq gulE old]loll 4,* aflg zll.r.lala gt. 401 +E 44 +trg+.

ol 49 Hq-Jql glq^l q+ ^L-Jql

+61 +E= 'lgHtrt.
Aall, 7l++ flEql +¤+tr}.
Eall, Eel-g 7l!o 6J 6Lr E^g=ol ol6]Jo-}7l flE+ +rl.
}l/q, +"1-'il++qlsl"il^J tsBEL +tr}+qdql rl}=+
'JlalJ,
,+ eel flfExllE gflfl ¤+ Hg dq{q, gs.ll ,rl-+ 4r+ Hg +
7I++.
qt+ +=J ,l r.q61]^J fl^JE e+
'lC,all, ^l+$- "I+EJC4g 4lelqlq_.
oldall, qt^J=E qL+g Ezl glolr E= fl+Exllel 6llBg
+q.il +E6J+.

ltl
iv BZol qal"J

ol 4g +++ 4l4I E4IS"J otq+ qel +E Eotoilrl g-0-+ 4*zlzl *H

zll ffi61a gl+g +^l 6J H HI6IB^1, ulE ol4+E ++ol E+q+E 4 ql
E EotE F6l-E rll
=o Bg E+ol qzlE Ht+r+.
ol 4ol HEg +16ll .ll441 qq r+H=41 +^l-E4I,
=.sg ovlxl=*gzlztxJ
*
E+g ]=q t+s4l (+)+^6J 4+4 ^lrr-H4 ¤441 q*lB4l +^l-= E
fl+
zoztE 29 qlEq^L
A1 =r
E
E

P refa ce

ujzl s-_tr- 4'JEI Exllzl

"l]rdql+ Bzd¤ +l+
.sE. +.xjlel qr
'H'J-".! "H4slxl"J
+'J47[-il'l-.']tlel Ex{lzl-:r'l-xl rtlc}afxl ** ri"J + il'l-; =-lxl+ r g
x{lzl- ir{.!el g:ld¤ xffia.fl 6rel{ g+l6lrtl .t"f"d, _rala '}4J"J
"J 54¤
el *al.qE r Ex]lE afl{.;!r.ful, rJ6l++ zJ-{af_?_ u3zJs_E "Jel *alrJ+ "J
"ltJ + ilrl-.
a.xl gelof (GEoRGs porye)

trf= HI EHI(Mark Van Doren)$ zl-Exl}. zl¤ol gflg E- zl+ol+r "Jf,+.

g|E E- ++Eql^lel "f+zl-zlE, +4= ol 9+ qlEq nld(Metric Version)oll
trL^J=ol olzl$g-"l4$fl d+4ql 6Jr+ E++ ol$++ql ql+
^j "J+ E
t=-ga6LE+ E!= 4¤. i!= d¤¤ 4l+ olq++. +q= q}4=.q 7l¤zl
tsqfl gdg +d^lzltxl 6I= ag EE "l4EqE E+q qqf oIB}{E dg
opzf qlq. re+ E^lql ol !i+9 844"J "l-E4gql
'll6J +trg dgalzl 9l
ql Lq++, irHg xl-{"JE +lql+ gdg qRg ql EH6l +zl-E 7l+g AEfl
+ +nl= ul-rJE"l rfl zl*¤ =" s6}zlE fl*tr}
7H'J ol6Hql +dg +r gl+. 4E sE
"l4E ,J^l-= ,H,-84 olollzf "lzlE
+BE sEzt g"lo} ++= q +E6J4. ol +E= +tr6}71 +16ll +el
==4oJ
}- zl$ +41= r4E, +il, ql+ "t fl<>14
,6l^19 ol+6fl
rzlr olEl+ .lq %F
4E +E +4lql +dg +r xll^loJtrI.
^l43t+,
+il "t r4q dE, ++ ¤He
"l"llE oll+ +ol6f4l + glrl. EqL 4l';4 0lal]9+ 7l+4 ^aE ^]E
7HH4 6J

Br}fl| "Jd* +Hol :lg + 9l+.

=
+El- +++ jz+ol "lBl ¤E]]E ol+lzlr "14+q r+ ,l 4+.il ql6J q+l
d*%r-^lol ¤x]]*+- 4g tr oJa gl.o r-e. ¤Er+ fl+E4l5c 4- _ug. ";
o++ ^+"Jg ++61-E+ ¤4lE1H+. +C=.(SE4E, q+H fl#Exll, Ex{ o]]
tr 94 r4r E^14 E+qg EEr6-Ib)3 zlE ,}]'c4 ,l+sl 7Ic- +,q6J q
Cql +'JsJ +tlg xll="d4. +r]E +E- zJr}==4 rE9 E^JEql4l "14+
Eg ga6L7l +l6J rE xldel ,Jg *olzl-= el g,q'J E+= zl]+6.1-= 4o14.

v
firtql Ell EtH
About the Authors

Daniel Cleggef Saleem Watson* ZOE oltl.t?l lames Stewarte+ 6J4l fs] I
,+^J= 4- gg 6ll fr+ -a==9 +qg zlezlt +qlq 46J 49 a= 9.ll *
r=i ,Jg6J H+ +41= ,ll+
"]| +E¤ +dg *f'}I,zl "ll$ql ^l-ole,l ^J4l4ol
H+. James Stewart* 2014t'i "Jq+ql^J rEel Eqql ala| q4.4 zJol g}H,

r|. "+48 e* rJ{sE d4+ + 9l+- Ag tsflfl;, 4el E- 4q1 .<1ez|

EelqH-ql, old,* EE "Jolr+."
Daniel Cleggg] Saleem Watson* James StewartEzJtl Qz B+lgg "JHxl
El r+z_IE 4+ql^l rEq a "Jtsc a g4E rl4r"l Elfl+. stewartE-+q qt
+olEql^l "JH + d^Js-tr^Jel Daniel Cleggel {lffi ga6}r E ul4
=*¤
EqL +E grE fleoE qH+ ^=Fd ,Hh$(multivariable solutions manual)
g z]-Callg+r r"llrll sAgL+. r ol+ Daniel* Stewart trl4B+ q
^J4E
q +g UJE= 44ql^l Ed E+g EEg El$6]]fi+. :.4 Stewart|-8* "14
S r4^J= +E dgolTlE fl+. Stewartt saleemol :9 qlqtg +qI +E
e-l E^Jolfr.g rll Saleemg iJ+
"JHtl- ++ql Stewart:-S,rl Saleemol +^Itr
"JyLH ¤l +Bqlqlql^J Saleem4 B4l fl+= dlq 'J4trg -H-H,r+. StewartE
Saleemr] Lothar Redlin(Lothar Redlin $.tl Stewart gliJolH+)qrll "l4E old
+41+ izxH
^14= dg"il
Eqd]]Eqr selH+. rEE q+l 6llql Arl efl B
qse ol 45e.l ¤4 *ol "J5qfl+.
JAMES STEWART. "]el 6'|]ql 44 McMaster Universitye-[ University of
Torontog ++j/+S.cf, Jamest- Stanford University$ University of Toronto9l
r}]trig =o-flE 6l$,l. ol"l^J University of Londonoll,<J E+61H.+. rel E+
^l
Eott -I.3u+ E4Garmonic Analysis)ols.l := E+ +Er+ +"+ ^IolE +fl
cql ql6ll.<ls. fl*EJ.fltri.
DANIEL CLEGG9 Southern Californiaq 9l= Palomar College.el +qf,+ol
4. :z= California State University, Fullertonoll.tJ E+rl{g trLfl:r' University
of California, Los Angeles(UCLA)ql^J 4qlg 449 "LA+. DanietS +b6J
d^Jolrl; :r.= ucLA 'Iqtgd ^l¤+El +qLg zl"zla- 9lri.

vl
 rlrloll Etldlq vii

SALEEM wArSoNg + Hlilql fl= ,JqEqol +B'H +q}J+ Eqln+ol+.

:r- trl^l+E Andrews Universityql^-l u,L+4¤g trt#I Dalhousie University
9| McMaster Universityoll.! {Eg 449 trl-#.t}. University of WarsawolJ.<J fl
7 Be+d $e- + + Hlzlql 9l= ,J4EqoL +B'l +trI4ql B+6Izl d +H
FoJ Penn Stateoll;.1 TLEfl+.
-=ru=q4l
To the Student

"14ts nx]]=
gl. Ae CEol4 a¤ E= E44g gl. A+ +ErI. "l4tsoi
I.ll¤¤ olollol-zl +l6l]^J- + H ol^J gl= d"ll *xl6l-zl En+. r4sE:flri4
+ 4hlg 6171 9-16l] fl94 +ol rEl-z 4l&zl= g++ol'|.
qL^JEe rlxllE 6lla4*l- r=q oe. E#E4lqrl "+tr 4+"ll"J rxl]E
"18
+-+. r*l+ ¤*E4lE 6}]4617l dgl a4]E 6J a¤- gla olallali 4"1 ,B
d +e *Hol+a "J6tr 4't 561 +qE cqf, 9"lE .Jzl glaH^J 4E.
+zloHoFtrJ ++. r4I ¤zl d{l Eol= zl\a_ xltl9 6Je-E E"lBzl
qlzll$
ul-*4. "l4 rJ"l rJ+$, EolE B- 41t+ gd q g|g Ag erll E {olri.
ol 44fl +E +4 + 6I+-
=fl4sE ^Jr+61- Eflql fl+. f;-tr"141 "J¤
4l E- +4E d"L4zI ol-H *+lz} ¤¤4a t4l4sE ol+E EI6l- +1Ls
e Sf$xll9 EolE 4^E+ q+6f71 El-++.
E++4lel a]]E+"I z! Flsl ++q +e+. qtr E++xJl- =JE ¤8614+ 6H
4 E- ^l+6171. s-+6Jtr|. re+ rJs A+ql. Elg s¤6I71 +l+ 6l+e-l cq
6J %r-Hol S.+. trl-4^l q44e Rg *xl *al= a.ll rl6ll 448 g.qz} s,4.

+71-4 0E +zl40l7l+'H+4"J Elg s¤tr'll 4= E{fl Bol {el zfzl 9}

g + gi+. tr|+^J *aJ Bol r4]E Br+ r+=r_|-2. all.<-1 +7+4o F ** +EI,+r
d"J6l-71- olE+. ql= Eq 4ql dfl *"1 fr - rolr 7oJ Bol U(r + {i)"1
E, CElg. *'J 4ol+. EEE +fls+tlefl + Bol ,J4E Ag qe6J + 91trl..
ffi+ xllq!{!__tr f4q 4l+}zl4:49 ao=+ll"l= ?*+ A+EI= ^l-&61--
Ez]E +EiU+. s.*:z4q E+- +* ¤+E4lql qlt gol= q.J6L. qlE
g,qa}q. 7ls E- Maple, Mathematica EE.TI-89e1 ,Jg e+El tH+iil4lE
+E+ *4ol ,q+g- +xllE 9l* 4"1'|. r4r +g. @ ql *Er-E441 El=ql,
ol4g s+E Holrll q= Ag ulxlafzl +l6J 4r= ++U+. qt^JE 4Y Eol
+F4sE ¤+= H6l-= 4olg +*g *ql "l 7ls= Eq +9i4. Exllql ql6J
=JE+ ¤E* www.stwartcalculus.comoll.! *g + 9l+.
"l4Eqt 44¤.
ELA +qlE +r.+_q_E. ol 49 4+6I7lE A++. "l4Bq
el 54qL qqqfl ="&ol trll$oll, ol 49
"l4EE Q+ 4C
^ll+ ^L6Jg =-71
ql^J trlzlEg rl-&ol gs.J trll +e"+ 4B= allEo¤ 4,ol4.E6J ol 4¤- qL
vilt
 -Eg=0il4t IX

EI 44q 44tr + fl- AE+ q "*9 Exll. ?*+a glzl ollEql "J6l+ +E
x|4 zl¤xl-$ $lall zl-;l ?lb zlxlE zll*tr d"14.
"l4Eqrg "JrJel zldql 4'il zI^J = 4,+l +e-l 6l-+E ^J4E f ?lE E"l
9l= +xllol+. E.a+ ol4$4ol ++6J +"J otq+ BAzl o_e ol5++ EE
ol+b ag B4617] Hl-+r+.

JAMES STEWART
eEl0il E=EJ rF47l=
Technology in the Ninth Edition

rqls H e+El tlzl- "1489 H]]+r E+61-='ll +l++ E+olq r+ .J+

b "l4EqL n+ql^j q¤61 zI4E d-gl+. r4s 4l4}zl3 r4sE rBlr E
4ql ql+ oll$ E* +xl4
=^I4 "lE 414H2+) E= C4fldefinite integrals)
(46r-) E" 4 ,J3 +zl 4l4}g +6J61+ ql +-s" 6l-+. d+El tll+^ll4l(++61 "J6]]

cAS)+r. E4- fE +g=+llq ulTlxl= rl9 rJ ,Jq6J E++. ol+r]l EBql

E E+61-7 4+Ee cAssl 7lt- + 4Lc +EElg ilzloJ+ cAS= E+
=61
o.l +zl4se+ol olul+ t'-44 oE(symbolicallv) f49 B + lttrf CAS- t
^l.ll 'I'*
4++ alls+ "lE "t 4$ql 'I+ Cq+ {g *g + 9l+,
+El= olxll _r- qL olE+ +"JqL 7l+¤ ,*+ +H+l6J E+ql d-._g + 9t
,11 qfl+ qzlqlE fl zlHl E{+^("1 6 g++ +.H.)e+ :-ul-EE "; elgH+ oJ

ol EElg4. olq+ y+* al+r-21 4qE cAS Tlt-E g+E E+++. tr++^l
c¤4sE. CASTI gsB + 9l- "J+ E+-E4lEg olxll rll;ll s.f¤ ^F8-6I"J
6l]46J + ?t'I.
ol +ql^J54 +¤q tlil(qlE E"l r4E 4l4}zl)4 4lzlxl
(cAS t)= fl+61-7lE-+ +4= E^,E4]E alf{o}i rll
^EEflq
g-,qal 7l+E +¤g
"JoJtri.

ffi fafis olol=

¤#Exll s"il glE ol otoJ=g :4EE r4= rjl uf,-ol 9E zl4l't a_=_=
+1qE
^I¤-t:llo;
uJqL
^L¤g ++UtrI. 'H++
r4s 4l4}zle +Eg 4o14.
Desmos.co.n4 7lt¤ ^ll+++. 3D :24-u(11-1561- +
rJg g^IolE= Hl*6J
4)+E Wolfram Alpha.comol ++ 4+^+. E6J 4+rl, r'uf-e-+, 4g*.* -t
4o +=E+llq "ll=44loldE B+. fl#Ezllql.rJ :rr_fl-sql '116l Ezl"J r4s
ololflol -E^15]^l g:g 4+ql- +sE:.4uE- rEloF ++. ltlql^J= 7]|=4
.J EI+=E rqlEE dE6lr. olfi.zla4ql Et+E r4E H¤ tsldoE Bs+
6l+ %IHg bE++.

T ql=tsEr(7|¤) olol=
ol ololg$ E*.${lE Ezl gldl rfls= rfl= 4 oltr9 7l}$ zf4l 4u-e
x
 giiJoil tr+EJ rl.-+71+ xi

+Jq+ *zl7l E,aa1r1-_=. ag ++4lzl gl"]|

^Fsg+. "*+
r4g 4l4}zlel A
==.tllol flc4- +zl .^l-rlE zll*B + gl+. +qlg ^J44eE 4$zl flafl
,tJ|-Texas Instrument TI-89 E- Tl-Nspire CAS9+ Eol rJ gdg rqlE 4l4I
zl$ t:l$tlzle Wolfram Alpha.com EE Symbolab.comr+ ,Jg fl,r.fo1e71 g
S"l 84. CASe-l E-E 7lHfuil power)ol gs_+ A+, 611'J, E*E4l.1
^I¤g
E^lqq uflluHQzl-, oJlolE, MATLAB E- sageMathel eg Atr=gllol ullzl
g,q+ + glrl. fl+Exllql qlaEezl(7l+) ololflol EBg
^l d+(E^ll^)ol
zl ?+gH *A(limits), ulglderivatives) =l {flinregrals)g +61-rlr-} ffiE-og
E" al¤- 6l]E6l-ol
4q+ Bg E"loF *4. "lel?'J S#Exll fJall,rJ| zlg
4e r+E+ 4l4}zl7I SlsE ¤rI.
=olE
rtql
Contents

#aol qq$ . iii

iJE 'v
zlxloll cll6|{ . vi
+d=.ilzll . viii

e+ql d+g 44216'x

El4E+ ElElldzl.r

E :Et+g]
=EI
7

I.I EL+. EB6i= uil zlxJ %r-H .s

1.2 +q4 E-E: g+ EL+E E+.20

1.3 zl+ B+Egq ;1le-¤ Er-+ +6ftl '3s
1.4 dd E4l4 4r gxll .43
1.5 .J+el ;-rJ,48
1.6 ++ HzJ.g ole" aJ ** 41& .sg
1.7 ++el H"J6} 49 .0s
1.8 g+ .78
q+= .90

E Ee:14
+cf I
93

2.1 -!e6J+e+ Eqg. . ro

2.2 a;4erjE EEL+. 104

.lts
2.3
"]ts +{
2.4 +4g-+q s.aJf . t2B
2.5 fldlflzl . r:6
2.6 +EL+el trlEH .1M
2.7 zt¤4qt4 el E3rJ¤ . 1 s1
^l-slr+tr+ql^]
2.8 +fl Hl¤. .'t62
2.9 dE=^l-e+ ul$. 168

++' . 176

xll
 ilall xiii

3 trl=Hel 3E 179

3.1 4lR{t4 4l+#. 180

3.2 ¤E{} C4 . rea
3.3 s.Elfz} r4s9 E"Jql ql6H +H.9 ts:"lE.tlJ - tts
3.4 ++4ql^lE ++4 +¤d-C'2os
3.5 +d gE .2,t6
:azl7l
3.6 ElE4 E+= ol+E-J +d r4tl . zz4
3.7 44sI Sxll . 230
3.8 ulB . z+r
+rHe-l
3.9 qEEI+ .246
++' . 253

4 E{tJ 257
-tg

4.1 H "lQ zl4

. zsa
4.2 44+. 269

4.3 "14+qlE zlt{r_J z8z

.
4.4 +{zi++ +EEl¤ fl . zez
4.5 il+IH . 300
++:' 307

tr I{tl ol o
-tr:-I OO
Q 311

S.I +d ^l-olel -JoJ . 312

5,2 +q . 321

s.3 gEl4eql el6J tsul . lEz

5.4 oJ .339

s,s ++el ¤+{}. 34s

++'. 348

tr E:d+: rl+il+, +-7:d+, qgffi+ 351

6.1 q++e+ rq EE'-+ .3s2

6.2 xl+6J+e+ rq EEt-+. 3se 6.2* xl-¤ErEl-+. 3BB

ErB+ - 372 6.3r+ xl-¤xlfg+ .391

6.3
e:aJf9 E_6J+.
6.4rf .JHI4.J e:_E441
6.4 378

zl+4 *tl "A zlA:. 414 zl+'J+ .404

6.5
6.6 qdrzJfif . +zt
xiv xl4l

6.7 ,^dI+d6J+ .429

6.8 +484 Ei{g Hzl . +90
++. 441

7 r{ tl H }ts{
r.l- C) l= 451
-l

7.1 ++48 .4sZ

7.2 +4zi+. 4s8
7.3 +L4il+ . 46s
7.4 ++++ql 9+ +4++9 4t!.+zt
7,5 4Eg 9lB dqr. +st
7,6 4Eee1 E+g. olso 4. 4E' +sz

7.7 -^I4+ .4e2

7.8 oltr-4E' so4

++'. 513

I 4EEsl trl'Hd# 517

8.1 s9 ,J"l . 518

8.2 EI{EE Hol . s24
8.3 E4E4 =" qt-qlsl ¤* . s3r
8.4 4xll44 ^J$qlqle_l *S. s+r
8.5 4E. s+o

++. ss3

tr rll 7 l| E!+HJE^lri =- EljE s55

9.1 o]]zll{f%r{+l_o + 4e-lg +C . ss6

9,2 ullzll{ffidql q+ s6s
"148.
9.3 +4}.s. . s7s
9.4 +a}Eq^l ElE4EqL. s84

9.5 fl84C. sgt

9.6 +4}sqliJ flE+d. see

++'. 606

10 +Eul 4ErilEffil+ 609

=+:IElz
I0.1 fE. oro
10.2 ##. ozq
 ^l-all
xv

10.3 ZJE+CHJ} q+e_] 7{ . oro

I0.4 ulr*48 .644

I0.5 f,4-ofel ¤'H +H .6s0

10.6 Hl+{Hl} ++CH .dse
10.7 #++cg +l+ dq.663
I0.8 4Exllfi=#.66s
10.9 *+= zj$xllfrf:+E +{uflzl .670
10.10 Ellgq E+e+ ol]=Efl ;i+.678
10.11 ql"Jtsl r}6-}^lel g*. 6e+
++' . 702

tr trlElst ETJT 16l+ 705

1 1.1 3il-g 3lg.4l .706

11.2 EIH . zrz
I 1.3 rflzJ . zzz
11.4 44 - tts
11.5 zld "t ¤H9 %I4^l .738
11.6 +Er+ ol;(l+E .74s
til.zEq r Jr
--.I u

E qq:d+ 757

12.1 EEI.J+e| +rJ+C . tsg

1?,.2 dlE]6J+s_l EEL+9+ zlE. 766

12.3 s.e.l ,Jole+ +E .772

12.4 ++ql^Jq +-E-: +Ee+ 7l+E .784
++:'793

I3 EE:d+ 795

13.I +H+EL+ . Te6

13.2 +6J4 E4 . ar r

13.3 ES.EI-f . szr

13.4 d¤E+ dE*^I .832
13.5 E4B4 .8+t
13.6 HJ.JE++9+ tl&tl Elrl . sso
13.7 4lH{I4 tsl*#. 864
xvi ^la1l

t3.B 4_t-*i *#. Bz+

4#. ass

tr rl+,r.ltl
-!o-tlI 887

14.1 zl^l-4¤ S qql^J ol+4ts . 888

14.2 "JHI4tI Bqql^J oli{$. eol
14.3 +4].s.11^J ol+48. e10

14.4 "l+4EE ¤*. erz

14.5 +H Hol .e27
14.6 +L+48' e3o
14.7 flzlfaleql^J +L+4E. g+z
14.8 +H4IE.ql^J At+48. e48
14.9 q-+4Eql^J H+E*' es4

9*. go:

E trlE1"l|4 967

15.1 EEI6F' e68

15.2 d4E . ets
15.3 d4+e-l 71E.44 . e8z
15.4 rfl {el . eez
15.5 sldq B4I' toos
15.6 ,Hzl]*H4 :. gol . 1014
15,7 E4E . 1026
15.9 {r-l . tosa
15.9
^Ee^
ts4} d;l . ro+s

15.10 ,q-qt. 1051

++. . ro52

r tl=
l-l

A 4E-9.. nz
A1

B +'+B . A7
C ¤.,5-xll 6H'=I . At9
HolEzl . tt
 I

!f t-

0l zElE Eg ttllgolH, qelE8 9l= fllolE+{lol olil= qrteElts Ell 4deJ eolE 4ltlg + 9ltrl'. E=rl7t EtE!6tIl
^JI0lE+01'\0ll
4tHdPl +lBll ol.L rlEoll^l 6P.l6t7l AlElEl|oF 6lE*rl 'JEE + 9]oq, ot+HJ$ol7l ^lEE EJ$ololl E[il=
E4 EJE Ah!61.r, EEie.l e7l7l H
BJoil qal #rlolts ,Jsl Elg +¤E + glr[. =¤
=ol
^|.#sl/ Shutterstock.com;
Top row: Who is Danny istock.com/gnagel; Fichard Paul Kane / Shutterstock
Bottom row: Bruce Ellis / Shutterstock.com; Kostiantyn Kravchenko / Shutterstock.com, Ben Cooper / Science Faction / Getty lmages

E T{HET Elillil.7l
-l--l
A Preview of Calculus

Et4E+g qqBol oldqi ++flH +E+= zlB4_oE +Eq- C4ol4zlE4b E4ol

q, Es+e+ ¤Eql +q+q. Eql El4+trfg +E "Jql d=fl+ "J-5 +E4. olfl ol#E
"l4EEg
zJol *p6l-71 dql ql+g gElE= flol ffio ur-+ gl+. trI+^] q
"l4Bqr9
7l^J= *4zl- ¤4 zlxl E4l= 6llA6IEl 6-J -6JE 4l.E"l qB4l 444Exl jr"J
"ll "eal
El4EqIel HH +¤ ,H'Jg ¤qfi 4o14.

1
2 EIEE--J ElelHTl

r nl4=+olal +HPl7l?
+7] +HE ^lltr-* #.J#.ol Hsl-6}r gl+. oJ+7I +7t6}q, + 4}e.l 4rlzl-tl
_oq, E-"1 Eqxlq, slelE4ol Eo4 tlzltl HFEI= 5-ol g^J+
^lE Hlg"6l-4,
+. +4b zl+4 e H+= 41 91. f=J"14 Es.^ll^E +4+ * glzlE ult
q-. qlg Eq
"JqI 5ol
ull=ql 10tr1E Eoltl+E, +4- raol E"h4 g4 E
qxltxlE dTll "JE + gl+. rBlLl r+4 Eqzlzl ?+=r+. Eg 44 g
=g
7.1 trqxlI Eq +E= +rJ"t+ H++. ol4Bql^l rBrll tzJ4
"_a E:oI=
sg,\1.<lg q¤rll erlzl#*zl :.alr olElqL Hs+E h4s.4g qB4l "JolE
* 9ltsxlE ="BaJ 4,o14.
ofifzla[Qql^l u|g
4+g zlH]-e-tr 6l-zl"J ol=lql ofol
"14+qlg ']]+E$
qq= ¤rE6lrll Ed^lrJ+. "l4Eq +E= 4g E.= .JrJ gE Eols +tlg
+. B{e ol 4 dillql^l "lzl$E +y+e +¤¤ d6}4l g 4olr+. qd4sE
"l4Eg Etf :z4ss.l +flH Exll-HEi E4le+ dc +41-e+ r4r
ol5
^l-
olql ql^Jil *+ +4le+ +¤g +s E{l= +C o F dtlg+. ol= E4lE 6ll¤
61. a+ f**'ll, r ol+= ++el r4s o1o.} f tsql qlrJ 844 orf9 :z
4sql ql+ dd+ +'J* Eqr-ql^l "*g +sEL 61149 tszl oll+"1+.

I '=iOI EfiI
"l4E+q 7lg* 4qE 2500H d 'ill4l4 ¤+*H'g F6I] Hol$ faf, r4l
:.4^oJ_e_E ,l+q g+++. rEg rH lql^JiiH qtr +4¤g +r+B oE
++r, olE AIr+¤E Hol= q"]] +4$el Hol AE +61+ %r-Hg "Jgt+.
*dse EeUAI?l E"JgJ HolE +61-= Ag ¤d q "149 Exlloltri. r;]4
A: Ar+ Az+ A3+ A4+ As
"Jel ill4l4 ¤+"JBe E¤q EoJql
'+4Bg
LHd^l7la, E e]d^lrJ ++ql
+4BE Ee1 += +71^l7l= 4"14. t4 2y E¤ol
-ral {
4Et
?l"J +E+ a+ cq4
¤g.Id^l7l= I+49 -H-q ++.

aa2
A,* flql LHd+ 4 n7JBq Holz| alz|, gql 'l]d+ 4+4EE Eel f ,rol
#zl-B.ll trI+A,g dd q flel Hol.ll d-a141 gtrl +4- ge] HolE qld
6J 4r+4Bel HolE ++ole| alr q+4 rJol *4.
A:limA,
n+@

rl)4tlg ¤41 +ELg ,rffialxl *fltr}. ql ? E^^(Eudoxus, Bc 5^ll7l)oll ole

El +Elqlrll rl++ g BEE Hol +^l(A: rrr\+ +Hdl+ ql 'ill4l4 E+"J
 EIEE+ ElalETl 3

v -v y v
v:f
{_
1_

Rl ,R, ft3 &

0 x 0 J 0 X 0 .f,

reJ 3 lol :zflu gl-a1 gq fg 4 4^l4B= oloEl LJolAol

o; $0lA =Af

B'g ^l-s*.r}.
+r-l- 4+ql^l rH ¤EIE Bqel -Jol= +6171 +l"}l Hl*'* c4
3ql^-1 _H_b

¤. ts 4,o14. +6}qr 6l-- Hol A= zl^t4Bsl HolE rH 4zJH g.r.l-ap, n

TI]el 4^I4E ft,,R2,...,R,9 ol+El/el r4E otq gqq Hol AE=^J-^l7l

E Holel A,+ trl+4 +LL

=^Iil
An:Rr*Rz*"'*ft,
olxll zl^Ir+Eel +E Efl+r
^Jtlall trz(zl^t4BE
qHl= #4rJ) rElr
AE 4^14¤E Holel E.JE +EJo-E 4l4}6}zf:

A : A,
nl!1

46r-q^l +4= olel+ ++g 4141o-l*. "JHg =oB614l ¤ Aol+.

-Jol EzlI- EI4EE+ EoF9 6d ExllE 4++olz[ ffir]. ++el rrllF o[
4 ¤qg -Jolb **zI +{L]]- {ql qE+
'l"f+ 6[^19 *- +flE 4$trl
qlE d=*r+ +q+c, xlfe_e$El Eg EILH= ql + "J 4l+g + glril g
4o14.
=¤

I EIfl EIII
%FC^l y :,f(x)9 +d +le.l +"l4l E pq^lE Ed fel %F¤^l¤- +6I= E4l= v
rj{ollBx}. (ddE H+EL 4E= 111-ql^l ffi flo14. xl#$ rH sql^l{B p (,

: f(x)
"tl^l +dr+ d6[= z]dge ^dr+¤ + gt+.) 4
ptl Bd +lq il+g oJr ilo v

B, ol ddel z|&tl rrug "J4E fE "J44g +6J + gltrl. E4l= zlgzlE P

+61-71 +l"l]^J- + dol g,qoJEll f +lel + + d p"Jg gr gI+- 4"lrl. ol

ExllE 6lltr61-71 +16l] 7}7l-ol +dql ?i= E g= *a, oJd pgq tl&zl mpa?
-9 **{t9 ++ti.
0 J
4l4}"ll^J

'Jdl olt-J4r ^J+Bll Hz|. g

o14l g7l rH 0o1lrl4 ,Jol +dg q+ pE rH 5 Poll^lql Ec
4 ryy flda}r zlltJ$ +lzl"J dd fql d=61= Ag E + 9l+. olAg Bd
4 tl&zl mroTl ddE tl#tl *41 4¤ q ziz|$lxl| 49 9"16J+.
4 Dl4E+ nlalETl

y v
( ( -v
(

0 0 O

P P P

0 x 0 tt r

ral 6 Q7l p}il tr=g rr|'| gd8 Ecoll E=zr+

m : lim^ meo

,v
rH 7ql^14 Eol P7l 4 @, f (a))41 :u4l 871 4 (x,
"f(x))oll
a]lulrffl nc"n
(.

8$, f(x))
=q+r+A#
f - f(a) mpe
f(x)-f(a)
P(x, f(a x-a
x
gtl r41 d=B 4 ,zI aoll d=6I41 EIEE ddE tl#tlql 4+ "l-4el +4g
0 d .f x e-q.
aeJ 7 -*¤ rg m lim f(*)-f(")
x+a x-a
ol4+ ++g 4l4I zl+6IE+ 6l-= +4¤ ="861-41 g dol4.
1tr-ql^-l
dd E{lts "l$olol{ E?]t "l4$Ee.l o-J Eot= g^J^]fl+. $f9 -e4
sql 4+ dde] zl¤zl* ^J+ql oI+ +.J* 6il49 +- +41_e. ol= +,q6I+.
el$ Ed E{l= 6fltro.lfl ¤{zl} -E +rJ +E., p++ HI+el H+g
="1
E- Ellgfl ^l+ql
zlallzl;. cel %r-6#9 solB + 9t+

I E!4ul EC Efil EJ4l

^lolol
844 dd Exll={]+ rfE Exll"J 4 es+ $*rllE ol + Exll= gd+ +
flol ?14.-^|d rE + B ExllE "]]tra}E +. ErllE 6]]E "l"lxlrll ¤ 4E
E "Jd+ *flol gt+. ol. F E.xll +4lql ql6fl 4+ql^J azfl$rJ. o13
^Iolel
"l4Eqlql ilq^l 7l* +giJ tsColr rql A*rll
trl4EEE zlts4El+J- H
Hgtri ofufE. zl-er 6_sd ^l-¤g ol zlB44z} E4 +4lE Ha+41 fl41 6}]
aE + gl4l +r+= aol+. +xil4ss ^l4Bql e.l+ +B g,q7l s.g
=^l-zl=
B"J olq+ +fl$ ++{t+ 414}6|xl g:r.E Ezlg +g + glrll ++.
Isaac Newton( 1642*1721)1+ Gottfried Leibniz( 1646*1716)= ol4EqlE g

BsE e4g +=+. ell+61-E rEol 4laE "l4Eq}el Tlgcrlel +,q¤g

'J^lB,r ¤zll E4l.= 6l]¤61-71 +l+ E+_e ++itzl ollEolrl. "l4Eg ++61-
 El4Eqt ElalHTl 5

ErJ olE+ ql++ ¤+= "lBlE .^-.^._E

BAoLrll E 4olr+.

I S.E
+ElE zfluJo1 ¤Eel E4g +6}rxl-tr "lle+ dde.l tl*tl= falzxf B rl g
g+= gH+ olBl=J
.J4l zlg olo1q.,lE "J6l] trl4sE
^g6l-41 ^l-dg =6Jq
*.+= +q gE4 +Sg+. rld "l4$trLg ++g +$} +EE rj ffie_tr
4e.lB + glH+. +d ol-r]] f Ee.l Hzl+ +dql d6l.- ddE 7lg7l- +"J*
Eqql^J y+g "l]4g r*=+b
^l-¤g e#fl+. EsE E4rl ddq E4l. "J
d+ +¤ol fl+ql qldl] E6IH+
rsaac Newronol ol4Bqe¤. E.H+ +, l-
ol+6}ol Ell.J ++l BCe]
a7Jrg=-

+zl.Jg ¤H6Ir +q EH"J4lql '}]+ ¤Bg 9l+ +^llTlql aa ¤Eql 4+ q

d+ Bg zll+1H+. sEB tr]4ts+ +l^d H ++del +{EE 446i. a, oJ+
a7l= ql+6tb A, B,Rl qlB, ,JqL +4,4zllal^Jg Eg¤ +¤4 eg ql
=%t
+ +"JdJ Eq"l 4+¤+
"]4+trlel Er+ +"JCql
ql+ +g dgEITl flat¤
"lzl$Eg E6ll Bg *
g + 9l- H Tizl eE4 *41 ¤g "lrxl ++
1. tld6|r. +E+l+ +i}+g +16ll EBlr^ElE q$4l ¤4lat{o} .Jzl-?

2. 4t^l7l-"PJg
^l4t6l-BJH
+.J"ilrl H"l-4 Erl gq4 il"loF 6l+?
3. ++zlE+q +zlTl]el 7I6F +¤. zl$Zl,.lE .Jr+(gui t4)+ rJi{-42"4
- qB4 ¤HB f 9l¤zl-?
^l-gg
4. rq oldEE ++ r4r*ol-=(pyramid of KhufulE +lzl 96ll ,q+Elb "JE
o&g qB4l +dtr + 9]*4?

s. +^l-4171-zl+el +q¤- Hq+41 617l +l+ ts^l-illE E.r.lgEE H"l"Jzl-?

(7.8tr O*5ll SeE Et^)

6. II}= 6HHJ +41e1 g+E +gol il+g= ol+=

^l+ql Hs+e+ "lE4l ¤E
B + ?lg=-tl?
7. +lE EJd +ol =14 *"lql Egdl-zltlzl E= g"ll +ol-=. trolxltlnlz, s
+ qL A*tl q s4 44t*?
8. qlolxl eflel"llrl Exl-E +EI4- Eots3 rlzloJ6|zl +16ll qBill ,l'+l irl
ejol zlfgzf!
BC4 +lC* +g +llE. ul+ +zl"J+- ^l-¤¤. "lBril ¤Eg f 9l9zl-?
e.
10.+ "llHzl 44Ig +qls+61-71 +lE]] +q trdaE ElHl
^Iolql
E s=¤ olB
4l EuHal-{ot tszf?
 t

\k
t-

H"Jo eli c+tEtE EHe qet s"Ji EETE|E +qs a+0 elr +Ett + ?Et e!6Edt 1 .2.1 30fl^t 0t Et+E flqE! Et¤fEt qt! +c
=q
quel oldfElS E?lg AolEt =*0{
chaivi¤wfi dsl / ShultBGtocr.c..r

:++q
1 Functions and Limits =Et
El4Eq^l +.75 zlE4.J trJ]^Jg Er-+olrl-. ol$, + *C41, .8, :f4s, "J
EI+= trl"JqL
e s¤E + gl+ "l4Bglrl Lls- +,q rJ+59 +ElEr, dxllE "Jq+= ¤{r-g +E
4 e-¤sE'l+HeEAl olE.J#E ol+6}- 4Cg ¤H'Jtr].
"1484
ulr.ltszJ(ol tlE HiE *)olliJ ++E zll.Eol
"l4+qr9 +oJ* Eotql qBrll
tl*tlflExl gq$'}. trl-+^l Et+E +*!+ ^"ieg 4^|61= Ass+El "lzl+E ++=
^l+61-=
4ol 4¤61-+.

7
I 18 -Bt+el.+-Lt

1.1 I -Et+EEilElE Lll 7Fl 'JE

r-d+
++- "l-Ll-E "J"l += "Jql e.l+E trll
^Ja+.
q-+ ql zl-zl 4*E a${allEx}.

A. gE '6ol Ab qlzlE rql q-+ a4g+. re+A= ¤¤61+ +zle B4aJ A:

rrr2I E +qd+ ,+?+4 "Jf ,oll 46ll Ael + a|ol ¤4E]EE A$ rel a;a

E 1 oJ7
+++
^-ll4l B. ?l+ P= tltl t"fl trl-+ tr48+. E lg EE= Frl-= /q^Je-l
E-=. ?17Eil) ^l]4l ^ll4ltl+
Pel +4r,t¤. ++u+. qlE EE q+.4 ?Jq.
1900 1650
1910 1750 r : 1950oJ {, P : 2,560,000,000
r920 I 860
1930 2070 7+ rql ql6ll ql+o}-
19 Alol +^116l--gl, ol rE /E 6J+4 il+.
^17+
1940 2304 c. +¤E9 f+" e c. +tsE9 +41 au*ll 44 Adg+. u)s+ c ge6l+
1950 2560 ^IolE
1960 3040
+EEI +4C S.xlql, +^ll+g rpE B "ll c= eA6F= +4ol gltrl.
D. zl+1ol "Jqts 'll xlTI4IE +4+ zlEE f4zl+s rlzJ r9 orfol
1970 3lr0
"b 44
l 980 4450 +. rH 1e-lee4lJ E^qU4ql4E rJE}lI.H l=44x1(Northridge) zl+lol B
^Jflg 'J^lel xl4l$+oE ^JdE :24=ol+. r4E= +q41 61 r.1l trlltll,
I 990 5280
2000 6080
2010 6870
rql ql+al-b a9 ,tg +ElLHr 3l+.

il (cmls2)

100

50

r (s)

-50
-f.B 1 +.Ael^l rlTlol gd6l.=
ELt rlEel +4.17|.4-E Calif. Dept. of Mines and Ceology

+le-l 4 ql- +q+l #i{lxil Aql^l r)ql E += +(A)rl-4+El= +4g ¤

Edl-r ?l+. 1fl+ql flq^l + HEll +E a HBII +E 6J+rl-r il+. ql4l A
=*+ ETIE q
"llrl /zI AE r_tr. fla^l7l- +4g +4urlH, A:f(i4 ag
E}r+.

tlf{function)/E: dq+ Del 4 flA roll 4al] dq+ Eql +EI= B 6l.+el SA/(x)
E 4+^l7l= +zlol+.
 :Br+=
1.1 E-dotts Lll Tfrl HJE I

BE4 o e. ¤+E "l+qTl ql,* .J+zt ?ir+r B oll, dql D=

dEL De+ Eql
6J+s-l Eolsl(domain)ol4 ++. f /(x)L xql^J /el q|+alol4 6}I '"rE f"E

Bl-+./el il$(range)$ delqel ,+x"ll 4*al}/(*)9 # dille-l ddJol+. EI

+/el 49qql ++ gelel +E ++48 zl:r= variable)
==J$+(independent
4 6Iq, ilqql +61+ += +r|rfii" zls= E+flf(dependenr
"Fel
variable)=|
+r|. q= EE ql Aql^l rb 5BH+, A- ++H+ol+.
++= TlIl(machine)_tr ^J461-H s¤-"1 ¤ 4olrHa+ D. r7l- *+/E 4e]
qq +6I- ++E xY zlAls EqzliJ g+(input) o-tr E-ol¤-olul4l= El+ ;-J f
cl)
("J (¤4)
-.f(.r.)
el +zlql q+ EaI(output)/(x)E 4I=++ r4==. 4EEg zl-ts+ E= "Jq a=j Z -er+/oll rtl-d Tlll s-d
dBsE ^Jr+6lr zlEg z|bEL E- +q=fl 46JeE ^d4$ + 9t+. 4l
=E
+Izl"ll 'l]f'-Elq il- ++Eg zl/)e,<l El+E +C ql+ qlE Eq, +E oJq6I
r xllfr:zlE +sE 4l4}zl= oJq* f9 xllElg ¤q++.
.J+E re-]. +- HJBo-tr. lH 3ql ++t El.+lE trtr(arrow diagram)z| !l
Ll.?+ ffig--. DE + gael EE 6J 94. EA++. q¤s- f(x)tl r4 4*
ola-f@)tl a4 4+Elg ++u+
++¤- 7l-+ +-s"+ "JBg frflE(sraph)ol4.ftl
^lr+p+61+
D= cggge
*:. EL+olH,/el rqlE. tri+r+ g¤. +^Jr^d]-E d6Jol+. t) f E

{(r,/(r)) | x e D} =aJ
S -.J+loll rH-.J ffig ++

(4 +^Jtlg "Jq-=q oE ol+9+l {tol+.) gill "=t-"|H/E r4lEy xtl yE

4EEql +61-r, !: /(;)5 "J+61-- alE¤Hg E (x, y) dxllE +cflrl.
,J+/E r4E- 6J+sl zl+l+ 94zlE ++LH= f++ rHg x]l+*4. :z
fl} "JelE E (x, y)9 y4lEz} , - 7fu)olEE,/(x)9 #g d rglr-l _r4
n.llEql
s9 +olE g.lg f tluH:-B 4). E+ re sql^JiJH /el r4s- x4 Slql/el
4elqg, y+ +]"il /el ilqg ++B + 91r}.
.v
(x, v
/(x)

ilE v:"f(x)
/(x)

l/(1)
v
0 t2 ,t X n
7]olcd
X
o --T --'l

reJ + f.zJ 5
I t--l
( qq t |) EL+/E rqlsTl r-A 64 ,J4z 6l-z}
0 I x

(a) /(tFl /(s)= +6I+. I

I

(b)/E CEq+ ilqg +61-+. 6

=aJ
10 lE -cr+st+-"J

EI
(a):H d (1,3)g/el r?llE +lql flr "I?+^l 1ql^l/el #+"f(1):3ol+.
6q^J
(g?-l "J6IE ,v: I +lql 9t= r4Eq d¤. r49l^-l 3++l 9lq1 fl4.)
x:S"J tr1l r4s. rq o|fl199-tr E 0.7++lql 9lo p-+ "f(5) - -0.7-tr +Cg
-f olrl
^. ,lA'1 .
(b)/(x)E 0 <x < 7oJ ql 4E9EE/e.l 4EEg ql++ E, z1o1c1.7zl -241,11 +fi
zlE E= #g f6lE.E/9 zlqg'++4 +q.

{yl-z { y s 4}:l-2,4f I
6J+= 4E6l-= zltl "JHI4.J ILIH$ 4+\ll{{se +Etrll= A
"l4$ql^1,
ol+. qlE Eq, "J44y:zx- lg yE x9 El+E 496J+ ol4.g Erf Ezl
f (x):Zx- rE EEB + 9l+.

y (qll| 2 l) q+ 4 ++el rrllEE f4J- ¤Eq4 ilqg +6I+.

(a)f(x):?x-r (b)s(x):/
Y:2x - | r4sq Hlg4g y:zx - lol+. ol= zl¤zlzlzolt-y¤Eol -1"J zlde-l
Eil (ul
0 '! x %'-4^l"J¤. Er ?14. fzl¤.rl-¤¤E 4de-l "J44+ y:m)c + &o14.) l4.E= :z
e 7r+ rJ+ f4Ee] "J+E:aE + 9)4.2x - 1¤ E= ¤+ql ql6]] 4Eqs-e/E
2
-1
4qEg EE d+ d6Jol.r. Rtr -E^l6J+. :-4gePq T]EE R"Jg "J + 9l+.
(b) s(2) : 22:4olr s(-1) : (-l)2 : 1oltrE d (2, 4)e+ (-1, l)g r4-= +lE +
ral
JE,
7

H ,l]E EE4 E+41 rH + 3lr olE¤ EtrEl^l r4s= rflq(rH 8). r4s
v
=
E %r-C^13 y: *'olq EEdg ++U+. sE Afl$¤ R"14. sel il93 g(x)9 s"
(2,4)

{t, + f E=11g E= +"1+. r+l+ _u.= + *gl ,, > Oola "Js-19 .Jf yE 4lE
y:f =
f"14. leJo_=. sE ,19e- {y ly } 0} - [s, m)o14. o]43:_H 8E+El E + 9l+.
(-1, 1) I

0 J
ilqq 3l) /tr) :2x2- Sx*lolr h+o"J ull ILYE 41416p+.
-lel
JE
a
LlI

Eq H^l/(r)ollrJ-r 4d a+hE 4"JtH^J ftu+/,)E 4l4I-J+.

f(o + h):2(a + h)' - + /,) + I
5(a
: 2(a2 * Zah + h') - 5(a + h) + r
:2e2*4ah+2h2-5a-5h+l

ql4l 3oll^1 f@ + h) - f(a) , iEE

ol4l fl ^lql 'I"J6]-I ,J+61 6IE ++3 B=+.
h
(difference quotient)OlE.l 6E rl4E+ f(a+ h)-f(a) (Zaz +4ah*Lhz -5a- 5h+ l)- (Zaz - 5a+ l)
oll^l rl+ LlEtl. 0l= 2Eoll^l .r:ael h h
x = a + e AP l0llAl
"f(x)el EEEgI-EE ul zaz + 4ah * 2h2 - 5a - 5h +I- Zaz t 5a - |
EILHts a= E a0l+ h
4ah*2h2-5h
:_:4a+2h_5
h
 :Br-+=
1.1 8tr61.= Lll 7[^l HJg 11

r Et+ol Efl
:$+E EE6I= rJHe !l zl-zlz| 91tr1.

o t:_}E (flqe ¤B)

.+E (E)
r ,r.lzJzf o g (r4s)
. 4fzl-o e (H+6J
^l)
+ EI+E zl-zl %IH " _+ EtrB + gl+H *++ A*tl *+. 'J strg +
gl
EBs_tr Ht+l^l 6J+. 5'Bg # glzl ull+ol4. (qlE Eq qlz] 2ql^l 4+
=
4 +{ltr :zfllu$ ES.+.) r+l+ qE *+- +- E¤H+- +
^141611.!
zl-xl sE.il Eail H9 xf¤484 ¤HE + ?ttrL. ol
"lql +e-l6fq, EE EE+
ql^l dr+Etfl ql zlxl {*ql ql"]] 4lfieql BzI.

a. *zl$q 4+ o;ae.<J flE -Jol= +44* zl-et #s"6J EEC olulE 4f

zl +^l A - rrr2(51= 6-J+EBoJ a(r) - E.C r9 #ql 4+
""',)oJ 4o14.
E= trJ= f tr glr r4s= (EEdq ¤HI) +E 9l+. fl9 rg *zlBg E2 ?!+
oJ+olF +, 4e]99 {.1. > 0} (0, m)oll ilEE (0, *)o14. ^ll/l
- r (1900uJ
?E{E'J)
B. 6J+E gE ;L¤aJl Hx|. P(r)..tlzJ rollrlel oJ+ol4.t: ool t900{olJ 0l+ 44tr+)
^ll4l
4q*4r 6lzt. .tr 2= ol aJffi rJ¤6.1-41 .tr.¤E.J 4o14. -E.ql il= +^l4L 0
l0
1650

g r?]E rH exlH r4E(4IdE)= eE+. ol{ E* +++ -E¤?lull :z

1750
20 r 860
4E"J ElE. EE qlolElE .JHql E + Bt+ +4e "ltrz}? EE "Jsle.l ^l 30 2010

4 rollr'1 4++ "J+ p(oE LIEIq]= Hq'J +4g += Ag $zl-|.alr[. :. 40 2300

q+ *^Iol+ ++E EHg *g +E 9t+. ¤xllE

p(r)ql 1.2¤ql^J ¤E+ 50 2560
60 3040
%LHg ol-$rll.<J ?l+ Pql '}]+ rl+ tsg + }ttrI. lo 3710
=^l-^lg
P(t) : f(t) : (1.43653 x 10e) .(1.01395)'
80 4450
90 5280

:.H 109 *44se +'"*+'g u-q +q. 4zl^'l 6J+/= ql+ 5=z1"l1 4tr r00 6080
110 6870
+El4 EBol+ +'l + ol. +q4l ++E zl-+lql .d6I= Hq+
^les
P P
a

a a

a a
5x loe 5xloe
a

a a
a
a
t
a

0 20 40 60 80 100 1zo t 0 20 40 60 80 100 tzo t

rq00E ol+ C4Hf rqooH olg d4E*
-?al o lal 10
 :Et+sl=-Lt
12 18

E1¤E Bf"l4. r*l+ "14+ zllf+ _sqlE 4s"B + glsEE Hq* 4l

"l + g,q+ Ag
oll-lr+.

H:+ p= "l4E¤. ¤^Jgql 4+6J trll d7l- dB4rl EL+ol+. +nl- E

_e. ¤861.6J:+E ¤E:"H^l r+trI4 ¤Eql^J 4lzl S59 ol+6lq ++{te-l

EE "JE + 9lg 4"14. **#ql qlE]] Sdfl 9zl *6|b A+qlE "ld EI
,JEel EE trelE --J+E Eg+al Eirl
+.il 4+ "l4EE9 ¤tlg +qg + ?t¤+ ol 49 E"l] E4l E d"14.
E3 C. EE ¤B+ e-+= +^l ¤ul-H-xl- c(w)Y Fzll r.u"J +¤5E 4-4=eolr{.
w(e) C(ar) ('Jzl) 20l9LJ
"l+ +E .<Jul;-oll.r.J ^FS6I= +Ce. +++ +q. Hl+g 25 s7llxl
O<w<25 1.00 lBeloll 350 s7+^l+ +71r+(E= r ol6D%+ lsCltr= 7I&++. r4E
25<n<50 l.l5 E rg f glzlEi(ql^ll 10 +a) "l 6J+E +_+ I+F+LH- aol 7I+ EF-l6l-
5O<w<75 1.30 =
+(s 3 +4).
75<w < 1.45
D. rB rg :u4gE f4zl4s *f o(091 4+ zl* zlE^El+ -E¤ol+. B
100
100< n< 125 1.60

+rte.l -g. +48 + 9lr *^l-4.J +4g "JE +E 9l+. r44 zleq'-xl-
Eol "Je dqq+ xl4lel {+4 rIHe:"4uollrJ fl41 E + ?l+. (dtr-e
¤I ¤+zfel Cds+ 44"J Bxlzlel qlflql ql6}]^JE uf{z}zlol+.)

q-$ glz,llql^J "JE Cflg Et+E r{E=:rJHxf.

|[qril 4|) e++ +E+;<lE ts trll, E9 Ss r= g.ol gqLIfl ^lrJql E1.4 E¤

T
¤+. +E+xl. E + 446J rlzJ r9l ++ EL+_ts^.1 rE ql+zloJ r4_=E rEl+.
Eil ff=g gfl
+e-Ee. aEE Eel 4* gE= dql s-E4l
uloleoll.<l tl*
+. EBrE E4+ Eol +EqxlE+q gB14q7l ^l4r-g ql r= fr461 +rI++.
0
++ +4lq^l 7= Er .Je.l q4+ Eq gEE .J¤dl-+. B=zt Hl+lzlH 7E -uf
rg 11
g sE-e trqc+. rH llql^l r"ll sd E.J+ rE qlq4"J :-4gE rg + fl+.
I

4¤- {lxllql^J, EEl4 {r-EIE ¤:+= Hzl "Je EE6J q+ E++ 4+ +4

I *olEx]-. "1fl t-qc 4E# E= 4*AIg +6It "14+E E4l= E trll +
+6I+.

zuHolul-.EEE zllBul| z{l#"lEl'} l0B+lola, gBe] zllEHl= zll#ulq'3 0R4

ol+. x]]EHI-= gEE EI+E sda}4.
^lleel
EOI :zB r2e\ z;o1 fHg r4iz EEg ^llEe+ zlEE welZwtr_ +r +ol= h"+
++.gHe] .J"lE (Zw)w:24s2ollJF, "JEe.l xlleulS t0(2w2) E4ol4.+ gE
h
e.l Holi. rutroll rtg- + gH9 Hol= Zwhol,E gBql 4t 4eul| 6[2(ralr) +
w

"i4,^J d4l 4uli Qe=$ *L+.

Z(2wh)lol+
2w

leJ 12 C : l0(2,,,f) + 612(uh) + 2(2wh)7 : 20 utz * 36 wh

 Ll Er+= EE6l= Hl 7l,rl HJH 13

cE a,El9 ++e E¤61-71 +16ll +Elz| 10 m3"Jg ol$olal ftE 471++.

w(Zw)h: 10

]0-:+w-
7: /.u-
olA+ cql qlBalE q+g e=+. E qmt bq6le+,Jol E1EE *Et+E ¤E-g
n|l, 0l trre] Eoll ?t= Erll 6l|Esl Bal, EEI

C :20w2 -l 36w
5
)
:ZOn'^+ 180
'J4l 1 : oldll6l'7|E Atr6F= riol EE
w- =fil
- u) 0l EJ
+ ?1tr1..

:rfl_oe. ++ "JA{$ n,.ll {o.J Ei+ Cel strol+.

C(w) :ZOw'^ 180

w)0

q+. qzllql^J.3 4#49_+ {elg'J+E ¤Eqg *:+. Rfzl +{sE +

*lzl:r c99ol Erlzi_" + fl#qzl ?+e a+, q-+4 ,Jg Eslq ffi(domain
convention)g aJ*9 4elE¤- alol 9ulz| llz +4ol ¤fzt 9:- s
^F*qL4:
flqfl daJol+.
=
( q4 6 l) ,+ el+e-l cgqg +61-+

(a) /(x) : J* +Z

Eq
(a) sf9 4F,_g (¤+E^J) 4qq4 gfee.E-,/E 4E9* , +2>-0"J,r# d
xlle olSq+l+. olb r >--2e+ $zlo1p + 4EEg +7J l-2, *)ol+.
(b) g(x) : *
11 oJl 0-o+ +ts + Ho.t:E x:0 EE x:l"J 4l
x- - )c .r(,r - r/
g(x)= 49Exl f+=+. r4= + sel 4Eqg'++r+ +Ll.

{*l*#0,x*l}
ola+ E+ ++ zJE+ +g=r+ 4-"1 448 + gi+
(-*,0) u (0, 1) U (1, m) I

r qE +Elol flffi ¤sl6lts7l?

5_- HJ{rlol sfg 4E6l+ 4g o},l+, ,J4^1 y _ *r* r{l al4oll ql6fl 4q
al y{t 6}'l-= ec6}l +EEyEx9 6J+s 4E++.rq+ %}4^l y2:xE oJ
461 xol] +q# y7f 6J 7]] ol^J ql+61-E__tr yE x9 6J+E dEts + H.+. q=
.ol ol %I4^l+ gq +oil 4aH y
-ze+ y--zE ¤q6J+.
u|4lzfzlE, E= -Ezl. E45 4E6l.zl t+=tr}. E 3e. cE w4 Er-+E Cel6I E4
:il ?l+. ?+r+E F4l a,E Cq.q yt tr}]¤-++. HlHql, s 4ql^1.
"l+el *¤ule" x 2 4 5 -5 6
qH "J44k *tl F zl ol^Jsl ye+ ql+61-EE yb x9 BfE C94zl
=q#
* v 3 6 7 8 9
14 tg --J+st=*Lf

E+. qlE Eq, oJq x-59 tr]1 ¤4 y:74y:8olrl.

v
-r il
,rry-¤Eql rEl4l +d.$ "ltszt? qE +dol EI+e] r4EoJTl-? olql ql.J B
C trl-.gel +4He-E Eg + 9l+
(a, b)

+Elfl EJEE ry ¤Hql^l +dol 19 EI+el raJltrolTl glEL gs+B6de +

u _{ d4 + H ol^J "J+= fzld"l t+= 4ol+.
=46lzl
(a) ol *dP Ef+¤'lEd+
+4d +4H"1 +.J olf+ rH 13¤. E"l]iJ "J + gt4 + +4d *: a7l +
-v

(a
x:a d4 + aJH (a, b).ll^J "J+E 4q+4 6l-+E .J+{t f(a):b7l- 4Egtrt. rq
+ 4c x--a7l +d4 @, b)4 (a, c)oll.rJ + H "J+H ++= aoll ^lE += F
(a, b) {tg ril+^IrJ + fl_o o.E +de E}+= +4Ig + H+.
qlE Eq r.fl 14(a)e] EEd x:!2 -2+ EEd+ + H "J+- *4dol gl
ax
0
_oFF x.ll 4* EJ+E :r_4szl olq+. ,il¤ egdS xoll Eil+ + Elf9 :41
(b)
"l +d+,*+E 444x1
g= EEr-=Jr].%l-{El ,: y2-2+y2:x+zoJa 1l:+ ffiolq. lel.o-+ E"
e+b+.
Edq fl, oI4 e}40l Ef /(r):^Fi tqlxll 69 (a)lqs(x): -,'m4
ral 13
-zrll trolrf[:zfl 1aft)$ (c)].

v v v

-2
x
(-2, -20 J

f.g 14 (a) x: Y'- 2 (b) y: ,l; + 2 (c) y: -Jx + 2

y9 q$g Hl-+E ,JC^l x : h(y) - yz - 2. ye] g4-=. x$ {elapfuE

xe} q
HH+E .r= ++H+E), :zH l4(a)ql^l EEd* EI+ ftel :a4EzI g+.

r 44Ettrt EslE :++

+-$'Jl ,l]el qlxllql 9i- Et+= flEqe.l ++ gEql^J trl= ^ls-a Ce]*+.
olfl ++E E4ultrl E9IEJ --Jf(piecewise defined function)=] ++.

(qfl 7D E'f"f7t qq=+ Aol ¤flp ql f ?z),.f(-l),/(0)g +61-r rqE= _r.

e+.
f(x) : l-x, x<-l
x2, x ) -1

EOI c++= +zl.Jg zl$alx|. "ls+ rJ"l 5H6J E'-+ql {afl r1s-=4 ee. +zl"l ?l
4. Hzl .J4 ,9 Aig gz}. a ( -1olE /("r)E 1 -xola x ) -lolE /(x)ts r'o14.
 1.1 Er+= E-ddf= Lll Tfrl HJE 15

qzl^l F z1]9 += 4lol ^l-Sgflzl"J,/= + zll9 Elfzl-olq+ {} ++"J Ag +

E6lxl.
_Z <_1ols + f(_z)- 1 _ (_z) _z

-l <-101-E+ /(-t) - I - (-t) -z

> -1olr, +
0
"f(0): 02:0
7s1 :.eifets qg4l tfltl? 761-lol$ fk):l-xol_sE +4d x:-rel g+ v
.ll 9t=/E r4E= zl$tltl -rolr y¤¤ol 1.J 4d y_ 1-x4
"J;l*4. x ) -l
olH/(x)-y'ol.p-+ +4d x:-rE s++ql flE7e-] :.4lEE EEd y:f4 t
4se+ .Jil++. ololl rlr] :rH lsq rJ* :q=E rg + gltrl. . . E tt, D7l a_

4s"ll EEIE$ 9"1614, "= H (-1, t;o1 :zr.fleql.q xllelflg +4U+ r

-1 1"r
4zltl4 CEg EL+"fl 'I+ trl+ ¤lxll} ¤E{t++ol+. * o9 EEj?u|(abso_ fH 15

lute value)$ la l-tr s^l6}q ¤zld.ll^J oolla-l o4alel 4flgg 7lq6}zf. 44

- 6J^J
"Jol44 oolo= ffiol dB++.
E-= + o9l 4al la l> 0
qlE EE +g-r+ ++.

l3l:3, 1-:l:9, lol:0, lJi- 1l:,fi-t, 13-nl:n-j

9HI4 " _+
'l-¤.4
,Jol 44U+, (az| golB -ab oJgg zlq4zl.)

lol:o, al0
lol: -o, a 10

( qH I D ¤E{t e+/(x): I x 19 rqsE r4+.

v

Eq *E Eels+El r+Sg "J + tI+. y:lrl

xrx >0
l*l: -1t1 x <0
0 x
+eg "JHg ol+6IE /el rqEzl y¤9 s-=+ql^J 4d y:re}
ql4l 7ql^Je+ ,J
r y49 g+ql^J 4d y: -r4 "JilEl¤. g + ?Itr]{rH 16). r f.eJ 16

(o{!41 I l) :e l7r} e+ r4lEE += .-}+ /q 4l¤- +61-+

v

Eill (0, 0)r+ (1, 1)g ;(l+= zldel zl¤zlE m:rola y¤Ee- b:sol:__tr %F¤^l -1
3 y:xol4. r4 =.e. (0, 0)4 (1, 1)g fl¤61= /el r4s +Eq^J ++g g=+. 0 I x

f(*):*, 0<x<1
I

reJ 17 E-7lE7lB Eldsl g

(1, l)4 (2,0)¤" z1+= 4dg zl¤zlE m:-roliz, trI+^i g-zl&tlB 4dE %r- E^l= I - )r : m(x - x,)oltf.
16 1I]
lo 6|..^_Ol
E t+t --1 u
-61-

{^le rJ-q-$ A+.

y-0-(-lXx-2), + !:2-x
l4o+
f(x):2-x, l1x<2
olc|. Et x > 2oll^J /E rEls- x+4 "Jxl*+ ol4=¤- 6l'+-E. tr-o E/- ++
4 zJol rll z]]9 a4oJ +lol H4.
x, 0< x<1
f(x): n_-
LLl 1< x <2
0o x)Z

C (qrll t0l) ol Ee-l E.J+ ql cql^J, +7ll ru"J *SEq ++-E c(w)Z +qH+.^l-
1.50 O.¤
H d.d. olE s 3 o _++El +s=r+ ,Jol azJ"I+ ¤elE B*"14.
O-
1.00
1.00, 01w<25
1.15, 25<w<50
0.s0
c(w) : 1.30, 50< w<75
r.45, 75<ar<100
0 25 50 75 100 125 w

f.a 18 r4E= rH 18+ rJ+

rB 188+El "1fl *+= 4lE-d+(step function)E| alE ol*= E + 9l'f.

r +:d+9171-'J+
v EI-+ /7I Ce]qql +rJ E= .rql {B]] f ?x):.f(x)E "J+6IH, 9ff#(even
f(-.r)
function)4,*+. elE E"l *f /(r):fE 'l-g¤ I,J+6LEE *B*o14.
/(x)
'x x -r f(-*):(-x)':x':f(*)
+6J+E 7l6l-tr1-4 golE:.rlltrzf y+ql ql6fl ql4¤ olE+- dolr|(rfl 1e).

fA "lag x > 0ql^J /E r4sE lfl+H, ol ffip y+ql ql6l 'H4rl4-"enl

19 +-Bi+
dxll r4s$ Eg + 9l¤¤ 9"1*4.
oJf /zl- {flq .Jel E-E roll
'ilEll f
(-x): -"f(x)E qI+6I8, /= 71fl+
(odd function)4 ++. qlE Eq *f /(x):x'9 uJ$alEE zl*fol4.
y

f(-x): (-x)' : -x3 : -f (x)

-x f(x)
x ,{ ,lEl+el r4s* +lflql qlql ql4ol.drfl 20). x > 0oll .lldl/e.l :r.4lEE r.
4l ol ++g +lEql 4611 180" sld6}E dxll r4E= eg + 9l+.
ral 20 T lEr+ ( qIl| il l) ++ E}+tq +++, 7l6J+ E= qL {r o1gz1 +461+
 1.1 :'J+E Etro=|ts t-ll zfxl UJH 17

{a) f (x): ;g5 + , (b)g(x):l-)ca (c) h(x) :2x - x2

EqI
(a) f(-*): (-x)t + (-r): (-l)5x5 + (-x)
:-.tr'-J--(xs+r)
: -.f(*)
relEE /= 7lq++oltrl.
(b) g(*x): I - (-r)o:1- *o:g(*)
l4o+ sL+EL+ol+.
(c) h(-x) :2(-x) - (-*)' : -Zx - x2

h(-x) * h(x)ol]/ h(-x) * -n1x1olee ft= qL AE "Lq+.

qlzll 1lE EL+Eq rElls- rH zr+ ?Jr+. fte.J :zz11u:. y4.ll qdl^]E fl
flql 4"ll^JE qaol ol-tJ4.

I v v
1 f I
1 h

-l lx J
"{

-1

(a) (b) (c) fEJ 21

r el+:Et+
=7Et+gl
a4 Ll++ r4E= Ay B7lzl* ¤4zl-1, aq1.<1 c77\l 44zlz, cql^J
22all
DvlTl +^l g+rJtrt. EL+ /. +rJ [a, b]oll.! #zl, [a, c]q1.r1 +a, [c, d]oll.rJ
+7|++r "J++ x,l xroltr x1, xrTl ael b ^l-olE "Jelel + +olE,f(xr) <
f @)"14. ol- ol_$all.{ #z}sJ#g ^deg 4el++.

y B
D
y:f(x)

0 a xt x2 b C dx
aEJ 22
18 18 -cr+sl=-d

+rJ 1ql ?IE x, ( rztl .JEq x1, r2o11 rllo11 r-1-gg "J+6IE ++/= ++ lql
function)ol +.
^J =7tEl+(increasing
f (*,)< f (xr)

+rJ rql glE x, ( rzoJ "JelE -r1, r2ol1 116I r|# EI+6|H fY +?J lql^l ',J4
-Ef*(decre as ing functi on) o
I
r{.
.y
f (xr) > f(xz)
y: x2

xztroll qlql oll+ +s6Fr.-E HIE^J fzlollop E.J+. r

"J+49"F +trf= ^I¤g
0 x
B 23-q--e+E1 EL+ ,f (*) = *'* 77J (-*, Olql^l +46hq, ++ [0, *)o]lr'1 6
fal 23 zloJg "J + ?t+.

1.1 l g+Eril

r. /(*): r * ff*ola- g(u): " + J2 -iolE /:goJ 7

x ]'
7l?
E0l(cm) cg 371
r80 t2
A. o.J+ s9 :4sz| rl--o--4 gt1. 150 I
(a) s(-Z), s(0), g (2), s(3)E #g "J6I+. 150
n

16) qH ,#"ll 4dl g(x):3olz[! 160 9

t75 10
(c) ol$ r{loll 4a|] s(x) S:oJzl-?
(d) s9 4Eq4 ilqg =J5I4.
(e) oll= ++"11^l stl ffilxl+tll
s-e q-e- +dol x"il 4E E!+E :4soJzl "tHxl 446|
v
4. aJf"lE Cqq4 ilqg "J6I+.
I

,I
3 -t
8. v 9. v
\g
I I
\ \

-3 10 / J Y
0 \r / 0 I .f,

3. rH 19 LAE ts+4Eq"t Eilqlr(usc)sl '}]qHgql

,J4Eqot +EzlEo++7t ¤il+ rl;(lE+El Hg zl¤ 10. r+gg 20r,llzl zl+ +e.l Bt gE r= +4U r.r{uol
olE ol+44 _r-^4zl x]+lol gsq"b EqI usc
"14. 4. trl'+g +461+.
+zl7l-EE H+lE +d6izl.
ql^-I
(a) 1es0H9 xl*9 Bt gE
4-7 tr].¤- *44ol4 Ezt yE *9 B#s 4sl6.lb7l tr4"t (b) ¤+ gE.z} ,O.r"go.1 uJE
4. (c) zl7 tr9 gsz} 414, al{"J tJs
4.3x-5y:7 5. xz+(y-3)':5 (d) rel a q
O. (y + 3)3 + l:2x
 1.1 -'J+= E-d61ts Lil Tlrl HJE
19

T ('c) (a) olzl$$ ol+6}q 19 *#e^J rq rqsE tril+zl

e+ r.fi+.
(b) r4s= ol+61-q sd e^lel gEE +461+.
t4
17. f (x) : 3x2 - x* 2"J tr\, f (2), f (-Z), f (a), f (-a), f (a * t),
2f (a), f (2a), f (r'), lf @)12, f (a + fr)= +6I+.

13
18-re +qTI El+ql ql+ il+ +g 4141614

1900 1950 2000 t te,,f(x) :4*3x-x2, f(3+h)-f(3)

h
Source'. Adapted from Globe and Mail [Toronto], 5 Dec. 2009. print. 1
19. f k): r.
f(*) - f(a)
il. +4+ql g* H 449 Br +E=g zl]*l gz} 9l9l tszl.. )c x- a

^lrJ"l
sEq "]4 Eq gETI
qBr,ll H6]+xl ¤H6Iut
20-23 rt+ .J+el delqg +a-14.
44- ^lrJE 6J+E^l Eq gE:= rflq4"J :74o.+ rEJ+.
x*4
12. trI¤. r4s= 4nE*^l^aql^J egel qL 6I+ E"J d 20. flx):
x'-9 21. f(t): W t
q aHlE ++U+. tPq E+l= qlzle+E(Mw), 19 ESI ---
23 L(-\: 23, F(p) : ,E -@
1

z}4_e_-E+Elsl {xz _ 5x
= ^lrJl
(a)sd 6^lql {{ +u1ge-z e-+ 6^1=?
O) dq 4ul$o1 alcg ullb flxll"Jr}? al4.J trll= 24. E++ h(x): J+ - ., E CEq+ ilEg +Elr :zqE
fl
olfl E rq4.
^la.E=g +'J6il -Hol=/l?
4l.Jzl-?
P
2s-26 a4uh4 ce.l¤ +¤. 6J+E f t3),,f(0), /(2)E +?'I
800
I

t\
r rzll_uE r4t}.
+ x2+2,
600
/ 2s. f(x) : "r{0
400
l
I
x, ;r >0
+
: x* .r <
i
I
l
200
26. f (x)
1, -1
x2, x ) -1
36912 15 18 2l t
& Electric
Pacific Gas
27-2e ++ ++e-l relJEE:aBJ+
13. dB4?l Bts ¤'q} ^l+sl 6}+E^l dg +sq r4E zt.f(x):x+l,rl
E qlq4s-+.:7Bl+. 28. s(t): 11 - 3r I

14. Tlirl ,I4ql 46J +l+E^J oJ d-dql^J gr-1= +4 4i'1

zg. f (x) : l,l,
xl< I
E{Ee-l Sr]]+ql 4t:4gE 444-oe :1ei+. { 1,
I

I
-rl> I

ls. d+"Jol "llf +s.J s+ql 4LqE +E+. 4+¤. 6J +

7lE 6H^J 6J+E^J TlqE zJ"lgl ql6.J:1488 30-32 4+rI zj$ :zlluE B+4g +614.
^l+e.l
q+zlsE rE+. 30. (1, -3)+ (s, 7)g Ee6.l+ 4d

16. 6g ols B .l]5+4ql,q EI 12.'.15_q e+ 2^lvl7) 2^l 31. E¤-rC x+(y - l)':0E olrll Hl
zJ"t4 +46J gE= rcc)-+- +4H+. rl4 rE B rzrl 32. v 1

+q ^l+ E+lE +¤g+. /

/
t 0 L 4 6 I l0 t2 t4
I
/
T 23 2t 20 t9 2t 26 28 30
0 I .t
 :Et+et
20 18
=-.J

33-3s q-+ql ¤EH E'-+= ^l-o + 4441 4qqg "J6I+. 94q=?

(c) a5IE EI-+E^I +49 + ill+ Iel -rqsE feJ+.
33. Eqlel z)oltl20 mtl zlrt4¤ol ?ltrl. 4rI4¤9 Hol
E qB + Eq ,Jolel +I+E'tEl4+. rg. q+g /4 s9 l.4l-uo1q-. 4 *#tl +'*+, zlalf E
qL flr olgxl a45lr, I ol+E ¤H6I4.
34. 4+L4Be-l HolE + HE 'JolE ++E LlEl4+. =
)
35. ul{ol 4^l4Eoll flflol trfl zl+HillE $ulz} 2 m3 {1

tl lJ.zlzt 914. "l rlzlg 4HolE "JHe.l + HE ,Jol f

el oJ+E +4r]]+.
.{

36. HolzJ- 30 cm X 50 cmoJ u}tszl9 4 E^Jr-lql^J aJ HE

,9 4rt4Bg 944-z :floll.<ls+'Jol 'J"l gH¤- d
xel aJfErl ttxt9 8Eg 'J+E :14Ezt trtg=rl zJ4. x < 0g
"1 ¤.ej +4ol H= tlzl-= ElE4. 40. x > Oql^J
+fl vE +e}'|]+. trl Q+el $+ql qltll r4E= SC6I+.
(a) zloJ4 G) +qI+

x x v
T r ;
30
x -l rx
I I x x I

0 .rr

37. qL +e.l -r.+E-Eql^J 6l+61^= 3lr +E= 100 km/trol

a 4l^l +E= 60 km/holtrt. ol xll* 4EE +lHl6}q 4l
-r. +E!-trI +4LI .i'lxl $E-H-trt *¤. trll, ^l+=J kmtrt 41-43 B#/zl +++, 7l++ EE qL flr o1gx1 E46t
+ lsgqE H;¤ +4+tr1. o <x< lso"J trl +B + 4. :-44 4l+Izl E= A+qE ol+6}q fq6.J 44g=_ 44
E xoll ql+.J+tr^J E+ rE E+E +4Lll1 f4s$ 6llE Etri.
fBl+. al. f(x):fr a2. f(x)=#
38. q- ++"ll^J a+iJlE +q=r+ Aol +4++. 4+ 10,000
a3. f(x):1+3x2-xa
Eelztxl3 ^ll+ol S.tr}. 4+ 10,000*20,000$elzlxJg
.r]l$ 107oolr. 4$ol 20,0009=lE Hsts
f + s7t +EL+{H /+ sE +6J+"J71? f * stl ,lfli++
t5vo
^llgol 44.
ol+.
E /+ sE 7l*+.JzI? /rl +E+ olt stl ,l*+4H q
(a) aE lel +++E^J nE r4s-E r44.
^llg Hzl?
(b) 4+ 14,0009+lql +4El=
^ll++ E"I?lzI?
26,000

1.2 l++4 EE: =J+=*+sl ++

+trtq EB(mathematical model)* "J++, E'/J9 +g-, hl6}E9 {E, oiq H}+
ql^l s^dEq t-E, 714 +E E= ul]TltlL zlzJ' Hlso4 ec g4l ¤^J
^lH-el
g (EL+ E= HJ¤49E) 'i44-+E4 EBoltrl. +qI4 EEq +4e e+
g 0161161-r. trl4E ql+6t- 4o14.
 f ^o-l^{ E6l . Et-\ El-z\.o| F=
1l.Gl--+O.dlEt--- 21

dxll Exllz} f"lzlE foi4 e¤irl-44q1^l A Hal $BC +BH+e+ f;$

E+E q.J6H^l ol# tsolr' +qL4gE 4Fzl fl41 6l-71 +16ll ¤tr-g ++s+
zl-cg "J=q +qr-4 EBg +4s+61-= 4o14. E44 Btr-4 *4-4 zl
^l7l-
+q ql+ xlal$ ol$.aflrl E+E +fl A. %I4^lg ^11+4. +roJ "J+ EflH
zlol H.Y ^JE*ql^J= g¤6-J +4.g "Jol"4zl gl"ll Ee.l ¤4e 4e. qlElglol
+ E^l+ E. zlCE {Eql el6ll +d "t a^IE +E 9l+. EL+ql qlEJ +44
-sBoe+q xl.tr.E EsE rel^l r4Ee+ rJ* E¤g gg + gl+ qE 4+
ql- r4sE+El 4¤EJ 4+4 +{g +48 +E 9l+
+ Hnll B4l= *ql^l +^lsl+ +q4 EE.ll (ol 4ql^J tsll+4I E o14ts4
asJ *4zI gr 9l- +trig zl+6ll^l +E4 trEg +E6l* 4o14. :fl 4
+ ^,fl Hall +4lql^i, +q4 a$g Qaflrl E{r-g ¤Ho-}rl4 "14= ql+E-e_E
rl g4el dxll ¤{l.ql '}]* c-E-E H^ol-E.J+. "l-zl"J tr41-.riltrg gxll xlEE
E6l] ql+¤ e+61+ 4o14. ql+ol ¤zlls+ ¤ *zl t+sE E¤¤. q+.4+ ^llE
+ EEg ElEq E+^l ol 449 HI+f,+. :H l3 +qr4 EBg "J=-;I4
g ¤E6l-r 9l+.

r-l
¤xll E^il =.At=t
o
--t
---------------- a6l--(]
lf--+o
tr d =rl +Elzi AE
6]|4dl'71
d4l {l*

71=
EO

fH 1 EEtrl.r.fE

+Et4 EBg a7 Er]4 ¤+ql 4+ +q6}r c++ sBol otqq-. tzl,

rag o'l++oltrI. +g Eeg +qzl 4ltlol zJ^r-" 6fE$ ¤xllE ++p+ElzlEl
TIilll- ¤Eg +Eg "J+ 4+6}tl. s-¤el EI4IE 4lE- 4ol 6s6l+.
¤xfl"llrl +Rg- +41= E¤sl6l+ rll ole"g.+ glE +ofql E4el E].+zI
gl+. zl?+El ol B+Eel da4 r4lsql 46l] b6lr olE E]-+tr 4¤61 EE
sl-g 4+9 qE ¤¤Exl-

I dEEE
ag *+E r4E7l- zld";9 9"1tr
yz| xg] ql6H CB-{f(linear function)+=
+. qel^J zlszl-¤¤¤ zldel ,J44sE ++r+ ,Jol oJfq 4l.g + + 9l+
y:f(x):mx*b
{zlrJ mZ 44.4 tl&tlolL &} y¤¤o14.
dB'J+q 54* "J4+ Hl¤:E E++- 4o14. ql=.q :.H 2"il d¤6J+
f (x) : 3x - 2! rqEe+ Et #.tl '}]qL EzI 9I+. xtl0.14 6zl-tr ull"l-4/(x)
el Atg 0.34 +7l6la- gl+.il +E_6r{ /(r)b *tr-4 3ufl mfE_zll 6z|'*4. relq
tr. y: 3x - 24:4sgl 4,* zl¤71 3+ *.ll 4il yel HEI¤E ¤H.J + ?t+
22 18 :tsr+el
+-.J

_v
-x f(x): 3x - 2
Y:3x -Z 1.0 1.0
1.1 1.3

0 1.2 1.6
"{
1.3 1.9
_L
1.4 2.2
1.5 2.5
-rel
JE4
D

(qlll tl)
(a) dad +71= +le ¤.+rJ+-t s+dl-r zl-7}+ld+. 4tr-e.l Sszl z0"colr
I km +olql^Jq gETl 10'c+ 6LzI. d¤E¤ol 4¤6I+E 7l-46}ql, gE rfc)E
+ol r,(km)E qr+E +44e}.
(b) (a)9 6J+= r4F-E:r-q+. zl¤.zl* +H.g 444EzLr
(c) 2.5 km +olql^l gE= q E"oJzl?

H
@) rzl /,q ql+ dBEJ++r z|{fleu F trl-+-r+ zJol ¤ + 9l+.
T:mh*b
ft: QoJ rll 7: 20olEE tr}*¤ E=+,
20:m.0+b:b
4 y¤¤3 b: 2ool4,
E+ ft - loJ o]] r: l0olE-+ tl¤¤ eb+.
10:m'l+20
T
r4 o + zldel 7lg7l= m: t0 * 20 - -10o1tr +6-1-r^| 6l= dEEt+= q"q=4
20
+Ll.
T: -l0h-120 T:-lDh+20
l0

ft) r4s= rH 3"ll 914. zl¤7lb m: -l0oC/kmolI "lAg tololl ulE geE
0 3 h
H$gg,4+U4.
(c) Eol h:2.5 kmoJ trll gEE +q-r+ +q.
-ral
JEall
2 T : -10(2.5) + 20 : -5"C I
E¤g +^ls+B Er] Bzlol4 fl4zl- s.+H, d4eE +d¤ xLEql 7-46l]
"JEtri. r4r zlEE9 zlE4 C6#g
.^l EEsE(empirical model)S g H]¤61
. 4¤6-J r4gE *otBtrl-.

(q4 s 19 1980LJ+E] 20l6uf,itltl ufs{EofiMauna Loa) s44ql^J

2D
=4
+ 'I7l +4 Et "l+lq+a EE(ppm)E ++U 4o14. E lel zle= ol$-oll.<J ol
 1 ', -lolxt Eol' El.\ ol"-\Ol Fe
t--.!o.dtEt--- 23

4IslB+ 5r9l q.J EBg EIE+

Efl s 1$ ol$-all^l rg 4el +EEE "JE4 ¤zlr"l rE alzJ(E)olr C. Corel E1

Eo E(ppm)E +Elt+. GE
r lI
co2 Ei_E.
Es.
co, Ei-E
(ppm) (ppm)
C (ppm) r980 338.7 2000 369.4

410
1 984 344.4 2AA4 317.5
l 988 351.5 2008 385.6
400
t992 356.3 2012 393.8

390 1996 362.4 20t6 404.2

380
a

370

a
360
a

3s0

340

l9B0 1984 l9B8 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 zltz z0t6 t :leJ 4 Et co, E+iE
=E
xfEfl!-ol zldql 7l*Al +E++sE, ol a+ dEE¤g cqd-= flol ziflaH
4. olE zle_Eg1 Tlrl+ zldol f*"1 gliq qtr Ag ^|aot]]ot al}zt? fl zlxl z|
e"+ ElHg il+$ ulzl"+ zl-E¤g zl+= zldoltrl. ol {dg zl$Tl= trH-4 rJ{

404.2 - 338.1
: 65.5 : 1.819
2016 - 1980 36
-
B}a4g q-s=4 g+
C -338.7 :1.8t9(t - 1980)

1 C: 1.819/ -3262.92
4l trg ol+E+*A +E_ql q+ + zlzl zl+."aJ CeEBol+.r4_E= rH 5e+

C (ppm)

410

400

390

380

370

3fl)

350

340

-ral
4E tr
!r
1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 z(M zo0B z}tz zot6 t
ilgrl nlxls+ XIEEE rlLl= dEEE
24 t5| --J+s[+-Lr

a+EJLI lalir zltjz loil,'-J= rl.Etr4 El a+ *^j +6J EBql^l='H+EE 4* co, +E7l- dxllalE4 rJ +41 +Etsg
d r;o;o; +4 Zelel rjlE-Jg al4+61. E + 9I+ tr+ +* dBEee d¤Elfl+z 6l+ E4l4 ¤zl¤ Ea}] eg + 9l+
rl4rilEElql q6t| Elfl4d= reJ+
=
rl,ql-d A= l3.7troll^j ¤E-sfl. '*f- rEIq 4l+zls+ fl+El auE+tlq *e" s_tr-:.+ol "JEE zlEql ql.J qflzld
g edg + 9l+ rqql 41*zl + 6l+. E lE xlEq ql6ll +s=r+ Ae qfl4d
9 zl$zls+ ytr¤g zll+,tl+.
m:1.7824?, b:-3192.90
rql^j co2 ]-o Eql ql6J Bl44l+ Ee+ q-g+ e+
2 C:1.78242t-3192.90
zlEdE+ qflzldel l4EzI gl+.rH
6oll se+ Hlr.6ll -H-H,4+l4d"l
=.H
s^j ++ d¤Eetr+ q ++ ¤r+"Jg "J + 9l+.
C (ppm)

410

m
390

380

370

I
360

350

340

:1aJ 6 el+lz]d 1980 t9B4 l9B8 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 zltz z0t6 t
rl

(q4l d¤E¤¤- olg-oll.rJ le87rdel *l+ co, tEE +d6I

^l E_+ +qTr
3D
a202sA9 L"EE ql+614" ol EBql E6IE co2 r-oEtl 440 ppmg'Jq^J= trll
flxlloJTl?
=
Eq 2 oll r:19879 4E6l-E 1987LJ ¤+ CO, EoEE +s=4 rJol +48 + 9ltrI
^l
C(1987) : r.78242(1987) - 3192.90 * 348.77

"lE ++B {tE ^}olql^l #¤- +49}.eE-e. -tr-+He] qlol+. (¤^{-E ufgr}Eo} $

4q6I+.)
t :2025! tr}] +gg E=+.
C(2025) : 1.78242(2025) - 3192.90: 416.50

r4^l 2025Li ¤+ co, bE+- 416.s ppmo + q+¤+. ol4g ++ ^l+ ¤q H+

ql^l #g ql+fl_eEE el+Bel {lol4. a44s.tr- ql+e] cq^Jql q1a3 4lelrz}

 1.2 ++E -E.E: "J* -Et+el 25
=+
¤d Eol+l+.
4l trE oJ+6]].<-f Co, LoETI 440 ppm$ arlg trll$ +6IE +s=4 rJ+
1.78242t-3192.90>440
ol ?E^.lg EE +*g H=+
,, ?6]?]_
t.78242
- 2038.18

fBlF + 2o3SLJolH CO, bEzI 440 ppm$ a4tr AqE ql++tr}. ol 4l*g t
4<tEe+El q+ E4 Eqd ^lrJql 4.J 4olq^J +le6l+. dzll :.H 0-o-+.Sel
co2 r-oE7l 4z H H +q} rJq ;|4o] +71-6Ir. gl¤¤ g + tl4. :4.<l 2038LJ
oldql 440 ppm$ ++61 'Jq¤ + 9lg 4o14. r
r qaFd+ v

+*lt zEol EtrEl= Et+ PE trl':d:d+(polynomial function)4I 5J+. 2

P(x) : a,x' I an*rxn-r +''' * azxz I atx * ao

¤zlrJ ru$ *ol ol-U C#ol.Z as, ap e2, ..., a,g $feal +r.LEt-+el Il+ 0 lx
(coefficient)n+ +trI. .JslE trIEJB+e.l 4elqg R : (-*, *)olrl. Elr.itB fil+
(a)y: x7+ x+l
(leading coefficient)tl a, + Ool{, tri6JEI+9 il*(degree)|-ruo14. ql$ EH trI

¤. 6J+= ffi| rfo.rg-ao]q. v

- xa +?*'+'/i
2
P(x):2x6
lil-+ElE+= p(x)
- mx* bE ¤r1oltrE gzl-++(dB6J+)oltri. 2z| QaJ-
++- P(x) : axz * bx * cE 84"14 oliFef*(quadratic function)ap ql+. ol x

r{sE EEd y: o*'# olf,all,rj egq 1.3¤ql^i E4l g Aol+. a > 0"J 4l
EEdg +lE 844 a < 0.J trll olqlE gfl+(re T +4). (b) Y: -2x2 + 3'r * I
3zl. r]-6J.4-ael Bql= +g_r+ ,Jgq ,r.6[erf(cubic function)4 +4. f.al 7 olilEt+s.l ra|lE= EEcolrl.

P(x) : ax3 + bxz + cx t d, a * o

:.H 8(a)= +7I*+, (b)el (c)i- 4il, s^I +o}$+sl rqls$ Bq ++. r
ol ft= r|+ql gfll E 4"14.

v v y

2 z0

0 Lx ,r

(a)): x3-x*l (b)y: xa-3x7+x (c) y: 3xs - 25x3 + 6ox ftJ I

26 15! --J+e[+-Lf

zl-¤4q'-4
^Lq+elql^J
ts^J6l+ +of"J ++g EB+61-- Ql rluls}ffi ol
+++. q= z.7Eql^J 4xll4zl¤ol x*9l9 d-+g ^J4I6l+ trJl E= Hl+
=q
g r+6J6J+ P(x)tr 444bxl ol#E ¤HB 4o14. trl¤= qlxllql^J olzI6J+E
ol+6lq +e.l +61-= EEs+ ++

E2 {lql4| +l} zl^} 450 m +ol9 cN 4+l d"}qlql^l +g gqEfl+. E 2= +q +-

Al7J(s) tsol(m) ol /rE lE zJ4 o + zl++ {o14. z}-H"ll 4¤+ EBg +o.}7 +ol zlHql Eg6l-
0 450 +61-4.
1 445 = ^lrJg
2 431
Eil 4e 4IdEE rq-E-H dBg¤ol pzl¤elg ++E + 9t
:uH eql^J x|-e.otl
4. xlBdEol sEd +lql fl: ar,lH EoJtrl. :z4.rJ zxl--E¤¤. a-rz| ++. 4
3 408
4 375
5 332
Ar]EHg "l+6I= r4q 4l&zl+ a+El ql+ill4lE ol*6ll^l r+¤. 2zl-E.¤g
6 279 ts=+.
l 216
I t43 tr h: 449.36 + 0.96r - 4.90t2

9 61
h (meters) h

a
a
400 a
400

a
200 200

0 2468 t
(s)
0 2468t
fal g '+6|.Eel tlEE LaJ 10 'Jo:|.89 2ilEE

:zH l09l^J E f ?ltol, zl-EH=r+ 4l EE r4sE r4ts 2ilE-¤ol oI+ +

ulP-Q- oI L4A--l
;t Er = E ^.
olrl .

tr:OoJ 4 ao9 4Hql EE-6IE-tr ffi olzldt4^lg ++.

-4.90t2 + 0.96r * 449.36 : 0

*l olzl%r4rl_" + g=q.

-0.96 1
z\-+.ru)

"Jgl t :e.6JolsE E e.74. s +I.ol zlBql Eg.J¤. ql+g + 9ir+

=g
r 4ErilEi#+
f(x):x"(aY ^J+) EqE o#\E 4ElllEl*J+(power function)z| +tri. H ztxl
A+= *4Exl-.
 1.2 ++E -E.E: =J+ --J+E += 27

(i) a = n, n? gql E+
n:r,2,3,4,5"J Ell f@) -r'E :l-4E71-:fH 1lql il+ (+ 6l+9 E'Js-tr g
4.Je}+o14.) y - 19 lql_o(zl&zltl l olr gd¤. zl+= zld)e+ y : xz IEE
.d, l,1¤el qlzll 2(b) +4le] e4- oJul o$ 1itrt.

v
!: x2 y:# l:x
l
v J
v v v v
y:)t
I

o1x 0 1r 0 l.r 0 1.r 0 IT

feJ 1 1 n = 1. 2, 3,4, 5"J ttll./1x) = x"gllellg

E}+ /(x) -x"4 r4EE "JHlziql E4.= nol e+"Jzl-¤+qlzfql q+ +e

4. ,rol ,q$olfl, ,f(x) -x'3 "*foJl r{ls= EEd y -xzal ulfalQ. n
oJ ¤#olH, ,f(r):x,* zJgfoll :r_49= y_x34 Hl*61-tr|. rH l2tr+El

4ol f;zfafE /(x) -x"9 r4E- 0 -xJql^J B¤6llzlr. lrl> lql^l- 7l¤+
41+. (xz[ z[98 fe- rJ z]o]xltr, *3* # q 4"o]zlr. xag :.-H_+ q +.]41tr1.)

v v -.J++e r
"Jtr^l=o| +EE -Er+Eol
}:-r,t Egolrl. ral 12= El+ lErllEEr"++
y: x6
(1, l) 4 Z-rll=:-r"+4_g Eq=+.
_T
y:f
v --J =+
..-Y: r
(- l, l) (1, l)

-1, -1)
0 x
:leJ 12

(ii) a - Un, nZ Ssl E+

Rf - *7/n -n,/iE 4Erll#pff(root function)o]4. ,:2! 4l zlExll**
/(x)
Et+= f(*): l;ola Ce-lq+ [0, *)olq r4s- sEd ,:yzE +]+ H]ol
q[rfl 13(a)]. nol 4E 4F+g 4l y: ./iE r{s= y - Ji4 rql=e+ Hl*
v v

(1, l) (1, l)

0 )c 0 x

(a) /(x):.6 (b) /(x): {,Ii fal 13 4EIll#--J+ol :laHr

Zg 16] --J+sl=-Ll

6t+. n -rJlxllffier-f f(*):3fiola- {e]Eg R (E= ¤+-

3.J tr}]
^llzllfrf
g ,*=+.)olq r4s= rH 13(b)e+ ,J+. nol E*4{r? > 3)g rll y: "/i 4 t
4s- y -3^/i E r4se+ Hl*61-tri.

(iii) a = -l
HJHIHIfl+(reciprocal function) f.4g- rB l4e+ ?Jr+.ol :]-
f (x):.tr-r :11x4
flEE %14419 y - rlx EY ry: lolI rle4g d]dge a.r}. {r-+doltrl.
olfl aJfg gEzl- "J{tr zlillel +nl y= .Jq pql HlHlql++- E"JE H
"tl
zl4 +fl$ s+Eol+ Et-ltrLql^'l +Elttrl".

v:-PC
¤zlr-1 Ci. ^J+ol+. :a4=tr- Pql 46J EI-+E^J yE r{s(re ls)E "JHI4
o F rH 14el s-E+ +r+ a+.

.v V

I
./x
v:f;
0 x

0 P

f.a 14 HJHlall--J+ ,reJ 15 "JE 3Eoil^l gq

o; arfEAlq +4

(iv) a = -),
++"J oll, z-lEzll# 1++ f(x):-r'el B4"ll^l 7f6l- +,q+ AC a : -}oJ
I
y:-
-x" a7l
4*o14. z|fl Hzlql^l *e A+ql 6I+E +=6Fe +E +=J9 xll#.]] tlul4lel
+. +^l "J6l-8, il+ ++C.f(x) : Cl*'4 ¤El]E Egts El=ql ol$ $filEH
0
(inverse square law;o14 6Jtr].. qlE Eq, +flql q+ EillE AE 1= +flgs

reJ 16 rllg-Br+sl E+ +ElE zl4 x9 ^ll#q HlHlql,*+.

I I:+x-
I:+ ¤zlrJ C= ++ol+. :a4=e- x-el 6J+-E^J /el l4E(14 11 +a)= rH 16
^
E s# HI4 ee "JH}4"J e4ol4.
gxllg.H$ +q, A4e.l a7l oA F 6l.d oJzl- EB=d++ q
^lol9 dzlqg
zil+Hol x}fl"il^J zl+ tsC6I- zl6l.Ezl ol+ql ql"ll^J- E+E4l leE +3
0 x
6l-4
aej 17 BflsE+E19l 7lelol B#e rElr. 4"JsE+eq 44E
fi aJfls-++Ele.l ;Ftr 4Ezil#Er#L ao4 zlEel +4(¤G+zll 18)
 1.2 +-*E E-d: -J* -'r4o; EE 29

EJ+eAl qdE *datlql ']]ql

EgE ^l-*gr+.

r +el:d+
*alEl*(rational function) /= + t]6]6J+E HIE +E]E + 9I= oJ+oltr].
P(x\
f(x)
d. : v
QG)

{zlrJ gY 4a}oJfol+. cqEg gG) +OoJ EExg {tol+.+EIE}+g

pe+ 20

+++ {lE /(x) - 1/xol4 4qq* {rl*lo1o1i1-. olag fH 14e} rJg + 0

Hlql$+olq. q+ $+= #4't*"14 {EqC {xlx +rz)olr rz}]s- r
H 18rl +r+.
n o-x2+l
: Zxa
-- x2
-+
L
ral 18 .f(x):
'f(') L -4t -, x--+,

I EH+:d+

EL+/= +6}Er+"ll H.4, EC, +C, +kd, =.E +l6l-7le+ rJ+ 4+4 fl4}g
olgall.! +- ++. s[*:-J*(atgebraic function)4 ++ E= +4EJ+- Pl+"J
#o14. + 7l-^l q= ql$ Ezl-.
xa - l6x2
f(*): rN g(x)::+(x-z){x+r
x*{x
3+"ll^l 4+++E lg ull, r4_Ezf +.f"J ¤EIE rl4l ¤+- ^l-dg
.Jrll ¤
4o14.
tlrld olEql^J
'H+++E +
qlE E + gltrr. 4E uoJ oJztel 47#g q+
J} rJ+.

m:f(a): : fils
Jt - u'/c'
{zlal mo* Bx}9 4xlt4"llrl A*ola c:3.0 x ros km/st Tl+ql^l Hel
+Eol+.
'il+4olxl?+g q++= Egfl+(rranscendentat)4 fl+. {zl.llE +rz-}*#, xl
+6J+, _tr :_grf zI EE+Etrt.

r g4:d+
+4Hle+ +r+B+= +a sllolxl 24 ++ Bql^J +4'=++.
"l4Eql^l= (=E6l 0l E4el 4Fs} E! fl0ll trr'4 tr1lolrl7l-
zl^lg a+= zllolap|) E}q* ++lE :
ole" aJr|. ql= E.H eI#/(;) sin xoll ?lcl.

.r.J sin ,E 44"J9 ++lE +49 z-| xg1 qql ol"llgti.

^i.J{IsE ^l..J6J+e+
z^|.JEI+el rflE=:.H 1e9l glrl.
30 16! -J+sl"+-Lf

.y v

7f 3tr 7f
2 2 -7T ? 1T 3r
-rr 0 TI 5r 3 x 0 7f /.7f x
T
7T
2 2 -i 2 2

(a) f(x) : sin.r (b) g(x): cos -tr

f.g 19

^I"J6.J+el =..r,l.ola;ael
4elEe. (-*, m)olr ilq+ [-1, 1]"J+ "Jr gl+.
r4=E sEx6|oil qlEH ++ol dB++.

-1<sinx<1 -1<cosxsl

¤Eg}sE +El'11ts q-.q-r+ ?Jtr+.

lsinxl= t lcosxl= t

^LflEL+e+
a l-tH.+el +s+ Cdg +7lEL+olE #zl* zr-ol4.4 E.E x
{Iql H6]] ffiol CB'J$ 9"1$4.

sin(x + Zzn): sin x cos(x + 2n): cos -r

"Ifl Et+A Atlzl CAC a+, 4l$6l+ ¤+ts, -$+e+ zJol t}44e trtlg
E¤E+6I- Ell 4R6I+. q= EH 1.3¤el qlxll 4.11^J g+eqoHl^l lg ol+ /
.J4 HIT= Eeol ffi ++E +q4g Erll
"J t-"J ^l+(flHol ^lrJ)ql 4+
E 4"14.

L(t) : t2 +r.8.*[#t, - aol]

(ql{l 5l} /(r) = E CqEg +614

=i.r*
Eil /triE Ee.z1-ool olH E= dql^J ¤el¤+. rq+
r-zcosx:0 ¤+ cos"r:: <-> *:!*Znn E;.r:+tZnn
233
+, ,,9 "JEe-l C+ol+(i^l-"J Er-+4 At\tl Z?.olytr_). rBIFF /E 4elq+ 9l
q
'|+1J d¤.
xl]q.J E= ¤+el 46Jol4. r

+41_E 6J+. i^I"J++.il +41 q4 ++'J4 sE +"1 41trI.

^l-.JEr-+e+ ^l
 1.2 ++q EE: =J+ B+ol 31
=+
sin x v
tan x
COS -T

:]49= rH trdlcg-ag cos x - 0, + .r : -F n I 2, +3n 12, ...'J trl

20ql il+.
4Egzl 'J+q zlE+ (-*, *)o14. Bals'J+q +7lb z.ol4. 4
?+=4. ol 3r
2
1T _7f 0 7f 7T 3rr x

EE x#oll qlql 4*ol CH+4. 2 2 2

I

tan(x + lr) : tan x

I

4"lzl ^Jl +4EI+{r^]flE, rlfle, 7E4lE)= ^}"J6J+,

7 }tl++, +d reJ 20 .v = tan x

E++q gfol4. olEg :r4s= B+ Bql fl+.

r rl+E+
xl*tJ*(exponential function)b /(.r):b* B{e-l o}fol4. {zla] "J b= "JE v v

{lfol4. y : 2*4 y - (0.s)'9 .u4eE :zH 214 +r-l.+ Et+E {elq$

(-*, m)oJI ilqg (0, m;o1t1.
zl+R+- 6+ql^l zl,ql6l ++q "J+ +7Hb > t) EE ,J4(b < 1)e+ zJ* zl- 0 "{
n x
fl ¤+g EE+6r- ql f+'*g E4l B 4014. (:a) y:2' (b) y: (0.5)'

lal et
r +rg+
erg!$(logarithmic funcrion) f (x): logux(p b- "Jel
^J+)- xl+El-+E qEI v
y: log, x
#o14. olql +5ll^l= 6tlql^J ++B 4014. :zH 22011 "Jol 4E ull zlxl _Er ): log,
R+E rrlf trzf ?l+. 4 4+"ll^l {flq*
(0, m)oJr zlqg (-*, *)ol4 x 1 )
"J trll
^l^16l
+7I*+.
0 x
y:logrx
(i o{1IlI 5 [ olz]lz[rl ¤E]E ++E + 6]+E^l ++ .=]+E¤ E+6]+. y:1o9,6 x

(b) s(.r) : x5

(d)u(r):1-t+5t4 a=J 22

Eq
(a) : 5',9 zlfE.Jfol4(xb xl+oJ+).
/(x)
(b) g(r) : x'9 z-lEzll#Elfolufixb Eol4l. ol= EoJ sz[ u[o"rg-aolzl-E .]+.

(c) a(x) : L T=
+
l-Jx 'H+EL+"Itr|. ++b Eezl- 4o}*fz}
(ol olq ,, -+ +4EL

fzt o}.l4.l
(d)a(r):1- tt5t4laxlcla]$folrf. r

E 3ql^J= "l 4ql^J {+ ^l*+B +.q ++.E r4s= Eq=+.

32 18 -Et+st+-.J

E3 ra||u
=9.--J#sf
gitH+ .v v

"f(*):mx*b
h
b

b
0 x 0 ,(

f(x): b f(x):mx*b
4Er{Ei**+ ) v v ]
f{x) : x"

0 x 0 x

0 x 0 "l

f(x): x' f(;r): x3 .f(x) :.ro /(x): x5

fitHc+ y v v v

fu) : ,fr
0 x 0 x 0 -T 0 x

f(xl: J; /(x): Vx f@): (li f@):lli

HJHlailE+ v v

: I
f(x\
-x'
0 -rt: 0 x 0 x 0 J

I
f(xl: x'
1 1 1
f(x): J f(;r): x3 f(.r): =
"(

xl+E+sl v ) v

trrg+
f(*) : u.
f(*\ :
0 x
logrx
I

0 .r 0 .f,

f(x): b' (b> l) f (x): h' (h <r) f (x): logr-r (b > l)

/\1716l^
Et-IE I v v v

/(x) :
1
1
sin,r
/(x) : cos x / \
/(x) : tan x 0 ir tt
2rr ,r 7T 0 TT

2 2
I I

I I

I I

/(-r): sin x /(x): cos.r f(-r): tan x

 1.2 ++4 EE: "J+:'t+ol EE 33

1.2 | t+=x1

t. zJ trI+E zlEzll$ Bf, {IE+ 6J+, +olEl+(zl+¤- trJ 4+ 4E* E^IE o}dal
++"68 cE EColTl +16l] c :
- 617l), +3lEr-+, ql+B+, al46J+, zl+++, ErEi+
effia14.
0.0417D(a + 1)¤ ol++Elr 6J+. Cols-l ffiegs-
mgolel alx|.
26s

(b) g(r) : cosz/ - sin r (a) c9 r4sq zl¤zlE +6lr : 9ul= gdl+.
(d) u(r) : 8' (b)
4l{ofel ++%}e H"t"Jz}?
(0 g(u) : logro u e. +r&l(r) gEel d;^l(C) e--r.rl-olel +41+ .JiI++

2. %14{4 r4s= E¤fl+. rflr r ol+E- ¤Hfl-+ r :?c + 32tr- +"l4ltrI.

(A+El+ r4q 4l+lzl= 6}zl "J+).
(a)'*f9 r4sE rej4.
^l-s-o (b) :.4u9 zlgzlE +61-r f qEl= "J6t4.
(a)y:x2 (b)y:xs (c)y:.ra
F¤{g +6J.r :z 9"lE "Ja.}E+.
.y
!1
10. zffi:rL"{-+?-lxl-= 6-}+ql slz} 100zll d+}6}= ql 2200E-
h
rlzt E4 Ezt 3007H qlE 4800842| Eq++
^J+6.1+
b 49.5 914.
(a) ul¤¤ ^J+lE 9xl-9 ,]]+el EL+tr +4.llek"J^lE}
0 x
*4 z|^d). :14EE fq4.
f G) r4=9 zl¤.zlE +6-ir:z 9"lE "J6t4.
(c) -:.4e9 y¤S$ +6Ir : 9ulE "J-"I4.

11. q"Jsl +Hq^l +.Jg 1.05kg/cm2str +E Slg *zl.J

3. f(x) COSJ
el dEqg +6|+. 4 eq fH ol+lloll^J +"Jg 3 m r-flulz3. ullo}4 o.skslcrrf
I - sinx
4 6zI.J4.
4. (a) tl$tltl zol pz1q1a4g. %r-44sE +E}qlr r+ (a) 4oJ9 +E o}4ql^J ,Jolel *+E^l +"Jg +EI{+.
Et+E r4s= H z]]"J rEJ+. O) Sqol 7 kg/cm'?oJ *E zJolg +61+.
(b) /(2) : l+ "J+6t= olr|fia4¤ %r-44sE +4']l 12."Jflq] E+ E8lel 4E= +gsE+q 44E zilBql
I r+ 6J+q r4s$ H zll"J rq+. elulqlt4. q++l4r + %l-ql^l ,* z}lg dE¤ 41 49
(c) (a)e} G)q +6F= 6J+= FHtlzt? $sflr ii}r. 9l+r. alz[. $o] q+ q++l d+ +sE
s. "JiI*+f(x): ' - 19 'J++g "lB +F¤ol SiEzI? HIE}=! olE-lttrt.
E"t4 Elolzl=7|?
$ffi + *+E rEllEE H zH"J r44.
ol
13. +q ElHlel dq +qg r+e s.Jq E+++. +q ElHl
6. r++ f4Ezt 44rll= olilE:+E +614. ql e-lBl]
^J¤g d4 rzh
P : kAu3
18
o-E g-gHg+= 844 fl4e+rl
f "J + tl4. {zlrJ
u! $$, aE Bzllzrlol ¤q u E4oll. frE +7lsl "J
(4,2) E, elH]e-l E¤' H +q qfl Bzfiz,lg 4zl..J"ll El+ E
0 3 x
4xlE 14014.
7. f (l): 64,f(-l) :"f(0) : f(2): 0g El+61-= +it++ (a) +-4rl + Hl] +71{7lE dq ¤q* qtr e.Jql e_l

E +6I+. 6l] ¤!7161+7l-?

8. qE EE 4e fltL ffirlol D(mg)g ql a,rll "lflol"ll

(b) B7Hr,le] ,Jol"J + U]lE dq ¤qg qtr s_
=?]E
 34 18 --J+el=-d

E6}| +7161+-zl? EIE ,Jole+ dt} qlolElE E^i+ EH(qlEl=i s+)ol +

"Jq
(c) Ed *4 ElHlel 4* Bzflr,l zjolz| 3Omoltr /c : ¤-sql +"1d+.
0.214 kg/m3olQ. *+ol 10 m/s, 15 m/s, 25 m/soJ 4 tal 4}dsE "JEq+.
dq ¤q(el= w -- m2 ke/st)¤ +61+. (b) sl+lzld¤. +6tr r4sE:aq?+.
(c) 4=lEe1 zjolz| 53 cm$ .l 4]dr-g +6|+.
1t. 4IdEE !--r. zl-E.ql
'il+ E'JE dq.J + ii= ++
7+

E ++E A46tr r ol+= E'-5;4. rl1trlE AITI

L-: o ElltrlE ,J0l AIXl.
LiO

(cm)=01 (cm) (cm) (cm)

(a) Y (b) v
50. r 178.5 44.5 168.3

ttt 48.3 t73.6 42.7 165.0

a .
45.2 164.8 39.5 155.4
'{. 44.7 163.1 38.0 155.8
at
.a.

0 x 0 x T

+ aHl+ol f, U]]H t9le +qd.q.

T 15. trl+ tr= +B 47ta l7l+ql^J
=^l-6J
trI"J"J 7l+ c5 g+all^l 4I4EE 'JE=tr dBEBol 4qI+
(a) z}..EE
q qE ("J+ loo$%I) c+ +ll"J u19ol4.
zl A4='l+.
/\E
+- fllg HIE (b) sl+lzld¤- +6tr :4sE :aq+.
(=Jel) (?l+ looBEJ) (c) dBs¤g 9+Ell 2002tr+El 2017ulzlxlel +4il
4000 14.1 E +61-+.
6000 13.0
8000 13.4 1e85E+El EE +u;g
12000 12.5 tr+ (EPl: E HHE)

16000 12.0 0 60,083

20000 t2.4 5 66,533
30000 10.5 10 70,099
45000 9.4 15 76,784
60000 8.2 20 84,071
25 87,302
(a) x|_EE +}+6ll^J 4IdEE ElEr dBEBol 4cfiI 30 94,07r
xl a4-+f+. Source'. US Energy Information Administration

(b) il+4 trfzlE E¤- olsall^l d¤E¤g 7ap :r]l 18. xl99 E4ol Hg++ zlqql 69 fzl-q "*
E= rEJ{. ^JEl6l-=
q-= A+ 844"14. 4E4l# EI-+E +-84 +41=
(c) fl?lzlCg +Etr :.4sE:r-aJz}.
EgFdittrl. 561 E^lE ++q +=ql E+lel
(d) (c)oll,tl d¤Eeg ol+ql^l 4=ol 2s000EEloJ ^J^16]*=
^I +q + s= %r-4^l ,s:0.7A0,e+El EoE9 EH4rl +
BEql q+ fl"J Hl+g +61-+. fl"I ?l*99+31+.
(e) E-$oll elir}q 45ol 80000gEloJ +-E]- qoj=
(a) ulrlT +qlg{
"lC gsl^J$ol4b
^l*ol E"E9
-o-E IFEg El¤¤ +61+. =ile-l
s.EztgA :60 m'o14. ol E"Eoll^J H +E Ef=
(0 4+ol 200000BBltl ^l-+qlr,ll ol E¤g 4++= A
ol el-Srrlrp
EAqfl{r zlllalizfl
{4o}Ez}? ¤r iI= Ef 4+g Bafl+E
(b) rE"Eql E"E E4Jg?
T 16. "J+ql4-s=g erJ qqgl} t+e] +4lE d¤E¤ "E +c6l+"
+4Htrt. ol=g ? E g4ol gd*g oll ol dBsBg d*flql^l g^J+q d+q Hul4 ?4
re. 6JolLI ollulzlzl-
0l+61 4lE "J+el 4ltr-g ¤4+4. ¤zl tsd BtlE EI
ilH jr= %]-%tsE +E6trll g6#9 trla+r 7}46lzt.
 1.3 7l= Et+tr+E1
^]|EE
-cr'+ +6t71 35

44zI r"J q, E sE gJuJzlel z5+E 1| 4. ttl9zllfi Hzl / : klrz* "J+6Jg trq+. {zlr.J, /<
=flsE+Elfl
!*fle] zJs r}fol4.
sE +A"l roJ *9 _EE4sE +b 44 A
= "Jel

1.3 I zl= -BI+tr+E1 IJ|EE:EI+ +E'l7l

ol ¤ql^Jb 1.2¤ql^l E-e.l-* 7lE .J+E

^lz+6ll^J
r .J+= ap. Eoll 4
ol:=o

e^14 "EA] ^l]E+ 6J+= Eg aol+. EoJ 71ts E+I4 q+idsE B+= qB
zll ¤.J^l7l-zl H"J 4"14.

I:d+OI EEJ

+q4l EL+q r4s"il "lH H+fg 4+6I^J +flg 6J+q r4s= tsg ole+

+ 91trt. r+41 Elselq +",+g EL+9 r4sE +#rll rB + gt+. E+ +q

+l r4Eql oJ{^lE +ts + fltrI.
'H'J
trxj Ets(translation)$ ^J4"J] Ezl-. czl "J*"J "ll y:f(x)+c9 r4E}-
y:"f(x)9 :f4EE +l+sE olF^lrJ aol+. (?+ yrlszl-+rJg f
'tr91 '"J
+ +z}o.}zl oll$"lrl.) "I+IzlzlE c>OoJ 4l g(*) :f(*
- ')4E rglrl sE *
9 (xolleJ ctgl g+ql il-) x- coll{/el {tr+ ++ :24=e. y:f(x-.)9
r4s= y:f(x)4 r4sE" sE+oe .Egl olE+ 4.o14(:H 1 +a).

+El .# olE c > 0ol4 z|{r}xf.

y:.f(x)9r4s= +l+9-E ct?l olE6ll^J y:f(x) + c9 r4lEE EL.+.
y:f(x)A rqs= olrllg!--tr r$gl olf,all.<l y=f(x)-c9 r4sE ts-+.
y:f(x)4 r4sE sEE_ g_tr_ cQgl ol$all,rJ y:f (x - c)9 r4s= E=4.
y:"f(x)9 r4EE g+sE c*gl olsall.<l y:f (x+c)9 r4EE g=+.

v v

y: f(x)t c y: cf(x)
(c>1)

y: L
y:.f(x) y:f(x-cl
y: f l-x)
flx + c)
y: f(x)

C L r: ]rt,r
0 C x 0 x

y:f(x)-c
y: -.f(x)

-1'aJ t /ol :la1uol ol5 2 /ol la1|riel Ctt11 "f, qe ol5

=aJ
36 Ig --J+sl.+-Lf

c] lolH, y:cf(x)
olzll EfcH(stretching) H tJlfl(reflecting) HS]g ¤9Axl-
E r4EE y :f(x)el r?lls= +4 cull EoJ 4.o14. (r-l y4*ql q
oJ.Jss
,Jg +."J# +6flzl7l trll$olui.) y:-f(x)sl rqE- y:f(x)9 :-4:z.E "r
+ql qla^la aol+.ell+61-H d @,y)tl d (x, -y)E 4;ll*.zl trllEoltrl
ql6H
(rH ? +4yE += +ql, +4, 'lla H++9 ¤4zI trl+ Eql +q4 ilq.

+4 .# EJEII 0|= c ) tzf z|{o}x}.

"J E||e
y :,f(x)9 rqlsE +4sE cull tsq y: cf(x)q rrtrlEE E=+.
y :,f(x)9 :4s8 +zls.tr- cull ¤{ , - (Ltc) f(x)9 :4sE g=q.
y:.f(x)9 r4s$ +¤se cufl ¤{ y:f(cx)A r4s$ g=+.
y : f(x)4 rfls$ +*lsE cufl E{ y : f(xtc)E :-r-flEE gi.+.
y:f(x)A r4s$ x49l E}]B]] 4a^14 y = -"f(x)9 :z4sE 9.4.
y:,f(x)9 r4sEy+ql ql6fl 4A^14 y:f(-x)el r{g$ E=trI.

a-4 3¤, E^l-.JEt+q c: 2E 4*rlrJ q'il H++g Eq f+. qlE Eq

y -zcos xel rEllEE gsqE y = cos xel rqE +lE 4 E9 y4eql 2E g:
++ olAg y: cos x9 :u4EE +4ge zul] ts"Jg 9"1t4.
v y:2 cos x v
I
v 2 ):cos;-r y: cos 2x

;t;,"..
T \
0 x 0 ,T

t
feJ 3
y: cos .r

(q4l +q4l y: ^/Tq r4sE H{+611^J v:,8-2,

1l) v:81, v:-fr,
Y - 26 , Y: J4 4:z4gE rel+.

EUI 4l#++ y: liel r4sE 1.2¤9 :.H 13(a)E+el E"1xl4, :zH 4(a)
q il+ y : .fr - 2Y ol-48 2*+ oftr, y : {* - 2= gE4---g--tr 2I1G! olt,
olrao

y--Ji+ x+ ql{, y:Zlii a4 qra.lee Eoltl, y=RY y+ ql4^l 2HJ]

4 rqlsE rg + ?l+.
v v v v v v

0 -f, 0 x 0 x 0 .r 0 x 0 x
2

-z

(a) y: rG (b)y: rG-z (c) y: J- 4 (d) y : -.1, @) y:?{x (f) y: [-x

fg4 tr
 1.3 7l= E|-+E+EJ Af+ +61"/l 37
^llE8

llo{14! 2 |) .J+ ,f(x) _ x2 + 6x + 10el r4EE r4+.

Eq sd zfl+g ol+6H^J q+r+ zJol ¤ + gltrl.
y: xz * 6x + l0: (x * Z)2 +t
ol4.+ EEd y _*r# 3EJE! g+s_E olE, 1"J+ +ltr. olE6IE E4l ¤4t:zH s).

v v

(-3, 1)

0 x
-3 -1
0x
(a) y: x' (b)y:(x+3)2+1
-ral tr
Jl= L,
I

{|qfl 3D
'l_* EL+el r4s= rE+.
(a) y:sinZx (b) y-l-sin;r

EU
:4s= y: sin ir= +¤g-e 2E1.4 S+6ll^J e=+(rH
(a) y = sin 2x9 6,7).
l4=+ y: sin 19 izlb 216oly4 y:sin 2x! izlYZll2: rrol4.
y v

y :sln.r y: sin 2x

0 TT
2n x On x
2
TT
4 i

f.H 6 -rEl z
JE'

(b) y - 1- sin x9 r4s$ Pzl gla}| y: sin rE+q ^l4LdJ+. r49l 4a1 44ol
+6tol ): -sinr= Ea 1++l "J+ +lE olfdlq y_ 1-sinxE Ei.4(rH B).

v
y:1-sin-r
z

0 TI TT ) tI 't* -f,
2 2

lel
JE
a
L'
38 1X]
rctEtlt-L6l-l.OL -ol

( qq zH e= +"J6J +lEql^J qL 6llE

+D
^lrJe-l
EL+E^-l "Ja
^l+ +E
r4
EE :afl 4ol'1. g+guloI= +lE E 40'Nql +lil6}r 9l+ g+gulolql^l *el
,J"lE EBp+61-= 6-_L+E. +61+.

20

18 -/+-

1 \
+
1"6

t4 /, -+
/{r
,#
t2 -t G u
\
N \>"- ---{ 20" N
^lrJ
t0

a \ t -H
300 N
40" N
50" N

fal I
6
\- 60'N
+g-d +.lEoll^l 3E 218+El
4
r2azt?Jl]l-rl 'Js.l eololl r|lrr:allo
Sourcei Adapted from L. Harrison, Daylight, 2

Twilight, Darkness andTime{New Yorkl Silver,

0
Burdette 1935),40. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec

Eq| 4 +d* ^Lql6J+E olf,ap. ts"J 4"1+. ++4 +Cg _E_E g4'Julofg
+lEql^] *g 6g 21.Jql e+ r+.s/,lzJolr tz+Jzr"Joll s.zalzJ"lo + +dq 41++
(^I"J +dg +4gE 4a fl+) f 1r+.r - e.2): 2.801+.
=.i qE ql+71 gsl}-r+?
^l+ B +-E dtrIE ^I"J +dg +*sE EolTl +lEll
fE
"J
,Jg 3650lolu-tr ol EEq atl}. 36501+. y: sin A atlY 2noltrtr- +¤s
s Eol= oJ+= hl365olr].
E+ ol +dg 3g 21"J(r 6IE 80oJxl] g)ql +dg s-Ea--q--e" 80El
^lzI6IE-+
+ olEEl]oF *+. r4r +lE lzqlE olEod4. :74=E_ B4'J4"Lql^-l q.- all rH

4l q= B *E zJolE +s=r+ rJe'J+E s¤ol6J + gi+

v .r*
L(t) : 12 + 2.8 sin
L t,
(t 80)
365

E +- H+fe EL+"il e*{tg +16l-= 4o14. } : l,f(r) lolH, ¤R{te-l 4Eq1

x

,rl+, /(x) > 0"J trll y :.f(x)oll flr) < 0g r}1 y : -/(r)ol+. olAg y :"f(x)9
(a)Y: )c2-r
r4s-E+rl y: lftrllel :au-Ig= qB4 g-zF= l.q ++.r+ +lel r4s
)
- rqlE FI x4 oI*Y Ee x+oll ql6}] qla^lrJrt.

1T
( q!rll 5D 6}+ y:lxz - I le-l rqEE- rrl+.
-1 0

Efl Exl :zB 10(a)ql^la* EEd y - *'* lEI+ ol-EllE olE6ll^J EEd y: xz - 1

(b) y: lr'- t l ¤: ra+. -1 < x ( loll^J rqlE= r+ ol-4ql ?lo p + ol +E¤. x4ql ql6ll 'Ia
fal 10 rl4 :zB l0(b)e+ 7J* y:lx' - llel r4sE ts.+. r
 :.r+
1.3 7l= Ef+++E1 I]|EE +6|.71 39

r -d+el E'Ej
d+= q6}r EBll:Z, #61-r, ++= 'JB4 ufalzfzlE + .J+ f 4 sE ¤EI^14
,r.ll-trs Et+ / * s, f - s, fs, fls 44= tsg + gt+.

Esl +q+1 + Er+/4 g.ll 46l] il, il, E, + ++= ++4 ,Jol C9q}+
(/+sxx):f(*)+ sk) u- s)(*):"f(r) - s(*)
(/gxr) : f(*) s(*) L
g )u,:'#
/el cE$ol aolz sel 4Eqol B+H, f + s, f - s4 4EEg f@)4 s@)
zl- Erl"ll {EElqof rluE jil46J A nBoltrf. ql= f@)- liE Cflg
g A-[0,oo)o]-r., s(x) -6-4 =q
CflE+ B-(-m,2lolug (/+gX*)
- y/i + /i-E Celq+ A n B: [0, 2]ol+.
fs4 {e_lEg AnBol+,0o_+ +E+ sotr_+ f ls4 celE+{, Ea n r
s(*) + 0)ol+. qlE Eq f(x) = xrola s@) : x - t"l4E +nl6J+ ff/s)(*) :
I

*'/(* - l)el 4e]qg {,* | * # L} s} (-*, 1) u (1, *)oltri.

+ EI+E E6JEll^] ,'il_tr¤ ++= e=- E += "JHol glr+. el= Eq y:f(u)
- url4oltu: g(*) -- )c2 + 1ol+ o.l-^l- l}. ael 6'1-+oJr u;"rg grfol=g ¤
:t yb 19 s+"l+. 4E6llC q-q=4 zJol 4l+IB + gl't.

y : f(u) : f(g(*)) : f(*'+ 1) :

^m
^llE+ +qa + 6J+ f * sE aEL^lzJ {olrr F ol 4Cg oJCol+ +trI-
aJfzl-
gHI4sE +qd F Et+/el g.ll qlE]], s9 Cgqel + xE rlz].Bi]rJ g(x)E
+6J+. ol + s@)tlfel 4slEql gleE/(g(x))9 ,,Ig 4l4}g + fltri. + 'J+
x ('Jq)
E ¤qol ++ g.+q EqsE
^l_S¤+.
a Ea+ ^l|E+ alf tu(x) : f (s(x)) y s ,t

/ql 4g6ll^J B-+. ol4.g f 4 s4 *J4ol4 6l-r f " sE E7lil+.

= tt

Egl +qd + "J+/4 g.ll 46]] E$:Et+(composite function) f "g [E= f4 s

J.

s(x)
9 il8(composition)l$ +++ zjol 49fl4.
&
(f" s)(*) : f(s(*))

f , s4 4elEc g9 celEql 4qL x +ql^J su)tl f 4 aelEql +6I-= E= f (s(xD (=q)

,9 d+ol+. Rrl "5"1-H (/" s)(x)E g(.x)q f@@)) EFTI- 4Eg trll cEE+. fal 11 f "gTlAlEszl4l(ExJ)elf tl4l
rH 1lg /" e= 7l4l= ol$-all.tJ :zflzl} Ag ¤H6Ir gl+ (r +g)= Er.d-dtl.

(qfl 0F /tr):12oltr s(*): x _ 3"J trll EL^drJ+ f " s4 s "f E +6I+

40 18 --J+sl +-d

(f "s)(*):/(s(r)) :f(x - 3) : (* - 3)'

(g "/Xr) : s(/(x)) : s(xz) : x' - 3 F

6"s+q gH}4ss f " s # s."f "Jg "J + 9IrI./" s= EL+ s7l fl^l
@ ruore ql4l
4+Elr f7l:r +*-se 4+E-g 9"loJ4.{lx-ll 6oll.! f "sY Hxl 39 rullr xll+
+ ol+olr, s " f + Exl xll$aE :r. q-g 39 W aJ#oJ4.

(a)f"g (b)g."f (c)f"f (d)g"g

EqI
(a) (/" gxr) : f(s(*)) : fGF): ,m : \E-
f 'g4 ¤elE+ {x12-v} 0}:{xlx<2}:(-*,2lol+.
(b) "/Xr) : s(/(r)) : s(J;) :
(s m
,- a
"84 =J94zl +lql^J r 0ololoF +4. ,tr42h ¤9921 +1611,^J= - 'E q+
O<a<bg[]l a2<b7 > 2
olqoF +4. Ir++^J Ji
=2
E=, <4olEE 0 < -r < 4ola s ""fsl ce.lqg
,J [0,4]"14.
(c) (/"/X*) :f(f(x)):/(6) : tm: fr
f "f 4 4e-lE+ [0, o"1o14.

(d) (g " s)(r) : s(s(x)) : s(JT-) : 2- -x

ol4,g 2-x>0ol-7 z - lz - * > 0g ,il 4qg+ a Hal Ft4g x<2olr
+ H4ll +E4g ri < 2 E= 2-x54,+ x> -}*+zloltr+. 1*l-o+ -2<
x< 2olI s . eel {e.lqg ql+rJ [-2, 21o14. I

d ol,H.g ++= 6J^Jg + gl+. qlE Eq .J¤q++ f " s " h= H^l hE 4+

6Ir q¤- s, r trI+ /= ul+6H^l g-q.
(f "s "hXr):f(s(h(*)))

(qq 8D /(x) : x/(x+ 1), g(x) : x", h(x): -r * 39 trll f" g "ft. +614

l=oil (f . s. hXr) : f(s(h(*))) : f(s(n + 3))

(x +
- f((x+ 3)'o) - (x+3)ro+l
'?)'o

d.cg ol.$all.<l +++ E++E+E] +++ EI+E +fl+. :44 "l

olxllzfzl
zJBqlql^tE q+ ql4ls]. zjol ggal 6J+E + q ,J+6J ++tr. +Ellq+ aol
++g ullzt ?].4.
 1.3 7lE -Bt+tr+E1 ,\]|eE --t+ +dl7l 41

(qxfl 9|) +ol+l F(x) -cos2(x+9)q 46lJ r:f os"hil++"f s,h= +6I+
Efl r(r) - [cos(r + olo + Foll 4+ 49 +6Lz]. E4 eE
e)]2 q6]r r ¤r]q t
+l6J q¤- xll+g +trt. trl-+^j zJol tsb4.
^I?lg 'l++
h(x):x*9 g{x):cos.r f(x):x'
rqH'l+g E=+.
(f " s. /,Xr) : f(g(h(*))) : f(s(* + 9)) : /(cos(.r + 9))
: [cos(x + 9)]' : F(x) I

_ 1.3 lg+gnl
t./sl r4E7t+q4 fl+./el f.qEE+ul rp=$pol (a) y : f(Zx) (b) v : f(+.)
E"jxl} r{sel %'-4^lg +6[+. (c) y :"f(--r) (d) y : -f(-x)
(a) 9lE 3++l ol+
v
(b) otglE:Egl ol+
(c) 9-P{"-+ :ESl olE I

(d) g4 o + 3tgl ol+ 0 1

l'

(e) x4{l
'il6fl 'lle
(D ya{l EilEfl Eile

G) #4 Hr6Js_+ 3Hll ts-ol7J 4. y: ,E- - .'9 :4ozt +q4 gl+.

(h) +4 B;6J9_tr. 3Hll ¤oJ7l v

2. y =f(x)E :74sz} +ol4 fltr}. 4 %i4^14 fqs= v: 5x-x-

1.5

flErtr -r. ol+E ¤E6I+.

(a)y:fU-4 G)v:f(x)+z 0 J x
(c)y:iftl) (d)y: -ffu+a)
(e)y:Tf(x+6) H+Ig oJ$all.rJ l4E7I ol.?lle+ rJg 6J+E +"1-4

v v
/O\
v
6
e
0
-4 -l X
-1

3
f @ -2.5

0
s-13 dg 4xl ?*l 1.2¤E E. 3ql^-1 +o1{1 7lE ++ + "l
-6 -3 J 6
- aJ -z4l=o1,q 4B6l H+}E-J +, +e=tr trI.¤-E-J+q rql
sE rd+.
@
-3
5. y:1*x2 6. y:lx+21
3./el :14j[zt +q4 fl4. olE "l+El^l cl* H.f9 : I
7. y:;+2 8. ):sin4x
4sE r.J+.
42 lE -'J+st+-d

9. ]=z+^ffi 10. Y:x2-Zx+5 7.6-27 trl¤.6J+¤- f " s " h ¤EllE +EIr+lE.

11. y :2 12. y:3sin].r + : lJx - |

l----=-

27. S(t):
-lxl 1 26. R(x) sin2(cos t)

13. y:lcoszrxl
28. E= ^l+6|q 'Itg +6I?+
14. +geloJ^= +]E 30"Nql +lil+ E_^loltr+. :zH 9E: ol x I 2 3 4 5 6
oJ4
+sH^J flEoJ
^l+E EI+E^I }1$4".l4ql^jE ^l f (x\ 3 I 5 6 2 4
,J +E EBg EL+E +r}44. fr$E-loJ4ql^J 3g 3l s(x) 5 3 4 1 J 2

"Jql dlTI sd s^l sltsql 9$ 6,'"1 wl,tl 188011 A+g

f(s(3))
(a) (b) s(f(z))
"l+ql^J +6J EBq 4+EE E^I6l-+. (c) (/. sxs) (d) (g "/Xs)
ls. rtz3u3E xtTI 7l+ H zHzI ,}]++el ql^J
^ll4lql^l = 2e. +qTl f * s4 r4sE ol$a]f.tJ +gg 4141611 4E
"Jq^J B^J+4. o-Eg tql^J 4
.J E.Jql +lil6J ¤q
f7J"J9 iITt ztg ulls.l E zlalzl E 2.0 moltr qe-l 9zl t*s.H f ol+E,5oI4.
= (a) /(s(2)) (u) g(/(o)) (c) (,f " sXO)
zJolzl-E mol4. 4lEE zls #zlb oJ l2,tlzJoll
12.0
(d) (g "/X6) (e) (s " s){-z) (f) (/./X4)
54 "J sd 6^1 45Bq 4++ElE 4tl il4. a^toJ+
fE ol¤-6ll^J, :r.B (xld ol+el ^lrJ) rel af,fe $$ L
,Jol D(r) m$ s.$Eloli ++E +6I+. /
0 \
16. (a) /el r4Ee+ +fl6H^J y : f(lr l)9 r4EE qBrll
2
t4=.tl? /
(b) y : sin l.r 19 .:-{=.E rei{. /
0 2
: ./EIE :-4sE r-q4.
(c) v
F
11. f(x):Jzs4, s{x):'F1oJ4(a) f * s,(b)"f - g,
(c) fs, (d) flsE +6tr. 4Eqg "J6l-4. 30. $ol s+E EqzlE^l 60 cmls9 +EE ulp [ro]eE
t8-20 (a),f. g, (b) g"f, (c) f "f, (d) g'gZ +6tr 49lq
flEE +EAg "JEr 9l+.
(a) rJzJ ,(a)q ql.J ++E^-l ge] HITIB rE E¤6I+.
g "J6I4.
(b) A7t uJ{E{ E}]+ ++tr^l gE Hol4$ A . rE 7
r8. /(r) : * 5, g(i: iE
-tr3
6Ir EIrIE ¤H?'I4.
I
19. /(x) :1, glx): x * I
31. HI]TI 30 km/h +EE zlds.e. t Ell?Idq *lq6}4l +zI
lx
) olrl 9l+. Hll= flqldqlAJ 6 km Eq4 ilr 4sq F4
20. f(x): a, 9(x) : sinx
zlttrI.
=
(a) ¤,44 44 ,E u]lz| {-g$El +zl"J 714
ull afolE
21-22 f os" ftE+6I+. de-l EI+E +44+. 4 s: f(d)"J 6J+/= +614.

/(x) :3x - 2, : sinx, h(x): *z (b) dE Cs+El 4r+6J /E Li4'l]?+. 4 d:

21. g(x)
^l+ Ei+E
22. f(x) : E 3, g(x) : 162, h(x) : x3 + 2 s(/)tl 6Jf gE +dI+.
(c) . s= +61=}. ol Sfg +Hg 444EzI?
"f

23-as ++ +l+E f " eE ¤EllE .*.d6l-+. 32. AlHlAlolEE+ n= +g4 rJol 4Egtrl.
23. F(.r) : (2x * x')o 2a. r,(x)' - J-: : 0 r<0
I +4/x H(t)
r>0
25. a(r) : sec(/2) tan(r')
1

ol EL++ dTlsl-+.ql^l 4+l;(l2 :ltltl #.9 ,I d+ E

 1.4 trt =r1let +E E^{ 43

+ dsE +rJ4ql s# +F+qb ql ^h,*g+. e EL+/E +6t+. 19"il fBts E+Iql qltll ^J4o-fr
(a) ollul,r.|olE++e.l r4sE rEj4. /r9 +l"s trI+El+trI.)
(b) t :09 trll 44^l taoyzl q-Eql +rJ4s (b) /(x) = 3x * 5olI h(x) :3xz + 3x * 29 trll /" g : h
^+lil7l
E +7h*g ull dS y(Oel r4E= raj+. H(r)= e ++ s= +61-+.
ol++q y(r)E ++Lll+. 35. stl +6J+olr h : f " e+ 6I^I. ft= 'J^J *';aqlzp
(c) ^*lrl71 1 :
Azlt s"J trll +A4s
240 vtl slEql
36. /(-r)b *J94ol RtI B*o14.
e +7}fl¤. 'll d.J y(0E r4sE rrl+. H(t)=
(a) : f(x) + f(-x)tl +e++"Jg Eq+.
E(_r)
y(r)= +E}'}]+. (r: 5olJ.r.JE ¤gg BB
"l+6}q (b) o(x) : f(x) - f(-x)tl rl++.Jg Eq+.
olfq 49" BJ4.)
(c) EE'*f /(r)zr +++eI ,IEI+E Be-E +4H +
33. /9+ gzl f@) : ffitx + blol-tr g(x) : mzx + b2oJ oJil-6J+ gt+g trq+.
"J oll /. sE "JiI6.J+?lzI? fB+E :a4Eq tl&tly? (d) : T + (x - 3)¤ +*+c+ ,lQ++e] ElsE +4
"f(x)
3a. (a) g(x) : 2x + lo'll ft(r) : 4* * 4x *7.J ql f" :
g h 4+

1.4 I Efl Erllsl-+E Erll

ol ¤oll^J +C"il g q$4l ++ol 4+

'il+ dd"l+ Ellel +E= fopzf "l
9EzlE g.IE+.

r Efl
=xil
dC(taneent)ol+= +q- 'd++'= Fg tlxlt ?l- +Hl tansensoll^J +4 (
*trt, q{^l +dfl ddg r +dq dq+ zld"l4. 4E "J-e dCg ddql
^J
+dq ++ oJ.Jolqot ++ olfl+ 4l.Eg q$rll dqfl de]$ f glgzf?
gql q"]] ddg ++61 +=qE7l- "JflH AilH, :.H l(a)ql^-le+ rJol fl4
s4l + dql^l "J+- 4d s9 dd"l4r g + ilg 4"14. r+l+ # q +aL (a)

+ +dql^J= ol 49zI +4¤6F+. rH lG)- {d rol d pql^-l +d cql d P

t C
d-= asE +EI,+zlEl, *d
+ H "J+tr1. cstr
+ill4 _+ trl-¤- qlrllql^l sEd y : /el dd
o d¤- +6I- %r-H¤. &qEzl-. (b)

fH1
(0il41 1|) E p(1, l)ql^1 EEd y: *r4 ddq %LC4g +61Ei
y
E4 dd (E 7l&71 *9 tltrIE :. 4dE %r-4^lg +B + fl'I. zlgzlE +6lzl QG, *' (
+1611^J=+ d"l Bea1x1u3, f +lsl + ¤ pEl¤- "Jl 3lo.=+
"14¤-"1 :14.24
4:zH 2ql^lijH EEd +lE +=ql fl= ¤ QQc, f)g dq6}r trd rgsl tl&tl J: X2
P(1,l)

*rrB 4l4I6H^-1 ,m9 **#9 +oJ + 9l+ t-gd(secant line)* xlszlE 9"la|b 4
0 x
44 secansoll.<J *gq +d4 + H ol4- z}-EHjzxlolu.; zldol+.]
x f r* q6IH P + Qolr q¤-ol dB+trI.
-ral
JA
D
C-
44 ttr _r+e|- +_Lf

)c2-l
MPQ
x- |
qlE EE d C(l .s,2.zs)cll ql6ll ++3 e=q.
MPQ
2.25 - I 1.25
:-::<
1.5 - I 0.5

4* g.= loll zl-4+ 19 H ,llel #q 46J *"09 #9 eq +4 gzl P4) tlnlil9

ffi xE toll zfz|fl sq^J 444F"1 **s* zql Tvtl+l+I4. olfl ^l¤+ dC
^la,
{ 4 t|&zl zl- z"JS 9 "loJ4.

x MPQ x mpe

2 3 0 I
1.5 2.5 0.5 1.5
1.1 2.1 0.9 1.9
r.01 2.0r 0.99 t.99
1.001 2.001 0.999 1.999

dcel zlgzlE Ed=q zl#t19 +,*ol+ 4 e-l6l-r, olag ++4 rJol E.¤d+.

x2-l
limm,n:m- + ;-l
lim-:2
O-P x-l

EdE tl&zl= 2tr zl-{f,+H., g-tl&tlB 4dE %}4^lg ol$all.! d (1, 1)¤.
4+. ddE %1-4419 +ts + tl+.
y-1:2(x-l) E= J:2x-l tr

r.H 3g 4xll 1el ++ r+49 ¤H++. EEdg 44 gtl Pql d=tr'I 'l]
+6I= trd+ p= +CsE sld6}H^l dd rql d=++.
$qr-ql^l +^116l-- +Be 6L+.ol Hq+ BI{{9E Ezll} 43 ol-,14.
olE sI+. ¤E xfeql Edl 4slg+. ++ qlxll. olfl 6J+E r4Eql.q dd
4 t|&tl= +C'I-'JHg Bq ++.

t 0
(qq 2D glfllol^l= +1j7lql d6l-= z'l$ap, +rJzlsE E]lolz]$ E^lg trll
0 10 d6l-= HJ=6IE^I 4E"ttr|.e_E+ -Eql il= zl-E.t: t14 t(ql"lz.lz| p,tlE + a
0.02 8"187 ++l.E. +4)ql +dzl9l ts"I 3i= t6I o(c)E ++u+. x|trE ol$oll,{ ol ++q
0.04 6.103 r4sE ril-lr r : dql^l Ede-l tl#z)E +c6I4. t#: Bd9 zJ&zl=
0.0491

+dtlql^l Ellolzl_E os= d+(A)E ++U+.1

0.06 5.488
0.08 4.493
0.1 3.676
Eill +q{ zleE dsE s;.lap "lE ol+6ll^l ++E r4sql +dg
=^t6lb
rfl+(rH 4 *a).
 1.4 Ed Erlle} +E 45
=rll
y v v
0 (
4 (

0
P P,

0 x 0 ,t U -{

Q7l e=+q1r,.1 r"1l dJ

v v "v

t t (.

P.
o o
0 0 x

0rl g+ql^l pql d+

-ral
JE
e
!I

o (c)
l0

o o.oz o.o4 0.06 o.og o.l r (s)

f=J +

r4soll^J +"141 d P(0.04, 6.703)r+ R(0, l0)ql^J 6Jd p,qel zl¤zlE +6IH +
++ rJ+
ffiPR: l0-6.70j_:_g2.425
o - oJ4

s-E+ -E= trtE gde] zlgzlE +6171 +16]l Hl*.J 4l4}g aE Eolal 445 * R ffipa
q ++ ol E-tr-+q r:0.04q1^l 4de-l zlgzl= -74.20+-60.7s zl
^Iols] "lE (0, 10 ) -82.425
dgl F"lrll E ase Tlql++.^l-¤, tlz! zlnl$ + gdE t|gzlE ¤te ++ (0"02,8.187) -14.200
4 rJ+. (0.06, 5.488) -60.750

- 60.?s) :
(0.08, 4.493) -55.250
l1-t+.za -67.475 (0.1, 3.676) -50.450

ra4 = + ol %r-H.ll e.l6ll Ed ! tlp-tlzl E -6T.s"J+ +dtr + gt+.

+E %FH* rH soll^lilH pql^l dde.l t^I zldg rElr +48 ABC9 He-l
 46 18 -si+sl +-d

O (c)

10

7
\A
T
P
l
6
\
5 B C

f=J s 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 r(s)

,JolE +¤++ olaql e.l6ll trlg_r+ rJol dd9 zlgzlE +4++

qlll zoll,rl +-d gel Eel4 e-lEl= 0.04
E + +C7lo1l^j zllolrlB E-== E+7|. lasl 8.0
_r---r*_-____E<^ - 5.4
E -65 Ae[= Aoltl. lBCl 0.06 - 0.02

I +E EIII
+q +oJ zl+zl-sl +E4lE s-H Hl¤ol eflE"J zJE zl4"ll 4E4 glzl
^1,-ll
t+¤¤ g + gi'i. . il-e-l +E- .J461-zl ?++. +E4l= E trll a i'ltl rH++
4q+ +EE #zl+4z 7tr$6txlEJ,'itJ' +E= "lBrll 494bzl?
+E E4l= ^J46ll BzI. 'Je-lE ^l4ql Ei{9 +lzlE Er ?lg oll
q+ =¤ ^14
q6}6t=
"jl 4dg 4+ +zlol= E^llel ++ +E= +fl+ qlzllql^-1, +
E +EE 4^t++. 4c oldql d^l*B dEg E6ll, ,JBqls= {s {afal 5
q6I 44zl B"lzlE xll+ql Hlqlqlq- gflfl+. (zI+ q6L
^llE ^l+sl ^idg
dqlql^l +zl ^Jdlg +^l*+.) t= +q h+6l- 4ElE r(r)4 6Ir ++lE mtr 6i
g, 1xl-EB.ll^l) ,Jgrllsel E4+ r-l+ "JC^lsE EBgti.

s(r) - 4.9t2

( q4l 3D e=eql il= zl{r 4s0 m Holel cN 4+J d"}4ql^l +g trqEfl+a

7l-46lzt. 5a + +fl +EE +614

Eql 5a + +rJ +E= +e- trlE qq+g, t #zJ(r: 5)¤ ++q"t 6I^]EI +rJ
g +4qi=
^lrJ
+rJol H.+E ql ilq. rq+ r - 5oll^-1 t: S.ttlzJ 1/104E A-+
tlzf, nz]q^J B# +E= 4l4I6l-H +16-l+ "JE +¤ + 9t+
=+t#g
@
(5
B+ +E: ?il
+-s eT
^l+
s(5.1) - s(5)
e
g 0.1
ao
o
@ 4.e(s.1)' - 4.e(s)2
: 49.49 m/s
-trEEoll ?lE cu rlfl 0.1
 1.4 Ed Erllel +E 47
=^,11
++ E= tr+tfl^l trl 6Ig ^l7J
+7Jel ¤+ +EE 4l+I+ d4gg +ElU dol4.

^|il
+il EE +-E(nrls)
5<r<5.1 49.49
5<r<5.05 49.245
5<r<5.01 49.049
5<r<5.001 49.0049

ol E. ^l+ ++g #4l iHg trll ¤+ 4sz} ae m/soll zlzffl4]rl-= 49 tsq ++. ,t

r: 591^Jel +T *E(instantaneous velocity)| r:591^J ¤rJ"H^l dd rJ Bg s:4.9t2

^l+
+eql^J ¤+ +EEel ++{tsE flflqEE, sa + (+rJ) +E= 4e m/solr}. r o

+dE zl&zl
E4l. +- ql ^h8-E 4l+I J}col ol ¤e.l EoJ+ql^l fl#tH'J dd¤- +
ol :UJAL
6tL
-+

,l]+ +^l-EIg g4 4ol+, P

"hb a4 ^l-¤ dd Exile+ +E sxll

,rl-o1ql= "Jd
E *4lzl- tt+. +el ,14 R+sl r4s= rElr.(rg 6 e'-4), :a4Eq 4 p(s, 0 5 5+h t
4.e(s)2)r+ 8$ + h, 4.9(s + /r)r)¤- d4++8, Bd pgq zl¤-zl= ti+r+ e+.
.9

4.9(5 + h)'- 4.9$)2

tttPo==@ s:4.9t2

lrzf 0oll d=E} trI ¤t +E9 ++)= pql^l dd9 zl¤zltBdg zl¤zlE + ddg tl&zl
:#7J4E
+)e+ rJot"t ++ P

4lzll t4 39 dd Ezlle+ +E Exjl= Ezl +l-ll^]- --6Jg +dotEl ++=

0 5 t
4* eq ++. "l +E ts$ ull ¤ql^l +6Jg 4l&61+ %FBg- +++ + 24lql
q4q E 4"14.
^l dd "+ +EE +61+ E4lE leJ 6

1.4 I g+Exil
--
I. 1000 LE Eol Eqfl= Bz"llrl 30+ EoJ B=q Hlq (c) y9 :r4sE ol+6ll^J d pql^l dds_l zl¤zlE +
ol.48 Eol g.al'+2J4. ot4 Efl #e r(min) + Br + 46I+ (ol 7lg7l= tsts g Eol BrE+El $.fl+
ql BoI tt= Eq +"] y(L)= +Elutr+. sE Hl¤g LI{U+.)
r(mini l0 l5
5 20 25 30 2. 4 P(2, -l)g 44ly: r/(r - x) 991 gtE ¤ol+.
V(L) 694 444 250 111 28 0 (a) 8zl E (-r, l/(l-.r))oJ 4l ,9 trt+ {tEql qldl E}d
p?E z]¤zlE +6t+. (+atg A+d oi4 {dzll xf
(a) Ptl ye{ r4E +lsl d (1s, 250)ol+8, gtl t:5,
10, 20, 2s, 30tl r4s +lE a.J 4 6Jd Pg+ 7l& 4t*t1+b.Jtrl-.)
7l= +6I+. (i) 1.s (ii) 1.9 (iii) 1.9e (iv) l.ee9
(b) + Bdq zl¤zlE s+Ell^J d pqlAJ ddel zl&tl (v) 2.5 (vi) 2.1 z.Ot (viii) 2.001
(vii)
(b) (a)9 ¤rl¤ oJ$all,rl +d +lE 4 p(2, -l)ql^J d
E +¤6I+.
48 18 A+q +El

d9 zlgzlE {tg +=-6}4. (a)q¤ zJ tlt} +rJql ql+ ¤+ +EE +6I+.

(c) (b)9 zlgzlE ol$all.<l 4 P(2, -l)ql^J +dql '}]+ (i) 12,4) (ii) [3, 4] (iii) [4, 5] (iv) [4, 6]
ddq %}d4g +6I+. 0) rql ++ E++erl s9 r4sE ol+6}q r: 3ollrJ *
,J +EE +6I+.
3. qqel zJtol zj gl so*gl "l|$4 ?l4.aqtEol trFl g
Eq^l E"lxl$ ,a + +H +lq =.J89 kolE y : 80 5. d P(1,0)g 4d y: sin(10rrlx) 9l"ll 9t= 4oltrt.
- 49f '+ +q.l+'
@)-o (a) 8zl E (x, sin(10n/x))oJ+H, x : 2, 1.5, 1.4, 1.3,
(a) r: 4"ll^l rlzJol (i) 0.14 (ii) 0.054. (iii) l.z, l.l, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.9, O.gql rll6J] Rd p84 7l9.
^lz16l-=
0.OlaoJ 4l a+15r, Bt +EE +6t4. zl= a+E ot$ 9l4l zle)fizl +EI+. tl$zltl t;l
+ 4"+Eq ++ +EE +46t+.
G) 4a +el ++ql d+{-=7I?
(b) +dq r4s= ol+6ll^l (a)olla'l +qd rJt9 zl9
4. q¤ Eb 4zl+4ql^J 7l++ Fq -q-Eutol9 +lzlE +
ElUtrl-.
tltl 4 Pql^J dc.el zl¤-zl"ll d=6lzl t*E ol#E
¤E6I+.
t (s) 0 I 7 J 4 5 6
(c) 4%It 6JdE¤- dq6l]^l d pql^J dde.l zl¤zlE
s(m) 0 6.3 14.2 24.1 38.0 53.9
1.5
+46t4.

l.s I :BF+sl +Et

* +cE dd"l+ EillE +EE fapx[ g.l ++ol qBr]l -Jq+=

¤ql^J
xl. ++f,+. olxll *eLS 41416|z1 fl+ QHI4"J "JB4 +il4 Itr-H -r.iJI -r.
4s= ol+6J,JHge ++q 4+ +dg Eil+.

r +rEl =r1s5 ol8Et +6171

=:d
f(x): (x-t)l(xz - l)E 4Eg 6J+ql^J 1el =i'l.l 9t= **E"ll '}]+ /9 xl-f
g ar.1-a1 Hzl-.r++ *.= 1ql zlfizl"J lol olH x{tEql 'l1+/(*)9 {i# +
4t 4"14.
-r(l f(x) ,rll f(x)
0.5 0.666667 1.5 0.400000
v
0.9 0.526316 1.1 0.476190

0.99 0.5025 l3 1.01 0.4975r2

0.999 0.500250 1.001 0.499750

rt tT
x-l 0.9999 0.50002s 1.0001 0.49991s
t x'-l
,f(x)ts I
0.s91 E3 0.s
1
l 0.5 1 0.5

...*1- x
0

d+g q
;rz| loll
+lE se+ rH lql 9t= /el :14sE+El xtl |"il d+E trll (lel "J+ Itr-E#ql
rl)l(x)=- 0.s"ll d=,-e.¤- g + 9lr+. ol xE l"ll +ts61 7l*41e-sE,t't1
-ral
JEf
{I ^Id+
 1.5 Er"+"l 49
=-.J
/(x)9 rig rj+ q 0.5q tl*41H}= + gi+g Eq++. olfl rl-dg ,xzl- loll
d=g trll EL+ fG) - @ - t)/(x, - r)E +qlol 0.so14.,'4r E¤61-r., olag
zlo + +El,ll{ +s=4 ,JtrI.

l,g#:05
.J+zjg-+ rl+- 7ls.= *+.
^l-.n"

1 4Eq gq x7l a +HJql 3lg ,I f@zl 4qE+r z|{a}x}. (ol.

=:del
grjai4nJ
lzl "E + il= "lE z}]iaql^i cEEg 9"1*4.) o4 rJ
azl-rnle
xl= Szl"J xE aoll +EEl zlnlol d*(a9 oJ+ %r-6}q^'l)^lzJ c e.al /(x)g #
g rql tl44l@4196l-= u]fr \n],il)
"J5 + gl+H .]++ zJ* zlse ++.
,h3X
/(x) : r
ol$ +s,=r+ ¤ol "Jf,4.
"x7l afll d=g 4 /(x)9 +s+ 1,ol4."

zfl${ s-.E "J6fE, olag xzl a+l d+E}ql 44/(;)el #+ rql d+61-- 4
g E6Jtrl. +^l "J6ll^J, olAg x4 a4l dA zlrylflzl_r.(a9 oJ+ ILI6Jql^l) x * a
g ,Il /(x)9 atE"l ¤+ rql dE q zlz}gl+I4* dg 9"1*+. + q H"J+
49= 1.7¤ql^J ffi flolr|.
zlc ,lgx "f(*) : tql ql* E r+e EE+ ++4 +Ll.
x + ag trll, f(*) --- L

Hfi"x7l a"ll d*ts 4l f@)zl l,ql d=,_++."41 gl=+.

++q 4slql^-l E^.1 ., *a,4l++6l.x}. ol4g xzl aill d-E 4l /(r)g ++
{tg +- ql fl"]^l x: aoJ A+= ¤H a46}zl ?+=+E Ag e-lulaJuf.,r.}{
/(x)E x: aolJ.rJ CelEl]oF B E_s= H+. *zl a +=q^J f4 qgr]l celEl-
71 6.[E fl"Jol EzlloltrI.
:zH 2+ .<-ll ++E :t rlluolr;. (b)"ll^Jy f@)tl dggxl gfi, (c)ollal

v -v .,'

L L L

0 J 0 u 0
fl
il x

(a) (b) (c)

f.al 2 ,Hl E+ Ef lim/("r) :Lolrl-
50 18 --J+sl +-d

E f@)+r.Jql ++6IzI. :44 ol ?+7+E 4+ d aollrlg tl+!t *4lHoI

lry /(;)
: Lol g+.
iito -z

Efl| '+* .*.= 0 +=ql^J /el H TIzl #ql qloJ ++fl {tg +g'J 4"14.

t \Fe -3
t2

-f 1.0 0.162277 ...

-f 0.5 0.165525. . .
-1-
0.1 0.166620...
-f 0.05 0.166655...
r-0.01 0.166666. . .

rzh 0o1l d=g q e|+{rEol 0.1666666...q1 E=6]-= ai-lH -H.oltr, trl-+^l t}+g
+=_B+gt+

i^ry-3:1
r---+o tz 6
r
ql4l lollrl 19 {t¤: q 4r-rll q=JqE qB4l Bzl-? g+ s= 4l4I7lE ee tr
t Jtz+l -3
tz ;iol4. "lHz|
ol{l"]] -E-olzl t*$z}?
r0.001 0.166667 4l4}zle 4l4}g ++E += AI+ eg +E glxlq| 44 tl +s6l zle +"J
-F0.0001
-f 0.00001 0.167000
0.166670
qql- 0E #g tsrll g dol4. rqg olAg dxlle Bol lol otg 0g 9"lal-
-t_
0.000001 0.000000 - 4 4ll? r+l+ q+ ¤ql,{ tr-iol r ++E A}3 }'14. E4lE t7l ++ Ak
@ + 7I¤ ql Jt, + s+ 3oil "ll+ tlttlol d=6}7] trlEql 4l4}zl7lg* 4]4IEI a
olr+. (^td rz| ffial zl-e ql+ 4l&zl9 #g El+ xI4qI
www.StewartCalculus.com "l ^F vql ^+¤
Etlr|ltr 4l#7171 g=g 4l+lE 61.= 0l 7 AfE 7l^l+ 3.000 "'ol ¤tr+.)
+olt Etl-J tr1 "dE ¤B0ll r}l6H Lies A/v Hl++ "Jol {lxll le_l q+- 6J+q :4E5 4l+}zl4 4+ElE ^d^dg qlqlE
Catcutator and Computer Told ME
Bf6lE g + !jE.l.. ECfl +lflolal = "JqB + 9t+
=61
+E= +EE Eel..

^lyztr9 -3
I(r/ : -- ,,

0.2

0.1
0.2

0.1
1
I
I
,rr/ \N'
(a)-5<r<5 (b)-0.1<t<0.1 (c) -t0-o< t<10
6 (d) -tO-z< r< 10-i
1el
JE
2
\,
 1 .5 -Bt+ol +-d 51

:.8 (b)=/9 ofi C++ r4ls= E"l +r flsq, r4sE. trIq +4

3(a)el
o1l tr-H +oJol 4el
l"Jg fl41 +cB + gttri. rq+ (c)el (d)iJH q+ *ol +
{ELE, Hlgflql fl+ s-zlE .J6lq +Cq6J rflE- E-+.

(oll4l 2D ,,tg ++6i4

]gx}sl
Eql ++ ,f(r) : (sin.r)/"rt- x : 0ollr-1 499x1 ?+E+ 4l4}zlE oJao 6|lal(.r E R
sin x
olfl sinxE 44oJe--E +4.J 1*4 sineg gol6J), A+d ol4 q$4l zlSllxl! x
x
4q'J ## e-E+ E.q ¤H.4. "l Ee+ rH 4E+El q+9,1q.g + tl+. -+ 1.0
0.84147098
-f 0.5 0.9s885r08
sln x
lim _: I r-0.4 0.97354s86
x+0 X -f 0.3 0.98s06736
-r0.2
ol ++e 4g-6}q, z+q^J 7l6lq4 BlHg ol+u1^J +Hg 4o14.
0.99334665
r-0. I 0.99833417
-f 0.05 0.99958339
+0.01 0.99998333
v
sin -r -r-0.005 0.99999583
1
-x
v- -l- 0.001 0.99999983

feJ 4 -1 0 x
tr

(qIJ[ 3D'' riq (*'**)=+51.+

,-o \ 10,000 / -

Eil "*ql^ls+ zJol alEq sE +d6J+. a H4 EE EH ++ol OoJ A o F +F+

,J+.

x
, cos 5x
x.r+- cos 5x
10,000
x x3+
10000
I 1.000028 0.00s 0.00010009
0.5 0.124920 0.001 0.00010000
0.1 0.001088
0.05 0.000222
0.01 0.000101

rEl+ q ziex4 4al] tsg F H4l Eql^j ++ol 0.0001"J a¤. trq++. r.8¤oll

^J lg}cos
5r: 1ol-tr ++4 rJ¤-g tr"J 4ol+.
52 18 EI+el +-d

r Et+=:d
:dlHl^folE6J+ H7l
+s=4 rJol CEE ?IL+.

H(t):
0, r<0
{ 1, t > o
.v tol E+= B+e] dzl=oulxt ollHl^lolE(Oliver Heaviside, 1850*1925)el ol5
t:
g trl-^J EHsq xltJ ooll^J dgg gf,g "ll d+E EE¤ ¤HEh= ql ^f
+¤rl.l olAel r4E= rB se+ +q.
0 T
,71 g+ql^J 0o-tr d-6J a(0- O"il d=ql4.ttl s-E+ql^l OsE d-
"ll,
f.eJ 5 6llHl^l0lE--J+ E H(r)- l"ll d=+4.ttl0oE d='6J trll H(r)71-d+61-. E 6l+E +-
oll,

+xH6l-zl g=+. l4=_e. lim,-oH(,)- +xll6l-zl ?+-+.

r7l g+ql^J oql d=E ql H(r)- Oql d=61-r., t7l s=ql^l Oql d*g tr]]
H(,). lql d-+.g +E-6IZI. olfl tr-+.g +g-4 tJ* 21o+ +4utr1.

,1T-'(r)
:0, ,{p H(r)
: t

,\J46E, ',
- 0*'E 0Etl A t4 #q 46}],<JEJ '$zJaJq- 4¤. 9"1*4.

2 E!+==d${EJq ¤q 6$al 71z|.+,rE 4al /(x)9 #

oH4 $efl^l aoll
g r.il elH,ol 7l+41g + ilqH q+J} rJol 44U+.

fi- f(x) :r
ol$ xz| a9l d*E 4l /(x)9 EF+E [E= r7t g+olleJ aoll dtE 4 /(x)9 *
oJlol tol+I "J*tr}.
aE-4 zErl aoll fBol Tlvl+ xE qal] /(x)9 619rol1 t$."l ?l*41g +
glsfl q+r+ rJ"l 44gtl-.
)Y. f(n)
:r
olg xz| o.ll d*E| 4l /(r)9 ++Et[E= xzt 9.E4{lrJ aoll d=E 4 l(x)9
+*7}lol rol+l. gdtrI.

ql= E{, x ---+5-= x ( 5ql {+"Jg ^87+6|1 x

- 5*E x ) 5'J 4*"JS
g"loJ4. 4el E=:.8 6ollrl ¤H'Jtrt.
^g4Els
Cel E= xtl aucl zI"I"F (E- 4oF) gtl- dq^l Cel tr+ +Eql ++
6LxI. + ++E {EE ulnalfl q¤-^l¤g "J + 9l+.

: Toltl +l+ gs+EaAg ,t+ ftrl :1olr- .{p /(r) :r

3
]gi /{r)
ol.+.
 1.5 -Er+sl +-.J 53

v J

L f(x)
L

0 xa J 0 A+J J

(a) lim f(x):L (b) Iim f (x): L

x-a f.al 6

(qq 4l) ++eel r?+lE= r+ Tr+ +L| ol4g "l+ql^j +* {ig (=rI6}E) v
4
+6I+.
g(r) 3
(a),Iim_ r(x) (b) (c) rijt g(r) y: g(x)
,lir:u

,li+ g(x) ,liry- s(r)

a
(d) (e) (0 linl g(x)

0 tz345x
EOI :zflEE+El xzl 94{l^l 2ql dt$ 4, s(r)9 #3 lql d=6E, xz| e$s
q1,<J 2oll d=tr 4l
s(r)9 #3 tql d=+g "J + 9l+. relps: Q-$$ ts=+. -tEj -,
1E'

(a)
,[g_ s(x)
: 3 G)
,ry]. s(x)
: r

(c) aJ:-ajq- +++ol 4ezl trllEql, dE Eql e.lsll l,r1n, o(r)E sE+.
=z116l-zl
r4s+ EB trl-Sol {B+g trq
=q.
(d)
,gl_ s(x)
:2 (*)
,[T. sb) Z
:
(fl "l{ql= a}qf,+ +++ol zJeE_tr, CE trql E6]] +*g eE+.

!ryil*): z

olfl
^l¤ollE
E+6ir s(s) + 2"J"ll +E__61-xI. r

r olE4l *-dol ExHalrl gJ= * ?,te=zrtt

4]++4 ++el"l 'Jzl e+g 4+ (qlxll a) aollal +6Js g+- 4sE ++
='xl]6l-zl
H+ trl-g + 7l-zl ql= ++ol +x]]o"lzl ?+g + 9I= 4+= 7zlle + Hq ++.

(o{ldl 5D ri* sin ag ar1a1-4. 7lE

=:.Jrl tH+illfll(cAs)=
.r_+0 X A+El E-Et-et g+ 4
Eq ++ ,f(r) :
EEo]lnl oQ .iI=.-jaHo= 7l^l5l
sin(n/x)ts x: oollrJ Cgslxl ?++$. +eJ"l-+. ,9 zl3 <Iq ql =olq
+ flrl. qlrll 1, 3 "; soilAJ Eq +ts --J
611 Er¤ 4l+6IH q+g ts=4. EE trl6l7l +]dg, ¤;e-s-?-LzJe +il4
oJ rl¤011 q6]| +g + flIlU +El
f(1): sinrr:0 /(l) : sin2n':0 E+= 71lc6l==--JE
a+ eol q "*j= gr._d
7l+= 0l troll oJ= qlfiloll^1
f(+) : sin 3rr : 0 /(i) : sin 4zr : 0 ^l$--Jrl.
-.J= ?6|.71 0l= gE 60llA1 6lLE =
+l6H

/(0.1) : sin 10rr : 0 /(0.01) : sin l00n : 0 ^l8of7l=

E8-dtl. -r.al_L 0l 6tel Ee
Erllq BE qtoJ6l.al.
54 18 :Et+et
+-d

ulalzlzlE,/(0.001) :/(0.0001) : 6o14. ol {_BE +tr"] 00147 +=.6}

=4s
@ q 6Izl"J r +++ +XqHrI ge-lE 4+ nql 46]] f Oln): sin nn - 0oJzlefE,
oql d=61"= ++El Y*3 19 AkQls E+ 2lt01e+ ,Jg)=ql 46l] f@) : I E+ +'J
g +1614. :zH 8el t 4sollal ol4¤ E + ?t'I.
v
y = sin(z'lx)
I

-1
,r

-1
-rEl Q

y+ ddg xzl 0oll d.6J rll sin(a'lxl9 ai"l l+ -l +6J61 4lE

=ilE ^Iolql^J
+s +4u+.
xzl-0oll d+BJ 4 /(x)9 alol .J4+ +E d=alxl $fzl qlEql

,lin1
sin
Ir, t+=+
=xfl6}zl

@ qlxll 3r+ s= +qI +=-e "llE ELdg Eq++. +4¤EL ,#9 ^l-L" 6IE
7,Lg
fl41 g*E Atg +=_6J f glzlq| #g +El7l +16fl 4l4}g +xlg .rlzlfi o|5
ae "lH+. rqr q4l 1 ol+E belql^l "J + ?lFol trtl-=.- 4l4}zl4 4+E1
7t +*E a}g xll*6l7lE 6Jtrt. fEl+ r|¤- ¤ql^l- +qlg 4l4}sl-- +q+ rJ

H9 zll*E 4,o14.

xzl a4l d=g trll 6J+ {lol zlxlE (¤H#sE), aofl,tl ++ol
=46txl
*
L-rL
.-"1 .

;.1 +x}16}H r
1

lo{l4l 6D
J,+ a}g +61+.

Efl *zI oql d=6IH *'E Oql d=6.l7ll qg q+^J rlxz+- ql+ ,l4itrl(E +a).
rH eql^l +q41 *f /(r) : rlx'9 :4gY xtlOql +E6l tlllol zlE/(x)
1
x,
xz
^l-¤
el #E+ +s.ol 4zls+ "JE + lt+.
"l+rJ /(x)9 alol "]tr +ql E=61-zl
-r- 1 I g:-e
-f 0.5 4
+0.2 25
v
+0.1 100
-+0.05 400
+0.01 10,000
-f 0.001 1,000,000 1
v 1
-r-

0 Y

-ral o
 1.5 --J+ol --zf 55

F-tr. lim(ttxz)g +7l]6}zl

r*0
t*=+

r +E!+E!; +E{E=d
qlxll 6ql^-l +q+l rrllse] +4gg +EI'l]7] 9l"H rls=4 zJ3 zlsE ol+d+.
I
Jgl*,:*
@ ol4,* *E 4e zJfel4ts 9uls ol-Llq, +oJol +x]]qlq= 4,s ol-rJ4. olb
Exl +4flol fzllolzl t+= g++ ¤+ql 4,* s¤ol{.xzf 0oll +E6l tlllol
tl$ rlx'+ g6t= Effii "JE + iltrI.
=41
oJHI4-oe.
+E6l zfz|fl{ffi/(x)9 alol dE q 4;(lHE='6J
xtl a4l fl
ol #zI') 4g +e}421 fl"]] rI*+ E* zlsE ol+*+.

,lgX /(x) :*

4 +:e}=eroil EH-d ElE4 Esl f zl a4 "J+ql^] 4gH(ab 4lg zl#) EI++

6.lx|.
:
]q /(') *
+l 4g xE aoll ++q 7l*4l=_44 ,}. olH) d*^lrJ ull /(x)g #g 'JH,ol
421?iltr+9t+99"1t4.
y

lifO - *E +g=4 zJol 4E zla-E +$tr + 91tr1. y:f

x a.J ql
___>
/(x) + *
zla. ooi fz} ol.-lz[ lim,f(x) * me] Ef,g ++ q-q=rr zJol glb4. a x

x:a
"*rl)qld*tr Hl l(x)9 ++e Fd4ol4,"
lsJ 10 X-A
lim.l(x): co

E.= "xtl all d+E 4l /(x);. +H,ol 5tzla.J4."

aE E+^ltrJ f7l(trtrj,J)7f
ol {fl=:.H 109 :zeN=+
¤HE+. = =+a|"ts
=rlts aE
olEl-drl.
xtl a$l d=F+ "l g4zl-ElE EL+ql 46J Hl*+ ++E ++C 4e-l ql
=
^J
dEEla rH ltql^l ¤Eg+. v
x a

5 ¤el ftl a4 oJ+q^'I 49EtoE 419 zl-L" ) EI++ 6l-zi

0 x
,Iig /(r):
a.
-oo
y: f(x)
+l 4+ rE aoil +E6l 7l*A1(r44 oE olH) d=^lA ql /(r)g {tg gEE
E *fzl-qE+ R + 9l+3 9"le}4. f.al 11 lim.f(x) :
-r.*4,
-oo
 lr Xt ot-AOl rol
56 o E I +l aL

zl-s. lim,f(x): -ooi "x7l a{ll d+ts 4l /(x)9 +oJol *el ++4o14." E
.r-A

* "x7l aql d-B 4l /(r)E *S,ol ,JA'*+."E 9.J-+. ql= 5E +++ ?Jq.

/ 1\
]s\-j): -oc

+^I* C9zl-++4 Ae ++ S$--43q1 ql6fl^]E +qd+.

.t+f(*):* .gp,f(*):*
,LT_,f(r)
: -* :
.1* /(x) -m
'x+ a-'!.r84 #ql 46ll^]"J Cr++tr].= elulol-tr, Hl++,'JH9E
z}e- xel
'x ---+ a*'Y x ) aoJ 4+"J
^J4+ri- 9"lol4. olelil rll 4+ql q]+ ¤E¤-r
Htzq1,<1 g+9ttr1.

v v v v

a x n a x 0 a -T 0 o J

(a) lim "f(x):

x4a
m tt)IT /(x): m (c) lim f(x): -m
ro-
(d) lim /(x): -co
t-a'

azJ 12

6Eel q¤ Hxll + 4qE o}4zl atolH +4d x: aY *d y :.f(x)9 f+l

fl Jfl (vertical asymptote)ol 4 6J+

lim ,f(x) : * lim f(r) : *

"F(')
:*
x+a x+a- ,11;;r.

lim
x+a
/(x) lim f (*)
x+a- ,ry1'. /(') : -QQ

ql. - lim (l/xz)

"IEql - molzl yft$ 4d y rlx'e-l +zld=Col+.
=q x-0
rB 12ql +s='Jl a+ql 4d, - aY +4E-dol+. "JqI4sE +zld=d
9 zlalg rqsE rEl- trll "l]+ ++6I+.

lio{l4l 7|) +d y-+i=+4B=aJ**Ez}?

Efl Esz[ 09J 4* atxH4 +z]d=dol x:391^J 4] -- +=Jg
=Zl]f,+.4,
E^IqL+.
.rzl 39l d=Elr 3tr+ lH, Es x - 3e zl+ "J+oll 2rE 6q 7l.4+l{tr]..
:44^J E+{ 2xl@ - 3)=3 oJ*z| B+.tqt=q, x:3.01a142x11;" - 3):
6.02/0.01 - 602014.1 oi+^l 4+4ss 'l¤¤ .J + tl+.
 1.5 :Er-+sl
+z| 57

2x
lim v
x+ Jt x-3 ): 2x
.
.T_J
uffizizlE xzl- 3oll d=6}I. 3-H-trI +sE, x - 3* +3 ++ol4"J 2,r+ qd6] 5

t6oll zlzl$) "Jf"l4. ttl-+^l Zxl@ - 3)b +il4-e_E E -gfz} B'I. rle|,t1 qg-
g ts=tr}.
0 .)r

g-,:-oo x:3
H
*d y : 2xl@ - 3)el r4q= rB 134 +L+.4e1 Eql E?'ll 4d r: 3* fzJ f.al 13
E=dol+. I
NorE q4l 6+ 7ql^l +qL+ +4]6}zl ?*zl"J, ql4l 6ql^J xzl- 0oll 4l . f+ql^l d=
B "I "f(r) - molF E tim(ltu2) - oo 4tr ¤ + il+. qlxll 7ql^J= xzf gggql^l 3
ql 4.r$ 4l /(r)--->cooltr, r7I g+oll^J 3q d=g ull f(r)--)-@olo-+
|rE/txl
b +z]]6l-xl 9+E.+.

( ql4l 8l) /(r) : tan "rel +zlE=dg +6I+

pfl tan x: sin x/cos xolt'E cos x - 0o1l^J *4l4e +4E+dol +xll++.
v
a-+ (n/2)-"J trll cos.r --+ Q+oltr a---+ (rr/2).9
"ll
cos.f,
- 0-014. sin xE xtl zrl2
+*ql^J oJfolTI(AE 1) ql+q'I+g E=4
lim tan -r : co
1+(r/Z)-
n 3r
lim tan"tr: -m -z3rr -1 TT TT

1 T
x

a+(tr/2)+

"lAe 4d x _ rlzi +4dtdflg u_q +q. Hl*=J ol+s df n4l {all

{d, : nlz * nnY E-F/(x) : ran rel +zld=dol+. r-H 14el rqE= ol
I

f.al 14 y: ranx

H+AEJ+. r
=

I.s I E+=xil
1. tr+¤-ol 9"lol} Ag ¤E6l+. (u) /(r) (u)
,[T- /(r)
(.),!9/(r)
- !Y;f(*): s
(a)
J,g
lS /(,) (e)
"f(3)
ol E4lb/(2):3"J qqE #.JzI? ¤H6.I+. v

z. 'l*ol 9"lal+ 49 ¤E6I+.

/_

3. trl-g-'J+/el :4sE ol+6ll^l +6Jol +xll6l-E +6|+.

¤7l]6txl ?+sE o1+= ¤H6l+. 0 ^1_
4 J
 58 18 -Et+c[ +:d

a. E4 r4sql qlql
"J+61-= # aE +6t?+.
+S ¤Hg zl 4+* #)g 4l4}6ll^J ++#g ++o14.
fu) rg s(x)b +xl16l-^I ?+zl"J s@)Y CelEtrl-. 1^
x' - -tx
10. lim ___;__.
(b) lim s(x)E +zflalzltrJ g(a)E C94xl ?+=+ t*j x'-9
x: 3.1, 3.05, 3.01, 3.001, 3.0001,
fr) ,LX,_s(x)$ .11x.g(*)= $xflafx1u1 lgna(.r)E Exl] 2.9, 2.95, 2.99, 2.999, 2.9999
6lzl *=trI.
sin x
(d) : s(a) olxlnJ ,lgx_ g(r) + 9(a) o1r.1, 11. lim
,lgx- sG) x+o X* tan"f
--I
*
x: l, +0.5, *0.2, *0.1, +0.05, -f0.01
I
)

12-13 EE trl¤-++{tg +46}4. r4E

ol+611^l E+71-
/ ; BltrtE ¤r+= r{Eql^J +qj4+.
2 4 6\
sin 3o
12. tim 13. lim x'
o-o tan20 x+0+

s. trI¤- q++/9 :.4s¤i ol+6li^J 4 +6Jg +614.

(u) /(r)
,tgt,
(u)
,_g1, /(r)
14-18 +oJ+6Jg A46i+.
x*
,lgg /(x)
(c) (d) 1 x2
.1?_ /(r) 14. lim
x-5+x-5 15. lim --r-------------
x-2 (r - Z),
(e),[T./(r) (f) +z]d+de-l %]C{ - x-l I
15. lim ---;-:--
-- y_i_)+ 17. x-(rr/2)+
lim - sec.r
x"(x i Z) X
v
I I \ xz+2x
I

\ I
t

i\ 18. Iim-
x+l x'-2x*l
I

\-7 , -J 0 \ 6
\
\ le. trlS.J+sl +4d=dg +6I+
x- |
f\x): zx+4
6. trl+.6J+el :14EE- li-]tr, :z4s= ol$all,rl
l4?/(x)
1l r|'.r+1*-f'-l
zl-.$ztalf aE EdaI4. lim .
20.x-l-.I'-l . lim " . g trl+$ ,Jg %l-Hg ol+
cos x, x<0 olal *4al-4.
f(r) : l-x, 0(x< 1
(a) xtl lel s-E-a-r+ g+ql^l dtg 4 /(x) : r/(x3 - t)
l/*, -r>l 4l4l6ll^J
: *J1T7 9 :4lgE oleo 6[{ ++ol + =
ffi t. Elf /(r) G) qlril 7ql^le+ rJe BIHsE
4]6IE +.1-+.=z]16lzl ?+sH ol+E ¤H6I+. ffi (c) /9 -r.4FE+q
(u)
,1T- /(r) (b)
,tJp /(x) (c) liq /(x) 21. (a) r: 1,0.8,0.6, 0.4,0.2,0.1,0.05q1 qq El+
2*
q+ adg E+ El+Bf=
8-e 6J+ /el qq Efl+ r4s= f(x):*'- 1000
rq+. g 4l4h'Ir +S ++alg +4614.
8.
,1r1_
:3, ,[1* "f(*) : o, f(L) :2
fG) / zr \
limlx2-Ll
,-o \ 1000 /
9. :
,Iryi- ,f(r) o, ,IT. f(x):
l, ,h31 /(x) : 3,
:
f(-r) :2, f(2) : 0.04, 0.02, 0"01, 0.005, 0.003, 0.00l oJ 4l ,f(x)E
(b) x
1

+EtI, trl^l +CEt+.

10-rl +"141 +E+El EI-+el {t(c+E otr.ll qc4l zl4nl ffi22. f4sE ol+Ell^l trh+ +csl EE +48=cE ^trg
 I.6 +-.J E4E ol8-d +-.J Xl+l 59

+46t+. fEI olfl B=dE 4+.J rJ¤{g +.I+.

*: ffio

y : tan(2sin;r), -7 1 x 1 rr Jl - u2/c2

{zlrJ ,zo= 4xl t}qql^J "Jx}el ¤#olz c* H9 4

23. +l-qld olEql^i, $E utl .Jxl-9 es#g +q=4 rJ+ E_oltrI. u---+ c- g rll qH olol r$zliz|!

1 .6 I =-Et E4E ol8=e! +:d 4ltt

r ¤tr
=-dsl
rqEE ol+6fl^] +a-Jg +zd1},xlt| :zfl BHol =*tl C
l.s¤ql^'lE 4l&zlel
++ Bg +EEl+ 49 ol-,-14. ol ¤ql^-l= ++ B4ol4z 6t= rl+- +aJel
cag ol+ql^J +6Jg 4l+I'J+.

+:d EEI cz| {Lfoll rlg +ELol +7]l6tH ffiol CB6J4.

]91 /(*), ]gi ut*)

1.
]q [/(r) + g(r)] : ],3x f(*) +,ug o(r)

2. rrm - g(r)] : ]1x /(r) - ]gi r(r)

[/(r)
3.
,lrg k/(r)l
: c,lim /(;r)
4.
]11 [/(,)
g(,)] : ],3x /(,) ' ]gi a(*)
rl __\
, 1. 'r (r, :- x-
lim /(x)
r.rm
x+a !\x) llm g\.rl
E,[mg(x)+0
x+a

olE +c. ,llE H4g ++r+ zJol ¤HF+ + gtr+.

1. 6-Jel +oJg ++=e_l Et"l4. =tol

r=-l
rltit
E -i

2. i,l! +'Jg ++=E il-oltri. rtsl H*l

3. ++E ^Jfufig r q++fl ++fl ttfuH"lr}. $fulo; g*t
=6Je
4.+el +++ +GE Eol+. Eol
E-t
rfl*l
ti -i

s.+e.l ++g +=J=E +ol+(EEe] ++ol 0ol olp trll). E OI tfl*l

1A-l ti -l

olfl qE Eq fk)tl r"il d+6l.

^I¤5ol Bol+. a+ fl41 ¤HB + 9lr},
a s@)tl Mql d-6I8, /(r) + g(x)E L + Moll d-=J+I AEA- 4g +R
6l+."14,01 Hzl tol +ol+r "J- zl+zl.J d"lrl. l.T¤ql^l +qlql
=rl.J
ql6ll 4+61 4qE 6I:/, rAg ol-$oll.r-l oI Hzl¤. +EB 4o14.
 60 1g --J+sl
=-.J

v
f
{qll|| 1l} ++ E44 rH lE f* sE r4sE ol+6ll^J rl+-++ol +xl]6lts:r.
+oJg +614.
l-
x (a)
,[T, t/(x) + 5s(x)] o) ,lij] [/(r)s(r)]
(c) hq
#
)( 0 I -{

4 s9 24.= e+q 'l+¤ "J +

g
Efll tu) f 9l+.

,ryrfk): l, ,[T, g(r) : -t

-ral
JEI
r

:z*lF-tr '+*¤ E=+.

,[ry, [/(*)
+ Ss(x)] : .[Trl(x) + ,LT, [sg(*)]
(Ba rq Ed)

:
*LT, /(r)
+5
,[T, ,{*)
(Hz] 3oil el6ll)

: I * 5(-l) : -4
(b) 1"rl f(x):2olxlEJtrl-g4a-ol 3l--r++++f,e-l {lol qlEql
^lE4qzl lE r(*)
+z]]6l-zl t+=+.
=
,[1- o(r)
: -2, ,q,S
gG) : -l
rEI+^l Ezl 4E ol+B + s.trI rEl+ 6J+ ++q qlql^l= Hzl 4E ol+ts +
?l+.

,lrj1_ [/(r) s(*)] : ]p /(r) ' ,t+ s(*) : 2 ' (-z) - -4

,ljp [/(*)g(*)]:,19"./(r) ',lgl.s(r) - 2'(-1) : -2

4E-+4 *--oJuI B{ t*zl ql$ql hn] t/(r)s(r)l} +,xll6}z,l ?*.+.

(c) r4Eq^l q*¤ 'J + 9l+.

!ryLf@ - r.4, ,lr31 o(x)

: o

tsEE +6Jol 0ol7l rlE.il H4 sE olsoB+ H'I.+r+71 0ol ol-H +.il d=E-rll
EE= Oql dt6i7l trllE"ll +"1{l +++ +z}l6l-xl g:=.+. I
s(*):f(x)ql #fl B4g *44.o-e 4s"61-E trl-+ Hzlg E=+.

:
7.lEfilEsl HEI 6. lim [./(x)]'
x+a
I lim
Lx+a
f(*)1,
I "3 *9 Cf

4l#ql 46l]^lE +^l-* cdol cB6Jrl-. +He 1.8 Ea=Exll 3sollrl +E+

rll=.= trlil
^llEl r- E -r z.Jg:,ffi:iffim, n3*9 4#
[,rol 4f"J u]1, lim /(x) > 0ol4 zldf,4.l
 1.6
=-d
EEIE ol8-d
=-d
4l+t 61

ol5 "J# zl]el +6J H4g 4+61-= 'll rl-g F zl]9 .EaJ +E-J"] gs6l-tr}.
hEJrt+E!
rJaJ aJlg(Galileo)7
hEJ(L Newton)g l-

8. lim
x+a
c:c 9 lim x
x+a
a A["J--J 6H?l ls4zLJ
LJtl.
3al.^E[,{gll E}|OI

1661 E .:.z1 fll"JH alrlt|jq;zql

"J+-.J= tr|l +Ee +-qtE E'
rE +Eal-Eel EllTfEE=
=aJ+.
++=+ zl+4ql +Eql^l EBalxlqxol=¤ "Je ¤HafExl EE y : c
ra'lLl
ol 9.1

:Z H||EG. Barrow)9 ,Jsl=

4 y : xel z4_sg- rfl+), H4 8"ll Eil* C++ ¤E.l zlao-J +Eg l.Tpel
HUI

e4l =9q
Ell^E
HHHtrl. 1665LJ+ l666Ll0ll
trllEoll 4loJHelrlrtl+f,7| E= =Jrl'
s*Exll 12ql fl+. hEg Eoil H|l8 a=E +^l
H4 6oil^l f(x): x-tr {:-r. Hzl e= ol+6}E E +e +¤-6}r.-E- 5E+ ++ E+qIq-. 2LJ EPJ
=ol-e+^l
EEel E+
o ol LrI
r=.r--l .
7l T.l'-JElcl
=al-= rg
fig-.J Hl zl-^l olE,
= (l) ol--JEalsl EeJot|Al -Er+E +EtE
+el 6Jo_e LlElLll= HJH, (2) El4E
: sn, n* "J9 ¤f +oll +-.J r9 x1E, (3) EEE+lr+ trJ
10. Iim 1sn
x+a +flalgEl, (4) ";rl dtroil rH-d
^!slHJEsl HlBoll
gzqflq..
sel= ¤-gg
EH-d +a1E-e.+ e4 gE= +r'lol.tl
BEI Toll^J f@): -rEr +r Bzl eE ol+6|E xll++ql q=.ll^-l +^l-6}J 58 7| ts=+rl -.jal(Halley)ol fl-P0ll ttl-zl
+ ++g ++tr1. (zilg7ql 'I,* +Eg 1.7 fl+E l1 leql^J trtE+.) 1687LJoll0t Hl+^ (rl.E Eqfsl ++4
flal)= flt|-. Er}|Dtrl l{q{.! ,ie
tr= 7[g=il atqlEEfl 0l EollA]
-:.J
11. lim \/i : 1/o, n* oJ9 Cf +EJe Dl4Eqtoll ttlgl
=rl4?]
6]14
x1a
E 4g:.^Il a7l= 0lE6]|Ai E-+ +xJl
[no] a]folH o > 0_o_tr_ 7l-cl Etrt, trl- E+ileq, :"Jdul
dldsl
H¤E:"^Hrl.
D I {E-qte rLEH rfl,\ -+rl?] 0ll$.!
A(Eudoxus)91- 0 le7 lqlq4(Archimedes)
(qll| 2 |} q.+ +.Jg 41416l-1 4 +4lEs El'Jqlg Eq+. oll el61| 'Jolel +tr|= Zltlolzrf E+
6lEAl +=Jel TI]LJ= rEql
(b) x'+ 2x2 - l ^l4r#tr|..
'7=7EE',oll L||EElol g,lrl'J oll+E
(a) trry (2*' - 3x + 4) lim
" x--2 5-3x 44E 0lE7lrllE1l.\= +-dE TllE=
.7.Eq6l4l =
E-dtl. trltj
=4lE|-6lrl=
TlrlE EI4E+E
@I "J=011 9lol^l +EJsl
g d4xl?l
Hle Tlgalqal(Cavalieri),
(a) lrrq (2*' - 3x * 4) : lT}
(2*') - ,T1 (3x) + ,g
- 4
(Bzl 2e+ 1ql el6ll) tr11=tri(Fermat), H[l-tr(Barow)9l" eE
+CfrF=e trfiI+ +-JE 0l$6[rl ts
:2limx2-31imx+lim4 (Bal 3q E6||) ?ttr|.. +-J0ll r}lsll x1Bo.-tr E+61-7il fl
hEJolfi{ r=
1+5 x+5 x-+5
E-d 0l
^FJg-e4d 7flE= '"J9e
=-.JE
: 2(52) - 3(5) + 4 (H4 t0, ee+ 8oil el6ll) Eoll ?l= +qil
ilHrf rJ 7l.7il0l trJap'g0lel:l ¤
:39 B-",Itl hEJ= ElqE+oll
,tl 7lE =--J0l0F"Je
Tl|LJola[:a +8-x(rlU,
(b) Hzl ol H4e. trtxlE| +4lql^'l +z}e+ +EE +6Jol S4lup.
s-tr_ i^l
qEl rel 7llLJE EB6l -.J AFJe=-"toll
^lz+6lzloJ, (cauchy)e['Je +A]l ++rtEo lfl tl.
EEq +*ol 0ol olH¤- "Jolot +B{g E}:"]ts trll ol+ts + 9l+.

x3+zxz-l ,$, (r' + Lxz - r)

(H4 5ql E61l)
rltrt
*--z - lim (s - 3.r)
5 - 3x x+-?

limx3*2limx'-liml
x--;-2 x---+-2 .r+-2 (Hzl l, 2e| 3ql E6ll)
lim5-3limx
x+-2 x+-2
-
62 18 -st+sl.+-J

_ (-2)3 + 2(-2)2 - | (Hzl t0" ee+ 8ql el6ll)

5 - 3(-2)
1

t1

I EIE El|E"llAl 7ol7l

==.d'J
- 3x+4E +sE }'4/(*) : 39olr}./(s) :39.Jql +
{lxll 2(a)ollrJ /(x) -Zxz
+61-zI. +^l BEH^J * 4dql s= 4"J6H^'l C+=J Bg eg + ?lr+ nfalzfzlE
ql^ll z(b)"ll^lE z1d rl]Ea}]il c++ Elg eg + gt+ qlxil 2ql fl- R+5
+ +?+ +=JB+e+ #4elfoll, olfl Et+Eql ql6ll^J= 6J^J zld ']]"J6H^J E
g {tol +R6Jg +.J H4sE +Eg + 9l+(fl+Ezll 30 +4). ol
^l-¤g c
461"8 +++ ?JLI.

ElEf ElloJ ¤E /zl 46JEf+ E= +q6l+olI a7l f E CEg"l glsfl ffiol

CH+tr}.
: f(o)
],gi/tr)

zld d{g += EL+# g+ol+ 611 1.8¤ql^J -="+o-17ll B a

aollrJ
'11"J
olr+. rfl+ trl-¤- qlxll$ rJol E= +q|"l oJ.$ zld {oJE]]^J ¤ + 9lE 4*
"l-
q+.

lqd 3D lgif++6I+
Efll /t*l : (f - D/u" - r)s +=+./(l)ol 49921 ?j:s-EEx: lg- qlE6ll^l +
+g +B f H1 +Ee] +*ol 00lrrE +E Hzlg ol*tr + s.+. 'Idq ol ^lql
rJb zlE4"J rI+4 4l&ol gs6}+. +zl¤ oJ++8ll6l]^l trl¤¤ g=+
(x-1)(x+l)
x2-t
x-l x-l
qlll 30ll^1 x--+ t"J q Es.zl 0oll tr=dl +z}e+ Eez| x - 19 +F "J+E tlzlt_ ?14. xzf lql d=+ql "l+ +Elg +'lE
rl'J +-d+-.JE ,Jrl Lr= aoll ++6fxf. 4, ** 1ol_o + x -r + 001r+. l+l= + +F ql+E "+EJ 4gql zld 4gql EEll
Erlel E-u.21 E+ ooll tr=-'J ttH,
+--J"J +E ?lr. +Etg +E ?lrl.
=-dP +q=+ rJol ++g +EL4

x2-t (x-lX.r+1)
lim lim
x+l x-l x+l x-l
-: :Jrg(x+t):1+l:2
ol {1ril9 +oJ-o 1.4¤ ql4l lql^J d (1, l)ql^j trEd y--x24 ddg+gql +e
EzflE q a.=zll tr+. I
 1.6 +-d EEIE ol8-d +-d 4ltl 63

NorE ql^ll 3ql^J +q+] 4}f /(x) : (*'- DIG - 1) 44lql gg ++g r*= q v

++.J dJf s(r) : x t lE qojg 414}tr + 9l+" ola+ -r : lg xllEELH f@) : 3

y: f(x)

s(x)ols E xzl lql d=E tr+lE ++ 4l4I+ ¤xllE x: r'J 4+ql gq+= tr-ql a

g dq _r.EJ6Izl ?*zl 4'J6.i+. "JHI4 oE +6JoJ Sxfla]fl ffiol ^JBfl+.

"llEql
0 tzSx
x*a"J *ll fG) :9(x)olr +¤lol tim /(x) : tim g(x)o14.
=zllfl+H, v

3 a y: g(x)

(qd! 4l) g(x): x*1, x # .J ,ll

1

TT x Jii r(r)E +6t4 2

Eql q7l^J sE x: rql^J rol4. rfl+ xzl tql d=g trll ++r,I
delqr s(1) :
g lql^Je-l +*{tql E+El-zl t*=+. x* l"J trll s(x): x* lolEE ++g tsb+. 0 tzSx

Jgi otr)
: -1,i1 (x + t) : 2 r aal 2 ** r,qlxll 3)e.l g(filxll 4)9
-7allu

ql4l 34 4ql 4s= EL+E x 19 xlls.lap|

^JE
e+(rH 2 +a). :
trlE^l xtl rql dtg"lE*
ql r=g ,Jg ++g ,ldql +-61-zI.

(q!fl sl) j,1x =

4l+614

pflf n{a ):
p:Pe ¤el6}H, qlx{ 3q^JrJfl r1olol cgslzl 9*zl qlEql
h:0& qlfltfl^J
l,srfal= ahle + S,+ F(h)E ql+4sE ,J+fl 6lE +a--q
Eg + el+.
F(h) : (9+6h+h2)-9 6h+h2
h h

hG+h\
:-:\r-rrI
h

lnzf 091 d=g ql h+ 0"J a++ ^Jr+-Jg tr-7l6}zl-.) 4+^J +¤¤ g=+.
(3+ft)2-9
lim#:
lr-0 h
lim (6+
h-o'
h):6

( q!{! 6l) rim tz-t9 -3 g

41416l-+
r+0 t'
Efll Esq +*ol 0ol7l qlEql HIE +q H4g 4+g + HtrI. Hxl ql+4sE
414I6H.^J +zl-= +48+6J+.

^@ - I :,j.* \fr'? + -
,.* g 3. tF g+I
ltm_______------;-:llm-T_
;T6 t' ;1'd t' ,/t, + g + I
(t'+9) -9
;:o iQre
tlttl ------:-----
-
+ 3)
64 18 Ef+el'=:"|

[email protected]
I
tllrt---:
,-o Jtz +9 +3
I
$zl,<J +48 +6Jfl qel ¤e
./riqlFl$ + : (5, l, 7, 8, l0)g
^l-soJ+.

11
3+3 6

ol 4l+IsE 1.s¤E qlzil rql^J lIH +¤g qqlB + ?l+.

: EIE+ 0l¤|617l
=:d
qH ++e flxi ffi$rtr ++6Jg +e.senl 7l* + 4l+'J + 9l+. trt+ 4
43 r.s¤ql^l ++fl.'J cElE ^JzlrlrJ+. ++"1 +^l]617l +.16J
gs++44
++ Tl]el =J+ ++ol eF +,xl]6i7 :a {tol ,JotoF 6l-- 4o14.

E gzt Jgi/(r) : IolTl +l+ Es*EazJg rim_ f(*): I:,tg/(r)

ol+

++ +aJg al4}g trll ++ BzlEol ++ +'Jql ql6l^JE. Cfl++- ^I¤g

ol++rI.

( qH 7 l)
]rlx l,l : ogg Eq+.
x>0
lrl : aolFE trl# g=+.
x)
qlrll 7E ?:al7l ral 3oll,rl EIBa}| -EoJ Efll lr l : tI Hg ttzlal-z}. x) 0ql 46]]
rl. -x, x{0
lim lxl : x-0*
r*0* ' '
lim x:0
)7

y: lrl x < 0"ll 46l] lrl : -rolt, + trt+g g=+.

,[T- lxl
: ,1T-
(-r) :o
0 X
rqFE c"-1 trql EEl] trl-*¤ e=+.

-ral
JE
2
L, J,1x l,l :0 tr

( o{lrfl I ri* l'|X

D x+0 z} fxllafzl ?t+5 Eq+.

Efl , > 0olE lr; : lolr. x < OolE lrl : -xoJ ^tdg "l+61-E
r++¤. g=4.
 1.6 g4= olE-.J +El Zl+t 65
=:d

lrl
Iim'': x r
lim -: lim l:1
x-0* X -t +0+ )C ,t-0* ,: E
"x I

ti.., l'l : lim x : tim (-l) : -1

.r-0- )C x+0- X x+0- 0 x
-l
4lr.-1+r+ ++dol ^JE +e.71 trlEq 44 trql e.l6H
]slrl/*y +z}]6tzl ?+=+
#f /(x) : lrl/*4 r{E= rH 4e+ *a, ¤r+E gg qL+ +6Jg.H{ #u}. r fEJ 4

(lqd! 9l) /(x) -[/;4' x> 4 - trll

ExHaItszlE ec6}+'
t* - ,r,' x I 4"J lryr<*l'I
'

EOI * > 4ql qlr]{ /(r) : ,,/'= ol.o + trI+g g=+. tim Ji : 0E 1.7tr qEll 40il^l 6BElrl-
r-o

,$./(x)
:,[T. r/'ffi : rrfi1 : 6 .v

r < 4ql Qafl/(r) - 8 - Zxolt:1 tsE+.

,U11_/(r)
:,1X1 (8 - 2r) : 8 - 2. 4:0 0 4 x

4r1+r+ ++6tol '\E +71 qlEq q+ +qlol f,zll6.Jr|.

rg5

J11/(x)
:o
/E r4s= rB se+ ?JLI.

( qU 10 l) ElEHd*El*(greatest integer function)E flxn :;84 +4+ zJ* z]x] lxnoll rHEl rl= 716+_ txlelL.xJzf flcl,
C+e 4q++ [4n:4, [4.8n :4,ff.rrn- 3,[Jr]
qlE : r, [-ln: -lol El tH E+:Er+= ttfl ulltr fl E:-J+ alr. --Jrl.
=
I

=E
+ lg [*nz] fxlla[z] ?*+3 H"l+. v
4 H

Eq 444+6J+9 rqs= rH 6+ e+. 3< x < 4"J 4l flrn: 3olIrF q+¤. 3 t----{
ol r--rI .
Er-*l
2 r.--* y: firn
lim[x]:lim3:3

trt¤¤ E=+.
t,
12345x
2<x < 3oJ 4l flrn: 2olF E

riql [x] : .ti+ Z: Z

a{

f=J 0 4lrHE+-Br+
"J+ +*ol ,Jzl ?tzl oHEql ll*firng aL+ 4q trql uL4 ¤xlalzl t+=+. I

I E+EEI
++ + aq- 6J ++E z,lol 4E EL+e-l <i ol^J"J ql r=ol qB4 +flq-
zl Bq ++.
66 1II
ro ol.^OL
E I+t -ol
-u

2 84 csl +=ql +6t= x(d aE 419 zl#)ql ql6]l "f(x) s g(.r)oll, xtl a4l
d*ts g9 **ol E+ +zll6l-H ffiol dB-Jq
"I /e+
Jgi /tr)
< lim s(-r)

3 gt+84 nsl +=ql fl= EEx(E aE zllg 7k)ql 4a]]/(x) <s(x) < h(x)
oltr lim f(x) : Iim ft(x) : LolE 4*ol CHEL+
x+a x+a

lim g(x) : L
x+a

"ll"lle dE+lxl(sandwich) 44 E- ${(pinching) 4441 E4b S+

y ol
h

g 44el ¤Hol rH 7ql gl+ "lag s@)tl0 +*ql^J /(x)4 h(x) .r.|olql^'l "J+
L
9z /4 Dl a414 ee ++ L+ ?*++8, sE aollrl eg +'* rg zt4o} oJ
f +- elolol+.
0 o ,t
(qrll 11 l) rr11x2sin| : o"Jg trq+.
7
=aJ
@ Eil Hxl cI#3 ^l-SB + fl+ql +9EI+.
1 : .. 1' .. I
limx2 sin ; lrm stn;
-r.-(, l'S-rr-

eI+61-E limsin(l/x)9 t*zl ollEol+(1.s¤E ql4i 5 +4).

=46}zl :
"J+C4E ol*alq +.Jg +g + il4. ol 44E. 4+6171 9l"ll s(r) x2 sin(l/,r)
ql qlql x--+09 4 /(x)4 s(x)tl0o-E +H"I-E^J sHq 4L+'J+/4 se4 +
ol= xl^lg
=
"l++trt. "JEE +q
+ hE +B g-gTI 9I+. +16ll ql6I
^l-"JEL+.el ^l-
"J++= -14 I .rfo1oll gIsEE trI+r+ rJol ¤ + 9I+.

-1 < sin x <l

I
4

v :x2 oJ+E #6Lts +E^]ql Hs+rl- Hsq, r_E xgl 4ol] ,, > OoJg .JtrI. 4
v "IEI^J ^l
e-l +t49 4 Eq x'9 #6IH, :zH 8q1^l ¤Ee.Lr il= AilH trl'+g ts=r+.

-xz 1*'sinl < *'

0 .:r

Y: -)i h(x): x2oE e6LE +g-g E=+.

=aJ
I y:r'rin* limx2sin!:o
-x+0 X
 1.6
=:d
E4lE ol8zr
=:d
4lti 67

1.6 lt+eq
r. ++]T?/(r) :4,
)i!rs(x): -2,]yLl,(r): ool iol h(x): r2el :zefl;r-= rEJ^J ¤HiiI+.
- ¤
E
trli
ol#E
trI+ ++ol +{|6IH ++g +6E, +xfla}zl gre_
¤E6t+.
2O.4x-9<"f(x)S x2-4x+l(x>0)oJ trl{ tirq/(r)E *
6l+
(a) llrl [/(*) + sg(x)] (b)
,rilq la(x)J, 21. lim- xacos
x+0
2
)C
: o"J¤ +Ha-I+.
(d) ri* 3{(1)
G) Js,ffi x-z glx) 22-24 +6Jol +46-tE +d¤ +6ra, +zl]6t7l ?+qH ol+
g(x)ft(x)
E ¤EEI4.
(e) lim s(*) rf) ,r- 2x-l
x-2 h(r) x-2 (x) f 22. tim. (l\r x * 4lI - z*) 23. tim
x--4 x-0.5-
lzx3 - xz I

z-s r-l* 4 ++g +611 4 +4ql,q 4e+ ++ H4(E) 24. lim 1l

g Eq 4'Jdg Ble+ x+0- x lrl
2.
]+ (4x2 - 5x) 3.
]g (o' + za)(zu3 - 5)
25. 7lE- sgno-E- E.7l6l-= ?Eflf(signum function)g ffi
4. u+-Z 4 rJ"l Cslqi+.
lim 9-u3*2u2
'',Ir,(H)' [-r. x(0
,sn, : x:0
q+ 4 +6Jol
6-17
=4+E
{t¤- +6}+.
t2-zt-B
| ?, x)0
,[T, $x - 7)
6. 7. lim
t+4 t-4 (a) $#9 :t4EE feJ{.
L x+Z xz+5x+4 x2-x-6 (b) trl-¤. ++g +614+ +oJol ?*sH
lim
X-Z
9. lim 3x2+5x-2 =xll6}4 "1.,?E
.\--L
¤H6F+.
t3-27
---;--- (h-3)2-9 (i) sgn r (ii)
10. lim
r*3 t"-9 i l. rii'il ----------
h-0 h
,!$. ,[+ sgn "t

lt (iii) Iim ssn,f, (iv)

Jgx I sgn x I

^E+h-l r?
13. lim + 6
ft+o h .r-3 x-3 26. z\-_/'1l* _' Zl
s(x): -,
'
a1^1.
'.
limJl+t-l;' 4_ ,8
15. lim -------*
14.
r+0 t x-t6 l6x - xt (a) ulgg +s14.
I I (x * h)3 - xj
(i)
,l]Irzr.
s(r) (ii)
,t$ s(.r)
1 6. lim
l-0 ( tJt+t 17. lim
h+0 h (b) hrll s(x)zl ¤,xlJ6.l+7T?

(c) g9 f4is= fq+.

ffi re. (a) 6Jf f(x) : ./(ffi - r)g r4EE olg-a]l,rl
trl+ {}g +461-+. 27. B(t) : I 4-1,t, t<Z
t ,fr + ", t >Z
tim-4-
*-oVl+3x-l 4 6l-^I. LLryB(t)71+zll6ts+ 'g fri¤ C.iq.
28. (a) zls I nz] {lxll lOoll^-i dEH 4'lid+E}+=
(b) xtl091 zlzlol d=.J trll /(r){lg ++ + EJ=.L +6J# +El-E
g 74alz|. tril tr++g +6t+.

,liq* [.rn [.xn

(c) *BJ H4g ol.$all.! f (i) (ii) liii) ,liq.o
*.trI= 4g _u-ol+. ,lim, fixn
=ol
ffitg. .J+ C4E ol*a]]rJ Jgx"'cos 20zrx:0fl9 Hq+. (b) no1 4+"J "I 'l-+g 41416}+.
E"J+ Bzlslflql Elf /(.r):-x;2, s(x):fcos ZArx, (i) lim Ix] (ii) rrm_ [x]
.r+l1-
 :Et+sl.+El
68 18

(c) {H #ql^l ]iln[xnz] +7]]El+7]?

a9
/(x) :
x r7I +?-l+ *ll :
32.
r7I +fl+ "J
lim f(x) 0 "Jg +E
{ 0 x+0
2e. f(x): flxn + [-rn"J q
]g f(*)tl =x1]+z,1"J/(2)e]
6t4.
¤xl t*S9 -Hq4. g(x)b +zllrlzl ?*zlql
33. lim/(x)nl Hm [/(x)s(x)]b
: p(o)99 E.q+. l,g
3o. ptl +6J6J+"J u]] p(*)
E9 4lE eq4.
f(-r) - 8
=a]6J-b
looJ qf
3r.
l'il tr: lg l(,)E +6tE+.
34.,[T,
x--L Wol
.L -r
f{al + gtE+ atts az} 9l
+71? "JE gt+E a9 #4 ++#g +6t+,

1.7 I +=dsl B"J=d Eel

l.s¤ql^l +q41 ++ql ql6J 4+4 4e.l- {elg + 9t'1.

,ll*}]-tr ol6ll6l-tlzl
q
E]+:"IE "x7l 241 tlllol ++."e+ "f(x)71rql 4d tVt*144."e-I 'ZJg +¤
* -E-ao}Tl trllEolq. aE4ee q.-o-" +H6I7l +l6ll^J- ++ql ql6J EtI tJ
B"JqL 49zl-gsd}tri.

]*(''.ffi) : 0.0001 E- U*
x+0
t"' :
X
1

I E"JET EgI
=.dgI
+6J.il ql+ H"J6J 4991 EzlE +q6l7l +16ll q+ ++= s4611 BzI.

x*3
f(*):{7.-t
[0, x:3
4+4 "x*3olfl.rl xz| 3ll tlllol d-+ 4l /(*)zl-soll zlzfol d=61'r, IIl-
4al |rg/t ):5'Jg EE6I+.
xz| 3oil zltlol d.+ 4l /(x)z} qB4l qbzl-"ll 4+ + q
^ilEslg 4-BE
Hzl ?lal +e=+ rJe {Eg H4 Ezl

/(x)el seJ rlolzf 0.1_E_4 4zl glollrJE xz\ s.ll Hul-4 Tlvlol d=Elot 6-l-L-71-?

x43 rlolg 4?]- lx- 3lolz/(;)4s ^l-olE 4q- l/(r)-s loJ.p-tr-, ol E4l

- rl"+ 3dg EI+6]+ s(rel. Ezl-gE})E +6t. 4"14.

yt'3ola-lx- l/t l-s | < 0.1
3I< s"J ull

l;- 3l> OolH x#3olo+ E.^ll- ag+^l'J tl-+ E49= "J+6r-sE+6r

aol+.
=
 1 'l =olol GtD_-]6l.
EdL
x-lol
o-l 69
-u-

0 < I x- 3l < 6"J ull l/(x) - 5l < 0.1

0 < | x - 3l < (0.t)/2 - o.osolg +g-4 rJol E"1l +Ettzl-

lf(*) - 5l : l(z*- l) - sl : lz* -6l : zl* -:l < 2(0.0s) : 0.1

+ rls=4 rJ+.
0 < I x- 3l < 0.0s.J rll lf@) - 5l < 0.1
q{^J E{lE B9 a - 0.0501+. + xtl 3eE+El 0.05e1 4El ol4"ll glsfl
/(x)b 5E+q O.lE zl4 olLilql flril E 4014.
ol Exlloll^l 0.19 q +g + 0.01_tr" Hl+H, e+ %FHg HI+6J 4l *zl- 3o F
+El (0.01)12 - 0.00s-H-+ z,Iol7| ztg tril /(x)i. sE+El 0.01-H-+ zlolTI +ot
4 dol4.
0< lx-31 <0.005"J ql lf@) -sl<o.or
u|4lzfzlE +q=r+ +L+.

0 < I x - 3l <o.ooosoJ trll lfk)- sl < 0.001

qlIrl+/(*)9 4q+ ++ol s"lzl ?loll /k)e+ sel ilolTl- g.e_l +tr+ z}4l
^ll
qE+ ol ;(lol= "JEe.l +E+ zl4l 6]]ot ++. rElr olfl ol+
"llo}"J +rl. +
E +q= B + 9l+! "Jelel S+E e (:a4^ Ext "J¤EJS ol+6IE S"ll^Je+
z;o1 Qf$ ts=4.

1 o<lx-il <s:;"J"ll lr(,) - 5l <

"
olts xzl- 3!l /(x)z} s"il TlvH d=6Jtrl"b ag gal= H"J+
zltlol d=E 4l v
a

BE"l4. ElrF6l-H ^l trC rg {lol 3o ++q e/24 4El 4q(rEl+ x*3ol f(x)tl 5*e
9zl"ll
+) ?lE+rE $=JssnJ/(;)9 z;ol sEPq "JEE 44 " ol{ql flE+ oJ+
5
el+.
?lzl ollEol+.

^l
tr+'1g"r+ eol + # 9ls rH te ¤EB + 3l+.
3-f (r(3+6 (x#3).Juil 5-e<f(*)(5*e 0 3 x
3-6_3+6
++ (3 - E, 3 + 6)oll +61+ x(# 3)E q*-e-E,Bl f(x)tl +7J $- e, 5 + e)ulJ
xtl4zl.ll 919 4l
+6IE+ B + 91trI. (x*31
4l tr+ rJg _u_qg :lal
"l+"ll^l ++¤- e"J6I4l 4el++"
t

2 +lfsl g"JElEsl f E aE E6J6I.= qtr zllt7.Ha= x,llg zl#)"ll^J dEg

"-L+{r 6}zf. .JEel "J* e q EI6il
o < lx - al < 6"J ,1] lf(*) - Ll <
"
70 18 -Bf+sl+-d

+-.Jq gg-d trsl0ll^l EE4o+ -Lal/\, g "J+fl+ 6 > 0ol +x]]6l$, xz| aoJl +7+ol d=E 4 /(x)9 +,*ol tol{ d
f,r[erf E-E Af8trltl el6|a q+4 rJ"l 44U+.

)ryf(*): r

l* olE xoll,tl attlzl! zl4oll lfk) - rlg/(x)ollr-l LTrlTle-l 44olH, a

-
g .JelE +rll E # ?lzl trl]E.il ++E 4e.l- +g=4 rJg,JE EBB + ?l+.

lim/(r) -L=o roll^l a7+^lE ,lelE ++61 zlzllt:44 0e olH) q*seal

/(r)el tqE 4fl$ +Efl 44 EI= + 9l¤¤ 9"1fl4.
olE
"l-49+
rJol +srll E¤g + gl4
: L2 rE aql +E6l 7l*/idiJ-Bl+ 0g ol-H) qE s-Elq /(x)9 {t+ E
|rg/tx)

g6J +++]l, - al < 5t. -5 < x - a < Se+ +a, a-A+ a - 6 ( x ( a * 6

E qF+Ef llzl trll+.il 4E E= ++ql ql+ +qE q^l +4lrrl.6J + 9l+. E
EO< l*- olE * -a*0, + **o4 Fzlol4."l-tlzlxle+E4 l/(r) - Ll
< e3+F4 L- e <"f(r) <L+
"rl-Erlolr+."i4rJ ++ql 4++qE^l +
Qr]]B ¤E tr. ++r"l-rJ{.
: .JEE e > 0oll 4all(e* ol-+4 ziol-E tr-+S+) xzl tJllzJ{a -
l1/(r) Lg
6, a * S)ql +61-r. xlaolql /(x)E 4+7J (L - e,r + e)9.| +Bl-= 6 > 0ol +
zll+g 9old'}.

:zH 29lal4 zJol ffisg 6J+= +4HsErAl ol zlalqr4 oE ¤H

^ldg
a]] Ezf. {zlrl /= Rel ++ dBql^l E += RE ++ dE +lEel 6-Jtol4.

f
aeJ 2 J a f(u) f(x)

Y A7J@ - 6, a + 6)71 ol"ll /7| (o - 6, a + 6)9 .E. d.(aE 419

={6}q,
7ls" )¤ +7J (L - e, L + e )9 EEq 4+^1fl+= 49 9"lql+(rB 3 +4).

f
.{ -f(x)

-rzl
JE
Q
L' a-6 a a*6 L-e L L*e

+qlql 4tr s 4E zl{qr-4 fl4g EL+E r?]]sql .el6ll +qe + fl+.

 1.7 +-JE g"J-d Esl 71

v
y: f(x) v v
Y:L+E Y:Li x
L*e
f(x)tl y:L+8
L {zl"ll L \_
a
el+. Y:L-t
l:L-e Y:L-x L-x

0 a 0 a
\ 0 /o\ -r

a*6. a-6 a*6

_.a*6
xz| {zlollilg tril
(x* a)

reJ 4 -rel
JEV
tr fg6

e +¤d y - L - E, ! : L + dI /el r4s= rflrJ1rfl 4 +I4).

> 0ol +q;(lfl

l* tt*l - IolE .xzl- *tJ @ - 6, a+ s)"ll 9ll * # ailxll+.J trll +t y : f(x)

7i 4d y:L- e4 y-L+ e rl-ololl tsolbs=+B+ ?l+(rH s +r).o1fl
6= +qRq-E q ++ ge_lE 5"ll ql6H^-lE +je.l ¤¤ol B¤61 "J+E 4o14.
rH 4e+ s"ll^l ¤HE 44e "Jf "s ol+4 z}4l dq6JtrI 6l-rJ4E dBEl
"l"F *4E 49 "l"]]6l-= Aol +s6L+. rH 69 4+ eg
q q6IE rl 41-g 5
7l gs+g Hq
=+.
(qrll t l) rrr) = x3 - 5x + 60l rlalalolEr + zld qlg cdql gu}l
l,fl,f(x) =,f(1):
13 - s(l) * 6: zolq. r4EE ol+"ll^J xzl te-l 6 "Jql fl¤- "l y7124 0.2 q}"il gl l5
6, + +¤¤ El+6I= sE +614.
=
l, - 1l <S"J *I l(r' - 5x* 6) - zl <0.2
* a: l, L:2?l EI+ f(x) - x3 - 5x + 6u1l qEL +f,E 4el"ll^-l e : 0.2oll ql+"I -3
I
3

5E +61-+
= -5
Eil re rqs= r+ ?r+ a+ d (1, 2) +=q ¤Eql +cg +r yE^l -tzl
Ja'
-,

l(r' - 5x -t 6) - 2l < O.z

E +s=r+ zJol 4rl + + gt+
-0.2 ( (r'- 5x + 6) - Z<0.2
2.3
+ 1.8<x3-5.r*6<z-z ,,-.),)
J - L.L

"14^J 4d
y:x3-5x+60l +¤d y:184 y : Z.Z 19 {tg. y: - 5x'l 6
^Iolq +olE+
x3

44"1lot f,+. l*lo + rH 8.ll^Jsl ,J"l E (1, 2) ++ql^J +d y = x3 - 5x * 6,

(r,2

1l: 1.8, 3l: 2.2E rqgE rfl+. oltrll zld y: 2.2e1*d y : x3 - 5,r + 6E -nd v: 1.8

9 rr}s.E E 0.91101-]].,+^l-dtrll 4d y- 1.84 *d y:)c3- 5x+6e. x - t.124 0.8

1.1
1.2

q^] "JU+.El+^J
fg8
72 18 -Et+sl.+-J

0.92<x1l.12tJ trll 1.8 < x3 -5x+6<2.2

+.:l. g+tl+. ol ++ (0.e2, 1.12)= x: Iq +ql 44"1 oiq+.x: lql^l g+

Eflvl^|el ,14= t - 0.e2:6.s3oll e-E+ E$vl^le-l 44= o.12ol+. olE +
z}Srll q 4Lg +,+ 5:0.08oJ 5= qaJ+ iltr|.olufl rle=$rJ"l zl4= ol+6ll^J
+F4lg+^l ++9t+.
lr- 1l<0.08oJ ull l(r'- 5x* 6) -21 <0.2
oli.xz| 1ql^J 44t10.08 ol4ql ileE /(x)E 2ql^l A4zl0.2 ol4ql ilrll 6J +
9t+g g6J+.
5: 0.089 q6l-zl"J olEtrI q 4g 6E q6lqqE ol rqls ¤B+trt" r
^l+

lE r4sql EEJ Eol 449 e: 0.2q1 4+ 4EE ¤H6Ixl"J, ++"1

ql4l
ze+ ,JLI+ 49 +Hq+ Ag otq+. +Ee .JEel 6zf A
'oll 4all =46}-
g Eqoh ql+.
++E 4qE olS-all.<J ++¤. +E6lelE, Ex] # "9 Atr 4=JqL 6$ xll.r.l
E + ?t"loF"J ++.+Eql^J 5H6J eol ol-Ll+.JelE e > 0oll '}]6l]^J +^HqL
+= 49 Eq"F ++.
+ A, Bz| E^Jg .Ir gl=ql qq++ B+'. 446}xl-. AE r4g + r
^I+
ol/(x)9 ,,tEql eldl CqE e ({lAql 0.01) ¤E oIL}]E d=tfloi i+l +4.J
+.8-0 < lx - al < 6"J "ll lf(r) - Ll < e9 "J+61-=6el #g *9t+r'I
B++. relE A= q H46llzl^l q 4* "(ql. 0.0001)ql 4E.J qlElg B
=q
qlrll s-+q!+ E. tl^l B= ql+4- 6- Ft qlBdllo} 6J+. "JHI4SE u9 #
ol 4rolxlH +t"ld++ 4+6I- 6E {i* q am}4ol EHfl+. Az} e9 ol-+z.l
441 *rJ+E a-J^J Bzl-Bg {.otH+E lim X-A
/(x): Lol g+,

il qlll| 2 l) rim (4x - 5) = 7"J9 +HBI+.

x*3

HI
1. +4l.ll ql+ qEI +4(6E {tg +E-) "¤. fol4l "J++ 6tx}. '}¤¤ "J+61+ +
6E +"lloF ++
o< lx- 3l <6"J tr]l l(+, -
- 7l< e s)

rflql l(+*-s)-7; :l4x-Lzl :l+(r-3)l:4lx-3lo1E+, g6I= a.

rlg=r+ +L+.

o< lx-31 <6"Jtrfl al*-31 <,

+ o<lx-31 <Egq lr-3t.* .+

olE a : e/4eE dqB + 9l¤¤ ^l^l-6J+.

 1.7 E"J-d Esl 73
=-LfE

E^let+El
0<lx-31 <aolfl+s=+rJ+. t7L1l7l trlEqEqrsl gB 0l+, lsAllTl
ol Eotel g=sl
l(+r- s)-7 l:14, _ Lzl :41 x-31 <+a:o(;) :" = ^l-+trE
Hle+ol EElst cgalsl eg^l7lHEr.
++rt
rl4E+g flaj= *rrl !.aJqI
=e
qq,
EI+^l 0 < | x - 3l < E"J q l$* * s) - 7l < *o14.
B.0l
SE-.JIloll tt|El
=B0lB0lE3 ++4 olEE =
+el

r4=e ++9 Celql ,rl-4 trl=+g Ei.+. ^HEr

rlEE rll=JEI4l E+:iltr|". =
UE le^Jl7l= +qfoll ?lGlA1 E4:ct
5) :7
Jg1 t+" -
el El4E-qroll q1-d +E #=
^lrt|Hrl.
EEe+ 6BE rllBoP I ?i6]| +
"l ql4l+:2fl
^J|"J-LI aJd=
sq1.r1 ¤Eg+. xll9 7|4o|Eql
=al=
EalEs.
glflrl Olal E4lgsl c++rE EEr

v 4 ++rl' i.Al(Augustin-Louis Cauchy,

7*e Y:4x-5 r78q-r8s7)71- glflEEll,:L= qaloll

+tri n+71 ElTl Eoil 30il^1 Elrl
^l
7
lqe gflq-. iAl= hEJsl +-.J 7t1E
,JOtEHr, 0l= 18,{l7l EaJA +
=
-Er[ d'Alembert)7[ 4l
E+6H^1 tl+ Ai^jl6l"/l 8elfltl-.
=aJUl=(Jean
+
+:stoll EH--J rel E9E tl=4 eq.
"E+qoJ ,J=01 oltr -l"Eu ,JrlE xl
017[ fl61-="J= qtolrlEE +ur6l E
0 ,r + "J= tttl, ol rtr,JE trlE A
J
\ =-g
trE-Jq." -r.alLf i^l=
-ral
JEV o 3-6 3+6 =sl =E!0lel
qlrJlLl.=E=qlrl 0l ¤E= nll

Lls= ^t8-g .J
ol
troil 4rt +^l-zr
= == ++lE
El-ts¤E E
744 +Eel F E4lzI !lH¤+
ql4l 2el Eolql^J A +41qrJ- a ^l'EEIrl.?^19
E4e 5E= "F Tt|sl ol'+ 4tg +e
el {tg ¤g + glE+ qlEl +49 *,1 + Hall +4lql^l s= 4q+41 # Del s= Lf+LHq..."E Al4t-d+. r
- saJrfi erreur9| EBdo+
^1 EaJ4
}$,*xl 6d^Hrll bnl4sE +Hg iH+. ol 449 +qLE E++ ++ql^l fi diffdrencegfol EuJdo+ 5=
^l-+ Al-E
El. dE4"J "JBol+. oll"lle Exllel Bq 4+ f,E+ a==4 r q-e. olfl + :*rl-.
+oll ++rl- H[ololf=a1x
=g 1815-1897)ts Egj
(Karl Weierstrass,
+ol C$q}zl-= +HB ¤szl gtr} Eoil +qfl ?il1 +-LI= Esl61
7l /.lAfqlEl. =e=
( qr.ll 3 D ti* xz =9"JS u-q4.
x-3

Eq
1. 6sl {}q ql+ ffi e > 0ol +q#.+r 6FzI q*g¤ "J+6I= + 6 > 0$ 7a1lo1
+tr}.

0< lx-31 <D"J trll l*'- 9l<"

lr'- elE lx - 3lr+ ¤¤A7l +16}] l*'- el : l(, + 3Xr - 3)l-"E ++. 4+^J
ffioJ d*6l."]4 214f,4.
0 < x- 3 | < s"J trll lx + 3ll, - 3l <
I
"
lx + 3l < CE EI+61+ .Jel tr-+ c= *g + gleH ffiol cH.=Iql +E-6lzI.
lr + 3l l, - 3 | < Clx - 3 |
74 lE -EF+el=-d

rel-z.l, - 3l < r/CE qolq Cl* -:l < tr++^l 6: e/CE 4

"9 9¤+ 1l+
g + et+.
39 +dgE 6F= qtr ++ 4"ll gIEt xE 4l6J6ll^l ^J+ cE +g + 9l+. 3ql
zl7lo1 d=61+ xoll cllall,q"J +dol glTl qEql nY 3eE*E1 44 I ol'ilql flE
+, + l*- 3l . rguJ$alEE7l4ts+ 9i+.trI+^J 21x <4olq s <x* 3 (
zol4. :a4 o -+ lx + 3 I < zql E6l] c :78 +ts ziBal+.
olxll I x - s lql +a* '|S + zlzl xllqlo{l +E-61-{
lr-3lcr, lx-31 .9:C7 "
olE + +=l4g +¤6lrll "J+6.IE+ 6E + + 14 e/7 ¤:"11 zlg a¤. 46}4. ol"ll
ql+ 7lE= 6: min {1, el7 }ol+.
2.6t14B+¤- 6H +qd e > Oql rllEll 6: min{ t, efl }ol4 +x}.
0< lx-31 <8olH lr- 3l< t + 2 {x( 4 + l.r+ 3l<Z(E"l lql^le}rJ
ol)ol+. l, - 3 | < e/Tol.tr-tr E+ ++g E=+.

l*' -el : lr + 3ll, - 3l <,' i:,

oli tim x2:9H9 -trq
;r-3
++. I

I:EtE
=E!
l.sEq +q{ 'J+ ++ql ql* 4l+4 4qE rts=4 zJol H"J6l-41 +^l +4
slg + ?l+.

3 sFlZ[elg"J:dBsl "JEe] e>091 4o}l

"-6 <x<aoJ 4l l/(r) - Il <
"
g "J+61+ + s > 0zl- fxlla|fl ffiol CB++
fr-f(i: r

4 +=:dslg"J=JEel ?EE e>oql 4all , (.r(a+ 6oJ 4l/(r) - Ll <'

g "J+61+ + 6 > 0z| {ixlla}fl ffiol dB*+.

,Lr. /(r)
:r

CE Elg xtl a{ (o - 6, a + 6)9 g+ Hi (o - E, a)"ll FolE+ zll*e 4.

e.lql= 49 aq+rJ+"il +=-61-zi.4E Eql^-1- xtlazf, (a - 6, a + s)9 e
HI (a, a + 6)ql +olE+ xllflifl+

{qq 4|) CE E= 0l+6ll^.1

.tlT*6:0gg +86}+.
 '4.7 g"J-Lt Eq 75
=-dsl

H
1. 6E dt"ll Ell6J ffi
eg +q4l "J+4 6l-xl q7l^J ,: sol-tr l: 0014. 4+^J
'l+¤ El+{+ + sE +6]]"I ++.
0(x<6.Jtrll l$_01<"
+ o(x<6oJu| ,E<,
E= +F4 li < eel .JHql zll+g +l6IE t]-g-$ gb+.

0(x<6"Jtrll x{e2
ol
^td¤. E61l
S: e2g qnll"F ql¤- .J + gl+
2.621 4+Elg6E +qde>Oql q6l] 6-e2ol4+xI 0 (x <6o1fl ffiol ,rj

B6J+.

$<v6l:J"':,
trtq^J l,E - ol < "
¤E Eql q+,ry1r. ,8 : o"Jg .J + gl+ I
I HEI
=:d
qxll 4ql^l E?tFol r, 6 4e]= ol+"l]^j +qlql 4+ Hxllzf +.Jg +H6l-. g
ol .J^J f+ "J"Jg "1,_l+.rl-¤ /(x)_(6*, _8x* g)t(zxz _ 1)+ rJol rJ +tL
+ EL+9 4* rJ Cjz+ 4l+g s+,t}+. +q6l 1.6¤ql^l fl-od +qL B4=
g ¤E EE ol$all.{ +HB f glr, +4-r*'J+Ee.l ++e dflq zld el+
6'lzl g:_lr. ++ H4EE+E] +E + glzl rlEoll e,5 4E- Es_o1x1 g:trI.
qE Eq 6Jel H4g +HB 4+ : :
lgq/(r) L, J,1qs(r) M"l E+ +xI16I
fl ffiol ¤e+q.
,lgtftr)+s(r)l:L*M
ilel H4 e > 0ol +"lfi.qr 6IxI. r+¤¤ EI+61+ D > 0p. +6lIoF,J+.
=B
0 < lx - al < 5g trll lf@ + s(*) - (L + M) | < e

+4 +t419 ols-" alfl ++r+ E"l ¤ + gl+. Al'71 tl-E,11.l'

E- -ro-i'

la+bl<lal+l&l
tr lf?)+s(*)-(L+M) l: l(f(x)*L) +(g(r) -M)l
s l/(r) - Ll + ls(r) - Ml

4 oJ= lf(r) - r l+ ls(r) - M l9 e/2E-tr| z+rll ef-q-Eril

l/(r) + s(*) - (L + M) l9 e-u-r1- +41 "3g + 9t+.
ul? > 0olr :
!ry f G) rolrrE
q+¤ EI+a.I. f D, > 0ol +4+tr|.
76 18 --J+el=-d

o<lx-al <s,oJ4l lf(r) -rl .+

uffizlxltr
,li4X o(x) - l4rols -+ q¤¤ EI+EI+ f 6, > 0ol +4+tr1.

o<lx-al <6r"J4 lg(r) -Ml .+

6:min{6r, 52}-E +zl. rElE S= SrE} S, f"ll^l 7t+ 49 *o14. r++.il +
+6}zl.
0< lx- al <S"J Ell 0< lx- al <8,,0< lx- al <5,

"l.q^-l lr(r) - Ll . ;, ls(r) - Ml * +

r4-o +
^l
trq sl6ll
'I*ol ¤H'J+.
lf(r) + s(x) - (L + M)l < l/(r) - Ll+ ls(r) - *rl
AE
Z2
g.+6lfl q--q=,'+ ?JLI.

0< lx-al <6"Jrll lftrl +gG)-@+M)l <e

jafl=-+ ++el {flq r}4 ++"1 dfla-l+.

,tgxt/(r)+s(x)l:LtM

r+:dqEt
H'J+ "JB "F dEg + ?l+, ++g l.s¤ql +s= {el Ee+ rJ
q-o.!-_a3E
g g"J+ E¤ol+.

6 +=-J-1Ele.l gE:d¤el /E + E$a}= qH zlJ+7&r= rllel zJ-!.)oll.rl

aE.
Cel¤ +++r 6tzt. ololl "JEel "J+ Mq 46l]

o<lx-al <a"JuI f@)>M

v
¤. "J+61-= + S > 0ol E4Er¤. trtg-r+ ,Jol 44u+
M
_M
JIg /(') : *

olac xE a(44 5 ol4o1l^l 5- Mql #4ol-r. x *a)41+E6l zlt*# lk

g qBsEal /(x)el #g .JEE =.4l(+qd + MEq q aTll) "J= + 9l+9
a ,f

a-6 a*6 "J6J+. zlolEzl ¤Hg:.H l0oll +"14

glrt.

reJ 10 +q4l "JelE +¤d y: M4l Qlrll xz| A7J @- 6, a + 5)oll +61-r xt'aol
 1.7 +Etsl g"J-Lf Esl 77

TIEI 6lE, +d y: zld y: ME4 +l+ql +ol4l 6L- + s > 0g +oJ

f (x)z}
+ 9t+ q + M+q6LE q +e # 64s+Eg "J+ 9t+
=
{ q4 s l) 4sl E.g ol+611^J
},s j : *oJg +H6i+.
Eq Mg +"itl "J++ 6fx}. 4+g EI+61+ + 0= fapz| +q.
0 < l.rl < 6'J ull L/x2 >M

+E +gg -rq6}zl-.

<+ *''^1 M ft <=

¤+ 'F< \n
,,}M lrl ./-\/M
1 1

x-

:zely+ 6: L/.@,0 < lrl < 6: r/,fMe qflE rlf > Molq. q+^J x---+0

"lE t/x'---+ molr|. r

u|4lzfxlE l.s¤ql +s= 4E trE HB+ E¤ol ++ql +"14 tI4. ol4 v
g rH tlql el6ll ¤HE+. a- 6 a* 6

a
0 ,{
7 Eel /= + ag Esra}= olH zHTrJ(oE 414 zl#)ql^J 49¤ E'-++7
6}zl. oltrll gelsl g+ Nql q"I
N }:N
0 < x - al < a"J 4l /(x) <ffg ++61-= +
I 6 > 0

ol ¤z]]H:¤ q+4 rJol r.B 11

++U+.
Jg? f(') : -""

1.7 | r*+xtt

1. +qd EL+/E rflE= oJ$-allal q^¤¤ "J+El-= + 6 2. +qTI ++.f(r) : Ji{ r4sg- olgoll.rl trl-gg "J+
E +614. El+ + 6E +6i+.
l*- 1l<0"J ql l/(r) - tl<o.z
l*- al <Eg trll lJ; -zl <0.4

v
v
r.2 v J;
2.4
I 2
0.8 1.6

0 74 'tx
0 0.7 I1.1 .f,
 78 18 -Et+sl=-J

ffi 3. :a4s= ol$-oll,rl trl¤¤ "J+6I= + 6E +61+. 12. x: a lim x2 :

t3. r-0 0
,lIX
x-2 < 5"J EII lrff + s -:l<o': 14. lim
x-0'
lxl :0
I
,s.]g(*'-4x*5):1
ffi 4. +o"J lim (.r3 - 3x * 4) : 6ql 4oll 0.24 e :0.1ol] 16. lim (x2 - 1) :3
x+l ": x--2
4s" 6lb s¤- +Ell^l 4el trE ¤E6l+.
ffi 5. (a) rqEE ol+6ll^l +g¤ ++61+ + 6= +6I+. 17. ql4l 3ql^-l
],j$r'
: eoJg EolTl +16l] q+ E 4E 6zt
6: min(2, e/8)"J9 Hq4.
41x<4+s"Jtrll t.4,
tlx-4
>1oo
:3ql
T 18. (a) +"Jl,jl(r' + x + 1) 4loll u:0.4oll 4g"6lE
(b) (a)zt cH6l+ +6Jg +61-+. {tg f-?-lls$ ol+6fl^J +E|{.
sE
G. 7l4l 4lzl#"1 Hol 1000 cm2 -=',+ +l+g q}-Eri-I. ++. (b) .$iluJ{ll r' * .r * I : 3 + e9 6J]E +6tr., +qTI
ola e > 0oll trl]6l] zl-E"+ 7l.(}' 6sl l}g +6i+.
(a) flsg zll+61+ EJI HlzlE+ Eotqlzl? =
(b) fl+fl Holgl,tJ -d*s-ztz} ts cm24$ zl4l zllzl+ (c) (b)91 rI+ Bql^l e: 0.4-E E trl] (a)9 94 ulna|

I +Et ol^Jzl.J Hl4+ql g"Iq}=i d=6IE

(a)ollrJ +.
+ qlzlEg 4¤6l]ot at*zi? 1e. a > oolE tim ,/i : Jiq+ +8614.
C) Ig1 f(x): LA x,6 4Eql^l x, f(x), a, LZ +H'J x-a ol++r+.
t4? e4 Ak$ Epts A{$ttl? olgl 49" 6JE 6el At Ji+rtr E
g gtrt"J7t? 6J+/zf rl-g-q- rJol
20. ^J9¤ El !r4X/(x)z[ fz]la]^l t++
7.(a) e:O.lql ql6fl l*-21<soJ o+l 14, - 8l < Eg I'J g +H6i4.
+61+ 6E AA++. 0,
f(*) :
-r7l +4+
(b) e : 0.01oJ ull (a)E EJ+6t+.
{ l, r7I +fl+
s-e ++el 8,6 {fl= 0l+6ll^1 4 ExllE +Ea.}I, rH ee+

zJ* zH_"-E ¤86l.4. 21. x7l 4ql TVWI d+6ll^l EI+61'= xE 4t*4.

- l) :1
1

8.tlg1(i* e. ,[T, ?2x * 1):5 (.+3Y>lo'ooo

5
10-16 ++q 8,6 4qE ol"$all,tl 4 HxllE +H6I4 lim
22.x+-r- (x + *:
I)' -oo"Jg +H6I4.
x2-2x-8 -
,0.
15
(t - *,) - -z 11.
x+4
lim-:6
X-4

1.8 lE+
r:*+ol E+
1.6¤ql^j xtl aqll d=oJ rll e++q +,*¤. zffi aoll.r.l Et+{tg 4l&6Js_EAl +
+61-rll +ts + 9l+g g3l'1. olfl ^d49 zlxlb EL+# n"ll^l E+olr+ EL+
fl+ql 4+ +E4 {el- "J*^Jgql^l ts+ol+ *"lel E"le+ "Jd=J Sflol
9l+g "J4l E 4"14. (E+4"J 4Ce +t$.ol gq+- 4014.1
 1.8 E+ 79

1 891 ffiol dHB ,I g++ /E + afilll t!*(continuous at a number o)o14.

:
]ryi/t,) f(o)

4el tre ftl a4)d E+ol4E ++9 ^ll tlzl +zl.ol ¤q4s.E gs6l-ri ral lsl ¤Eoll qolE,/7l. E+olE /"1
- aol+. -r.afluq; ?l= tr @, l'QD7l f.e11:rol xr
(a,,f(a))0ll E=-.Jtl= *0ltl. :iel|^l +
t. f(a)zl49g+(1 aElE CEqql +.J+). Coll^J olEE
=-=
glrf.

2. (*)tl +xll*r+.
l1g,f
3. hm /(x) :,f(0)

ol 4E- d=B 4l f@)zl /(a)*ll d=51-H 7zl a4l4 84fl9 9"1

xzf aoJl v
y : .f(.r)

++. trl+^l g+6J+/b 19 +t9 Eclz|/(r)9 zle E+= +E++= d¤g i

,*-+. rl{ xollrJe-l H+= ++61 zl4l Bseal/(x)oll^jel H+= g6l-- "J+ ,f(r)E,f(a)oll
7]-f
tJL
f(a)-

zlzll ,?zl.J + 91trt.

f tl a +-q^l c el El E tgr-l "J:"IH tl a(a? xll g zl#)= g.E 6l-. 7ll+7J
7

"ll^J 4elEl 7zl a4l4 E+ol

otH trll /:- aoilr.l EE*(discontinuous at a) E:" tt +A- X

/E aollr'l EE+C(discontinuity)S ,*-tt+ ++. xzl a41d=rJ trll

Er;4 EtI+ tr5. E+oltri. ql= zJ-Filsl Efl+ +E-.r.[gfie] zlz[ -ral
JEI
{

_z$Fol =E
ul+ E+4sE EE+. rfl+ d+e+,Je A+- Efl+ljol
^lrJql
gq++ [1.s¤ql^l ]ITI(r)z[ fz]la[xl ?*zl q5ql qlHl^l-olEH-+= 0"]l^l E
fl+oltrI.l
zlalo|{_eE qH +rJE EE dql^l ts+.J 6J+= r4lozl-++ql^J #q
zlzl t++ +++r ;$r+g + gl+. ol rqsb +ololl^J ¤l¤ t*l :t_B f "flxl
gttrl.

(q!41 1D zH 2- Et+/el r4sE +qU+./E qtr +ql^l Efl*"JzI? :_ ol .v

+= +HqlzL? a

Efll ,:19Jrl rqlETI#q4 flzl ollEql ol ¤q^l EE+"J AzlH 8.J4./7I

1ql^J Efl+"J olf+/(l)ol dEqzl t*zl ollEol4.
r4s= a : 3oll^J #"lri Blzl"J EE+q 4+ olf* +EtrI. {zlrl /(3)+ 4 0 12 345-t
99xl"Jlrg/(x)=+xl16l-xl g++trHa} +++ol ulszl ,ll#) q+^J /E:q1,t1 g
-1E,l D
fl4o14. JdL

a: 5oll q6H^lE olul*zl-? 4zla-l /(s)E d99r -lgi /tr)E ¤zll+trk6l . ++

qlol ,Jzl
"llEol4l.rq+
Jli /(,) * f(s)
ol.r,E/= sql^J EE+ol+. I
g0 18 --J+sl.+-.J

olzll *+71 4ql E6l CelB q EE++ ++aL= rl$g ojofEz[.

liq4! 2 i) q+ ,+ E}+= qqql^l Efl4.Jz}?

x2-x-2 x#2
x2-x-2 : x-2
(a) /(x) : x- L
(b)
"f(x)
---;- I x:2

: [*n-)
1
x*O
(c) /(x) : x-) (d) /(x)
I x:0
Eq
(a) d99xl tlzl qEql /= 2ql^l 8fl4"14. Ll-+ql f 7l tr+E EE +ql^l
f (z)tl
¤+"J ol¤¤ grl B 4"14.
o) qzl\ f(2): 1g celqr q+. +6Jol E.4ld-4.
(x - 2X'r + 1)
: t*4: : lim (x + 1) :
i=1'-'f(r)
tim Hm 3
i--Z X-2 x+2 X-2 x*2'
rBl+ ]gi /{r) # f(z)olo e /E zq1,t1 E¤4o14.
(c) 4zl^l /(0) : 19 CelqxluJ ffi ++3 t++trHl.sBg ql4l 6 +4).
=xl]6|21
1

]r1i/t,): JTan
trl+^l /= oql^l Efl+"]+.
(d) 41q14+6J+ f@) : flrni E= 4+Eq^l Ets+{oltr}. e]l+'l-H n"l c#E
q ],+ [*nE 9*zl ollEoltrHl.6Bsl qlxll 10, fl+Ezll 28 +4). r
=xl16]zl

rH33 ql^ll 2"ll qs= Et+Eel r4lsE LlE}u+. '+ 4+ql rqlgEg +
B, ¤+ E= Ea+ol glzl trll$ql +olql^J +lg qlzl ?+r rB + HtI. (a)el-ft)
ql^J ¤E¤ a"+fl EE+g r{4 7l-Ei.-d EE4(removabte discontinuity;o14 6}}1
ql, I ol+= zql^JEl/E +^l cel6J:sErl BE+g H.J + glzl oll+olrl.x
: 2oll^l /el {tg 3_oe" r+^l 4q6lH/. ¤+EL+ s(x): x * 14 Ezl"l4. (c)
ql +s= E¤+g +*d EE+(infinite discontinuity;o1+ i+ (d)ql +s= Eg

.y .v .v v
}#

a t-o

0 lzx 0 tzx 0 .{ 0 t23x

(a) zllzl 7}-}+ g¤+ (b) x'll7l Tffi'o.J Efl+ (c) *eI Eg+ (d) EE E¤+
f.H 3 qlril 2oll L|.sts -Er.+Esl f,at|E
 1.8 E+ 81

4* =E EE{fiump discontinuities)ol+ "L-ql, : ol-,9* e].azl qI <1"il^J +

#ge-'-E-!h'ofzl 4Eolri.
=
2 Esl ffiol cB+ trll Er-+/= f aoll,rl e_E.4r_qEpq {*ol4
:
,[1. /(*) f(o)
rElr ++ol ^JHB ,ll ++/= f aoilrJ g+gE+el S4ol4.

-lr
lim f(*) : f(a)

(qH 3D 4 4f nollrJ 6J* /(x) : firn [:.8 3(d)]= e-EE- s-E+El fl*"lzl"J
g+se+q Eg+ol+. ell+ahfl Q+¤ uJfialzl ,ril8"14.

,t1T. rtrl :,LT-,- firn : n : f(n)

,q)l_/(r):,ry_ flrn: n - r+f(") r

3 Esl *# tzl.J ++ qlE E= dql^J E+"J rll :. +rJql^j fl+olq C

EEL'| ff71 +?Je] ¤dql^J cgg+H, +rJel Edql^jE fl+g sE4_._ s_E.
+El fl+ E. g+.o +PEl fl+g 9ulf,4.i

(qH! 4[ E'-+ f(*): r - \fr 4 ol +rJ [-r, r1q1a1 ¤+"Jg Bq+.

EU -t I a < 1oJ tr+l +EL Hzlg "l+6ifl trl+g E=tr1.

lim/(r):
x+a ' lim (t $ -
x-a ' -
xr)

- I - )rXR (Hzl 2e+8"11 el6tl)

lim(l - x') (Hal 7"ll

-l- .x+a
E6H)

: I - ,FA (tszl 2, 8r+ lOql E6fl)

: f(o)
ffl=e. del tr.il q+ -t 1 a < lolp lE a"llC t+ol+. +rJA %r-H_o e+
v
¤+E+et+ !:l-$-7
,IT. "f(r) : 1 :.f(-l), ,[p /{*) : 1 :/(t)
El4^J/E r"ll^J g+sE+q fl+ol1 -1oll^l sEE_e_E+El g+olu|. zelus
0
-l -lt

4E trq] u++.f= [-1, l]ql^J ¤+ol+.

/s1 :.rils*fH 4"ll rElTq il4.old+fl x2+(y-L)r= 1E oI4 t}flol4. r feJ 4
82 I8 -Er+s|
=--J

I g!+:Er+sl ¤E
qlzll 4ql^J4 Eol EI+E S+^dg +H6I7l +1611 4E E, E, Eg ols-"61f rll
doll, ql4l 4ql^19+ Bol ,J++ fl+6J+EE+El +B+ g+6J+E¤: +C"ll 7I
rlBE¤ zll^lq! r++ c4E ol¤.6}= aol E46J ollzf 914.
=
4 Bzl f 4 stl aglal g+ola cz[ r]folE, q+ ++EE ag]^l fl+oltr].
r.f+s 2.f-s 3. cf

4. fs s. [-, s(a) #0
g

44q +d
ol 449 6J+ 1.6¤ql fl= 4+61-b ++ Hzl.ll el6ll +BE
=B
+. ql= E"l 19 +H611 Hzl-. f * sz[ aol].tl S4"loe q¤¤ g-+.

]rii /tx)
: f (o),
,,31 s(*) : s(o)
r40 e ++g Eb+.
(/ + gX,) : ,lg1 [/(,) + s(x)]
]1T1
: f(*) + ]gi o(r) (Hzl 1"ll 96ll)
,1i*

-;
-tt ra) + g(a)
: (f + s)(o)
aoil^l ¤+oltrI. r
^I¤"ll^l / st
ol +

4r-l Ee+ dE 3 ql^J fe+ s7l qtr +rJql^l ¤+olE *+ f + s, f - s, cf,

fs,fls@71 4a ool ot.JE)E r ++ql^] E+.Jg "J + gltrl ++ 44b t.0

¤ql^l zld 'l]"J ^d4e .t1gaj 4o14.

5 8al
(a) "J99 +6Jd-+= E= dql^] ¤+"]trI. + R : (-@, *)olJrl E+ol+.
(b) oJelel +4++=:- er-*z} {e-lq} *ql^l fl4"1'I. + r- EL+E {e]q
ql^l fl+"I+.

=B
(a) 46J=J+E q+r+ rJe Eqlel 'J+ol+.
P(r) : cnx" * cn-rxn-r +''' * crx * co

{zJrJ cs, c1, -.., cn$ r}#o14. ++g Er 9l+,

lim
x+a
co: co rHzl 891 9aHi
 1.8 E+ 83

limx^:gm
x+a
m:1,2,...,rt (Hzl l0"ll glrll)

ol 4lg/(x) += Hxllol+. :r"Eltr_E 4?_l Eq 3q 4

- x*of E+e.+"Jg "J6H
+.J+ s@): cx*+ E+ol+. pzl olfl+ ¤{fl g.+e+ {r-+E}+E Bolzl "11

Eql, crl Ee_l lqj q+ P= E+ol+.

(b) Pe+ O7I trlolq+.J q +qEl+. ++4,Je ¤49 Etfol4.

f(*) : P(x)
Ok)
/E 4E9* o : {x E R I QG) # o}olq. (a)E-7rl pe+ OY E= *ql^l E+
ol+. 44 E9 5ql 4+/- Dql +6I- -g= +qlrl E4ol4. r
d4 tr"il^J ¤BflFol +sl +j{. r Hlzl$.ii trlq fl+4se EEI+. ell
+6IE +rilel ;tzl v(.) :tnr'9. Vtl rfll ++ +o.JEl+olzl u1gol+. "I4LzL
xlE +g 15 m/s9 +EE +4ss ++qj trxlE ,E + *g k"lt *4 ft :
t5t - 4.eP (m) o tr- +q4l+. ol4g 4aJ+*olr, rr}T+^l kol= 44 ^l+q '}]
'J ts+++o]tri.
gH 4* glxllql^J E*ol
"]tr Et+zL fl+.Jg "1]*
p.r-l ++g 4hlg + 9l
+. 1.6¤E qlzll 2(b)s4 ulroll Hz|.

ti^#g+6I+
(q45Dx+-2 j
- Jx

Etrn +*+ s4E4.14.

f(*):x3!zxl-t
5-3-r
44 Ehtl trl-+ r AEE {r l, + i}qt^t E+ol+ r4=.+ q+g. E=+.
x3+2x2-1 : : fl-Z)
lim
x---2"/(x)
+-) ------ lim-
_t
5 - 3x '--'

(-2),+2(-2)2-1 I
s - 3(-2) 1l I v

g gEj4l Er+E ql++* 4e.lEql fl= E- +.ilrJ ts4olq. e]= EE 1.6

d, sin d)

eE +qL Hzl l1g zll#oJfzl ¤+"Jg "J6H ++.

^l-.JB+e+
a loJoJ+= rqlEE+EI "lE Er-+rl- E+gol q¤61-rll ++B
+ 9t+(r.2¤_ :.f
le +a) sin84cos0el ¤elE+El rB sql^"1 E pel alE
0 (1,0) x

i (cos0, sin0)oltrl. 0-+0"J trll P7l 4 (1, g)ql d=g-g- "J + 9lrl.f4l^j -ral
JE
E
!t

cos 0 + lol.I. sin 0 --+ 0ol+. trIEl^J 4g.ol ^J B++.

E9 ll+J6l= E tl= HEg
^l (
=-slE
6 limcos0:l
0+0
lim
0-0
sin0:0 +=^l 0sin g(0 > 0011 tHo-H)el gt+ E
al= 0l86t= a0lrl. 2.4tr0J1^J
=BEJrl.
g4 16| --J+sI +-Lt

oJ$ cos 0 : 1oltr 4 Ee. .".^L?lEL+e+ rlqlqtfzl Oql^l tr+

sin 0 - 0ollr-tr
gg Er--d ++. r^l.Jgr-+e+ qEI'tC +^lC ol oJ+Eol E-= *ql
v ^I"J++ql
rJl ol+B + 9l+(fl6$xll 34 +4).
^l ¤+"Jg +E6|=
4 i-l 4 e.l 5E+El r+¤. +4}EEL+= cosx - OoJ dEg zlle.l+ Eqq^l ¤
4o14.
3r 1T 0 1T3rx
2
7r
z
7f
2 2 tanx : sln -x

I cos -r
I
-
I

I
olfl 4++ xzl rrl74 g+.J ^Jfu[zl- g trfl +Et*+ trl+^l y: tanx=- x:
fal 6 -i = tan.r
*rlz, +3rrf2, +5rrl2 Fql^J ++ E¤4o14(:H 6 +a).

7 ¤El q-s=4
'Jg B4el c++= r ++el 4elqql il+ E= +ql^] s+
ol+.
. +6J++ . +el*+
.zll#++ . ,<Izl-6L-^-
E--ttf I

( qH 6D ,+ El+= q¤ ++ql^l ts+"J7I?

'l+
(a) /(x) :.x'ffi - 2x37 + 75 (b) g(x) : x2+2x+Ll
x'z-l
(c) h(x) :.rE * x * 1 - '=* I
x-l x2+l
EI
(a)/ts 4e}E.*olsE ¤4 E(u)ql El+ (-*, *)ollal ¤+oltrl.
(b) szl *4aJ*olEs c4 Eo)q uL+ Celq D:{*l*'- I + 0}:{rl x # +r}
ql^l tr+ol+. tr++^l s+ +7J (-*, -1), (-1, 1), (1, *)ollri t4"14.
(c) h(r) : F(x) + G(x) - H(x)-E + + il4. 4zl^l ++E+ 'l+4 A+

F(*) : '/i, G(r) : x- L

FI(x) : ++-r I
'Y

4El 7 ql q4 F= [0, *)9lal fl+ol1 c= +4e+olFE x - | :0,4 x : 1*

E= +ql^J fl+ol+. HE +?]'++olzlE| Eezl aqlsi 0ol qxl t+.+. r
zlleJ+

4^J H= EE *ql^J ¤4o14. l4o-+ 44 Eq 1rlzql q+ /'= [0, 1), (1, m)o]l.rJ
E+ol+. r
(qllll 7l) ri*$l-E+6I+.
x-t .L f COS.lf

Eil e4 Eq 44 y : rE fl4o14. ol .J+E EE y : Z + cos rts"+ ¤+Er-

sin

f9 6J"lF+ fl+ol+.EEx.ll 4a]] cosx > -1ol=-e. E.= *ql^J 2 * cos x ) 0

olFE H-+E ¤= oo1 "tqr+. 4+^J ++ EL+= EE *qlrJ fl4o14.
"l
sln -r
f(-r)
r\t :
2*cosx
 1.8 E+ 85

fl+*+E 4elql "14 +*+ B=+

lim- sin x :limf(*):f(n):-:^-:0sin rr 0
r-'l
**n2*cosx x---+,t 2*cosrr 2-l

s+E.+ /el sE aR6H^l ^Is+ ¤+++E E+ E +E "JEg B^d++

f " sE +61+ 4olr}. olfl ^I¤e ++ c4E ¤4olr+.
0l Eal= Etfzl E+olr Ert|dl
I Eq 7zl b4)4 fl4oll lim s(x) : bolfl, lim f(s(r)) : f(b)ol+. HI+l 'J E,
=Elol
7l:s_71 -sf+"| Lfo_e olE-g +
6iH trl+r+ rJ+ =*d
?l8E Eq E+. Bl+l 'J6l.E Et+sl +
-Llq + 7lEoll tH-.J trlE HIE + ?ltl
lim/(s("r)): /( x+a
x+a
lim g(x) olrl0lrf.
=

4+4ss CEI tr+ +'*6F+. ell+6}H xzl-aoll tlllol d=61-E s(r)- bql
tlnlol d-6}r/z| bollrl E4oloe., s(x)tl bll tfilol d-6IH flg(x))t/(a)
oll zfziol d*6r71 trll$ol{.
:
olxll /(x) </i(n+.Jq 4+)"J 4+ql Cq trg 4+6I BxI. r7l
S ffiol CB++.
=++
f(s(*)): {s(*)
f lim s(x)
x---+a )
lim s(x)
x---+a

olxll ol s,Eg 44 trq Bstr +¤¤ Eb+

IYi+ffi:t[tgsk)
q+^J ++ B4 7* +EH+. (r]#ol 7l-46-Jtr+.)
=4++r
9 8qstl all.tl ts+oll fzl s@)ql^l E+olH, (,f . g)(x) : f(s(*))E +q
4l .J^J'J+ f " sY rglr.l ts+oltrt.

44E zl#
ol "fl+a-J+el ¤++fL. E+Er-+"1+."e1 Aol Hl+4lzloJ "JE
Ef,g+.

¤+ol7l ql+.ll ffiol

=B stl
a41t) ^JB+trt.

Jgi r(r)
: s(a)
tr¤ /zI b: s(o)"11^J fl+olzl "ll$ql 4?-l Bg 4+El.H +e¤ B=+.
:
]gi /(o(.)) f(s("))
oli /r(x) : f(s(*))z| aoll.rl fl4014- *"]trt. + f " si oollrJ E+ol+. r
86 18 At+sl+-d

(q4 8l) +g 6J+= qqql^l fl4"Jzl-?

(a) h(x): sin(x2) (b) r(x) :+
Jxr+7 _4 .

EI
f(x): sin xolts /r(r):/(g(r))7} ¤+. rflql sE 4o**f"lo
(a) s(x):.r2o1tr.
E Rql^l fl4ol1 /= E= *ql^l E4ol4. :relpe c4 Eq 44 n : f " sy
Rql^J fl+ol+.
(b) F= Hl zI]9 ¤+++Ee] qI¤sE'l4B + 9l+.

F : f" g " h " k E"= F(r) :l(g(a(t(x))))

q7]^J ,f(x) : 1

kb):
V,oG) - x - 4, h(x):
.rE , x2 + 7ol+.
4 EI+= rEel 4Eeql^l ¤+ol=s(c4 7 ql q+), c4 I qt q+r
. q¤=r+,J* 4qqq^l fl4o14.

{.reRl -TttFI
# 4\: {* l* # t3} : (-*, -3) u (-3,3) U (3, co)

I EEI
=il'J
¤+R+E +-q+ ^d4 6l-+71-r+*- 44ql'll, r +Ee rE El4Eqlql^J q
ErL
E-1 .

10 ftl -4lazJ [a, b]olj.<l fl4oll lvol /(a)e]/(b) .'.1-o1E "Je-lsl

=ilrJ8zl rflH f(c) : ru$ "J4oiE * ctl (a, b)
f4r 6l-z}. ¤zlrJ f@) *f(b)ol+.
"11
Ez]]t4.

+?JAk d?]. fl4aJfzl f@)*/(e) ;.l.o1el E-= +# r-;.a6|s_-E 7IA +

gi¤¤ s{ulof-r., rH 7ql e.l6ll ¤Bgr+. Ne + 4J [(a)9 4+] E. + 7l] ol^]

tG)el a+l q6lle + gtgql +le_'61-z}.

J )
f(h) f(bt
y : "f(,r)
N
N

f(a) y: f(x) f(a)

y 0 dl cbx 0 dctc? cabx

f(a)
y: f(xl (a) (b)
N }:N -rel 7
J,=t

f(b) r4Fql +8"14 E¤ol H= *+E ^8461-H, +?$ok 44zl

E+6J+E:r.
0 a bx +.Jg fl41 "Jg + gl+. zlalu|{_otr ¤H6ll EE, +¤c y - Nol rH 8q^l
=aJ
g 4 rJol y:"f(a)4 y-f(b) rtol"ll +"J trI /E :14E71 r- 4dg HqHg +
 1.8 E+ 87

H+g 9"loJ4. /q rqls= y : N4 qq"il^J "Jz| "J4oF +rl.

ol 44 10 .ll^l ++/zl ts+"Jol 6,q-61+. +?Y"X Cfl- gfl+++ql ql6fl
oI'.]4.
^J- "JHl4se 4.ol
+?J# 4".lel ol+ + 6I+E rl¤- qlxlls+ ,Jol \L}4^lel +q +lil. 461+
trJl ol+g+.

(qH 9|) q"S %r-441E *ol 1+ 2 ^Iol9l ¤x]]B$ trq{.

4x3-6x2+3x-2:o

EOI /t*l :4x3 - * 3x - ztr- izl. +qd ,J44E z, 1f(c) : 0¤. "J4olb c
6xz

l4 2 ^IoIql^J +6trzz|6J+ :z4e_+ 44 10 o]lrl a : l, b: 2, I',1: 09E 4

=
6iE ++g e=+.

"f(1):4 - 6 + 3 - 2: -1 < 0
f(2) :32 - 24 + 6 - 2: 12 ) 0

+ N:0ol /(1)r+ /(2) .r.1o19 fol4. ol4l/= +=JEL

:a4o_+ /(1) < 0 <"f(2),
*oJo + E4olz, '+4^l +rJlk 4 4= f@) :09 uJ+61-= # ctl r+ 2 ^Iolql +
xflElg "J6ll f+.+^l oJ6ll^J Bl-¤41 4x3-6x2+3x-2:0ol +{i (1,2)ql^l c
r*E+. =
=
^l-¤
tr H q ++# 448 ol+6IE q 4qEI +el +lilE +g + il+
f(1.2) - -0.128 < 0, /(1.3):0.548 > 0

rqo.+ l.zel t: rl-ol"ll gl"lo}"J d+. ^lB+s= 4E6IE^I 4l4l7l_E 4l+

=+
6l] HE q+g Eg + iltrI.
3
f(1.22): -0.007008 < 0, f(1.23): 0.056068 > 0

El-+^J
=e
+rJ $.22, 1.23)ql +q flgg E + 9l+ r
-1
I -l

r4E 4l+Izl+ e+qE ol+6H^J qlxll eE EE ¤4E +¤+ + q +?Jak _/

d4l "l"}|oJ + 9t+ ql= E"l :.H eE trzlsl$ [-t, :] x [-3, 3]ql^J lE r
I
_J

flsE Eol +q, ol :.eflE7l ral2 ^Iolql^J x+g zl+- 49.J t glrl zH -ral
JEV o

109 -H-Tls+E t1 .2, 1.3) x [-0.2, 0.2]-tr q.ql6J ¤+= E-q ++.
rI¤ 6tzJ6} 44L olfl rqs= r4- $Bql +,q+ E.Jg fl+ fl+El= U.t

rqlsql il= ++ ,llE 4EE {tg 4lt}61-I, ol Al+E 4g EE}6}= q¤g

+EU+. g'fz} E4ol_z + E+4oJ dE ^l-olsl E= +rJ#Eql 'I+ 4l4}g t.2 t.3

g + ?l4r zf{afzf. tr].F+^l a+q= ++el q¤=¤. #4 -=*eEAl qg5

g EeqL+.
-0.2
f.= 10
88 lEl --J+sl+-J

r.B lE+eq

t. aJf f7l + 4ql^l ts4ol4E

^Idg
,+4'11= %14{g (b) B+q gg+4 ol4ol E_e= 0l+6}= ^l-*Eqlrtl
,l,cpL
9"lalt HH qql ¤H6I+.
2. (a) /el :1{EE+E]/7t Efl+e += "J:"E :z ol#E z-e E*9 {e]el +ElE d{g ol$all.r-l ffi $fzl +q
¤H6t+. +l + g+gg Boi4.
aoll,H
(b) (a)oll.! ++ 4 +qf7l e=+ee+q ¤+?l
'il6fl 7. f{x) : 3xz + (x + 2)5, a: -l
zl $$s-E+El E+"J71 E= olL +oE+El ¤+
8. pla):24iFT, a: I
E ol{zlE 4^I6i+.

_) e. fl+q Cqe+ ++E dtrg ol+611^l

Bf /(x) : .r * ,Rtl +7J 14,*)ql^J ¤+';g tr

q4
10-12 +"ld .J*zI +qd # aoilrl trE+fl ol+E ¤E6I
A' 0
+.?+ A+ql 6J+q :.4lsE:aH+.
,T
+L 2 4 6

10. /(x) = -+,

TTL
a: -2

ll-*', x(l a: l
3. EI+/q rqszl +q4 fl+. 11. f(x):
1,rr, x ) t,
v
cos_tr, x(0
12. f(x) = 0, I:0, a:0
a
l-x2 -r)0
0 x
:
(a)
"lB + agI^J |rE/(x)z| +xll6}zl *tsz}?
13. q++ ,f(x)
fr.ff +"ff
(a) f tT x:3oll^l filzl z|=."r'J E¤+.Jg trq4.
G) qH + aql^l /zl- E+ol "l-HzI? (b) f 7l x: 3oll^l S4ol gEq (f+lo + B¤4Col xil
(c) oltr + o"llrl imf(x)zl +4l6}zlEJ/b S4"l olH
,lElrll) /(3)g +^l 4E6|+.
7l?
14-174q E, E, EL EE ol¤6l]^J +qd El+zl rEel
4e]qr fl#E EE+"J *¤ zll9'* EE *ql^l
4-s Rql^l
ae-lqql flE EE Eql^j ¤+ql ol+= ¤E6l-4. cslqg
fl+e'*+/q r4EE rEJ+.
+61-+.
4. -zql^J 414 zl-L" * EE+, 2ql^-J ++ EE+
la. /(x) : x2
15. h\t): cos(r2)

5. 0rI 3ql^J Eg*olxloJ, 0E sE.4- g_E+El rqr. 3E "tt:-*\z fr

$4oeeq ¤+ 16. L(ui) : ,r/g - u' 11, M(x) : 1+-x 1

6. +E tr_Eql^J qL +rJg 94= ql ++q= E4E r

g+ 7-10^1, a+ 4*7^l)"il* 7g+1, +I}l
t8-te ¤+¤ olf-oN,rl q¤. +6Jg 4l+16l+
= ^lrJ(sd
zl ,tlz;q13 sEflolQ. 18. lim
r-1
*^ffi - f 19. lim
x+n/4
xz tan x
(a) .1123 r.ll 6J+ re_l rqlEE x}4g zlt
4t ^l+g
t+le. rBlE+.
 1.8 E+ 89

ffi zo. tr1+ ++e.l BE++ *l :.4=E ¤E6t+ 28. -x3 * 4x * 1 :0, (-1, 0)
/(r) :- 1
I
29. cosx=x, (0, 1)
I- sinx

21. +g Etf /zl (-*, "o)oll^l E+"Jg Hq+. 30. cos.tr = x3oll 46H

l-xz x<l (a) *4al"l 4 qE +LlE ¤+g TIdg +H't+.

f(x) : (b) 4l4}zlE ol+6l]^J EdJEIb golzt 0.01oJ 723
rtx-l xll 6HE-

g +61+.
22-23 tJi ftl E¤4ol 5l= +E +6I+. olE +/el qq
ql^l eE-+, gqsE*q ¤4olr qqql^l sE+, g+s m3t. x5-x2-4- oql ql6H
(a) *4+lol 4qE 6L+E d+g 7I4g +E6t+.
E+q E+"1 "tHzI?/el f-4sE r3j+.
(b) filll=ql el6ll a+E otfl dirllxl{tlzl 4++ 6]]E
x2, x(-1
+614.
2?. f(x): x, -1 <x(1
ll x, x>l 32, r4Eql e.lalzl g*tr, y: sin.f"l ?zJ (1, 2)ql^l 4qE
x*2, r(0 + Zlel x ¤¤"1 3l¤¤ Bq{.
23. f(x) = 2x2, 0<x<1 33. /z[ ao]l{ fl+ol Ezl fl* Ee*E=flol Q-r=$ zJ$
2-x, x)l g +H6I+.
Jijlfto + h): f(a)
24. trl-g Et+rI (-*, *)oilrl E4"l 9zl glil +}f cE +6i4
34. a.rloJflqE fl+++fl g +E 6i+.
cxz +2x x 12
f(x) : 35. 4E 89 ol+611^J 1.6¤E ++ H4 64 79 +EBI+.
x3 - cx xZZ
2s. /e+ s}- ts4e+erJ g(2) : 6, t3/k) + f(x) s(.r)l : 36 36. 49 Elfz} E4olzl 9l6J;r{I9 +61-+.
lg
"J ullfl2)= +"t4. : 0, rz| +4+
26. +g E|+/f aollrl z{lzl zFbE} Eg+tl E}+E *o}4.
f(*) l, r7l +4+
r +fl+o] z1l4 7ls"6I4E "r I aoll,rl yal olzlap aoll 37. q-q aJfzl (-co, co)ql^l ¤+"Jg -H.q4
¤+'J E}f sE +6I+.
^J
*4_ r : I .rasin(l/x), x#0
(a) /(x) : #,.L- |
a: I
"f(x) I 0, -r: 0

(b)/(x):ff,
'-x2-2x a:Z fs^"g sd 7^l +Eg¤- trl+^l ¤tr-^l 4q
38. ElHllEel

(c) a: n
cl{EE +} $r}z].zl s+ 7^lql E+'++. ffi $ o}fl
,f(x): fisinxl,
r= sd 7^l 4^Jql^l +B=]]^J +a+ 4 + + _e_+ 7^l
27. f(x):x2+ lfisinxolfl f@):10009 ql+El+ f czt
+Eflql Ez+o}+. +?JAk 44-= olg-all.rl AEql^J +E
+zflo}g Eq+.
#"1 olE +"J 4+6IrI ++e ^l+ql zl+rJ f gib zl
28-2e +?JfiI C?]= ol$ofl.<l +qd "Jd{E =ol +q4i flol fxllaJg Bol4.
+rJ q"il ?t¤¤ +HEr+. I
g0 1g Er.+sl=-Ll

ll ..\
1 -t l=

r1lH +?!
l. (a) Et++ Ffi.qlzt? 4elgr} xl9ol*? (c) 9$a-e-E zt?l olf
(b) ++q f4E+ FH.tlzI? (d) g+sB 2sfl o15
(c) foJ4l +dol EI+s] -f4Etlzl qB41 "J + glg (e) x49l EI6|] E1]a
,jl? (fl y49l tlltl 44

2. (a) +6J++ *H.JzI? r4sql^J **#.Jxl "18/ll "J (e) f{ H-6}e-tr zull lolzl
f 9'lbzt? +BJ+el 91E :21"i 54. +4
(h) Solzl
H-6'}-o-s 2ull

(b) zliga* *H,.Jzp :z4sql^J zl++oJzl qBrll .J +¤ B-.aJs-E EolTl

(i) zH|]

f glEz}? ,lql+E {lE:zH"J E4. 0) +¤ %'-a.JsE 2E]] ¤olzl

7. {aJol +zfiatxl ?+= 4+E H ztzl %}HsE 4l^l6t-a
3. ++zl E¤ol* FH,"JzI?
rHg rq ¤Eal+.
4. E"JEJ 4ls+ +lql q-* 6J+q f4sE +sE rElE+.
(a) /(x) =,r (b) s("r) : "f 8. r+s ++ Hzl¤.
^"1+61-+.
(c) h@) : f (d) 7(x) : s+
(u) 6J9 Hzl (b) ilE E4
(c) tlf#E Hzl (d) +E H4
5. /E 49E+ A, s4 4qqe B+ 6lx}.
(e) *9 Hzl rfl 4ExllEE B4
(a)"f + g9 4999?
(e) 4E4l#sl Hzl
(b) fs4 4Eqe?
e. (a) f 7l aql^l flaol4E 9ulb FH.tlzt?
(c) f ls\ CEqg?
(b) f 7l (-*, *)ollrl ¤4o14ts 9olE FHqlzI? f-fl
6./E -z4sz} +q4 fl+r 6-ix}. tr]-9-r=4 rJol/e+q ?
7+7+E f-4sql ql+ %'-449 +6f+.
++q fqlEql ql4 qBrll 'J.J + *liz}?
"lzlb
(a) 9lE 2++l olE
10. ¤vJ# c4ql ql4 ¤H6I4.
(h) oI{E 2*+l olE

i[.
Et
]lrl
'lJ\
3Ir
ll-

4* Ezllzl &"Jxl 41l"Jzl +B6l-d+. 4.olE ol+E ¤H6t 6. x+3

lim
xz-g
Iim (x + 3)
x-3
a_, \+l"lE "l-,?E ¤8614+ HlqlE E4.
X-J

1. f 7l orfolH,f(s * r):"f(s) +/(r)ol+.

-:
7. hry/(*; :
floltr lgq ok) :0olH |ggt/tx)/g(x)lb ¤x]]
6lzl ?+=+
2. f 7l Er#olE /(3x) : 3/(r)o14.
8. lim"(r)7t+46}r !yg;o@tl +xl]dtxl ?+sE
3. +zld+ *+E r4se+ s:o}"t o-J H q1g+.
lry t/(r) + s(*)lE +xlJ6}zl t+=+.
2x \zx
l:lim
8
:
4. lim
s-4 x-4 x-4 x-4x-4 -lim
x-4 x-4 e. pzl4'J et*olH 1,9) p(x) p(b)o14.
/

lim (x - 3) 10. 4d x: lol y:/(x)9 +4d=dolH /= 1q^l 4el

x-3 x+l
5. iim---;-------: 4zl Sb4"
x+tx'*2x-4
]g(*'+2x-4) :
11. f7l sql^l E+oll"f(S) : 2, f(4) 3olH
 18 E+ 9l

!g;f(+*'- 11) : 2o14. 13. o}$^l _,rr0 - 10t' + 5 : 0ol ++ (0, 2)ql^J otLlel +g
+=r+
12. fzl ]g/(.r) : 6oJ EI++r g ql 0 < l-rl < aolg
14. ltlzr aoll^-l fl+olE /E oglrJ 84"14.
lrtrl - 6l < loJ "Jf 6zI +zH,J+.

E+E11I

r. aJf /9 :.4lez} +g=+ zJ"l #q4 914 (c)/(x) - 1- cos2.x (d)/(x):1*sin";r

(e) l(x) : (x * 1)2
r-r*r-n v

1l f 10. /("r) = fiola : sin;roJ rll (a) f "g, (b) g""f, (c)
g(x)
-l
I

I f " f , (d) s " sE +6tr 7+7+E Celqg "JBl-+.

x
I
11. 4l= fd 'J E-.J 7lq fB"l
5*4IqH+. -E= trl
=41
+q^J 4q,J tsdq ,lEI +E+ +EU+.
-"1- =^J^l(,J)
I
E4IEE olf-all.rJ 4¤6J +¤E Eqg dq4+. EB¤-
olg;ll.! 2o3oHql 4"lt BCE +Bg q+6i+.
(a) f(z)E +6IEl.
(b) /(x) : 3oJ ;rE 7a-14. E8 Es. TlrH +B Ed E.= Tlrll +E
(c) /9 ¤.elqg "Ja.I{. 1900 48.3 1960 66.6
(d) /el ilqg "J6l+. 1910 51.1 1 970 67.t
(e) ftl =" 7t6]E +rJg gal-+. 1920 55.2 I 980 70.0
1930 57.4 990 7l
(f) /= +EI+.Jxl zJgrfolxl oI,-lH ol!: fis
I ,8
o1gz1
1940 62.5 2000 13.0
¤H?'t4. 1950 6s.6 2010 76.2

z. f(x) : xz - bc + 3E r\ !9+fl4= +6I+.

12. 6J+/9 :_4ozl- +94 zJol fgzl 9j+
3-4 trl*- 6J+el aqgr+ ilEg +6ir, +rJqE -E^.l6I4.
3.f(x):# 4. -y:l*sinr
l
-1
s./E r4Ezt +q4 fl41 6IxI. tr]+. ++EE :14E= l I

/E r4F++El "lBrll +6J+ glixl ¤E6l+. 1

l# r1-_1,
j
I

(a) y :/(x) + 5 (b) y:f (x + 5)

I

,]- ,t
(c)y:t+!f(x) (d) y:f{x-Z)-Z
(a) or4 4 +6Jg +614+ +z116}Z] t*E "l#E ¤E
(e) y: -f(x) (0 !:3 - f(x)
6-8 HElg ol$-afl.tJ 6J+e.l rqs$ rrj+. 't+.
(i)
,[Tf /(r) 1ii) ,linq./(x)
6.,f(x):x3+2 7. y:ffi
,lim^ /(x)
(iii) (iv) /("r)
,Iim
8.g(r):l*cosZx
(u) (vi)
]$/(r) .$r_ /(x)
e. f 7l *.J+q]zl zlaJfqlzl qL 4E olHxl "J61-4 (b) +4d=de] %F4^lg +6I+.
(a) :Zxs - 3x2 + 2 (b) /(x) : x3 - x7 (c) f zl Efl+.J +E¤ +6lr ¤E6l+.
"f(r)
92 18 -Et+sl=Et

t3-1e trl¤. +tiJg +6I+. (a) rJ-* +6Jol +46IH +6I+.

x2-g (i) /(r) (ii)
13.
,lrjlcos(.r3
+ 3x) 14. lim -
,--3xr*2x-3 ,!IT. ,lim /(x)
/- (iii) Iiq /(x) (iv)
,l]y_ /(.r)
15. lim
h-t)3+1 15. lim l'
h-o h ,-e (r - 9).
.
(v) lirn /(r) (vi) lim f(x)'
x+3+- x+J"

r'-- 3r - 4-,G (b) /= "lqq^J Efl+"Jzt?

18. lim j
4
17.
,'-t4r'*r-3
''^ s-16 .i - 16 (c)/9 rqs= fel4.
19. lim
| -- lttt -- x',
I 24. trl¤- Elfzt 4Eqql^l E+.Jg trq4. celEg "J6I+.
x+0 X
h(x) : ,f, + x3 cos x

20. 0 ( x( 3oll^l 2x - | a f@)< ;'o14. lgi/(x)E +El+. 25. fi,tjg 4qE ^l*8-6l.q, +q41 +rJql^l *c49 ollzt

21-22 ++el H"JEJ 4E= ol+ql^J ffi Sxll$$ +E6l+. il+¤ trq+.
x5-x3*3-r-5:0, (l,Z)
,r. }g 04 - 5x):4 ,r. :rg,(*'- 3x): -2
26.
l,gs(x)
:0ol 4E gE x"ll 'llafl l/(r)l < sbc)t+ g
;r(0
: J-*,
q,
l41/(r)E +Et+.
ar. /(x) 3-x, 0< "r < 39 trll

(* - 3)', x) 3
 T

,4
7

tr17] tse lqe !x q tel EoElElE 4= E! oJ.Et ZFJzte= iaPt flott! 147t ?Ft TEIo ul4ErEt= at ,JdflEl. EtqEe "J
=0f^1
elel Eiet Egt! 4E= 4t!lt + lut rilEt 2.1 g6Er{ 60^l El++7t EHo^l slrtE flqE
^tzlel qE 4EE EeEFll EEt
^Plol^l

2 EE}^
+El
Derivatives

E tri=.Jql +6l] qB4l H6l-=z}gl *c9 zlzlb "lBqr9 E+=

0l goll^1ts 6l-'+E oloJ

^146J+. "l$qi9
6d zllH$ t6q1,<1 +E dd9 zl¤zl4 4sq A$.J _raJfol4. s.
EI+E 41416l-. "JHg HH+ +ql, EEr-+E ol$rfl.tJ Hq¤r+ Et+E E+d-- q
tlzl =4t{tg
4 +zllE6H¤.J 4.o14.

93
 94 28 E-ef+

2.1 I s:a}+el EaFE

1+ql^J++g {Eflr ++g 4l&6I- ,JBg Hl]H,+. 1.4¤ql^J +.$ ddr+

+E= +6I- E4l= +^l ¤Eit+. ol 5E+ ¤EIe.l ++g Eqr++r 6lH, zI
E4ulol+ ^Isl4E E= +trlql^J= HE+¤-E o16l¤ + tl+

IEC
v
ulxr.<r
d o- y:.f(x).E +q{} *d Cql qlBll, 4 P(a,/(a))ollrl *d Cel ddg +ol.
/l-I "'6ll +=E d Q@, f(*)) (t, x * a)E +-rr. gd
*r1 pgq zlszl= 4l+I++(1.4
Q(x, f(xl)
f(x)- r@) ¤ +4)-
P(a, f(a)

x-a x-a
xzl a{l d=E}"il 44 gtl +d cE trI+ pql d*q}+r 6}zl. ol41 mpozl # m
0 a r 1' ql d-61-8, dd e+ 4 p= 7144 zlgtltl moJ 4dgE 4E++. (dd+ o
7L Pq d=6J trll 6Jd PgE ++ol+. rH I +E)

v (.

o 1 Esl 4 P(a,/(a))9lrJ *d y : f(x)4 Ed(tansent line)* 4*"1 +x}]alE,

4 PE zl+q zl+-tltl m"J zldol+.
P o
lim f(*) - f(o)
m: x+a
X-A

1.4¤E qlzll lql^l ilH ++g ++ qlz{ql^l qc++.

0 x

-rel
JEI
{ llo{l4l 1[ rrl, l)q]^l EE-d y :-t'9 ddq "Jc4l¤. +6i+

Eil ,: 1olJ. f(x): x2ol4. ,rI+^J zlgzl:- +94 ?JEI.

i|l: rllfr /(x) - /(t) : ulfr x2 - |

x+l x-1 x---+1 x-I

(x-lXx+1)
lllll
- *+1 X-l
:lim(x+1):1*l:2

E (x,,yr)E IILII )l3)l7l m?l tr-zlE d-zl¤zl$ zldE %'-4419 0l+618, d (1, 1)ql^l dde-l B¤^lg r+s,-$ +tr+.
/ ld xl^lol Hl-x{Al'
-r L.:-l O O -r.
"16l
=m(x-xr)
y-l:Z(x-l), 4y:2x-l I
1,-1,r

+d +lsld.ll^J ddel tlstl$ t E.ll^-l qflq 71fr7!(slope of the

*
curve)4 H -=zls. 6l*rll, olE : dg 'J"ll +eq +4"IH +dol ,Iel 4ds
 2.1 E-Et+sl Eel-E 95

2 r.5 1.1

(1, l) (t, r) (1, l)

0 2 0.5 1.5 0.9 l.l

aH,2 .E.Et ,) = .v2 flq tr (1, l)E -eF6H trftll

+d y : .t'ql 4t ol r+dg E + gl
-tr HolTl trllEol4. :t-H 2ql^J qlzll tel
4. 'J q4g++ sEdol 4Cqe Eqlq. q^l E"ll +dg dd4 rlel +E
g + H4l s+.
trllulE + q .<}.eo 6fzl fl+ dd9 zlgzl= stral-} u}tsol gt+ h: x - aol
H x = a + holE-E gd pQE zl¤zlts rlg=r+ ?JE+.

illpg
f(o+h)-f(a)

(rH A+E ¤E6Lq, "ltrll d

3ql^l /,>OoJ O7l 4 rel eg4ql fl+ rEl+ 8(o + h, f(a + h))
ft < oolE E g7l H psl g+ql flq ) v (,

xzl a{l d=Etql q+ h -n-aolF-F ft= oql d-6|r, trl{^] 4E trql^l

P(o, f(a)
el dd9 zl97l- +s-4 ?Jr+.
h f(a + h) - f(a)

+h
2 m tlltl
f(r+h)-f(") 0 u u x

h+0 h -ral a\'

JE

(q!41 2l) d (3, l)ql^J .rdl+d y:31x4 ddE ,Jd4lg +6I+.

Efll /<rl : 3/xol4

-

6}zl-. 4l trql el6ll E (3, l)olJ.<J ddel zl¤zlE '|*4- ++.

lim f(3+h)- /(3)

m: h+0
h

3 3-(3+ft)
: Iim3+h- : lirn
3+h
h+o h h-+o h

:lim ,-0,:1im- 1 :-1

n-0fu(]!fu) ft+o 3+h 3

ia4=+ d (3, l)ql^-l ddel %lc^l+ +g=r+ e+.

y-1:-+(x-3)
,J+fl 6IE q¤-+ ?JLI.
96 2e E-Br+

v x*3y-6:0
x*3y-6:0 3
,[L+dl} :t $dg rH 4e+ rJLl. n
(3, 1)

0 x
I+E
1.4¤ql^l cN 4+lql^l Eqzl- +E +zl"Jg +trJHI, r. +E= "ll+ 69 ^l
,J ¤l.Jel B+ +EE ++s-tr 4Efl+.
f.g 4
-.f(r)E zldg trI+ +4t+r o.}zl-, {zl.rl s
xl7f, t:a AITJ t:a*h .JHlzlsE EAITI +EItId4 s
ql^l -1
ol +lzl (lt
ql^J -1 +lil
I
7l /ql^l gdsE+El EillE E+l(+.J4n-l)"J trI ol ¤+¤ L}4.llb EL+/
J ^17+
0 s E EillE PlilEf*(position ++. I - aqJ^J t:
function)E| a+ httlzl
^lrJ
++"ll
f(a+ hl - f(a)
+lz'lE E4+ f@ + h) - f(a)ol+rfl s +4).
l- f(a) ---1 ^J
ol
^l+ +rJql^l ¤+ +E=
q-q=4 +Ll.
l_ t@ + h) _______t
H+l f(o+h)-f(a)
.f.H 5
otL r-
-r-
il+ h

.t ol- rH 6ql^J Bd rca zlszle+ +L+.

8@ + h, f(a + h))
olzll rJ B+ ^l+ azJ la, a + ftloll.rl ¤#
+E= 4l+iaJq-r 6l-xl- + h7l 0
P(a, f\a q d-qlrll a1z1-. Bqzl- +el qlql^J HFol, xl\ t - aolJ^19 *s(uelocity)
[E= +il 4-,E(instanraneous velocity)] u(a)- rt*r+ zJ"l ¤TL +EE qE.J9E
h

49+ri
0 u q +h T

mPg
_ f(a+h)-f(al
h
3 Esl g.l;lalfzl/(,)"J Ezllel r: aglrJ9 +rJ +E= +qlol +x]]B trll
: ¤t4E
u\a) :;Tl f(a+h)-f(a)
ral 6 ft

oltrt

olag \tJ t: ,oll^19 4E.z| pql^Jel ddE zlszlq rJ+g 9"1=J4. (rl 2

e+ 4q Eg Hln_oll -H-xl-.)
olxll loJ$ +6|= rJBg "Jl gi" EE Eqzl. + E4lE +^l trxf.
^Jr+aN

(q4 3D zltl.450 m +olel cN ++l d"J4q^J trq^l= +g ^84611 -E-zl.

(a) +q +q +EE +6I+.
5a
(b) +"1 tsql += ++E +EE +6i+.

1.4trB+El tE 1'EolTl 71eIts Efl ,: soJ o}]q ;Lol %Iql += +rJel +EE +"11oF 6IE-_tr- "JHI4oJ
^14
t: a
4.e121m;olrf. ql^l +EE +61+ 4.98 xl4rallE ++61-+ +E%r-4^l s :f(t) :4.9t22 olf-all.tl
q+¤ eg + glrl
 2.1 -E--J+sl EEI-E 97

fh*h\-f(a\ 4.9(a+h)'-4.9a2
a(ta): lim#:lim
h-o h h-o h

4.9(a2+Zah+h2-a2) : 4.9(2ah + h')

lim lim
h+0 h h+O h

4.9h(2a + h)
:
lim
/r+0 h J,ll
4.9(2a * h) :9.9o

(a) 5= +E +EE u(5) - (9.8Xs) : 4e m/solQ.

(b) d"JEHzI zltroll^j 4s0 m +lql ?I-qIrE, rlzJ r9l B-q +=+E s(r):4s0olE
-e r+++ rJ+.

4.9f :450

t'
1 450
4.9
z- ,-,1
+ ,_ t+so
ii*e.64
l4 =_+ +ol Bql Bg *llsl +E= +g=4 eq

,(\H) :,*#-e4m/s n

r ulEfil+
dde-l zl#tl(^l tr)= +61-4Lt E^llel +E(cel trl= +6J ql, 'J* E4e_l +
*ol 44ts9.J!I+. dxllE trIg=4 +g ++el ++g 4ulol'l ="trr-ql^J E+
+g 4l4IE "ll"l-4 +Elt't.

mW
BE Elqtql^l= HI¤¤, axllqr"llrJ= +4lHl+ql^l ++,J+. olfl +Eel ++*
,t1+ +Hril +4+EE qtr+ H44 zlaE +q++.

8s! tr]+- +6Jol gxlalE, + aolld :d+ /el olEfil++ 6l-tr, ,f ,(")E
4
'i4
u+
f'(o) : lrul
f(a+h)-f(a) .f '(a)i f salg a'tla El=tl
h--->o h

olzllx:a*/xtr +gH, h:x-aolaft+0olzl +l+gg+Batlg x-+a

ol+. tr14^J
"l+41+E 4E= ddg +B'I BgtF"l (4E tr eral +gr+ e
-
ol +4tr + 9l+.

5 lim fG) - f(")

f'(o): x---+a X- A
98 28 E-'J+

(oll4l 4D ¤el EIE ols-o6}{ aollrJ E4 /(x):x2-8x+e9 (a) 29l.rJ $) aoll.!

i,l$4l+t +6I+.

EqI
trq E$ fr'Jo=e rlEill+= +E (a) 49 Eltr+El ++g e=+.
n|1 cl! aE ¤r|.. ¤Iitr trsl
f'(2): ls f
^|.E6I]E
El= rJ il.JEl Xl+Jg 0lEqtlrl.
(2+h)-f(2)
h

(z + tt)z - 8(2 + h) + 9 - (-3)

1im
fi-0 h

4 + 4h + h2 - 16 - th + 9 + 3
lim
h-0 h

: h2-4h h(h-4) 4): -4

Iim lim - lim (h
ft-o' -
h=o h h+o h -:

-:
f'(o) : lS
(b) .f(a+h)-f(a)
h

: [(a + h)' - 8(a + h) + 9] - lo' - 8a + 9l

lim
h+O h

a' + zah * h2 - 8a - th + 9 - az * 8a - 9
lim
h+O h

-l - th + h - 8) : 2a -
Lah h2
(2a
l1gjf,-: ;g1
8

(a)E $.J6I7l $l"H s : 2q 6|E /'(2) :2(z) - I - -4oltrl.

614.

Eq ^t
Ee+q ++s e=+
: Iim
f(*) - f(")
,f'(a) x+ a x-a
ll tl
,/; fi
fllll
x+a
J;
ltlrl
x+a X-A
,fr ,fr Jn
-
X-A -
,frJ;
,E-*E
:lim+:lim Jn-Ji
.fr+'fr
x-a Jax(* - o) x,+a
Jax(x - a) ^fr + ,li
r:- -k- a) l:*- -l
- i:i, Jax(x -
")(,fr
+ .6) ;:; G;(rE + ,[.)
-

-l -l I
G@ + Ji) q.'Lrfr. 2ot/z
 2.1 EEr+el EEI-E 99

4E E= ^l-.+6lq E"JoJ ¤+= zll;L6l=xl q.JB + ?l+ tr

4 P(a,/(a))ollrl 4d 4+ ddg E p- zl+r 4l E= Elql

y:"f(x)oll 1

^l +q
4 tl&tl mZ 7*i 4dge 4elfltri. +E 49 Elf:z4a 4 trD.il "t+
"l zlgzlE trl+41+ f '(a)e+ rJe_EE, rI¤-4 ,Jol "JR + glr+.

(a, f(a))4Jal y :.f(x)9 dd+ (a, f(a))E zl+r aollrJ /9 "1841* f

'(a)* tl
gzls +. zldol4.

$-tl&tl$ 4CE %l4{g ol+o.Ifl, 4 (a, /(a))oll4 *d y =,f(r)9 ddE

rtr-441+ +¤-4 zJol ¤ + gltrt.

y - f(a):f'(a)(x - a)
v

y:xz-8x*9
ilqH 6l} sgt y:x2-B-rreel C (3, -6)ql^J ddE "JC4lg+6I+.
Efl qlal 40)_E+q + f@):x2-8x+eE "l+41+= f'(a):2a-8gg
aglrJ 0
q]4 EI+^J (3, -6)ql^J ddq zJ¤zl* f'(3):2(3)-8 - -zola, rH 7q^J H
(3,-6)
=
Hte+ zJol ddE
"J¤4+ q+4 e+
!: -2x
y - (-6) : (-2)(*- 3), + !: -Zx t -ta:t'?
aE,

I EE]E
yzf oltr "J ,tl EBII edsl- *ol4 6IzI. ]qFs yts. xgl 4p orfola
y:f(x)E g + 9l+ x7l x,oll.{ xrz}zl E6l-E x9 Hit}[*9 EE(incremen0]=
++r+ ?Jr+.
Lx: xz - xr

olql q-- 19 H=13 +s=4 ,J+.

Ay:fQi-7(x) v Q(x2, f (xr1)

17J l*,, rzloJl^J x0ll tllElJsl BEElelEi(average rute of change)g q-q=r+ zJol 4
P(* ,, f(x, ))
+u4. Ay

Ay y@z) - y(xr) Ax
Ax xz-xr
0 x1 x2 x

"la-? rH 8ql^J trd rgel tl&tlE ¤Hg+

B+HEI¤ : rnpe
+Eql^Je+ u|4lzlzJE xrTl x,ql d*B tril, + L*7l0ql d=.J q
"ll dd 4F ++H+g: Poll^.1 ddg tl&tl
g +rJ=ql 4* ¤+Uapg ol ¤+H+g9 ++g x: xtql^l .rotl g
^J46t^l-. =aJ
100 28 E-Ei+

cH-.Jyel (+il)EEtE[(instantaneous) rate of change]ol4l 6L=ql, (+E9 4+e]

,Jol) ol4e P(xp.f(x,))ollr-l 4d y:.f(;r)9 ddE tl$tlc ¤E¤tl

lim 9: xu+.rr
,,* f(xr) - 7(x')
6 +rJH+g: A.r-0 A-f xz- xt

ol +i'Je. /9 "l+4lf "f

'(x,)olr+.
rrl$4l+ /'(a)oll {aJ + 6]]4 e__tr x : aollal 4d y:"f(x)oll ql.J dd9 zl*
7l+= 49 "jl 9l+. olxll ul$41+q {ql + HallE Ell46}] Ezl-.

"l+41+ f'(a)Y x: aoJ 4l ,91 46Jy:.f(r)9 izJflrlgolsl

'li olfl 6]]49 A Ball 6]]4rI +da]]^J ++ y:"f(x)9 r4s=:aqEE, )c: a

"llrl #zJflffis- +^Jql^J dd9 zlgrle+ a4- 4o14.
O
ol olag (rH eE
¤ pql^l^JH) ulE4lfz} =H(trI4^l +dol zlu|=E), yr,l* mfE4l Hq+g E
P
6J+.
"l$4lfz} zlg ,ll(d Or]H) +de +44sE BB6|r yr,ig L4rll H
d+.
561 , -71t1tl4cg *|4 +{ol= Ezlle-l +lzl++4r 6LE, f '(a)Y tlzJ r
,r ql ql+ H$l
'9 flffio1+.t}^l p-oll /'(a)= ^ltJ t: rollrl "Jxt9 4s"14.
rql. oJx}el *El(speed)+ +Ee-l EH{t lf '@) lol+.
f.H g "y,Je tr p0ll^l ilrle-r., 00llll=
Lal4l E-.Jtl.
++ qlxllqlrl "Je 4e]E Et+sl "lE4l+el 9"lE EE6J dol4.

( qll|l 7 D xilaBxlzl HHlTl oJ46J 4E g+g ^J4}+tri. "l g+g x(m) ^J4l5l-=
rll Ets Hl¤+ C : f(x) R4ol4.
(a) El+4lf /'(x)9 9"l=- +H,"J7t? olAE ++l= +H."J7l?
(b) dzlltr. /'(1000) : 97l9"lal¤ ag +9.oJzl-?
(c) /'(50)ol+,f'(s00) + "lL 4ol t=l xJz-trlEzl-? /'(s000)g qtrz[?
=.41
EgI
(a)r,l$4l* .f'(x)E xoll *6J CE +rJflffiol4. 4 "f'(x)b ^8&E* "lElel +ql
ql+ (Az{o,}ql^J= ol Hapg tJfiJuJ$-ol4 oJ4. olfl
^J4Iul9 Hal¤g 9"1.Jr*.
3.74+ 4.7¤ql^i rl zlaJlal EE6ifltr}.)
^l-r=
f '(x) : JiTo n*
AC

EflE ilE+ acl&ql ql'J ++le+ 4+. a,ctl94, a'xzl mtr-

olF-E .f'(x)"ll rll+
+AEEE, .f'(x)o]l 4+ *+l= E4/mol4.
(b) /'(1000) : ez\ E6l. Ag g+ 1000 mE ql l$4/m
^J4Ig ^J+Hl E +71&ol
4= Aol4. (, : 10009 trll C= rH4 eufl mlezil 6zl-e14.)
 2.1 E-Er"+sl EEt-g 101

Ax: le-x: t000oll ulafl $9r,E, tr].+ +^|4lg ole"aj + flq qTlAl HIEEJ+= 'ilalEoe EEIoJ+r

AC AC
7l-¤-drl-. *
c(x)ts x = 1000 +=oll^l a
-
/'(1000)'Lxl AC 461 Edtrl g=t|.,
-: -:
1000 m(E. m)E d4l6l-= tJl EE Hl¤+
1001 * qgflol4.
(c) trlElB rJ4}ulzl-+716I-= Hl¤.e. +EE 4zllql 44 (x]aBxl= 41+..il 4E _r.
4Hl¤¤ q sg4sE oleo*4) x: sog trll-H-4*:5000J u11 0fulE q *g 401
+. (500H4 "lrlB ^J4IHl7l 50Hall "lEl=J ^J&H]E+ E E 4ol+). trI+^J trl+.
ol cB++.
/'(50) > /'(5oo)

rBl+ aJ+I"l +7LRql Irl+ e+4sE +s= 4+E 4rH+ ule.¤4ol sl-r. ,rlzJ
I ul*ol gdB + gl+. tr14^] El+E ¤lzFg* :q4 o -e /J-^" 617l ^l+6J 7l-b^d
ol 9l+. rqs_+_ r+s-r+ rJe ¤diol ++B + gl+.

/'(5000) > /'(500) r

++ qlzllql^l ^l+"il trl- +7I +i]] Etlg¤ +c++. {zlrl B+= +l"l ol-
q4 #E Eql E6l] 4qE+.

(q4l 8l) nto..r.lzJ lz| *zll+ 6lzl-.-E.2000'J+El 2016

roll.r.Js.l ?]l++el
t D(r)
Ht*zl ¤EE +rJql^l +C.J B+E **ai¤ toq BBI ++lE ++U dol4. 2000 5662.2
D'(2008)e.l #g ¤E6Ir +46}+. 2004 1596.1
2008 10,699.9
Efll "lEAl+ D'(:200s)g r:20089 4 rgl 4il oE Halg-, + 2008LJg *zI B;l] 2012 16,432.1

*zl-8¤ trql 4+ +*¤ ek+. 20t6 19,976.9

=.J+ ^t Source'. US Dept. of the Treasury

D,(2008) : rim D(l|) - D(2008)

r-2008 f - 2008

ol {}g +d6l+ t zlxl "JHg El+ sql^l troJ 44 rJol il-E+g 4l4l6}q +=
+zJql^J B+Hqgg ullaft-dol4.
^l7J

t L|TJ 7J71 EilEEI-E:

D(r) - D(2008)
r - 2008
2000 [2000, 2008] 629.1
2004 [2004, 2008] 175.93
20t2 [2008, 2012] 1433.23
2016 [2008, 20161 1159.63

++ +El D'(2008)+ fl7J775.e3qI^J 1433.23(4q)g*l q4flzl gt+g tl+. E+lot! Ell:d E=gE
^iol
EEEEIE LDtLtg E+1ts aDE E+l=
(qzl^J +zI= 2004{ql;,1 2otzLl
^l-olql
+461-rll HEqxl q}44q_l zl- *=+. ar9 Efle Lk Aol+ + Eil loq
4¤: 6tr glq.) 2008LJE trl+ +71- +il] HEI¤g'l+4'J"l ol + +q B+se =
aiolrl. +TJEEIEE EEEfl"Eql +--J0l
+c6Jr+. o + ,JE Efl lOq gaJ/ts= #rl.
 102 2g E_-J+

D'(2008) : 1 105(d q)gBl/E

E += HIBSE +il]++E r4EE r4.]r. r: 2008oJ ul] ddel zl$zl-$ faf
4olr+. r
=
qlxJl 3, 7, 8ql^J H:4¤ql5E.J 4+= +El*+. "Jzl-el +E= ^lrJql
ql6J

4+ E+le.l E4+ola, +4lHl¤+ ^J4Ig zll+el +ql 4E-J ^J+IH]9 sa1go1

+. ^l+ql ql+ +iflel Hsl¤C {xll${lrJ +C44o14. {zleJ Hsl¤"il {fl
+= qlE E"lEx|. Ealqlql^l= ^l+ql ql+ .Jel H=1gg .JEol+ ++. slq}
Hl¤+ E+6I= s]$zk ^lrJql 'll+ qI¤¤E +E"ll triltJ HEIs1HI+E)ql +
dg +=.+ ^JE+x]+ ^l+ql q= E+ql4o} 4t9 zH;llfe-l Eq¤ql +Cg
?*++.dxlle Hol¤q 4l4}g -E= zlE.r+a} ="ol czlq
^lqrltrLql^l4xl-+
so}trl. q *+ ql.2.7¤oll.tl xll.<l++.
EE Hsl¤-q- s*folq dde.l tl$t\E 6114g + il'F. ola+ dd E4lE
el 6tl$ql^l +s6l+. ddg EEL6I= E- E4lz| zlaf{ o-E. Ezll= 6|¤61-=
aa+ rJ^\= ?++ r+E4 +qlql^J= HE+¤g EEL6I+ ql+61 +"J"J E
^I¤+
4lEel 6l]Eg +61-7 9t+.

2.1 | e+Exil

l. +dq %I44ol y:/(x)olrf. ffi (c) *d9 :14Esl ddg +"Jt ETlEEql :aq4.
(a) E P(3, /(3))r+ 4 Q{x,/(;r))E xlL}+ gdE zl&zl 6. "Jq 4-++7I+E +l 30moll.<J +lq 4flq. +++7I f
E +61+. a +"J EqA 44= +I+ d(r) :4.ef m-e. 44.J4.
(b) d pql^j ddq tl&t)ql ql+ 49 +6t4. (a) B#F* H a +ql Eql +Pe A"J7l?

2.(a) E (-1, -2)q4 g.Ed y:xz+3r9 dd9 t1&t\ O) eI++zI qH +E.E Eq +Htr d.JzI?

=
+61zl. 7. +EHJd4 ,:
tlPZ 4C +lE +4olr 9l= Exte.l E
(i) 4q EB ol$_a.J4.
9l(m)E LtElu+. {zlrl tr+l= aolq, xlz} t: a,
'E
(ii)
^l
trI$ "lS-J4' t : l, t: Z, r: 3ollAJ +EE +6I+.
(b) (a)oll.<l dCel %[C^]g +6]+.
8. (a) "Jztz} +Sdg trI4 e-E+e-E -$zlolr 91trt. +lil
ffi (c) sEd+ ddE r4EE rEl+. EEd4 dd"l 7
'ts}+E :a4u7} cl¤:Hrt ,Jg ql "Jxtz} flxll s
Eqzl t*¤. ollztzl d (-1, -2)* 'J6I qEil++.
Ego-e Szl"lbzl? E+ flxll S4se 84o14,
+qd Eql^J +d.11 4+ ddq ,J4^19 +61+.
3-4 4xl6lr il= qlb flxll"Jzt?
3.y:2x2- 5x*1, (3,4) (b) +E6J+E r4E=:r.ei+.

x*2 (2,
4. y: 4,
.s (m)
-4)
"r-J 4

4*:aoli^l *d y:3+ 4x2-2xt9 dcE tlgtl

2
5.(a)
-1

E +6t+. 0 2 4 6 r(s)
(b) d (1, s)e+ (2, 3)ql^l ddE EJ{^lg 44 +6I+
 2.1 E--J+sl Eal-E 103

e. Ei+ eel f;llE7} q-e-r=q- zJol ?o14 914. trl-+ <l"l # Jgi-o{r)
: 3olr+.
zlal-b +^J'lltr +g6tr, :z ol*E ¤H6I+.
22-24 ++ 4 +dJe- qH
+ oglri 6J+ /el trlB4l+E +
0 s'(-2) s'(0) s'(2) s'(4)
4UtrI. ?+ 4+E "J+6I=/4 aE A¤FI4
v
y: - I 23. rim -
g(x) x6 64
22. lim 'Fi
h+a h x+2 x-2

7f
-t 0 234 J tan
4
th -1
24. lim
i+0 h

10. 4E EIE olsall.! /(x) : @,a: d"J trI f'@)E 25. "1tr g++ I7}]el
^J4IHl¤Bl)b
c(x) : 5000 + l0r + 0.0sy'
+6t+. ol4.
--2
: (a) iJ&f#ol ffiri rJol HE 4l ,oll 4t cE E+H
11.
^l
EE ol*allrl /(x) -r+o a 39 trll,f'(c)E +6|
4. +sg +61+.
(i) x: 100q1^j x: l05zlzl
t2-13 f'(a)E+tl}4. (ii) .r: 100q1^J x: l}lvlzl
12. f(x) :2xz - 5x * 3 13. fft\ = t'+
^Ll (b) x : rql ql+ cE +rJH+gg +o.I+.
100q1^-l
(olag +alEl+ol+ +trI. olael 9"lE z.7?gql^J
14. 8(6) : 0, 8'(6) : -ioJ y : B(r)9 "r: 6oll^J dd9 %I ¤H6J+.)
d4g +6I+. 25. ,t'll-trS +r6}ql^J x(kg)9 +g l]+}61+ Hl+g C:.f(x)
15. f(x):3x2 -r'oJ /'(1)g +6}I, olag oJaoaN,tJ fi
trll E4ol4.
(1, z)ql^J 4d y :3x2 -*'9 ddel ,J4^lg +6i-+. (a) r,lEAIf 9"lE Ffr,.JzI? olAel ++l= +
"f,(.r)9
16. (a) F(x):Sxl(r+ x?)g ql F'(2)E +6J-r, ol49 ol¤. fl.Jzl?
6l]^l E (2,2)oll^J *d y:Sxl(r +x2)9 ddE %r-4 (b) f'(22): 9olai-b d9 FH..JzI?
17ol
(c)
"f'(x)9 triEol *tlzJ Eqlql #zt Ets
7}4d:+r
49 +6l.4.
ffi (b) +dq r ddg EoJ* E7l+Eql 444o1 (a)E 44rl*z}? tlzlrJqls olHzl? ¤E6l+.
¤Bol-4. 27. Eql +6l]q.- 4I4%Fe. EE gEql 4I+¤r+. (r4^J g
17. +d y:"f(r)9 a: 2oll*l dde.l %r4alol y: 4x - 59 +6ll= Eg &+ +%Eql g6#9 ++.) :z4EE &49a11
_E s7t Eel gE rsl q}+E^le-l HE+E trq ++.
trll /(2)e+ f '(2)E +6t4.
(a) trlE4l+ s'(Db +H,¤. elulaft.z|? ++l= +H..J
18. gxllz| ¤¤%l¤^l s:,f(r) : 80r - 6Pql trl+ zld +l=
7l?
+zlolr fl+. qzl,rJ sel +fl= moltr ,el tr+l= aol
r:
(b) s'(16)g +c6lr. ¤H6t+.
4. +qg +6|+.
4"J trIsl +Ee+
s (melL)
le. trIEr_EJ ,Jg iITl+ Btlrql -+fl+ B+
^trI+ ^lrJE
E^-l AtrI+.el s_EE:a4=+ rEl4.gEq qoJ Azl
$ffis- qL ^lrJ .99 Uqgo4 H EzI olq$ \!tl? t2

8
20. /(0):0, /'(0):3, /'(1) :O, f'(2): -lg EI+6t= 6J
4
+/q :14E8 rEJ+.
21. ¤elq (-s, s)ql^J g+"J Bf sg rEEE faj{. 0 8 16 24 32 40 r ("C)
Sourcel C. Kupchella et al., Environmental Science: Living within the System of
Nature,2d ed. (Bostoni Allyn and Bacon, 1989).
104 2g E_-J+

28. C(/)= 8HE Hxlzl. qlBg 30 mL(B?¤ g=E + Eql 2e. q+ EL+ql^J /'(0)ol +xl]6l=xl 4444.
6llB6l-LJ= u[.r]_r. t^l+ ++El +4+ ¤+ tr+ "J=.g
.l x*0
roEE Lt4u4. f(*) : .r SIII y,

r(Alil) 1.0 t.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

0, x:0
c(r) (e/dl-)
ffi ro. (a) Ezltr+'L l-Zrr,znl x [-+, +1q1.t1
0.033 0.024 0.018 0.012 0.007

(a) 7J +rJql^l /ql 4+ cE ql+HE+gg +6t4. f (*) : sin x - ,*r sin(1000x)9 l{sE reJ+.
(i) [1.0, 2.0] (ii) [1.s, 2.0] fldq^J zl&tlY qBrll 4et4Ez}?
(iii) [2.0, 2.5] (iv) [2.0, 3.0] (b) tr-7lF+Eg [-0.4, 0.4] x [-0.2s, 0.25]-tr qql4a

(b) r: 2ql^.1 +rJ Uap* +¤6lr r ¤r.l¤ ¤H6I "r'(0)g +4614.

(a)EPrl Eg Elr+ oJzl6l+7t?
(c) -H-7lE+Eg t-0.008, 0.0081 x [-0.005, 0.00s]-tr. +r+l
+. ++l= #H,.JzI?
Sourcel Adapted from P.Willkinson et al., "Pharmackinetics of Ethanol after 614. /',(0)E +¤ilE +C6I7l 96l+7|?
OraI Administration in the Fasting State," Journal of Pharmacokinetics and
Biopharmaceutics 5 (1977): 2W-24.

2.2 I Et+e^lel E-BF+

I E-d+
2.1¤ql^] rcg f aollal *+ /el "1ts41+E ^J4qH+
1

+Eg HI+l + aE Esl^lzlx}. ^l trql^l aE xtr- Ht+H, +94 A+ +4l4lg

Eb+

2 f'(*): lS f(x+h)-f(x)
h

ol **"1 .JEE axoll 4all l'(x)E 4s"^le + fl+ ,r}4^l

={6}=+"141
f'+ /E EEt+(derivative)+ +sg ;lltrS or-+s ^84rJ + 9lr, ^l Eq EEll
49g+. r4H zl6l-ql4 oE xoll.tl f'E ,"k"f'(x)* d (x,/(x))ollrJ /E r4s
ql ql+ dde-l tl$zltr_ 6114g + 9I+.
EL+ "f,g
4j trq +*4l4}ql el"ll /s+q+EialEE /sl ER++ f =trI./'
el 4elqc {xlf'@)tl ¤xll}o11,/el 4e-lqH+- q 4tg + gt+.

{qlrl| lll E}+/E r4E7l r-4 lql +q4 ?I4."14,9 ol*"I^J EEr-+ f'4 t
4sE rel+.
Eql d (x,.f (x))91^l ddg r41 :r-ael zlgzlE 4l4}*e-e;,+l 'Jelsl *{l9lrl
 2.2 --J#_e,t1
" I _=-el* 105

-y

y: f(-r)
I

t, 1 -r

-ral I
JEI

EEI+q #¤. 4l+B + 91trI. elE- Eq re 2ql^J x: 3oJ ql pql^J dd¤. r?-lr
raq zl¤zl7l- E -i";s +46l^l(zlgzlE +46171 +16ll +4Bg rfl+) /,(3)
*? - -0.67E- e-+ 44^J ¤ P(3, -0.67)E-.f'el rr{E +lql^J P HItr- ol$ql
E^1ts + gl+(/sl r4s9 zl¤zlts"f'E r4s9 y{t"l E+).

)
D
m: -12
1 m:l m:o
P
A C

m:-t \ m:0 y: f(.r)

B
0 5x

0 B, 1 D' 3 x

P',13,-0.67) y:f'(x)
A
f.al 2

A"ll^J rfl dd9 zl¤zl= E -1oJ AsF _H_ol=8,/'el rqs{l^J y#ol

-1tl d A'g q+q(A ol4). Bel Doll^ie-l dde +¤olFE, r*ql^l
Hl-E

"ls4lf= Oolq/,E r4E= d BeIDE ulE of=ll gl- E B,4D,oll,r-J xft

(y : 0)4 Ei++. Be+ D ,r.fololl,<J /el r4s+- cql^J 7}1L 7l-+Eq, dd9 zI

&tltl l"J 4_o + Htl4. :f4= + B'1+ D' 7l-t} ile r1c,q1
^Lolqlr-l"f,(x)9 =
^l)"1tr}.
Be+ ddEq zl¤zlE oJolF_+, f'(x)* "J+?ql +el6lx}("f,E r4
D,tlolollal
EE;4 +lql il+).r4+DeJ e-Eqql^l EdE z]¤zlE*olo-+, Azl4,f'(x)E
¤+ol+. Lf'E :-4EE ir+ ol4loll 9l+.) r
106 28 E:Er.+

(q4! 2ll
(a) /(x) : x3 - r g 4l f'(x)Z +61-+
"f'sl r4sE
(b) /e+ Hljldl^l ¤E6l-+

EI
(a) EoJfE 4141617l +16l]
^l
EE oleo¤ 41, H*zl- hola ++g al4}6l-b E"Jql
2
xE 4:^l tr-+E ^Jr+6lof ++.
f
I
ll-
r,, \ f(x+h)-f(x) [(x+ h)t -(x+ft)]-[r'-*]
-2 2 r\'
t \el rrrrr
ft+o
I
h
urrr
h---+o h

: lim x3 + 3x2h + 3xh2 + 1rt - x- h - x3 +x

h+O h
-2
2 ixzh+3xh2+h3-h
lim

I
h+O h
f
\ : (3x2 + 3xh * h' - l) :3xz - |
-2 2 lTl

G) rB 3+Al+7lE "l*al^l/cl- f'+ a4.4,ol'i./e.l Edol +¤g Ell f'u):o

ola,dd9 zl¤zlzl oJB oll,f'(r)E "J+"Jql +el6}zl- trI4^l ol :reilsE=$ (a)9
_L

-ral
JE
2
\' EOIE E"J6H += EBg q}+. I
(qrfl 3 D /(r) : Ji"J "ll /el
E++E +6|+. oltrll.f'el 4e;qg +61+.

rrllr
f(x+h)-.f(x) rlrll
,E+h-6
rr \ir
\-'/ - i-o - h-o
h h

lim (
,Fn-Ji J;+h+,/;
--
Bxl-B +als+ qI4.
y
h+O h ,fr+h+.G
: (x+h)-x h
lim -
h+O h(,Fi + ,E) ;:i)h(6+h+,8)
-Ilrtt-

I I
lim
'li Ji
0 x |t'-O x +h+ x + 2$
(4: Ji
.f'(x)z|=zI++.+f'A 4-9qg(0, m)olu+/el 499
(a) f
EI+^J r>OoJ 4l [0, -)
y
Er+ z++. r
re 4ql^J fe+ f ' E r4E.
¤El+sEAl qlxll 3E ¤4zl- +'*6|+= as
0 I x d=B trll .E= Oql 7Pt+lzlr, tr].?+^i f'G):rl(Z^fr)
q.oJ6ll Bzl-.xz| oe-tr-
g 4+ ,l4l+. ol4g rH a(a)oll^l (0, 0) +=ql^l- ddol zl.risr+L Foll,
(b) /'(x) :+ rH 4(b)"llrl .f'(x)sl #* osl Hl-E sE{q fl+= *ol+. x7l AxlH/'(x)
2,1x
=
aeJ 4
- ,}]+ gofxJlrll, ol4* /el rqs9 sE+ H *ql^l= q ¤¤+ ddql ql
 2.2 --J*e,"1e1 _=.gl# 107

+6Ir "f'el rzlls. +¤E-dql '}]++ri

(q4 aD /(x) : ql/'g

#g +6IEI.

@
f '(*): f(x+h)-f(*)
,}S h
r-(x+h) 1-x
lim
2+(x+h) 2*x
h-0 h
AC

lim
(1 - x - h)(2+ x) - (t - x)(Z + x + h) b d ad-bc I
/r
-0 h(2+x+h)(2+x) e bd e

(2 - x - 2h - xz - xh) - (2 - x + h - xz - xh)
lim
h-0 h(2+x+h)(2+x)
lim -3h
ll-0 h(2+x+h)(2+x)
_J 4
J
lim
h+O (2+x+h)(2+x) (z+x)2 tr
alolELI*
e[0 |s t1
=l6ottfried Wilhelm Leibniz)
I trl= 7la =
*
l646troll afo;Ir1;51011,\-l E||oILI r
rH-+oil^l E-*, +l-qr, E+rl.++=
$BE*zf xoll {fflfzl- y"JS +E}4- dF4oJ zls y:,f(x)E ^l-$-6}= 3+61.r l7^1l0ll
g-+ B+^l+91= E
-+^l-++l= E9,lrl..
+ 8E rH?=
zo

A+ql, E6J+= +44- ++4 +g +E" g H zlzl zlas-o1 gl+. eln$q-e^l Exl4 g+= ttlr 3
^iloll
E
Hsl +E- q:"J6|-q -H.LJr-t.=61 +
: dydfd "J0ll tti-Lt =eJA +lE= +Ei6l
f'(x) v'
dx dx dx
f(r):Df(*):D,f(*) I =tHsl
+-il.ef +lEol trl.Er= cEifltrl-.
E-Lt E44?! 87ts nlalql
++oll
zlE De+ dldxY EEL+e 4l4i6l-. 449 9"lalt ulE(differentiation)E fl4} slEs g+= +il"=l"E 1672LJollAl
^l
0t . r=
g +{t}] Etr 7171^) 4l+l7l= 'J
ElEEtflKditrerenriarion operator)t-f ++ ^l4tflrf
Efl-2, alfl +qr "J zl"+oll EqlT[ a
rlof =rJz-ql E6l] azllg tls_ dyldx- B+rJ ulse s46lzl ?+41+. zl l P alPl-.Jaef
afolul-1^-
gg r[_+rl5.3 trJtttl.
+E-= E+Ef6l-=
E dyldxi tJv} f '(x)E +E Etr EJEee. +++4. .ze4r. 6JlE ol= + =el4 :*
7 lE=alsl- 7 lEill4l='J=^l 7 lrrl.
=61
E zlg$ +41 ^l-SB oll, o]]* f+-61-r. %L^l4oJ zlsolr+.2.1¤el al ES *l trl-.=61 l684LJoll r7l "JE--J rl4E
+el trE= s=g
6l-8, rlolsqz9 zlsE ol$afl.! EEI+q cqE rl-*r+ rJ"l +El-g + gttrI. ^t86lr.
?t= E-Er.

+0ll EH-.J TlEsl g?sl= E1=J:efltl..

E"J6|E reqoLJrHoll +EJel +=^l

dy: Hm
Ay aplELIEq +=rl-= +
dX Ax-o Ax =7l.
7l flrl El4E+= ^1.010il
gfl:.^I=Iloll uJEl

dEf +dE ts801 gGlHrl.. Crlq al

=4+
f a.llal EEt+ dyldx\ {lg +olsqaq zlE= olg-all.rl ++qElH olElE= E+ eJ=J+fl tr1fl=01 rJl
7l--J Etr /.lHl0ll Enl. rl.. 0l0ll rtlEt
'(o)4 rJg EtrlE r+¤-4 zJg zlsE q7l^J +zlHl-E "aoll^l 4l4I*
rl^l o 7l7hl EalxloE
"f ^l-+6J+. nlx{rr6}g
tr|."- 9"lol4. gd-*+r E+a#+. hEJ0l H^l ga
-ilrl"J, Fa1fl dH^l gE
dy dy =8=ttlzlAl l684LJ a[o[:r;;".
6l-rl ?J9,f+. =^l
Er_
dx dx sl trlEE+Oil tr-J EEol ft flffi
x:a
trJE0ltrl.. =
109 2g EEr+

3 ¤el f '@)tl rJ+/= aollA{ ElETl-=6ttr11 trJ6J4. *fz} z]]f ol

={]6|H
zJ (a, b) [E.= (a, *), (-*, a), (-*, *)]9 -E.= +ql^-1 ul$zl-r."6]ts, ++/= 7ll
+rJoll^l E7 tEiolE lr. o-Jr+.
E I

( qq 5 l) EL+ f (*) : |
* l= "lq ql^J El+fzP-o 6J7L?

Efl r>OolE lrl:xoltr, x*h>0ol q=+E"l zt+ftE qts+ 9l+.tr++^J

lx + hl :, + ftol-E-+ x> 0"11 tl6il tr]-*g e*q.

: lx+hl -lrl :;ij; .. (x+h)-x

"f'(x) l,+ h

h
lim lim I I
h+O h /r+0

:a4 o e. "Jelq x > 0oll.tl /=- ulBzFo 614.

,Jg g.H oe "r < golE l, ; -;olL x * h< 0ol : q= ++q 4tg ftE q$ +
"I+^j lr + hl: -(x + h)o1_u_+ x<0"J'l +*¤ tsEtrt.
gt+
x* h -(x+/r)-(-x)
/'(r) : ITI
x
lttll
h h+O h -

: lim -h (-t) : -t
h+o-i:
lim
k ft--+o '

lqF e "Jelq x < 091^l "fE "lEzP" 6l-r+.

ol4l x: Oql Qlrll {ulBxf

v
: lim
o + hl - lol :lim! lnl (+qlol +{6tfl)
h+0 h h-0 h

rBIFE ++.J4 4+6J¤. +¤-4 'Jol Eq6l]^l 4l{}6lz}.

0 x
lnl
lim ":lim-h-0+
h
lim 1 I
i,-O+ h h fi+0+

lhl
,'+ , : nLT-;: ftryP(-1): -l
(a)):f(.r):lrl -h
v
+ +flol aJE u].=s + '(0)g ?+=+ trl-al^J /= 0g e-E xgl^J
I =46|{"f
ul.$zl-=."ap.,,f'oll ql.J {+ ffiog +qd+
^lle]oJ

0 x
-l f'(x) : 1, x)0
( -1, .r 0

(b)y:"f'(.r) ol r4lE. :.H s(b)q ,J+ +E /'(01oJ {,xNal-zl ?+=+= 4.3 zlaler-4
E-=I+E
-ral
JE
E
!r -qE +d y:lr l= e (0, 0)ql^J 4cg *xl t*tg Etrl6}+[rH 5(a) +a] r
 2.2 E*e.'t1e1 s-atf 109

Cde orfzl zIflsH 6I- ^Jdol4. ++

E+Ca1 ulgzpb^dol+= d4-
ol d45ol q$4l +flqq il-zl Eq ++

4 8El /71 4ql^J ul$zlft.alH/= rollxJ fl*o14.

1z[ aollrl E+.Jg +H6l-71 +]6ll^]= lrg]/(x):"f(a)E -H-olH ¤+. r

=B
+q41 44+/7| r,JEzl-L" 6l-rl= 4, + 4*"1 +4++- d"14t2.1¤e-l
^l
5 +4).

f(*) - f(")
f'(o): lim
x+fl x-a
+qd Atre+ ulzl {-tr= ¤46}z1 916l(r + a"J q) f@) - f(a)91 x - aE Eat tE ed a|13el ee +Ec +qd alr
jl ++E El^¤¤ gEEi. garEl gs a
^plelEEB
aE aol+

olzll **Hzl E(1.6¤). ol+6lE trl-+g e=+.

f(*) - f(") (*-o)
lim [/(x)
x---+a
- f (")): lim
x---> a x-a

lim f(*) - f(") lim (*-o)

x+a X-A x+a

:f'(o)'o:o
*ql^l +H+ 4¤ ol*aF7l +ldl/(r)ollrl ;.lzlall.<-l f(a)E rJap. w+.

: ,1g1
f(") +,lg tftr) - /(")l
: f(a) + O: f(a)
l4_=-+ /=. aofl,tl fl+ol+. tr

@ ruorr del Egl E:- dea;zl .p*Er; * fl*"lxl"J "l¤-z;:.6lal t*;- QlfEol
q= Bf /(x): lxlE q-s=rl zjeEE 0ql^"1 fl4o14(t.6¤sl qlzll
=zH.JrI. =q
7 +4).

Jii/{r)
: ,,j} l*l
: o:.f(o)

rElq q1x1l s=/7t 0q^l nl$zl$.a|rl ?++g H"l ++.

1 10 2g EEr+

r tr+7t ElETl=Elrl ?Je E+

ql4l sql^l Elfy lrlt oql^l ul$zffialzl ?++g Egll, rH 5(a)-
- ra
el rzllsTl x :09 trll $zltl "J6Fg HIE+- 49 Eq "JHI4sE ++
=+. r4s. r
/E f4s7l-'!E+E'ol+ '4tl 4'¤- zlxlH /el d.ql^J ddg +
xl ftap f+ 4zl.<l u1g zJ$.alzJ ?++. v,@)E 4l4I6J trll 4l++4 +++"1

^lE +-q+.1
+4d il
4n-l E= Bfzl-=.SaE r*zl *6I- +- %r-Bg 4l^lEJ+. r4.g f zl "41
E+ol olLlE /E aql,<1 ul$zl$'aJ-zl ?++¤- "J6l] ++.tr}+^J EE+(ql=
-) rl
,rJ

Eq EE Efl+)q^l /- ul.$zffialzl ?++.

Eal zl+Cg x: aB trll +dol *a{Ed(verrical tangent line)S ,*= 4ol
^jl
r+.+ f 7l aoll^l E+olzlHI ++g RI+tr ollol4.

0 LI x lqlf'(*)l :*
fg6 olAg x --+ aB trll ddol dd q ,l-g+dg 9"184. rH 69 olAol gqg
+ gl= t zlxl 4+E Bq +q. :rH 7(c)E +E a+E tr-q ++. :.fl 7e: *
zlxl zl.!-idg rr"l ++
^l ¤Et.<ll
-v -v I'

-t
0 il J 0 d -r 0 0 _rr
-tal
Jdl

f 7l aoll^1 ElETftsalxl
LrP Tlrl ,J+ (a) 4oJ d (b) Efl+d (c) #zlBC
^ll
rlHs gl4 /zl-
"l+zl+d$ a^pp. Ell r4q 4l4}zl+ 4+Ei= 0l+61-=
oollrl ul$z]:."ofH d @,f(o)) ++g q'IB oll r4E= +41 Eq dd rl zl
dz]fl -H_"J+. (re I eLa. "l 4+ .E'J qlTl 2.1¤el rH 2ql il+.) rflLl
rH 64 7(a)oll fl= a4 e+ 4s-a- oI+4 +'l]6Iq4E rH+4ol+ 4tl d
I xllzlal "fz} S.4(rH e +a).

-v y

A
-/

t) at _t 0 u J

rH I /i a0ll,tl !lE7ftsaftl :lal I /E aoll^J trlEl7l"=61^l LJrl

 2.2 *-J*-+,'t1q
E:Et+ 111

r I.4l E-d+
/71 trl+71+6J EfolE E++ f'E_ 9rl aJ#o]tr, trl-+^J f,E_:r x|4lel soJ
+ (f,), : f,,* ?14 + gt+. ol .{l_trs E}+ "f"s/E EH.+q E6J+ol1 El-+
ol7rg=- E 2fi1 E:*+(second derivative)+r qL+. {oluul= TlsE ol+6ll
^J f
y:/(x)9 24) =a;49'l+4 #ol 44U+.
^J

d dry
dx (*) dx?
\--
Eq++
--r 4l
l4l ErrJi;e{
EEI+ str+
241

(ofl41 6|) /(r) :x3 -r"J 4l ,f,(*)E +61-r olE ¤E6Iq.

Eil qlal 2ql^J f'k) :3)c2 - 1014. El+^l zzll rq145 +s=+ e+.
f"(*):(f')'(*):l1g f'(x+h)-f'(x)

L Y/t
h 2

: lim
h+O
[3(x+h)'-t]-[:x'z-t]
h
'l
: 3x2+6xh*zhz-l-3x2+l -1.5 1.5
lim
/r+0 h
: lTl
(6x + 3h) : 6x Y-2
f, f',"f"9 :-4E.= :rH loql 9t+. f.al 10

f'(x)E d (x,"f'(x))"llrJ *d y:.f'(x)9 zl$zltr_ 61148 + gl+. 4rl B:"tH ol4.

g 4a 4d y:"f(r)9 t1&zl9 {019o14.
:H t0oE+El y :.f'(x)9 t)$t)tl *"lH.f"(x)b 9oll, y :,f'(x)9 zl$tltl
oJolB f"(x)*
"Joltrl. uI+^J rr]lsE E6l1 4lcg q?l6J + 3i+. r
rg.ag H+S9 Hs+¤-e ql4+ + ?i+, ol4ql ql6l] 7l-tv
'JHI4S-e z4l
T1-+ {lE zl.+=Eoltr}. ol= ++4 rJ"l 49*+.
s : s(r)E zldg 44 +{ol- E^llel +lzl+++ 6l-H, 141 ra}a5
^l+el
'J+E^J E^llel 4E u(r)E +4Hg.Jr gl+.

ds
alt):s'\t): dt

^l+ql +* +EE ++HE+¤¤ Eillel

7|+-,E(accelerarion) a(t)4 ++. trl-{^l
7l+EdJ+- +EE++e.l s.$foll, +liloJ+E zAl sH.f"lrl.
a(t):u'(t):t"1r1
E- +olsqael zlaE ol+El^l +*q Eol 44ttr+.
112 2g E__J+

du dzs
dt dt'
f"'+ 24] E++E EB+ol+. + f "':(f")' olr+.
3fl1 E=Et+(third derivarive)
tr14^l f "'(x)Y *d y :f"(x)q 71&71EE,f"(x)E EE+&E 6114e. f ?lrl.y:
f(x)E tr]] 341 E*+E'i+r+ zj$ zla.E +EiE + 1t+

d'y d'y
y"':f"'(*):*( dx" dx3

s : s(r)zl- zld¤. E^llel +l;luf,fzf s - s(r)oj trll 341 EB+E

'l+ +4ol=
E?-l4gg 6114¤-+ 9l+. 5"': (s")': a'ol=E, +l4Er-+E lzjl rfltft- zl$
EaJ+E sa;-folr ol$ r{=(erk)af +q.

. da d3s

' dt dt3

:a4 oE 4= j-
7l^a-Efl {ffio1r1. 4etl 4g #48 z}4 E+= lqL
el ul afE-E rJ44H rll +4 .JrI.
olfl 449 4l+6J + gt+. 441 EEl+ f,,E trE/(4)-tr. +Elrlltr, f 4 nAl E
e+= f@etr- 4q /E rfl "lEdJ^J
g=+.y:"f(x)olg n4l Eql+= q^'q=r+

zjol E¤6J+.

y(n) :,ftu)(r)
r \t
: +dxn

( o4lrll 7 l) f@) : x3 - x"J ,ll f ,,(x)* rt+i1x)E +6I+

Eq ql4l 6ql^J f"(x): 61014. 241 EEt+el rqls= r: 6aolFF zl$zltl 6oJ
zldol4. E++_f"'(x)E f"(x)A zl#tloloE 19 sE #ql ql6l] q+9 E=+.
f"'(x) : 6

f''+ 1lfaJ#oll:z4eb f¤dol4.ul+^J x9 eE #ql ql6fl +gg E=+.

yt+)(s) :0 I

7l+Ee+ zlr(#4+ +4"J)E ole-"EN.rl Eillel +# +48+ ull 241 E6J+

e+ 341 sBfz} 4+El- Ag ¤i'l*+. 3.3¤ql^J 241 EEI+e-l E trl= +s" s

E,f"ol /E r4sE EoJql qH 4.H-E 73zl gqg 4o14. 1011-ql^l= 241

EB+e+ r4l EEL+Eol t-Jffi +LI-="+E qf e-E q$4l 444bxl H]]g 4
ol+.
 2.2 --J*e,t1o| E:Et+ 1 13

_ 2.2 I E+=xil

r. q* r4sE 0l+611^l ?+?+4 EEI+q atg +¤6}I,.f, 3. v 4. .V

el f?.lis=:ael4.
(a) ,f'(0) (b) /(1) (c) f'(2) (d) /(3) 0
(e)
"f'(a) (f) /(5) (e) /'(6) (h) /(7) 0 x
v
y: f(x)
5
-v
6.
-y
I

0 I .t

x
0 .{
2. (a)*(d)q EI+q r4E= r-rve-l EEI+q r4se+ sl
1|r :z ol+E ¤Ha-}+.
(a) y (b) v 7. ¤:d+ dzlE +ATlql *"t
+g}trI. -r4uql^l c(OE
449 rlzJ 19 B+E^J dxl9 *C ul&"14.
(a) E6J+ C',(f)el 9"JE Ffl.JzI?
0 Y
"r
(b) c'(/)E rTllEE rE4. :24=tr_PEl +Hg g +
ol t- -zlr)
,iJ.:=/ I i

(c) v (d) -v
C
00
0 J 0 Y
80

+d 60
Hlg 40

I v II v 20

0 2.4681012 r (rlt)
0 x 0 -r

s. :z4gb ul;lz$el ¤E +E &E f 7l .J'J E.J qB

4l Hirl6t=4E Eq #4U:0+ 1g l$ql oNSra|{ r
III ) IV E zllB *+lE +¤E). ¤+e 2u1.:-f,nlzl20E FoJ e
H
g zlEq^J 4l&5.lfltri. EEI+,f'el l4sE r4+. fl
xll f'@tl4lql"Jzl-?
(,t x (,

f ('c)
20

3-6 tr}g q++ /el r4sE q4 :1El4r+ +^I6ir.(+,==g 15

,Je E$le] b+g r*e+I zlCC+), ql4l 19 uJHg ol$ l0

6ll^.1/'e.l f4sE r ot4ql rEJ4. 5

0 2 4 6 8 10 t2t (m)
 1',4 28 EEt+

ffi 9. .f(x): szolz| 6|z|. 20. ,v 21. .v

(a) /9 r4gE +qlql^l .f'(0), f '(;), f'(t), f'(z)e) 4k

g +46I+.
,?+),.f,(-1), 2 x 0 6x
o) qlecg oJ*allri f f,(-2)g alg +
EE}+.
(c) (a)4 G)s.l ¤4¤ ol$allal "f'(x)91 El]+ +Ejg ++
6l-+. m22.Bf /(r) : )c * /t;l-g
:z4sE rq4. il+ql= d
(d) E*+s] CEE 0l+6ll^l (c)"llr'J9 f +ol #¤¤ + (-1, 0)g 6J611, {¤-ql= gflg'Jdll Hl+4-eE +ql6}

EB}4. 4. ol F AE +=ql^l /el 4+lql ql'J itol4e. +H.J

7l? f el ulBzl#^J"ll 46]]^JE +H,ol+ "JE + gibzl?
l0-ts EB+s] {EE 0l+6ll^l +g *+s-l EaJ+E +6I
r++g /eI/'el :_fllsoJtr1-./'(-l)J+ f"(1) olL aol
4. ,*+E CEq+:1 EEL+q 4Eqg +614. 23. 6=

: tl. /(r) :2-5t2 + 6t 4 ztl?

t0. /(.r) 3x - 8
1;.. A(p) :4p3 + 3p 13. /(x) :+ "v

x--+
E.s(u):# 15./(r):# t \
x

16. (a) 1.3¤E B+g ^l-S+q y = {iE rqEE+q

,f(x) : t + ,/* +59 :-4sE rq4.
(b) (a)9 :z4EE
^l-S4q /'E
rqs=:aq+. 24. 4+ re-3 f, f' ,"f'g Hq #c+. ?+ +dol "lL 4.oJxl
(c) E*fq 4q= ¤ ol+= ¤8614.
^l-+6}q f'@)Z +614./e}/'el +"J61-.tl:1
elqe #H..JzI?
v
ffi (d)/'E r4sE r4r. ft)e+ ullalai. fl

17. (a) .f(.T): +zx"J 4l ,f'(x)E +6I+.

xa
b
ffi (b)/e|"f'el rqlEg Hlf,r11^J (a)qlrl9 B"l 4BeL9
x
Eq+.
18. q*s _tr= qE zllffi A4+q +ol= trq ++.
^lrJql
+aJ(E) t4 21 28 35 42 49

tso l(ft) t7 l6 19 22 24 25 2s. trt+,ql Et+E r4s7l il+. 44e 4+xlE +JilEI+,
Sourcel Arkansas Forestry Commission +E¤i+, zla-ra;.4o1tr1. 4 +dol "ls d.Jxl +tl6t
H(t)tl r'J S +oloJ Ell, H'ql ql+ +4#9 EE "JEr rt- a ol+E ¤H6l-4.
:z4sE rE+. y q

le. pE.2020H 1g 1"J ol-6tr rE Egl 4oJ dxl*"] ^J4I b

+ qE E^lE dq%Iql 4aJ u4ts&o14. C

(a) dPldtY +fl.g e.ltrl6.l+7t?

0

ft)-dP
dt
: 3.sE ¤B6I+.

2o-21/el r4srt ++4 +E+.f 7l ul$zffiolxl ?+g +e+

ol+E El4l Er-++.
 2.3 ElE 84 115

EE 20. f(x) :3x2 + zr + tql 46l] EE++9 49= oJ$all,rl /'(x) 32. It.- ElE4l+ agl^J /E ffir+ ffi nl$zllf E olE
$/'(x)E +614. f,f',"f"E :z4EE +"J+ Bzl+Eql E +6Jol ¤4]6J ul] tr+¤-4 rJol C984.
:14I dq* Bol 4B'Jzl a^I6t+. (a+h)-f(a)
f -(a): h+0-
liu
m27, f(x):zxz -x'9 4] f'(x), f"(x), f"'(x), rrarix)E +61+. h

.f , f', f", f'tt q r-flgE E"J.J trTlslflq :24+. 4 f(a+h)-f{a)

= f'*(a\ : h-O+
lim
4gz[ ol EE]+E.9 zlu}e]4 6l]4r+ gxl6l+.7]? h

28. /(-r) :
+f-4 "I^I. f{al-71 +l+ g,q+E 3Ag F zI9 t
oltrll ,f'(a)zf

(a) a#0"J trll, 2.1Eel 4l trE ol$all,tJ + trlB4l+Eol Szllalr. olEol ,J¤. uliolr|. ffi 6.f,f
f'@)E +614.
ql 4Ell
(b) *+g +E6l-+.
/'(0)ol +zllBl-xl
(c) y : ,E+ (0, O)ql^l +4ddg Ttdg Bq+. ffel 0, x=0
rEllE -EoJg {rzla}z}. t.24 a4 13 dra) : 5-x, 01x14
"f(*) 1

zg. oJf fG): l, - 6l* ,: 6oll^l ulgzJ^r."6fzl f++g -)

)-x
x>-4
trqE+. Eql"f'q
'il+ 49 +6Ir r4sE rq4.
: (a) / _(4)el f '*(4)E +6t+.
"f(r) rlr19
30. (a) :14E8 rBl+.
(b) /el rflEE +o.IF+.
(b) f 7l ul$zlfroJ *9 {l¤ +61-+.
(c),f'91 4.J 4lg +61+.
(c) /b qqql^J Ets4"JzI?
(d)/= qqql^l uJ$zlft.olzl g**z|?
31. +:"J+et7lfl+el Eg+ $e]Eq +q-= EE rgl 4611
33. gg fzl .rlzlalq 3E E.J cJ ,s4 E4+zl-sts E?I
f(-x) : "f(x)E EI+EI+ EI-+= +'J++ 6]--L, /(-x) :
aH+" :aE.lil jz;lEq^J 2B +oJ H+H.4zl_sE +.J
-/(x)E ++6lE 6J+= ,lEI++ 6Jtrl-. trl+¤ +H6Iel.
oI+ E.r-l g4r 4E E?l Afl+.
(a) *ElfE E'*+= zletfol4. (a) Hol rE + + 44 ,E l4=_e :1EJ+.
0) TlEI-+el E++= *aJfol4.
(b) dsldt4 r4ls= rBl+.

2.3 I trlE B^l

* ¤ql^J4 rJol EEI+E Cels+El zld +6HoF il+E, :l+lqL 4l4}e xl+6}
4+ qtr ++g 4l4l=J 4 rs9 7lr= g,qE =J 4o14. r+l+ rl6J6l ¤E
. zld ^l-+6lzl *r E++= +61-- {4 z}zl +zlol ,llEH+ olfl +^lEg .v

trl+61-. gg 4+al zJ+p+r.lzl'I C y:c

tl$tl:g
r g+tr+
E= 6J+ ++* BEIfl ^J+Et+ f@):'Pq ^l46fzl-. ol EL+E
+q^l 716r-
0 _rr

r4s= tl&tl71 Otl +¤zld y: coltrl. trl-4^] f'(x) - 0ol"loF"J oj41:rfl 1

1 f(x): col Lel|gts alC
=aJ
+a). E.J+fl CelE ol+q} 4¤4ql +BE +++ zl-ol zJeJafc|. J, = r.0lE_E.f '(x)
: 00lrl
1 16 2g _E_-J+

f '(x): lr$ f (x+h)-f(x) :lim c-c :lim0:0

h h+o h+o h

4"lgq ,. 7lE= ol+61-H

'l¤.4
,J+

d+:'J+g'lE:#
d
dx
. (c):o

I4EIilEiE+
v ffio_+ nol oJg 4+"J ull 6J+f@)_xn¤^ +qExL.n:rolE/(x)_x9:z
4E= {d y: xoltr, olAE zl&tl} 1ol+(rH 2 +4).,r1-4^l trlg-r+ +q.
y:x
tl$zl:1 d
0
tr .
tlx
(x):1
-rr

fB 2 .f(x) :x9 :aHEts alC

(E++E 4qE+q 4l trg +.J'J + 9l+.) n:2* n:3oJ 4++ "l"l ¤-ul
y:,r01rr+ f,(x)= l0ltf. H+ dxlle 2.zpoll.<l(E*E.zll e, {lxll 2E "J+) 4*"1 ^dB,Etg "J?t'}.

2 !G\:zx
d^x 4b\:3x2
dx

n:40J 4+ql= f(x): xa9 rg-ag- +grl rJol **4.

r,, \ f(x + h) - f(x) (x + h)a - xu

f'(-t):lim-:lim
r \t lr+o h ft--+o h

: xa + 4x3h + 6x2h2 * 4xh3 + h4 - xo

lim
h-+0 h

: 4x3h+6xzh2*4xh3+h4
lim
/r---+0 h

rIl-+^J q+4 *q.

d
E , (x.) : 4x'
ax

^l
El, E, Eg ulta|fl qE ¤4= eg + gt+ nol "J9 C+.J 41 (dldx)(t)
:nx'-'g¤- +='6.1-- AC +REI Eql+. ola* 4-"14, ol= F zhxl HJE9E
+Hp 4ol4.oltrll + HBll +H* olo}{4E ols."*4.
 2.3 u lE E^] 117

4EJllEielB+l Eol oJE C+g "ll 4*"1 ^dgf,+

d : nxn-'
d* lr^)

58 t xn - (x - a)(x'-r + xn-2a + . . - * xan-Z + a"-')

- an

+l 4g +Hg ++61 E(E. + Hnll oJxlE zlop=ftr a;yfl,s-_tr"/^l q"Je. +

9t+ ,f(x) : .r'olH f '(a)41 4f, 2.1¤el Ee+ +lE 49 ol$oll.{ ++g e
r-rL ^l
.r"1 .

f
,(o): lim fb) - f(") : Hm
xn - an
x+a X-A x---+a X-A

: lim (1'-t I x"-2a + ... * xq"-z + c'-')

x--->a

: gn-l I a"-za + .. - * aa"-z * a'-1

- nan-l

2 E6J+q 4e-1.il "++'I¤¤ e=+.

=B
f,(*):#rW:Hty
xo9 (x + ft)a$ dzllapolu3 fl+. {zlr-18 016}4n-l=
=a;ag- +6171 +l"ll^l- 0l=dEal
ol+6}q @ + h)"$ dzHalH ffioJ CH+'f. 0l-dEelts atl rllolrl l0ll ?lrl

* nx'-th . ry*n-21r2+ "' * nxhn-t * ,'] - xn

[r'
f'(x): lS

: lim
h---+O h

- nxn-l

ol= A Hall .J"J xllslal-_2. _E_S olol oJxlE^J h.7*a flsq q-+^l OoE d

=61-71 "ll$ol4. r
qlzll lql^J ol4 zlxl TlsE olf-oll.<J zlEzll#g +4¤. ¤ujex}.
1 18 28 E-tst+

{lq4! 1l)
(a) ,f(x) : x6olH ,f '(x) : 6x'o14. (b) y: rrooooJH y' : loooxee'olt}

(c) y : raol$
#: 4f o\4. @) drLG):3r2ol4

.71= Etr+-=.+El E-d+ 7cl7l

^l|EE
7l+ EI+ql H.c, Ed, ^J.ful]E oN.<l rflE-$ e'-fzl-"J5qxlE, ra.E EEL+
- 7l+ Et+E E6J+e ol-$ofl,rJ 4l4I6J + 9t+. .61 r++ +^lql^J ++s+ El
+e-l EE ++e+ r 6J+el EE}+E +gg "Jel ++.
=.{}a5:a
g+H|lsl E^loil Qlel zlal-44 ;fl4
+l+ulfelE+l c7l ++, f 7l trl$7|f,+ q++4 g tril ffiol ^dB++
v
:2f (xl d_d
y
*lcf(x)): c . f(x)
dx ax
y: f(x)

s(x) : cf(x)+ a-IE ++g ?=tI.

0 x
=E
c=ZE E6lE la|]E= *z]oe + Hl|U : s(x+h)-s(*) cf(x+h)-cf(x)
g'(r) ttrrr
E= T\ET lel 571= HHT| fl lg} h h+0 h
= =clutrl.
rloJ x+el g4l"J3 E"J6ltt. tttzf,\l 7l
E7l= F HHT| Erf. lim c
f(x+h)-f(*)
h+O h

: C TIIII
f(*+h)-f(*) (++H4 3q Ed)
i-o h -

: cf'(x)

(q4 2D

@) : 3(4x3): LZx3
*(3*o):, ol(ro)
@
*(-r): *!-K-l)rl: ?n*(*): -1(t): -1 tr

+¤- +4g.J+Eq 6J(EE it)el EEI++ f E++Eq EI(Eb it)4 rJ*

g "J6ll ++.

:EIgl=Al
Ealg 7lE= ol$aH^i -ElLl ile-l A{= f * stl E+ trl+7l+g 4 4*ol CBqL+.
rls-r} eol E+?ltl-. ddd
(f+s)':f'*s' , Lf(r)+s(r).1 : clx
tuc . f(x)+ ax, g(x)

(f-s)':f'-s' ddd
, L/(x)-s(x)l: ax
dx . flx)- ax
, g(x)
 2.3 DlES^l 119

EB F(x) : f(x) + sG)4 6IE +¤+ e.+.

F(x]-h]t-F(x\
t \,.uJ - Ilt.tl
h+0 h

lim
[/(, + h) + s(x + h)] - [/(*) + s(r)]
h+0 h
-l
lim I ft* + h) - f(x) s(x + h) -g(r)
h+O
lh-h)
,j_- f(x + h) - f(*) , r!
rlrrl-T uru
gG + h) - g(*)
(+.JB! 1ql E6|])
- h+0 h ft+g h

: f,(x) * g,(*)

TIel +4lg +H6I7l gl.ll, f - s# / + (- l)s 4 6rr Re] +^l+ t}#uHg

+4lg 4s" ++ r
+41+ gE 7l]+e.l 6J+=-E E.sE
EIe-l q+g + 9l+. qlE Eq ol c4.=
+ H HI+6H^J 4so 6IH trI# Eb+.
(f + g + h)': [("f + g) + hf' : (f + g)' + h' :f' + g' + h'

4tfuH9 =o41,'JE +I.^1, ilE +4g 4E4l#g +^lr+ aq|6IE qH +6J6-L

fE + ?t+ r+¤-qlxll$$ ¤ulezt.
"ltsE*

( oilril 3 i)

d
* 12x5 - Axa t 1or3 - 6x + 5)
*(*r
:*(,*) + rr*(,,)- -*(,0)+ rcft{*,)-o
*L@* ,L$)
:8x7 + 12(5xa) - 4(4x3) + 10(3x2) - 6(1) + 0
: 8_r7 * 60xa - L6x3 + 30.12 - 6

ilqq 4D +d y:x4 - 6x2 + 4 eiql^l dd"l f¤ol q= dg +q-+

Egl +BddC rer-fzl-o"J trll +4t+ v

dy d (x.)-6.,d (x')++(4)
---j-: d (0, 4)

dx dx' . fuc - dx
:4x3 - LZx + 0: 4x(xz - 3) 0 J

x:0 EE x2-3 -0, + ,: *.f,o14ay/Ax:0ol4.r+lF_tr x:0, T,

EI+^J
(-.,6, -sl
-,5"J'l +q+l +de +¤dcg +r, olql 4so6l"b ¤g (0,4), (16,-s), (.6, -s)

?.,F, -s)olr(:zH : aral. r fal 3 *d y:14- 6x2+49] +"JEd

120 2g E=J+

{ qll| l) "Jzl-el ¤+81-¤4e. s = 2t3 - 5t2 +:r + 4014. {zlrl s9 E+l= cmol
5
7 /el ++l= aol+.
^l+e] EI+E
7l+EE +614 2A +e-l 7l.a-E= B"IoJzt?

Efl +s.e+ 7I+E. +g-r+ ?Jq

: ds -1
a(t) 6t" - 10, + 3
;:
a(t):#:tzt-Lo
lel-o-E 2= +q zI4E=- a(2): l2(2) - l0 : 14 cm/solc| tr

olzll + ++el +E EEI+ql qlq| +{g gazl-6Jq

I EgI E^I
+olEqiz|:rllzl dql 6Jr+ zlE +49 ffi+ 4.4 zJol ELE EH.+= EE-
f9 Eol=p 7=-g +E ?ItrI. rElLi olfl f +g $f+ {lxllE gtrl-Hfl &
ag A.Jg g + gl+. + EI+ f(x) - x4 g(*) : x2oil ql6ll zlE4l#sl t4l
9 ol*alE ,f'(*) : 1r+ s'(x) :LxE E-+. rflql (/sxr) : x3 oltr, trI+^l
@(fs)'(*):3xzolEE (/e)' *f's'olr+. ole+ Ag dElE El =tol=,1=t C9
+ +4g eflsq, ol4g #q +4ol+ 6J+.

Eq A4g salg 7lE= oIEE]|^'i tl^S E4 f * stl .tr+ tr1+719" ¤ oll 4*ol cB+trI.
al g0l ¤+?ttrl-, =q
(fg)' : fg' -t gf '
frrruln(,)l
: rG)
*ts(,)l + s(*)firtt.ll

F(r) : f(x)s(*)4 6IH ++g B.trt.

=E
F(x+fr)-F(x)
F'(x): ol$ h

: lim
f(x+h)s(*+h)-f (r)s(x)
ft---+0 h

+=Js 4l+16l-zl +16ll Elel +^lel +E"ll^le+ eol + ++ /c+ gE 84f,+. E

zioll /(x + h)s(x)= uullr QafH^l + R+E E4g+ gitrl.rqE q*gg E
1- trlt.
L

F'(*): lS f(*
+ h)s(* + h) - f(* + h)s(*) + f(* + h)s(x) - f(*)s(*)
h

lim
h'--+0
[,,.
*ot#+g(x) ry)
 2.3 DIE 34 121

: f(*)s'(x) + s(x)f'(*)
ol4l g(*)b ga ++olp e }iio(r) : s(r)o]tr, e}+/-xgl^J "lBzl-
a{1 +6l]

lg/(, + h):/(r)ol
Lo6l-E--E 2.244 44 Eq 44 rollrl E*ol+ trtq^l

r +lE E^lol cfl++(r.s¤g fl+E4l 33 +E). r

+^l "J6H #E +^l.$ + E++sl +E E++E Sel 6J+.il FIE E++E gElf
E E6.Ir, +lE 'J+"ll $el H.+el E++E +4^l "lEg q+ ar+ rJ+g'J
"l]++
(q4 6|) .J+ F(x) - (6"r3xtu4)q ql.il F'(*)E +EI+.
Efl *e +4lql 44 r'(,)E +dlE ++g E=+.
F' (x) o,u

r**',', { *;1, .i*'r!;- ; :,, * x6 :

tz6 ze 4 x6

+{ qlzll 6"ll^J Hx] 4 qlz|= +EL +

"lEa}H fl9 E"l7} "*¤¤ g + gtr}.
F(*) : (6x3)(7xa) : 42x7 + F'(*) : 42(7x6) :2g4x6
rEl+ LI-+ql y: x2 sinx e| +g ++E d6l-41 El-ql, ol A+qlb *E +^lol
E++E +o-F= +g'J glHulrl-.

(qrfl 7D nG): rs(r)ol a- s(3): 5,s'(3) : z"J* g ql, h'(Z)g +61-+.

Eil +E +4g zl+61-H +gg eE+.
h'(x):
ftboUll ftfuOl+
:, s(r)
*U,
-x.s'(*)+s(r).(1)
ul-+^J h,(31 :3g'(3) +g(3):3.2+ 5: tlol4. I

r+sl E l
rl+ +4lg t EL+el ffi ulg6}= Bl$ql ql6ll "JeJ++

+elE+l f 4 szl EF ul$Tl-e" $-

"ll 4g-ol CB++. +q E{E sal"J 7lE= 0l$6t|^i t|$
al eol g+?,lrl-.
,@*vk)t-l(,) firnutt
*l#): lsG)l'
/r\' :sf'-fs'
\s/ s'
122 28 EAr+

F(r) : f(x)ls?)E- +sH tl# E=+.

=B
f(x + h) f(*)

lim f(x + h) s(x) - f(x) s(x + h)

h+0 hs(* + h)s(x)

olxll /(x) s(x)Z EzLql uHnI q6IE^J f 4 s* +fl+t+

F,(,

,, f(* + h) - f(x) .,, g(x + h) -

g\*)
g(x)
h -J\x) h
: lim
h+O gG + h)s(*)

,\
lim q(x) ' lim f(x+h)-f(x) - ,.
Iim ^,\ ' ,.
lim
gG+h)-g(x)
i40"" 'a-O h ft*g"'f\x) h-o h
--

s(x)f '(*) - f(*)s'(*)

lsG)l'
2.244 4?] El"ll i{-+ s= E+olEE lg1n(, + h) : g(r)"14. r
+^l "Jd]] +sl +^l o ++q +E E+I+= +E"ll +zlsl E++E E:6Ir. ExI
{ E.rgl E++g- +6tr^] @-a, r Eq¤ +EE 4l+.o F +b Ar+ ,Jg-g. "J
+ el+.
"l ¤"ll gl- 44Ec
.Jelel rl6J-6J+- Rql^l ul$zlft.ap,
"JEE +4+
f L H:+q 4elEql^J
ol ol+7]-be:+ Bq
=q.
rl+-ol +q +44 4E "lE
HE +4=E "JEel +4*+E ER+E 4l4l+ + 31trt. ++ qlxllE ¤¤Exl.
rzJ 40ll GlEl aq -st+sl:zi9 E-Ef+ol
r.zll Tl ralri ?lcl.yzl ?;/6 - -1.8
+=ollAJ) uule:ll 671ts rll y'01 flCtl=
Aoll +ol6l-rt. ralz y7l L-al4l (r'+ O*(*'+
E y'E 00ll E=Eltl.
=71-61-
x - z) - (*' *.r - ,)*(x3 + 6)
v' (r3 + 6)'
1.5

v (r' + 6)(2x + 1) - (*'+ x - 2)(3x2)

) _/\. --- (x3 + 6)'

-4 4
(Lxa + x3 + lzx + 6) - (3ra + 3x3 - 6x2)
v (x3 + 6)2

-1.5
-xn-zx3+6x2+lax*6
,f.tJ 4 (r3 + 6)2 I-l
 2.3 rtE *4 123

NorE E+E++. ElEg oll txll'l- +e] +4g

^l-s"
E ge= HtrI. trllsE trx] E
+EI+= ++6J Bqle HlTl +^l 4H trlEal7|7l +l+l+ltrt qlE Eq rl+ B+.
+q +4qe "lEJ + 9j+
ixz + z^E
r \.r,,
- x

:Bzl"J ul$alzl d"il Ll+dg ¤B6H^J ol EL+E q=q=r+ zJol aE ulgalzlTl ¤J

d +l+ld4
F('):3x*7x-r/z

r gu4t! 4ErilE:d+
+el +^lg zl$zll#el +^lg ^l+71*fl 4+"J A+E q6l61+ ql +
^hfl.g
el+

ruol "J9 C++ g tr]1 4*"1 ^jg{}+

d
* (*-') - -nx-n-l
dx

d d
-tr{
oo , (x-') : (+)
ax dx

dd
x'T(1)-1', (r')
ax ax x".0-l.nx'-l
(x" )' x2'
|
- nxu- 1-2tr
: 1-
x'" - -nytt - -nx-n
I
I

(l o{lril e l)

(a) y:#: *(r-,) - -x-, : -*o,O.

*"1 H

@
*(*) : 6 *(r-,) : 6(-t11-,: -#
xJf,-zlxl| zlf ruol "J E= +e-l c+"J .11 7lExll#9 +^lol
^dtsEl¤-.JgI
4. n:OolE *o: 1o17, ol4e. EH-+ 0¤- +=+. rqF-tr_ 4Ezll#g +41+
.Je-lE 4f ,oll ql6fl Cflttrl-. zl#tl
E++E q$4l Ell? ¤xllE 2.2¤sl ql
xjl 3oilrl +¤¤ H+.

dl
dx 't*
\/.L
--
2J*
124 2g E_-J+

ol- ++r+ zJol # + fl+

d
(*'/') : l*-rlz
dx

olA+ zl$xll$g +4lol n: *"J {+az} CB+g "JEJ+ ¤zlle |E{l$q

+4C "Jelel df n.ll 4ql ^dB++ "l49 66lql^l +BoJ 4o14. 'J+,J g
+ B4= E.tlo|-n ol. ol+all,tl {lxlle+ E+ErllE ++.

AE=r1F=slE+l(gglEEll) ng "J99 ¤+4 6J trll ffiol ¤B++.

(qIll 101)

(a) /(r) : x'olH /(*) : rrr'-1o14.

(b) y :4o1fl ffiol {BEL+,
1

i/x"
dy : L6-r,11' : _zr*-tz/l-r
r
o*
:'::_,,,3 'tt

qlIll lloll^l aq bts df+oltl. +-qfIl= (qr|| 11|) EI+ f(t) : ,fr (" + ni$ "l+61+.
g rl641s_e "J+Eoil gl= gtrl-H! E^l
=
#+tr LlElLt|r, A+Eioll ?l= Erl.= E9E +E +49 ol*"IE +&g E=+.
H#e Aht-'Jtl.
d
f'(t): Jt dr@ + bt) + (a + )
")*(\f
:,8.b+(a+bt)'lt-'r'
: btlt * a*bt
ZI
a*3bt
-F
pflE H4 zl+ Hzlg ol$oll.{ /(r)E +^l + + 6J+E "l$6l-8, Eel +^l¤ ol
+6}zl *:r.E Eol 14 ee ¤q¤ tsg + 91tr1.

f(t) : d.rfr + btr| : atr/z * bftz

f'(t) : Lot-'r' + |btrrz r

EoJ+q 4e]=.t.f$afzl *l "lE +4g

ol$-aN,t-l ddg +g + 9,1.r HC
E +B + 9t+ d PqliJ q-.'j coll Ell+ Ed(normal line)* d PE zl'+q d P
.ll^lel ddql +4ql zldolrlt+Eql^l- +d4 fll4E Hd rEi
^lolE 49
6l]o} ++).
 2.3 trlE 125
=41

Eilil +el +4g ol.a" 6|s +sg ts=+

.
dy
(1 *x,)*tel-filtix,)
{lx dx
dx (r + x2)2

1
(1 + "r2)
2 x
- 'E (z*)
(7 * x2)2

(1 +,r2)-4x2 l-3x2
----------:--
zJx (l -t *')'

trl-+^j (r, |)et,tel ddq 7lg7l= +s=r+ A+.

dyl _ l-3'12 __1 *
l,:, 2,fr(t + t ), -T
d*

(r, l)q.qg E-zl¤7lq ddg %Fd4g ol+ql+. v

Hd
v-i:-*(r-l), + v:-i*+1 x-l
ll
,(l
rL

d (r,l)q^t HdE zlgzlb -i g g-el E+, + 4ol+. El+^J Hdq %Id4g +

++ e+.
y-L:4(x-1), + y:4*-l 0 2 x

+d4 "l4E dd _u4r Hde rB se+ rJ+ r -ral

JE
tr
T'

(qH 130 4dL+N *y:12q1 il=qH dql^J: ddol zld g* *y:0$$a!$zfl

Efl ,y: 12olsE y: tzlxal. zJol # + 9t+ trI+^J
'l-¤¤
g=+.

(2,6)
:12
*d9l
olxll glE qtr dE x{*;l
:z4E ol dq^l dde-l zl*zlts
aa| olz|.
-12/a2olt, ol ddf- z1d 3x-ty:0,4 y:-3xe| B46i+."1 dd"l 5gf, zl
$zl -39 zfxlF-tr trl--gg g=+
0 x

1247. (-2,-6)
-;--3, + a2:4, + a:+2
3x * y:6
trl+^l +6I= Eg (2, 6)r+ (-2, -6)0l+. %I+dr+ dCC fH 6r+ ,J+ I
=AJ6

zlftnl\ uH$
"lE +{g CF-l6iE oi{e+ ,Jr|.
126 28 E-Et+

EIE
=+lE
d d
, (c):o (x"l : nsgn-l
dx dx'
(cf)' : cf ' (f+ s)' :f' * s' (f- s)' :f' - s'
(fg)' : fg' -t gf' f : gf' - fg'
q g'

2.3 | e+E4t

1-7 rl-+.6J+E 1e-26 trl+- 6J+E

"lEat4. "lE6I+.
1,g(r):4xtJ 2. f(x):s75 -xf 3
: ,- 5t
19. t'\t)'
tr-t-l
3. W(u) : 1.8u-3 a. /(x) - x3/z + x-3
1l 20. y: r-.6
5.s(t):-*;t t'
6,!:2x+rli J
: := I Zxs+xo-6x
7. g(x) + tE 21. F(,r) :
1/x *,
22. H(u) : (" - $)fu + .J;)
8-12 EI+= 4= B4sE ETJEL * "lEaI4. (+ol+ +el
+^lg ^}!-o
Etzl "J+.) B. r(u): (i. #)(,.;)
B. /(x) :.r3(-r * 3) 9, ,f(x) -
3xz ! x3
x

313/2 + rs/z
10. G(q) : 11 + q-')' 11' G(r) -
: 2w2-w*4
12. Plw)
fr C
x*- x
13. y : t)cz + tsxql ql6ll dyldxg+ dyldt? +EI+.

E. f(x):(1 27. .JHI4oJ 1x;]. +a.}B+e.l EEil= trt++ rJ+.

-r')9 Eq++E + Tlzl %IHsE +
+ 2x2)(x
6f4. + Be #E +^lg oJ$ap.'J fl+ #c¤ flzl P(r) : anxn I an-txn-r + "' + azxz * atx * ao

+qrJEi. + Elol oJ^l?'l+7|? {zlrJ a,*0o14. Pel rrl-ag +6l.+.

ls-16 #sl +{g ^ls"6l{ +S'J+E
EBJ+E- +6}E+. ffi ze. f(x) - 5x3 + 3ql 4611 .f'(-r)E +6I+. fq f'E J
=3x15

15. /(x) : (3x2 - 5x)x2 4EE ulnap, :.4sE. ol$afl,tl r E-ol7l 4Er6J ol
fi¤ ¤H6I+.
16,y-(:4x2+3Xzx+5)
ffizg. (a) ** f(r) : xo - 3x' - 6xz * 7x * lOg Ezls+H
q+ EI+el EEi+E [-3, 5] x [-10, 50]-o e r*l+.
17-18 +{g
+e] +6l.+.
(b) (a)9 r4sE ol$-oll.rl tl&tl?
^l-So.lq
3-2t +c6E, +sE"f'
17.y=;h r\' :
18. atr)
5r+1 el r4s5 4%16l tdt{z.z¤E qlztl 1 +a).

-
 2.3 nlE 84 'a27

(c),f'(x)E 4l4}Eir ol trf,{¤ ol+611^J rq4. 40. /(5) : l, /'(5) : 6, g(5) - -3, g,(5) : 2e| z|{a}z}.
"f'g 11-

G)q^"]9 :rH4 ulzalz|. +g +6t+.

2x (.fs)'(5) (b) (flil'$)
(a) (c) (g//)'(s)
30. +d t: -:l;
r+l +lE E (1, t)ql^J dCe1 rt'-4^lg +6I
a1. f(x) : tE g\)oll 9(4) : 8, g'(4): 7"J trlJ,,f'(4)= +
4
614
31-32 +q4l dql^J trl-+ +dql q+ dd "l Hdq %'-4^l
g +61+. 42. f q +g r{=E r*= E4"14.
s7I ol4e+
u(x) : f(*)g(*), a(x) : f (*)/s(x)4 g
3I,y:x*yG, (1,2) y: *=,
32. "
3x
(r,l) "I 4¤¤ +6|+.
l*5x' (a) u'(l) (b) u'(4)

v
33. (a) 4d y : r/(r + ,')9 olLll^Iel ElLl+_r- ++. d
\ :/ /
(-t,l)ql^J "l +dql q.J ddel \L'-d^lg +61+.
\ g
ffi (b) (a)9 +dlt dde +g+ ETlslHql :244. I
I

34-3s trl-* Et+E lfll Et}+, 241 EEL+= +6I+. 0 I ,t

3a. /(x) : 0.001xs - 0.02x3

43. szl ul+zl-E" + qI+.J trll, r++ 4 el+sl EE++ql ql+
35./(x): t+Zx
x2 sE4g +6I+.
y: xs(x) :* @
(a)
glx) (.) y: x
(b) y

ffi 36. f (*) : 2x - 5x'/o 4 t4l, 241EEJ+E +6f4 f, f f'4 ' , 44. +d y: x3 * 3x2 - 9r * 10qJ ilJ +¤ddg += dE
r4lsE Hlrs]l^l Bol 4E-El¤ +"J6I+. ¤ +6[4.
37. .Jzt9 +E%I4^13 s: t3-3tol4. {zl,rJ s9 Eg{i. 4s. +d !:6x3 * 5-r - 3+ 7l&7lz| aoJ ddg ,*xl t**9
moltr ,el ++l= aol+. trq+.
(a) 4Ee| 7l+EE fel :
'J+E +61+. 46. +d y: x3 - 3x2 + 3x - 3oll d6lr. zJd S, - y l5oJl
$) 2a +q 7l+E= +6-1+. + zlde.l ,JC4lg +6I+.
EBuJ
(c) +EzI0"J trll zl+EE +61+.
47. 4d 2x+y:1ql BB+ 4d y : JiE HdE %r-C^l
38. g
^}$tr'-zl¤g Ard "J4azt{! Eg\rockfish)el
zjol r g +6t4.
E EBg 3z| rla;41
48. ¤ (0, -4)= xl+= sEd y: *'4 dCol F zl]oJg _p
L: 0.0390A3 - O.g45A2 + 10.03A + 3.07 ol=:tflE= r44. ol + ddol sEC4 "J+= EE
E 4ltl1H4. +, rel ++l= qlilolr A.el ++l= uJ"14. g +6I+.
dL 49. qE a4 b#"ll 4dl ,: 2oll^l 4ttU * y: e7t sE-rd
dA A y: o*ql ddl-=71?
+61-1 9"lE ¤86}4. s0. u]49- "J+6[= 2z[ Qa;q-a PE +6]+.
=
3e. -H_oJe.l H4g oJ¤+ tl4ltl .J+¤ rll, zl^,llg
"Jqql^-l P(2) : 5, P'(21:3, P"(25:2
Sq p= +!l yql HlHlellot= Ag ¤H6Ir gl+. 51. d (-2, 6)+ (2, 0)ql^J +¤ddg +* lJ.i}++ !: ax3
(a) ZS"Cql^J Pulzl 0.106 *,oJ +zl9 E-Bol 50 kpaoJ
+ bxz * cx * d= +6I+.
q, sq PE EL+E +tr] yE +4r}l+.
s2. ol E4ql^J= + Bqql^J ,H.J + *"J9 6zt
(b) P : 50 kPaoJ ti dvldP! +BI+ ol E*+= +H =E+E
g eltrl6l+7l? Eql r ++l= *H.t-lzl.? gg 4l+I+trt. 2otsLJoll "l zlqel .J+= l07,350gol
S.1, I'Jql E 1,e60H4 +7IlR+. Bt fl +"Jg ttl*
128 art
LO4EI
E6l---\

B+4s-tr. ,ll'J E 2,2509814 ?zt,S.

6O,22OaqJ4H.i1 (c) (b)E ol$-rfl,rl y: (*o + 3x3 * lzx + 82)39 rrl$6t4.
4. rol* d+ Es+tl E 1,8108q"= ErJ ^Jslq-= a ss. +el +^lql 4'J +Eg F:fls! ull r'(*)z} +{oJ+=
ol+.) EE +44 ol cEE 0l+611^1 20l5Hql ol zlg
7I4g 6IE flrll g + 9l+./: Fs4 4zt. +fl +4lg
.11^lE z}|oJ 5= +"Jel +zl-Sg +C6l.4. +E +^lql^t olgolf,! ulgo[-L, r'ql 4+ A4 HJC^]9 84.
E ?+ qI9 fl"lE ¤E6l+.
x2+l -r(l ql ql6ll
s3. 71.tr Ftst g.Aql 4t "lzig4r--B¤l %I4^luichaelis- 56. /(x) =
x* 1 x>l /= lql^l trlE7l+:qf7}?
Menten Equation)$ /e}/'el r4eE rEJE.
0.14[s]
u:og15a[s] 57. (a) *f : l*'- el= olQ xfioll .l16fl trlgzp"6
/(x)
7fi f'ql'I+ +{g +6I+.
ol+. +, uE ea9 HI+Eolr tsl= zld Sel L"Eol4. (b)/e+/'E r4EE:1Bl+.
duldlslp +6Ia fl"lE ";.o1-z1.
sB. rt*::f
- J\/
*' x<2
54. E+E|E;iel 84 BE +4e ^ll
6J+el *|sE +tig + lmx+b x)Z
1Itr}. jtE *ql^l uJ$ zl-=-o alE$ m* b¤ +E.It+.
"J rll /zI
(a) *9 +^lg + H ol$all,<l f, s, hzl ul$zft.ol{ trl se. c > lg Ell d (0, c)E xl44 EEd y:r'oll +zl"J zl
+ol cBqlg Bq+.
de H 4lql7t? . < ,!"J rlli ttrzt?
(fsh)':fbh+fs'h*fsh'
^
1000
,-
-.'g 1

(b) (a)oll.<l f : s: ftoJ ull ffiol ^dflq+g Hq+. 60. tim

x+l -r-1 414I6t4.

fivon'
: ttrb)l'r'(*)

2.4 I s+t+q E:*+

ar-4--J+ g+= += 80il Llel"?lrl. ol eg .<l4rafzlql g-^J +r+e.+= ffia3 gszl- gl¤. aoltrt. .q _tr- ¤+
,oll 46]] 6Jf /(x) : sinx$ fl-u$ ull, sinxt 4{oJgE 448 4,
{el!-
E ^t.J $*6|9 9"]*4. r4I tl-= +46J+E cos, tan, csc, sec, cotoll Qlafi
EoJ6l4l +l#e+. 1.8¤"11^J E= +r+++= 4qqE E= +"ll^l fl+"J
^JE
o ol-olrl .
= E
^A--1

r g4-Et+ol Ed+
:
Et# /(;r) sinxel l;ll-EE rfl+. .f'(x)E ^Iql+dql 4+ dd9 zl¤-7lE 6]]
4B}]il "f'E r4E= rfl+E /',e-l +de- ufil srfoJ+d4 gzl6l-t a,r-lH B
"J 4"14(rH I er-a).
olzll /(x): sinxolE f'@): cosr?+s ++¤. q.oJ6H trzl-.EEI+E 4elql
elofl r-L-e-q E-+.
 2.4 Af4:Ef+"| E--J+ "l29

y =.f(x): sin.r

0 7f
7f Trx
2

v
v: f'(x)

0 {
i
-rEl I
JEI

f'(*): "f(x+h)-f(x)
;T} h

: sin(x + h) - sin x
lim
h--->0 h

lim
sin x cos ft * cos.r sin h - sin x (^|"Jql q6J 'td*tl¤ "l*
h+O h a|{, 5-5. B +a)

:li*[ sin x cos l, - sin x cos -r sin ft I

+_l
l,-0 L h h_l
: ls
[**. (q-t) *
"",, (Y)]
1 : lim sinx. lim
cosh - I* Hm cos.r. lim
sinft
h-+O /r+0 h h---+O h--+O h

ol ql ++ + F zI]E 4l+61-zl flr}. h + 0.J ++g 4l4I6J 4l- rg tI+E d

zJalzl qlEq q+g E-+
Jim^ sin -r : sin.tr, lim cos "tr : cos x
h---+O

ol ¤q +HI+ql^J rl+g +E'J 4o14.

limsinft
. :1.
h+oh'h+oh
cosft -
lim#:0 1

olzll olfl +*g +4 trql ql"J6l-H +¤¤ g-+.

cos4- 1 sinft
f'(x): /r+0
limsinx.lim
h---+o h
* limcos-r.lim
- --
h
';0
: (sin-{)'0 * (cosr) . I : cosx '-*0

oleal EEt+ql 4+ ++ +49 +E*rl-

^loJ6J+E
130 2g E_-J+

d :
2 . (sin x)
dx
cos .r

(qlll 1 Dy :x2sinxE trlBdl-+.

ats.J qlll l"l -Er+q rag E--J+ql

2E Eil *e +44 +4 trE 4+6tH +# e.+
rills= Eq E+. l;71 +BENE'J71
trJ 6lE y'= ogoll +sl"lxl dy : ^d d,.(x')
d*-
*' d*
(sin x) t sin x
fi
5
:.r2cos x*Zxsinx

\rl' v y

V
-4 4
+4 Eq +E4 rJe,JH_o_E +¤+ +HB + ?l+.

\\ d
-5 E (cos x) : -sln "r
,)
;
-lal
JAL

+4lEH-+= E++el 4EE oJ$a]lxl "lEts + gls+, +E +414-+4 2

e+ trg ol+6IE + q flq

fitunr):*(r:=)
cos.r
fttrr.r) - sinx
frbor*)
cos'x

cos ,r ' cos x - sin x (-sin x)

cos'x

cos'x * sin2x
cos'x

1, : Secrjr (cosrr + sinr.r : I)

COS-,Y

4
fi wrx) : sec'x

4"lxl +L4EI+= csc, sec, cotoll ql+ EEL+ q^l +fl +^lg ol$ol,! flzll
Eg + glrHE++^l\ 12, 13 +a). +Lr+,J+ql qEL olts +49 4" B6IH tL+
Esl rJrI. x9 tslTl +q$"Jg zl$alx[.
 2.4 Ar-4-J+el _=-=r# 1 31

$z]El4elE-#
d d
, (sin x) : cos x (csc r) : -csc x cot x 0l tr= gtr{Hfl coTl *oll ot- -.l-f(co-
dx ; sine, cosecant, cotangent)= E-El+7|" s
d
: d H=e
Ol l--= ?l-i1 loo ..\ Olr[
ol- -T-
, (cos x) -srn x (sec x) : sec r tan x -l
,(!
O
MD= lALl .

*
=
dx
dr d
\tan x) : sec'x (rotx) : -csc2x
6 *

(q4 2D f@)=ffifuE "lEol-+

qtr xgt ql6l] /el :zllsz| +¤ddg r*
Ltl)
L'll

Eil +e +4g ol+6lE ++g E=+

(1 + tan f *(secx) - sec .*(l + tanx)
f'(x) : (l * tan x)2

(1 + tan x) sec x tan.{ - sec x . sec'x

(1 + tan.r)2

_ secx(tanx * tan2x - sech) 3

(1 * tan x)2

_ sec.r (tan.r - 1)
(seczx: tanzx * l) _T
(1 + tan x)2 a-

Ir
L'il

/el r{EE.f'(.r):09 tli +E ddg r*++. sec.rk Ea ool =lxl geuE

tan.E: 19 trll f'(x): O"Jg "J + 9Il, ol4g 4+
"gl 4a]] x: rrf4 + nzroJ 4i
I -3
{BrttrHrfl 3 aral. I fal 3 qlfl 201 +EEd

d:46J:+- 7W 441 ¤tlg EB+6I- ql ir}*, Bq+

^F+g+. =-..1 4lE,
E4 az14q] oJHsE H6I= +- "#E=g +r-4*+E ol+Bl] E^l-E + glrl- rl
g qlxllql^l ++6J aEI+FE d+E +irlEx|.

(qrll 3l) +4 ¤+E Eql il= Ei]E ¤E+lzlql^J 4 cm golgrflxl tlzq t:0
ql^J +.+r 6IE(fH 4ql^J of4 tjJ,Jol oJsl %IoJol+),
^l4,oll^J ++ee] +lil -4
+ trr*+ ?Jtr|. 0

s :"f(r) : 4 cos / 4

xl1 tql^J +Eel zL4rE +61-r, olag ol-gall.<-l EillE +# 8il46}4 s

f.al 4
Efl *s9+ zl4sts +¤-4 *q.
dsdd : -4 sin r
,: (4cos t):4;(cos r)
i: A
132 2g E_-J+

U
a : dudd (-4 sin t) : -4; (ri, r) : -4 cos t
4 ,f
fi: ;
Eill= 7l-+ *+ glrl(s
- 4 cm)EPH zt6t +g +lil(s: -4 cm)nlxl 4lEod4
0 2nt 41+e.1 fzl* cos rE fzlql 2Trol4.
+qg lrl:41 sinrl"Jrll, ola$. lsinrl : f
r:OoJ *}] altllol+. tt|+^l
L cos

-+ Ezll= fAq BBflzl(s: 0)E 4H. trl] ,i1r- EE +zl"J+. sin r : 0, + 4rd+
alzldql^l +q+ 0olr+.
-ral
JE
tr
\,
s: 0ollrl 7l+E= a=-4cosr:0oltrl. 4I.E+ alzldql^l TltI
=
a7l(4E
{t)el zl+EE r*=+(rH s +a). I
( qU 4 D .os x4 27Al E++E +oi+

Eil /trl : cosrg EBJ*# +gd]] trE ++4 Aq

f '(*) : -sin -r
f "(*) : -cos "tr

f"'(*) : sin x

|t+t(x): cos 'r

olE trilEJ= *0ial, f 6)(*) : -sin x

ol EEI+ES
'Jol7l-
4"J +7lE ++6Ir, 561 l?ol 4el HH+g trl] "f'(x):cosrol
r+. r+lE_tr- +Sg g=+.
trz+t(x)
: cos.r

^.ll
H rl olEal$ +gg e=+.
ytzt)(x): sinr I

r F Tllel
=E!Etg4-d+sl =El
D
^l-"J6J+ql
4t "]ts +4g +E6lb ql + ,llE SEEL +qlg ol+*,tri. ol4l

+E6ixl.
B

5 lim _:
sin 0
1
1 E o+o 0

0 HzJ 0 <0 <rrl\4a- 6IzI. rqI. rH 6ql^ls+'Jol +c"l O, +=c4ol

o
CA =B
0, +xl+ 1.J +4lgg BC= oAql 4n6lE+ rq#.+. 4q.J +E
^g4}.lzl-.
feJ 6 e-l 4Eql el"l] ffi : gol+. EoJ I BCI: loBlsin 0 : sin 0oltrl. rH oE+q
 2.4 #4*Er+sl -r.-erf 133

E + ei+.
lrcl <larl.ffi-
B
q+^J rig-"1 ^J B{}+ E

sin 0 A
sin0(0, -
^/1 |
0
-'\
Ae+Bql^19ddol _E+Eql^l Eit+r 6l.xl-. rqE:rH zglrJ flE?il= Ed+
,+¤E AolH+ 4-q-g .J + 9|-r., TE < lasl + lnnlol+. q+^J trl-gr+ ,Jr+. -tE'l
JE'
-?

o: G < lasl + lrrl

<leel + lral
:l,qnl :loAltano
: tan0
q4^J +¤+ e=+.

sin 0
0<_cos 6

sin 0
7-
--'t cos0<-<1
0

lim _-
sin 6
I (0<0<n/Z)
o--+0+ 0

rfl+ Et-f (sin 0)l0tl +B'J+olFe fl{o-34- ++q}$. ,J.}"F"J ++

trI+^l tri¤¤ e=+

lim _:
sin 0
I
0+0 0

l4 = + al EzL +E*trt.
*ql^Jel +ELC
^f.JEr-+ql
** 4"14. q+E .E+ ++e a^Iql
g EaJ6l-I =tr6J
?l+.

lim _: -
cosd I
6 0
0--+0 0

*4zl- olul oj_:z 9l- ++g ^l-++ + ?l- ¤4E +qd ++E H¤61
=B
7l +1611 EEel tsz}9l cos o + 19 #++.
134 28 -E-cf+

Iim
coso - I lim
/ cos0 -
I
1 . cosO + 1
lim -
cos20 1

o+o 0 o+o \ e cose + I dro 0(cos0 * l)

-: lim -
o ,o 0(cos0
sin20
+ l)
: -lim
o 'o (+
: -lim sin 0 sin 0
'#h)
-

g+0 - 0 'lim
0-0COSfl+l

:-, (+) :o (^t Elql E61i)

tr

(qxll sD
]rgg Yt+61+
Eq| ^l tr= 4+6171 +16l] +qa 6J+ql 7¤: E-61-r. ++q ++4 zJol HEEL4.

sin 7x _t _ 7 / sin 7x\I

sin7 x * 7 sin.r oJE BddlIl.
4x -- 4\ Jx I
olzll 0 :7xE-+gfl x--+0'J *l 0--+Solt:-8,41 Eql elal ulgg e=+.

sinTx 1 /sin7x\
lim_:_liml_l
x-o 4x 4x-o\ Jx /
7
:-lim sin0:-'.1:-
7 7
n
{e*o 0 4 4

(i qq 6D
}g1
x cot x$ +dp4

Etr[ EzIe+ EE= r.g Llb+.

J
lim x cot -r : Iim
COS .X

x+0 x-0 Sln "r

lim cos x
cos -r x+0
: lim sln x
x+0 Sln -tr lim
x+0 x
x
cos 0
(3^l-o.l¤:+E E+^J4-^l Elql E6ll)
1

:1 tr

(qq7D;1i#s+6l+
Eq tre+ Eg ol$afzJ +lEl] +Es+ Ezl-= 0E +b+.
^l
 2.4 g4Et+sl _E-Bf+ 135

cos0 - I

lim _: -
coso I lim
0
o*o sin 0 o-o sin 6
0

coso - I
lim _
0---+0 0 0
sin 0
--:0
I
Iim
0-0 0
-

2.4 I g+Er1

1-11 q¤. {$ "ltsr}4. : tanx - 1

- f(x):3sinx-Zcos-r
1. 2, y: xz * cotx
f(x) sec ir

3. h(0) : 02 sin 0 4.y:sec0tan0 (b) /(x)E sin xe| cos x-E- ++4r f'@)E +61-+.
(c) (a)4 o)7I +** -H-q4.
G): (0 - cos 0) sin 0 6. H(t): cos',
5. f
sin 0 20. /(x) : r * 2 sinxel r4sql^l +Bddg ,*= ,E 619
7. fG\: 8. '.., :
)c

*
I cos0 2 - tanx +6I+.
g. f(*): I * secru I0. "v
rsint 21. S$pql "|]Efl ExllTI Eflrzz,l+ +EH(fH +a)ql^l
I - seca/ l+t
+¤.otr drE"++. ol ¤¤%14^19 "r(O :8sin/olr+. ol
11. /(0) : 0 cos 0 sin 0 oll r9 +flE aoll rel t+l= cmol4.

(a) rl4 /ql^J +Ee+ 7l^a__EE +6I+.

,r. .r) : -csc x cot.rfl9 +EaI+. (b) t:2rrl34l^l EAlel +lile}gr, zlgrg.7r1
*(csc ^14
4. -z ^l4ql Eill= olF %la;s-tr $zlolizp
,r. x) : -csc'x"Jg +H61el.
*(cot
14-rs +qC dq^j +dql ql+ ddq ,J{^lg +"14. ¤B+lil
14. y : sinx * cosx, (0, 1)

15. y : .tr * tan.r, (n, n)

0 xx

16. (a) 4 Orl2, ?')ql^J 4d y:2-rsin.roll !]+ ddel %l-C 22. z)ap| 6 moJ rl-4421-+4qq1 Tlqq fl+. 0E
^Itrl.;]
49 +61-+. I +qrle+ H"l "l.f b 4ol4l 6t_r., "r= rl_449 "l
ffi (b) +d+ :lAe-l ddg +g+ ETls+Hql -zeJ,tJ (a) 4 gql^J HzlxlE 4E)+ 6.lz}. ^Itrt4g "t4 E"ol qe
E ¤E6I+. E+E "lz.+Je 4A e: rrlj! trll ftql 4t "r9 +rJH
Fl¤¤ +6I+.
17. (a) f(x): sec.r-*"J 4l "f'(x)E+61-+.
ffi (b) lxl < nlz"J ++ql^'l /eI /'E re|]s= :rl,tl (a) 23-30 q-g- +6Jg +6t+.
ql^-l +'J B"l 4Bai4E 49 +.J6I+. sin 5-r sin 3r
23. lim 24. Iim
,r+o 3x 1+o sin f
rs. s(e) :
sin e
g'(0)4 s"(o)= +6I+.
?"J 41,
25. lim
sinx - sinJCos-tr
26. lim _tan2x
le. (a) +E +4¤" ol$all,rl q+'J+= trlB6l+. ;=0 x, x+0 X
136 28 _E-BF+

sin 3-r sin 0

27. lim-------'--
*-o 5x'
28. lim
o-o 0 * tan0 (c)sinx*cos*:1*cotx
- 4x csc _r

coso-l
29. lim ---'----------:- 30.x-r/4
lim
I- tanx
34. ot4 rHg +d4 oql qls" 6l-b zjol soJ gEe+ z)al d
0--0 2e' - sin x - cos x
"J ¤g r+4U4.
3t. il¤. H z]]9 EEL+e+El "J4El uIHg +ot trl-S E+ s

+= +6t4.
lim
0*0+ i
E +614.
dee
rqq sln x
(r
l'
ax"

32. aJ+y:A sin x *

x7l "iEHlC4l y" +y'B cos -2y:stnx
E IrJ+6IE+ 4r-+ A, BE +61+.

33. q+ +4 +^lg lrlE4^l ,q.E¤{E= olul oJr. glLJ

.]=,{l
O --1
o il-o
,(-1r =L
=.

(a) tan x:
sin x
(b)secx:- I
cos -r cos .r
-

2.s I E^llEEl

+f,- EL+= "l+6lrl eL+I zt46}xl-.

F(*):,F+ t

"l {+ql *ql^i ul{* "lE +^leE= F'(r)E +6J + H.+.

-Er.d -sr-+E I . 3 tr= trrr.-drf . ExJ r- 6JC$+oJ¤ "JoloF ++. dxllE y : f(u) :,fr , u : s(x) : xz + |
E -.'9H, 1t: F(x): f(s(*)), + F :.f " ge + + 91tr1. f4 gE "l+a.I- oJE
g Er 9lo FE, f 4 s4 E6J+= ol+ql^l F: f " s= I=lE6-l"='JHg. gEl+
}. Bzl"l #n"¤ 4.o14.

r EA]IEEI
6JC++ f " s4 EEI+= /4 g9 E+l+Eel +4 A+- rl¤"1 *HS{. ol
zlel +,qqi A +E 6I+E, ol{.g fl$H+l(chain rule)ol
^l-dg "18 +^lql^J
4i1 6Jtr1. 841H4* s.gt45 HE++E "l]^j6l-- 4+.ll q g olqlq. 4 *
4. duldx* roll ql6J uel {ffi, dylduY a"ll 4'JyE HEI¤, dyldxY xoll ql
tr y9 HF+ge ^J46Izl. r,r} xE4 2ull uulEzil E6l-4, yE aE4 3u1l uuitr-4| E
++E, yi. xE4 6E]] uBle4l E6l-= d"l 4REt 4.o14. ,t[+^l t]f-$ ,Jol 9l
4r-6J + 9l+.
dy dy du
dx du dx
 2.5 EAHEEI .,137

EfllEEl szi.rglrl ul$zl-r.o ap. ftl sk)41^J trl+7J+:a|fl r(x) : /(s(r))E 4

EqE +^dEI+ F : f o oE rql,<1 ul-$zl^falr. F,$ rls-=4 rJ+ +sE +qd
+
I F'(*) :f'(s(*))'g'(x)
olg elolsu.li zlss +E+4H., y:/(u)4 u: g(x)tt E+ ul$zlft.oJ e-+g
ull ffiol ¤B+tr}

dy dy du
2
dx du dx

dyldue+ duldxzl ?Izl qlgql

*"14E du! 4zl6J # tr= zlSalzl fl+.
^l
rElLt duY ol-zl 494x1 ?*g}l., ¤xllE duldxY d¤zloJ +sE ^J4g+ H
+q +"el6l]"t +tr}.

gliilElElsl ElFd ¤E x9 EE** A"r.ll ql+61+ ael E+%hg trl-q=4 A rilg4 -r.zlEal
=B0ll
oJ Auap 6rxl-.
EIllEEl=xl.o.+ AtaJ=
Lu:g(x+Ax)-g(x) aiSa.!=sl +-+rl.=^lalzr
:allzJl(James
Gregory, 1638-1675)0|tr[. :E IEZI

r+lfl "loll 4s" flt ysl Ep++s q+4 +q. d84?l HJ^l"JflrJ= xl= r?l6l7lE
-d+. rallrzl= +EJrl- aP /.l7l01l El

Ay:f(u+Lu)-f(u) 4E+sl :lE zt|LIE E'AqI+. :E r1l

?.!Eo.! E + tH -+E= 4 0l l=Hl zl c[| -qtl
^l
raJLf g Ll + 36^lle.l
"|4rl rl*4
z;-ol 4r-irt dtrI. -il+tr ri|El:#tr|..
LlOl-+ ,\l"Jg.Hrl-.

dv Ay
-L:
dX
lim
Ax->0 Ax

Av L,u
E lim r ._
Ax-o Aa Ax
Av
: Iim *' lim
L,U
Ax-O Aa Ax+O Ax

: lim Av lim
L,u (az| fl4o1P + Ar+0olE
L,u-o L,u A-r-0 A-f Aa --+ 0)

dy du
du dx
ole+ ag tsEl"ll^J +g'J s+= a+a^lE)ol g^86J
4l Eql^-l a,u:O(ar + 0oJ
+ 3l+= 4oll, EE o.o + 'l-E +E H,4. :_HqlE E+6I1, ol +E 3 4qE E
4l$4"l gtrl= Ag *^l++. fl4lflzle] SdrJ +E.$ ol ¤E Eql il+. r
lloll4! |D 6J+ F(x) : ,/;, + tg ,ll F,(x)E +6I+.
Etr (+^l tr¤- ol+d%IB): ol ¤E *"il^J ffu): J;qsG):r, + rql q1aH
138 28 E-Er'+

FE r(x) : (.f " s)(*) : f(s(*))e LfElH.+.

f'(u) : lu-r/z : ^l g'(x) : 2x

='
Zr/u
rflE-E trl+g ts=+.
F'(*):f'(s(*))"s'(x)
I
Z"Fi -4 ,F + t - .1*: )c

Effi (+41 trlE ol+* %r$l: u: x'r y : ,fr+t 6tH trl+¤ g=+. 1,

du:+(2r):+(2x):
du dx zrfi '-"' 1lEz + | '-'' +
F'(.r) -dY tr
JFll
+41 trI= ol+a}-
4* dyldxY yE x9 6J+E ^J4g 4l yg E6J+E +4
Hg HC4oF ++. (roll 4* y9 E+++ +E+.) *4 aylauE yE u9 e|*
-e ^J4oJ 4l y9 EEI¤ +4U+. (rz.ll 4* yE E,*+oltri.) q- Eq qlxll 1

.llrj yErg Et#( y:,fx, + t)oll, Eelug 6Jf (y: $)olr+.,rt{^l +*

g e=+
dyxdyl
LaF'lXl:-
dx du r \vst
,F' -:f'|Ul:- Z,J-u

NorE g4H4g ql +ql^l ?lsE 4l+++. +4 trg E+EL+/t4+*

^FL"oJ
f g(r).llrllE "lE* EI+ Lll+E|+sl EEJ+E ++Ig "J611 =+
d
d. f (s(r)) f' (s(r))
\-+
g'(x)
el+t++ 4+q++ql^] el+i++E 4+6J+.il^l r.ll+6J+E
4]4I¤ EQ}+ 4l+IB E 6L^
.!EJ

{lqlxll }[ r1-e--e- trlg6]+.

(a) y: sin(x2) (b)y: sin2-r

EqI
(a) y: E+-J++ r|"J'Jfolil 4+++= 4l=.,Bfol+. trl+^l E4l
sin(.r2)olE
Hzlql E61] ++g e=q.
dY : d sin (*') : cos (r') - zx
dx dx \=--r sy-
el.r+++ ,}|}..Jf"lld el+oJ+_",] $]i,i'-l-+ql^l {-?*fql
4l+fi;1 j._t++ 4llLE 1;'J+
: Z)c cos(x2)

(b) sin2-r - (sinx)2olsE q+EI++ 4l#o4olI u119.343

^I"J++oltrI.
trI+^l
++3 Ek+.
 2.5 E^llE4l 139

dvd (sin x)'

dx -dx '. 2 (sin x) cos _r
++ L--

4+El+ el+++E LI+q++"tl^J 4+cI+el

Eql+ 4l,tlE E6]-^

R+ (ullr+*4lgE .JBjtl dlr+++ .JF4lql E6]]) Zsinx cosr Ei sin 2xol4. r Err. qlolrl zLl += B da

qlxll 2(a)oll^l Eltsd}- Hzlr+ ¤4lHzlg +d^l#.4. gHI4sE

^I"J++E
r; : sin aoll utl x4
"l$zl#* aJfolfl, ts4llfl4q qq q*Sg E-tr}.
dy:dy du: du
cosu
dx du dx *
d,.(stn , : dtt
ul cos ,,
-dx' -dx
a+ ,JH o-tr += +4'J+E "l+.il ** e= +^l# E41H44 *flxl
s+ el+
9*Elf /zl- 4Exll#E|#tl 5tr+ A+ql 'IqL E4E4g "JEq ExL.
y: [g(x)]'ol4l d]H, a: g(x)oll 4dl y :f(u): u'oE + + ?l+. olxll ¤
4l$zlr+ fl$xll#9 +{g zl+6IH ++ ¤+= B=4.
q-: dY du : lL :
dx du dx
n11n-,
dx ilg1)),-rg,(*)
'-Lv

4
e+ ql 4*ol ^dB++.
d (un .du
|- nlr'''
-dx' -dx

*L rnraln : n[g(*)]"-' - s'(x)

qlxll lql^-lel EEr+b +41 Eollrl n : lg +16l]^.1 4l&g +E gl+.

(qH 3Dy : (x3- l;toog
"l$al-4.

Eil +41 Eql.rJ n: 100, u: s(x) : x3 - tol+r 6}zl- rBlE trl-¤¤ E*+.
+: l)roo : !G'
dfi 4G'
dx ' - - l)rr
dx'-- -
t)
1oo(x3
' -/

: 100(x3 - l)rr . 3x2 : 300x2(x3 - l)rs

(qH 4|) /(,): .J trll +6t+

x z+x+l "f'(x)E
140 2g E_-J+

Etr[ H4/E q+4 zJol H¤t4.

,f(r):(*'+x+l)-u3
rqts ++g e=+.
f'(*): -LG' t x r l)-.a1t
' !k' dx'
+ x + l)

:-ik'*x*\-4r3(zx+l)

(qH s11.J+ g(t):(#)'e os+E+61+

Efl zj=xtl#el {t^J, E4lflzl "t +E +49 E+ 4eo6IH +¤¤ ts=+.

s,(t):r(#)'*(#)
:r(#) r (2t + 1)
(2t
. | - 2(t - 2)
+ t)z
45(t
(2t
-
+
2)g
I)to

(o{l4l 6|) y:(2x+ t}5G - r+ 1)a$"lBat4,

Eil tr4]Hzlg ol$alzJ dql trzl Eel +^lg "l*olloh.J+.

qlrll 6el :-J# yei y'9 rallgzl :aJ loll dv .- d
#:
d
(2x + tlt (r' - x * l)a * (x' - x * (2x + l)s
+olrl o^)cl.yll uufezll rll y'9 a
=71.-g :0"J0ll
il L)o
d*t
a, +Btrd= 7lE tt}| y'
y7l F
E6l^l-. 4al'Al 'J4e E= =Jg +.-|-61-rl. : (2x+ 1)' . 4(*'- r * i' +(r'
ax - x + l)
* (r' - x * t)a.5(2x+ 1)o
ftO* * ,l
10

AI
v'

-- 4(2x + 1)5(x3 - x* 1)3(3.12 - 1) + 5(r' - x + r)4(2x + l)a '2

-2
4 a}=ol +Fe+ 2(2x + l)o(t' - x * l)39 zlxll. 9l+.I +el6}l, ol4g 'J++
v
I\I -10
6116}ts e=+.
fal dy :2(2x+l)o(x'-x*
1
1)3(17,13 +6x2-9x+3) r
dx

E r+E E¤g +71-6Iq ,J?ll .l-H 'E4lH4'"14b ol+ol EEEll4ltr+.

^l+3
g, y :f(u), u: g(x), x: h(04r alx|.r.ll 4*y
"J$zl-brt EL+,f, hql 4dl
^ls"B + 91trI.
el EEI+E 4l+16l-71 +16ll E4llH4g + H

dy dy dx dy du dx
dt dx dt du dx dt
 2.5 E+l|E?sl "14"1

(qU 7D f@ - sin(cos(tanx))"J
'll fl4B4g + tr ^l-+61-E
trl-*¤. E=+.

f '(*): cos(cos(tan x))

f ,o*(tun ,)

: cos(cos(tan x)) [- sin(tan n] *(tan x)

: -cos(cos(tan x)) sin(tan x) sec2x

E4lH4g F H ^l-S,I+

{q4 8D Y: /t*"r'9 "l$a}4.

Eq qzl.<l g-79,n3 xllE?El+o]I, +rJ ++= 4+++=

^lflEF++olq, ^ll
xll#++oltrt. IrI+^l I]IEEIE'l-gg H=trI.

+:+
dx ZJsec x3 dx
d (r..-.,)
'

:+ sec x3 tan x3 L (*'\

Zaf sec x3 dx '
3xz secx3 tan x3
+[" tr
L\/ SeC X'

r E4[EIEIgI UE
=B
y : f(x)olt- xtl aolJrl a + L,xttlzl EE 4l y9 +Bg trls= rl ,Jol 49fl+3 tl-
zJrlxf.
Ay:f(a+A,x)-f(a)
EEL+E 4elql q-+ q=+g ts-+.

lim - !-
Av
: f'(a)
Ax-o Ax

trl{^J e9 AylAxs+,f '(o)9 z]-+H rl+¤ E=+.

lim
A.r+0
e: lim
A-x+0 (* - r'(o)) :r'*, - r'(o): o

r4+ 4*ol ^dH++.

a _Ay_ f'(o) + Ay:f'(a)Ax*eAx
L,x

Ax: 0"J trll e9 0ol+ {elal-H g+. q+^J ultsz|b$

"9 Ar9 ¤4Et#zl Er
+/ql q6l] +s=4 trol ¤ + gl+.
142 28 E--J+

5 Ay: f'(o) Ax * eAx (Ax--+0.J tr]] e-0)

Eg AxE E4*#o14. "l$7l-b+'J+e-l ol deg ol+6ll^J E4llflzlg +E
g+ el+.
E+llHalel u:s(x)7} aollrJ ul$zli.ap y:f(u)tl b: g(a)9lal "lEzl-
=B
+6}qr 6}zl-. Lxtl x9 ao
EolI. Ar,rel Ntl olql {+alb ,4 yE ++ol+ 6l-
H, trE ol$aN.rJ rls=rl- rJol ¤+ 9t+.
^l
tr L,u : g'(a) L,x * e1 Ax : lg'@) * e1] Ax

¤zlrJ Ax + 0"J oll rr + 0oltt. +g BIB o -+ +s= rI zJ"l ¤, + gtt}.

7 Ay : f '(b) L,u t ez Lu : lf '@) t e2f L,u

4z]r] L,u+0"J ull Ez+ 0ol+.^l Eq Aa$4l Eql 4.J6lE q+g E=tr}.
Ay : lf'@) + ezllg'fu) * e1l A.r

trI+^J #: U,(b) + ",1 ls,@) * erl

Ax + 0olH E.il e-l6ll a# -+ 0ol g+. :.els e ax -+ 0olH 4# E-+.

^l
:
*:#ry, # #ry, lf'(b) + ezl ls'@) + ",1
: f '{b) g'(a) : f '(g(o)) g'(o)
olfl.o-tr g4lBzlol +Hfl+. r

2.s I E+=ril

t-r !|'!g-ag /(g(r))9 BqlB 4!+. t!l+E+= u: s(x), 10. F(x) : (4x + 5)3(.12 - 2x + 5)o

E+E++= y : f(u)4 ++.1 rqa E++ dyldx? +'I+. 11. h(t) : (t * 112/3(2t2 - 1)'
l. 3l : (5 - ,o)' 2. y: sin(cosx)
: /*,, 12. v: x*l
v
13.s(u):(#)-
3. v
(r'- t)'
4-24 trl+ 6J+E Eq++= +6I+. 14. H(r): (r;l ltr 15. y:cos(sec4x)

a. f(x) : - 5x2 + 4)t 5. /(r) : ,E + |

(2x3
cos.r / t - "or2r\o
16. y 17.y:\1*r*2./
l1 I+ sinx
a(r) : -------:----.T 7. Aft\:
v' a\"t
6.
(2t + l)z (cos r * tan r)2
18. /(x) : sinx cos(1 - x')
8. /(0) : cos(02) g. k(a) : offi
:
19. F(r) tanv t
-t
-
 2.5 EII|ETI ,'a43

20.J:sin2(-r2+l) 21. y: coso(sin3x)

22. f(t): tan(sec(cos r)) f

I
23. g(x) : (2r sin rx * n)o I tg

24. y: cos sin(tan rrx) I

0 1

2s-26 l4l EEL+, 24] EoJ+= +614.

35..fsl :4uz} trl+4 7Ja, s(x):,Eb) "J oll g,(3)g +
25. y: cos(sin 30) 6I+.
26, y: 1[os "r l

27-28 +q{ d.|al +dq 'I+ ddE BI-A^lg +614. \

27. y : - 1)-u, (0, 1)
(3x
I
28, y : sin(sin r), (n, 0) 0 I .r

: 36. r(.r): f (s(h(*)))oll, h1t7:2, s(2):3, h'(r):4,

2e. (a) ¤ (1, l)ql^J *d y tan(nxzl4)ql r}l+ eds.l %I4
g'(2) :5, '(3) : 6oJ 4l r'(l)9 +6I+.
49 +614. "f

ffi (b) +d+ ddg +g'J Ezltr+Eql rq^l (a)E ¤E 37. F(x) :f(3f(4f(r)))oJ4"f(0):0,,f'(0) :24 trll F'(0)
6l-+. g +6i+.
30. (a) f(x) : *Jz -7 "J 4l /(r)E +oI4. 38. iJg H z]|9 EB+E +6E, "J4+ elflg gA6H,q +
ffi (b) /e+
"f'el
:aqE-= ElrEl]eJ talql 4t E.ol 4'J6J * =.gag +614.
zl qfl6}4. Dlo3 cos 2x

3r. oJ+ "f(r) : 2 sin-r + sinz"roll 46l] +Tlddg ,*= dg 3e. d+i6.I+. B +lE Erllsl Hflz} trP=4 ++.
s+ +6I+.
s(r): tO + |sin(lOnr)
32. F(x) :
"f(g(x))olr /(-2)
: 8, f'(-Z) : 4, f'(5) : 3,
: _2,
{zlrl ,e} 19 +fl= 4zJ cms-|. aol+. /a +E ExllE
g(5) g,(5): 6olr{-]1 B ql r'(5)= +61-+.
+EE +614.
33. /, g, f', , 9',4 Atol 4*. g9+ aq. 40. ,llq+48 H+Ce Ee-l *z1zl rqlE +ea]+ Eol4.
x f (x) s(x) f '(x) g'(x) ol+l+ E + 7l-61 dr| g + }IE Eg gEl 4lql+^E,
J 2 4 6 al4 Elzl rlolg s.4po1r1. ol Eel E+ Elrl
^l++e
1

4.0olr, oIaE Etzlgl ql+ Ep++s +0.3so]4. ol

.7
2 I 8 5

3 7 2 l 9 =
g xftr.oll 'gEI 4lql+t9 ElzlE (g)ql
=4611^j ^lr+
(a) h(x):"f(s(r))"J trli /,'(1)g +EI+. ^J
trfs-,=+ zJp *fe EEElElq *+.
G) H(.r) : g("f(x))B ql H'(l)g +6t+.
B(r) : 4'0 + O'"
34. *+ f * s4 r4E7I ol-4e+ rJtrt. "t(3)
\s.4/
u(x) : f(s(*)), u(x) : g("f(x)), ru(x): g(g(x))4 6IzI. 4 (a) rE S Elzl9 H+g¤ +61+.
49 (b) l"J S 6zl&9 4+E o|4 Eall \flnlzl
"lts4lfzJ- fxflolfl +6i+. +zflolzl ?+sE -r
ol C+6IAI
+E ¤E6l-+. +6t+.
(a) a'(1) (b) a'(l) (c) a'(1) 41. {dg trt+ +4lol= "Jztel fl;lo.l.a5 s(r), u(r)| fE,
144 ,xt
lO.!El
E6l--{

4(r)E 7Fi-E"J trl] +g¤ Eq?+. drT

(rin o) : cos o
.' da
* lgo
a\t) : a\t)
th (ola* "l4Bqql^l d:r+6J+E r+=
+q.Jg q 6JtI
E++ duldt* dulds\ 9"19 ilol$ ¤HEI-+. trI+= Aol E4Elg _Hol= A +E aF4"l4. 4q.J ql
4l EE EIE +^lol ,J+il ?*4.)
42. g4lHz]g ol*"xl^J trl¤¤ +B6F+. ^l-+'Jtr|E
(a) *Ef9 rga3 zl+fol4. U. F:f "g"h,*f,g,hY u'l$zlft.oJ*+"J trll, E41H

(b) 7l++E EE++= *B#o14. zlg r++¤ +E6t+.

^l*So.Iq
43. ts+ll$zl$ ol$oll\ e\ E(')E +$qfl ffiol ^dfls F'(r) : f' (s(h{x))' s' (h(*))' h' (x)
g trq4.

2.6 is-*+sl trlEH

I E4O= EgIEJ g+
zlEzlzl tr].E q-q=4 ,Je. 6J+Eg "JHI4qE y:f(x) ="rl Eol + E+E rl
E B+E HE6I?ll +E}8 + 9tH'l-.
y -',[f + t EE y:xsinx
rq+ ++4 ,Je EL+ES *et y rlol9 +4lE *ql^lel= gq **+g-e 4
E¤q.
1 x2 + !2 :25

2 x3 + y3 :6xy

qH 4+.1b y"| ql+ %r-4al9,.ll qlql HE+ uJ ++{E. 44 z1l9 q}+)E

-g. +E ?lri. ql= Eq %r-C^l trg yql +6}] EH y : *^ffi oltr, %'-4^l
trql sl"ll e4g=+6J+- f(*): Jzs - *,s(x): -lEs - f ol+. f9+s
el rqs- fl ,' * y' :25E ^JHtgr+ I
"l-H}flol4(:ze +4).

v v v

,r 0 x -{

-ral
JEI
{ (a) *'* y2:25 (b) -f(.r) : Jzs - f
 2.6 EIEE 145
=_-J+ol

v y v v
x3 + y3 :6xy

0 "{ 0 x 0 x 0 -{

fal 2 qlTfeEq g^l+lc reJ 3 EllTle_=g gAl+ldoll 96|{ trflE rll -Bt+E JeHu

'J4^l trql^J yE x9 qr+E +i{zl-e-tr. EzlE #xl ?*4. (A+El q+x]41

eE ExllT|ElzI ?*zl"J EE^lg esejfl ,1]+ +4.61-+.) rgqlE 9761r "J
441 trq r4E= :r.H 291 Eql A4H HPte-=sl gll'+l(folium of Descarres)
dol4 Er]E +del %l{^loltr, aA+ yE *g H z}]9 $EI+E Cg*4. :z
H 3g %r-d^l Ezl-L].44= 6J+e] reJluoJrl.fTl rJ44l tr"il 4+ ¤-EL+
^ll
4sE 49E EI+4= 4+ f E dEq qlql 9I-,9 e- ,*ql 4all 4*ol d
HElg *6J+

x3 + [/(r)]':6xf(x)

r E:d+sl El=E
+E6lEvg s*+. vExgl sol] ¤.zl &fol-E Elq, olfl a+ql
+61-7I glal]
=d+el nlElfl(implicit differentiarion)ol ol+g
+ gl+. g6J+ql Qlafl x-tr T1196l-=
. ,JHg Hz] oJHg xoll 4"]] "l$6ftr, +g %Fd{$ y,ql ql6[ -T Aol+.
ol ¤ql gI- qlzlle+ ¤++xllql +qd ,Jc4lql^J yE 6*t} xoll 461] ulEzl#d =
++E z|{ap +'J+el Ej+Hg olsoel4.

(q!r{l l) *'*y':2sg ffe+61+.rF-Ju d (3,4)q^l fl. *r*y2:25*ll

trll,
EI+ dde-l ,JC{g +6|+

Effi
,J441 y2:
x2 + 2ssJ "JHg roll 4oll "l+++.
1\ d
!,1, * y,):;(25)
d;G,
d..\ d
:
* (x') * a*
(y') o

yE 19 Et+E zl$ap fl+llflzlg 4+6IH El¤¤ ts=+.

*
d t j\
ll") : dyd ,ll'))\dY
fi:
^
r,
dY
fr
146 2g E_-J+

trl+^J trl-q_q- +tr+.

zx*zrd!:o
'dx
olzll ol ,J{{g dyldx4l{Ell EH ts=+.
dyx
dxy
E (3, 4)ql^J x:3,, - 4oltr e r}# E=trI.
dv3
dx4
g"ll
trl-+^l d (3, 4)ql^J
'l]+ ddE ltr-4^le'l+4 +Ll.
y-4:-1G-3I + 3x*4y:25
EUE
%F4^l x2+y2 : t,/zs ,{ ¤.E=+ ¤(3,48^JH}gy:
-25EEEy
glql flsEe oJ+,f(*) : ffig
'F7
^J461zl. fl4g4g ol*oH^l /= ElEolH
tr|-gg Ets+.

f,(x):Lr(zs - x2)-t/2fiO, - *r)

yLJ i"

d (3,4)ql^l trI+¤- ts=trt.

/'(3) : -3
qllll l=.vE .rel ##e 6H^l Btr4= B
E6l/l E + "J^lP-lEEf+ ElEflol tJ +l
FY4
E + ?]E¤ Hq
=+ r4 = e Eol Iql^le+ ,J"l ddel ,J449 :x + 4y: 25014. r
NorE I
Eol le-l E.E dyldx: -xlyi + E+ rel yE ol+EL EeI+E 4l+f,+
6Jf yzl- +qd %I{{q el6fl +ill4 o e q$rll 449EzlE ol-Fd .ExllTL qxl
t+=+ olEqlH y: f(*): 6=iql ql6l] ++g e=+.
dyxx
dxy Jzs - .,
+8, y: s(x) : -\Es - )czql qlql q-*g tsE+-

dx y -Jzs- 6=7
(qlll 2D

(a) ,' * yt :6xy"J 4l y'9 +s|+.

 2.6 E_Er.+"; EIEE 147

(b) Elzl-EEe] g^l-fld :6xy

E (3, 3)ql^l dde.l %r.c4lg +61-+.
n3+y3 +le-l
(c) 41l^tEHsl qtr dql^l dd"l +¤"JzI?

Eq
(a)x3*y':6ry9lrl yE rgl ++ EI-+E +r oJHg xgl +6ll El+++. ole 6ry
ql EE +^lg 4+Elr y,9l fl4iH4g zl+6-lB trI*¤ E-+. xOl rH-d y9 E-d#E dytdx lEE y,o+
,\ Olr[ .
r'A -T-
3x2 + 3Y'Y' :6xY' + 6Y
A.liLl
=

+ *' + Y'Y' :ZxY' + zY

olxll y'oll 46I ¤q6|H trl+g e=q

Y'Y' - ZxY' :2Y - *'
(Y' - Zx)Y' :2Y - xz
, 2y-*'
Y -V-rx -}

r:
(3,3)
(b) y:3'J tr|] qe¤ E=+.
: ?-'' :
32-2.3'1 -1
0 x
''
(3, 3)o1l^J BdE zl¤zler.J El.=JElg :.H 40ll,rJ g + gl+. :a+lJ, e ¤ (3, 3)oll^J
.J^ffldql ql.J dds.l %IC{g q-.q=r+ ?Jt;+.
fH4
y-3:-1(r-3), + x*y:6 4

(c) dd$ y' : 09 ,l +¤o14. (a)gl gib y,oll 4f, EBg

"l*aIH zy - x2 = 0oJ
*ll y' :0gg g + tl'ky'-2x*0ol+= +4). +d9 %r-C4l"ll y: i*'* ql"J6I
E ++¤ E=+.
x3+(L*')':6x(lx,)
,J+61 EFH 16 - 16x3o14. trl+^J xllt.r,l.gflollxl x l0olFE 13: 160]4.
x: 16u3 : y+/tol$, y : +(Zr/r) : 2tlrol4. rrI+A-I (Zo/t,Zt/3), + E (Z.5lgg, 0
4

3.1748)oll^J ddg +¤oltrI. re sE gqEE ol golz[ E]++g g + tl+. r -ral

JE
tr
!'

NorE 2 olilBr44l.il^je+ zJol c:it%I44lE

^ll =ql
ql-J +^l"l gls+, ullfl gfiL
ol +4(8. fl+q q+ill4l)g olg-a]1.<J x3 + y3 = turyoll^J ,g xgl qlql EE,
"l-+.
ol %r-441q el6ll e4q= E:+= tr+gr+ rJ+ oHgrt rJ+or
^ll
+=Pllole.l ++rl 0[H(Niels Abet)E
y :,f(x) : -i*' + x6-Br3 + lr
-1x- - 4 x6 - Br3 l824troll 8+ 4l+= ,JE sxf trl--J^l
Poll rtl6]| ,Jtr^l P(x) = 0E 6|l= r1l=
e+
6l-= "JHJ4g 3+lol PgE¤
v:+[-rr,l r F( -**t * x6-8x -i*' - x6 - 8x3 l EBifltrl". r =rtl6lrl
EH^g
+oil +-+rl. g
gOf(Evariste Galois)ts n > 59! ct*
+1 rfil EH6tl BEAI P(x) :0E 61101l tt|
rH 3ql _EoJ r4sEq r-ll B#"1+.) +6J+9 "lEH¤. "lq+ ¤+ql y+
(olaol :d
g Lqg Eq=r+. trJ+ol +.-1-+E "JU4?l +Eltrl-E A= E7l
"lEH+ yE xgl qlBH E + H= tr+*4 ,J* HJ =4=
=61-tl-= ^l-E= =B-*tl-.
148 ')It
LOrEI
Eol-\'

C^lql ql6ll^lE oll+ fl41 El+6J + 9lE+ oJ4.

ys + 3xzy2 + 5xa :12

( qllll 3 D sin (r + y1 - y2cos.r'J q y'g +61-+.

Eil yE xgl *6J ++E Fr. xoll +6I +++4sE "le6lH BE4.
cos(x + y) ' (1 + y') : yz(-sin r) + (cos x)(}w')

(4Hql^lE fl4lHElg, +Eql^JE fl4Hul4 #E +^lg ol+91+.) olxll v'ql ql

6|] C46l-E qis e=4.

,J 2
cos(x + y) + y2sin x : (Zycos x)y' - cos(x * y)' y'

EI+^l ++g E=+.

( yzsinr * cos(x * y)
-2 2
t.,, _ *
Zycos.r - cos(x y)

f-H 6g A+qql rq4l AsE 4d sin(*+v) -v2cosxel "JP"l4' S9

sl61l
\
-z
4
4l4}ql 46J 44Is-tr )c: y: 0g 4l y' : -1"J9 +el6}l., gdql^l zl$t\zl E -1
-ral
JEL,
a
ql Ag rflsql^-l .J + gltl-. I
aH 7,8, e- A+EIE ol-$all.r'J gg 4oltl. g+E^ll 22oll^l olfl .d* 7l
d +d¤- "J.r E4dl E d"]4.
4 l5 t2

'f"7/
-4 4 -15 15 -12 \ t2
\r.

-4 -15 -12
aalT Gz-t)(xz-+Xx2-g) f.eJ I cos(x - sinY)= sin(I - sinx) f.al I sin(ry) = sinx * siny
= y, (y, - 4)O2 - g)

r E:*+sl 241 Eg+

r+¤-qlxll. +'J+E 4e.19 ++4 zAl ER+E +61-= "JBg B"l =tI.

(q!rll 4D xo*yo = 169 trll y"g- +61-4.

EOI ol %r-4^l¤.xoll 46ll eo$xl.o_+ trl+ofH g=+.

4x3 + 4y'y' :0
 2.6 A_E+sl EIEH 149

olAg )'ql 46l] EE +s=4 ?J+. ral 109 GlIll 4sl 4d xa*r,a: l6el
:laflug;11, 0lAg ? *'+ y2 :4E U0l-
,X- 'J71 EBol"4l 6]l^l Etsrl. 0lal 01ff+
E .yr
cfl-Ef flolaf EeJ+. eJ+oll^l= rt|+
Hl

71.trf

=41 BE6tlT!+ olA= +g

y"g +6t71 +16]] y'ql +fl +{$- 0l+6}z}. oJ4l yb rE Er-+oltrI. g + =?,lrl.
^l4hH^l
rEo+
,
(i)']
'l
tX'
d ,,\ y3 @/ax)(x3) - x3 (a/ax) (y') -
v
dx -r'):- (y')'
y-)

v . 3xz - x3(3y'y') v
6 xa + ya :16
v-

¤zl*ll
^l
trg ql"J6lH E+*¤ ts++

yt':-
3*'y' - 3*'y' (#) zx
yu
3(*'yo * ,u) 3*'(yo * ,o)
y1 y'
ol4l x4 tY xa *yo: 16¤- "J+ulloF d4. q4^-l ++61 6lE +g=4 ++. fH 10

zx2(t0) .^ xz
y_., :_ _-: -o*,, r:t

_ 2.6 I t+=ril

1-2 12. xa y2 - x3y + 2ry3 : 091^J yE +HHf, rE ++H+-E-

(a) *Bf9 "lEH ".e y'g +dl-+. ^J461-r
g=6J+sl EIBHS 0l+6ll^l dx/dyz
+"I4.
G) +qd ,JC^lg yql qlq El, ul$dlrl *oil 4t y,g ,t 13-17 g*+E trlEH¤ ol$all,tJ +"l4l dq^J +dql ql+
6l+.
ddq %I44g +6I+.
(c) (a)oll.! +fr aflE ye.l E.¤4lolJ 4"J"H^"1 (a)e} (b)q^J E
g 6]]zI "Jilq+g +"J61+.
13. x2 I y' : (zxz + zy, - x),, (0,l) (C+E)
1. 5x2-y3:J 2. 6 + Ji : I v

3-r0 +6J+9 ol$a|l.tl dy/dxE +6t4.

"IEEB .{

3. x2-4xY*Y2:4 4. x4**'y'*y3:5
5. +=y2+1
xiy 6. sinx*cosy:Zx- 3y
14, 2(x2 * y',)', :25(x2 - y',), (3, l) (¤+¤)
7. sin("r + y) : cosx * cosy 8. tan(x/y) : x * y
v
9, rF y: x4 + y4 fi. rE : I I xzy

X
r1. /(x) + xTlf(x)l': lOola/(l) :ToJ trll,f'(1)g +614.
 150 2El E_-J+

15. y sin2x : x cos 2y, (n/2, rr/4) 28. {tl x'/a' + y'/b': 14 t}+d *'/A' - y'lB': lol
A2 < azola a2 - b2: A2 + B2oJ ql 4jl-¤dgg Hq+.
16. x2/3* y'/3 :4, (-lrfr,t) (C"J¤)
(oltr{ F+g+ t}+dE ad+ Aq-.)
17. xz - xy - y2 : l, (2, l) (tl+d)
2e. Tlill n(mol)olJ trll6J HlqE g-5 *4^1ol trl-s-,=4 rJ+.

18. (a) HJCalol y? :Sxa 4 +q41 +dg ,ll+E4A

xz a
q
-
+=trt. d (1, 2)ql^J ol +dql ql6J Ed
(". #)u - nb): nRr

=Col+
e-l
"Jc^lg +6I+. {zl,rl p= "Jqolr y} ssl"l:t r= Tlille-l +EoJ4.
ffi (b) (a)9 +dq ddg E"J6J ETlF+Eql :44. (g=EI ++,?b -H-Szl;ll.!-foltr a, bb 5C TlillE Ceg +
+e ¤el¤ +dg :18 + gjsE r4sE :aq4. 4lll= oJ9 ^}fol4.
rHxl grq+E +l ++rI oI4 HI+g ul-tr. rlE :z (a) rzl s=++ ol+6ll^l dvHPA +
^J++E "lEHg
4 "l *ds1 :.e[eE:zE + 9l+.) 6I+.
g++el EIEH$ ol$oll,tJ y"g +61+. (b) y: P:2.5 atmfl 4l ol+Isl$+ 1 mol9 $4
10L,
1e-20
ql .llBJ Fq EaH¤ +6t4.
19, x2 * 4y2 :4 20. siny * cosx : I
ol4l a : 3.592l2-atm/mol2, 6 : 0.04267 L/mololr{.

30. HJ44J x2 - xy * y' = 3g 's]d+ 49" + 4gE +=

21. ry *y': loJ trll, x: 09Jil y"sl {}g +6I+. 4ts++ ¤q6}zl ?+e EIflg LIE}U+. ol elflol x
ol
H22. gtrr-+e 4EE +Ce-l r4EE :19 + 9l= aEFglI +4 "JLI= dE¤. +6}r, ol d.ll^1el ddol ¤Bf,:¤.
qE 7lg* EoJ¤ "JE + 9j+. Eq+.
^l-+6H^l
(a) *44"1 y(y'- tXy - 2): *(* - lX, - 2)"J +d9
31. ddE tl$zltl -l oJ +d x'y' * x! : 2 +lE dg +Ef
:z4sE fq+. E"I4 "tg dql^] ol +dg +¤
+.
ddg z*}_tl? ol d=q rals= +d6I4.
(b) d (0, 1)r+ (0, 2)ql^'l ddq %r-4419 +6.14.
32. *ql+ trl+Hg ^l-+6iq q+ %l{^l4 dyldx! +61+.
x:y2+l
(c) (a)ollal +CEJ dEel x+lE.e 4+61-rll +6I+. v
v#0
(d) (a)9 ,J¤{g +4611^l ¤{
+d$$ rel+. zlEJaJ
:1fla "le+ +^l.J +* %14{E dyldx? +EI+
13. E#E4l l4e-l ¤+EqlrJ ddol +¤e d"=¤ *s+. *:y'*y y#0
24. 4g *+dql ilb d (xo, yo){lrJ ddE %F{{g +61+. dyldxtl +Erll EtrlqE +qTl %1-4^lg EJ+61-= E
)c'_ !'-, E Eql^J "Jil+g Hq+.
7- 33. rH+ y49 sE+s.tr. 3 ++lq +lil6J +Ecl r}E S
25. +6J+ "l+Hg ol+4^J, gd o¤. +csE '*= g +l Eql E6ll "JEqd :1H7i * + 4y2 < s= trq=q" d
el d Pq^J9 ddol Hl!$ oPsI +{gg Hq+. (-5, 0;o1 :Hztg zt+rxl49l iisE HEzt x4_84 E
26-27 trfl ddol n¤ql^J ^JE +4olH + +de El
Elil "iq +lql ilEzt?
EEJ+I ++. +q4i +d+g.tle 4-u.¤dol H9 H"l+. _v

trI^l "J6ll^l + +d+ql fl= EE +dol +E +rd+"il 9l=

/
E= +drl zl-trElg Bol+. f4I E.J+ 4ls+ql + +d T
?

++:ael+.
,t
26.x2*y':r', axIbY:O -5 3

xz + 4y2: 5

27. y: cxz, xz + zyz : 1,

 2.7 rfEz|--+r[
^fal7l-+0]l^lsl
Eel-= 151

z.t I rtErl+zl Eal.E

^lElr}=#lE1sl
y:"f(x)91 46l] EE++ dyldx? x.il 4ql r9 U4gg,++Hg u}]fl4. ol tr"ll
rJE ol zl]'JS Et]E, EE,
^JEqL, {zllqr H +E 4qt Eot 5'ql +s" ++
2.1¤ql^l +E Eifl+ql 4'J zltszl]H$ trt^l ^J4ofl Bz|. x7l x,ollal xrzfzl
Ets.ll .rgl 4qL HEI%hs +*4 +q.
Ax:xz-)tr
olql {+olb yoll r]]EJ Es++s q*q=$ A+.
Ay:7@)*7@) )
Ob.. f (x.\\
+g-4 rJ+ il+++ *7J [x,, xJollri r.ll 4EJel ¤+Hffio1r1.
P(x', /(,r,)) Ay
Ay ftui - 7$)
Ax xz-xr
0 Jr xz -r
ol= rH lq^l 6Jd rgg tl$tlil ol"llB
+ gl+. ax---+ 0"J EllE +6Jg EH| mPo: $+Esl+
i f'G,)olz, ola+rq ql+JE ++HEl+, Eb d p(xy"f(x,))ollrl dd9 zl m: f'(xt):++Hs+g
$zlE ol"ll$ + 9l+. ol4g +olsq= zls=E +Elql{ r+s=4 +L+. fal t

#:^'jg,-#
'Jf y : f(x)zl r++E t tsololl^J .trql 9"lE +-+H, ol4E EEI+E
Holgg^1 9"lE *41 Etrr.(ZlEql^J bggdFoJ dyldxql 4+ ++lb
=E+
y.ll 4f, E+lE x"I *B E+lE Ll-b 4ol+.) "1fl g"lE zlEr+E4
.ll.Al H zl-xl tulEx|.
^fsl4q

r Eel-+
{dg 4l} +4ol= qtr EillE gl^l'Jfzl- , : /(r).J rll As/ArE tlz] ]z]
Ar.ll 4* ¤+ +EE +Elqla, u: dsldtY +il +E(velociry, ql.J E
^l+ql
+lE Eqg;= +q{'l ^lrJ.ll ++ +EE ++Hffiol 7l*E(acceleration)
o(t): a'(t): r"(r)ol+. olAg 2l,|-+ 2.2¤ql^l gEE ufz[ glor{, oJz1]i. ul
E +^l# oJr 9l-o s-e Eillel ++q +'* Ex]lE + rJ fl41 6I¤B + ff+.

ilqrll 1D qE "Jz}e] +lil7} ffi af_oE +qd+. q44 t4 sg tflb 44 a

el m"14.
s:"f(r) : t3 - 6t2 + gt

(a)alzl rollrJ9 +EE +6.1-+.

G) 2a +q +E= E"l-"Jzl? 4:L +E +E= E"foJzI?
152 28 E-Er-+

(c) oJxlzl- H= trll= fl4"Jz}?

(d) ExlTi "JsE(oJE %I6Je-_e) +49 ql= fl4l"Jzl-?
(e) Bzl-9 +E9 +44= rBg rei+.
(f) il¤- sa +"J "Jzl-z} +4"J dill 4qE +6I+.
G) al4 /ql^Je+ 4a +E 7l+EE +a-I+.
(h) 0 < 115"J Ell +lilEl-+, +E++, 7I+E-*+q r4EE rEi+.
(i) "JzlE 4szf tI+6[= trl]= flrll"Jz]? +sz] E9zlb trll- flxlloJTl?

Eq
(a) 4EeL+= +lx].J+el s*f"14.
s :,f(r) : t3 - 6tz + 9t

u(t) : +: 3tz - tzt + 9

dt

(b) 24 +q +E= t - ZoJ qlq +rJ +EE elulrlE-E ?JL+.

'l=q=4

u(21 : ds
:3(2)'-12(2)+9:-3m/s
-dt t:2

4a +fl +E= ++4?JLI.

a(4) : 3(4)' - r2(4) + 9 : 9 m/s

(c) oJxl= a(t) :0, + trl+4 ,J¤- uI ¤xl+4.

3tz - llt + 9 -- 3(t2 - 4t + 3) : 3G - lXr - 3) : 0

olE r : 1 E* r: 3oll^J d."14. u++^J oJzl-b 1= +s+ 3a +ql 4zl+4.

(d) u(r) > 0"J trll oJzl^= oJsJ EJ.JSE +zlolEE ffiol CH6J+.

3t2 - LZt + 9 : 3(t- 1Xr - 3) > 0

"l +t4lg + q_lzl-E+ "J+(r > :;o14+ E= s.+ ++(, < t)"J '11 ¤B++. r
rlEE "Jzlz} oJe] HJ-6J9E *zlolE r < lrl r > 3014. +¤ L < t < 3.J Ell
^l+g
"Jzl+ +el "J6J9E ¤-zlql+.
t:3 (e) (d)9 C-trE ol$-oll.{ "Jzl-7t 4d(s6)* tr}+ *ilE s6l+ 49 :zB 2q r
s:0 H.+
(0 (d)e+ (e)ollrJ +6J 4rl-rJol
^lA ++ [0, 1], [1, 3], [3, s]ql^l +zl"J 4"-1= +
.t
++.
E61l^J +6]]oF
r:0 t:l
.l :0 s:4 zl+ 1a Fql +zl"J ,lqE trl+4 +r+.
-rzl ,
JEL lrtrl -/(o)l : l4 - ol :4*
t : lql^l r - 3t/lx1+zlql 4 4= trl+4 +L+.
lfttl-/(1)l:lo-41:4*
r: 3oll^J t:571^l +zlq1 44. +s-r+ ?Jtr+.
 2.7 Etrl-= 153
^fErl+af ^ltrlrl-+0ll^isl

lftsl -/(3)l: lzo - ol:2om

')<
trI+^-l EillTI 5a EqI +zl"J dill 44E + + 4 + 20:28 mol4.
1g1 zla-E=. +EEI-+E E*+olr+. l4.o_+ rl+4
?J+.
D
.l

o(t) : +:
dt' +:
dt
6t - tZ 0 5

o(4) : 6(4) - 12 : LZ m/s2 -12

(h) s, u, a4:z4E.}. rH 3rt +E+. -rzl

JE
2
\'

(i) +E.zl- "J+"lI +716J 4l(r,9+ a7l E+ "J"J trl)e+ 4szl ¤+olI ,JaB ql(u

* azl E+ +43 ,ta"d4. +^l Eql oJzl-b +Ee+ tlsrty t;

¤."J trll) EzlE
g +E"J trll +4ol r}a" 6J4 ("Jxl-= +zlol= H'6J'9--a EdEJtrl.) rH 3oll^J t < t
12, t > 39 oll olfl trrJ"l E^8++ "Jxl-b ael a7l Elql +E"J trll, + 0 < t <r,
2<t < 39 ql +eol Eqd+. :.H 4= "Jzlq +#,q-E'6J 4,"14.

a
t)
5 .s

0
-5

d4l 6el
-r--1 dTI

AE -.L r CL
+E
Z-+ tl
-+
*t #tl
-.!
-i\ )-
til I f.EJ 4

(o{l4l 2l} "+'H+ dzl¤ol +"JE} 4+ql olEel d'JE= gc6}q EflzJ"lB de+
(p : mlt)eE ¤Eq.l- ++]ts kg/molq. r+l+ "-l4zl-+9614 g+I, lH 5ql^J
_H= Hlsl- zJol s4 Eql^l 4 x77lxle] d%Fol m: f(x)tr_ i9+l4l 6l-xt
_r

xr xz
"+qlq^i ol tE9 a+g/(.r)ol+. -al
JE
tr
!l

olzll x : xr4 x: xz ^lolql +ol= ++e.l A++ Lm : y(x) - 7(rr)olF-tr ol +

+ql ql+ B#"JE='l+r+ e+

7(x) - ffur)
xz-xt
olx'lJ Ax--* 0(+ tz+ "ll dd +rolxlE ++ql^J ¤+gEE 41416}rll E+.
xr)oJ
;r,9lrl flES(tinear density) p}- Ax ---+ 0'J ull *#Bsfl +.Jol+. + d'JE= ,Jol
154 2g E_-J+

q rllil e=6tsl {ffiol:2, ol$ zl1p.+El.llfl +.q'=4 rJ+.

Lm dm
'o: ax-o
lim
-:A.T -dx
tr14^J
"l
qqE d"JE=. zJol"ll r]1+ d"dg EJ+oltr}.
qlE Eq m:f(x): Ji@4 *+l= m, mq +91= ke)41 6l-H, 1<x < l.2ql
^J "+qle-l
¤+'JE: trlg=r+ +L+.
A,m f (r.?) - /(1) ^M-l
:#-0..18kgim
-:Ax 1.2 - I 0.2

x: t"ll^lE "JE= +s=4 +q.

p: dm 1t I

:
I
0.50 kg/m
dx x:l 2'/x
-l
I

(ql4 3i) d6tE EE+ d++f,+.rH 6e+e^4 BHg zl+H^l *zlolE d

zlel ddE "J+E +Elu+ Lg# tlZJ Lt Eql ol EHg xl+= "JaI dol-+r 6l-
H, ol rI+4 rJ"l ¤qg+.
^l+ +"Jq ¤+d+=
feJ 6

¤#d+:x:T+
4zlrl dd q +cq= \z] ]zfql^J ¤#d+E +Elg f 6lE, +q4l alzj r,9l
IE Eg + 9i+
^lsl EE(current)
i-
.Lgdg
rtlT'r
At*0 A^t dt
-:-
4+^J dft EEg ¤-611 6.=.. d6}el Hffio14. ol4g +fl^l+'& d6HA s.=
cls)-e. +49+. r
Ei]qq^] +-,q-* {ffio1 *E, IrJE, d++g o}q+. 6J(q} "J9 H:qg-),
gdEg, 8rgqg1+lxlq 4E gs9 H+s), f4:z qEqqlql^l HJ^ld E
dE +qg FqlE flffis_ ++E+.

I EI-+
{iqH 4 |) E}EH}++ aL4 ol*9 azl E¤(H}+E)s+El a}4 "l4tel += Efl(^J
¤E)g 4d6l-= 44= B=+. q= Eq ++ EqHI+^l+ 27HE +4 EzIe+ 141
g +I+ +zI7I 24lE E +zl-= EC+g trq ++.

ZHz t Oz+ ZHzO

As] Bz| HI¤:E"ll C7I ^JdEg trll, HI+4g q-q-r+
'J+
A + B--+C
 2.7 EalE 155
^fE4-qtrl ^ltrl++oll^19

HI¤+ AE tsE(concentration)i EIEIR E+{l mol : 6.022 x 1023 Ez})olr, ol4.

$- [A]E'++B']. 4qrt]8"1 "Jq+= +"J +E= H6l-r1l 9o_+ [A], [B], [c]+ s
F 19 **"1+.
^lrJ
a7J ttl t 1rro1l^J ^J^dE Cg B+Hl+Eg q+r+ +L+.
^l+
a[c] [c](r,) - tcl(r,)
A,t tz - tr

++Hl¤¤+ p+qHI+E +aql 4* cH= 7ll+61-71 qlEql pletxl¤* "l ++HI+

Eql +Cg ,*E+. ol +ilUEE(instantaneous rate of reaction)$ alz3 at] L,tzl 0
ql d=+tq qE g+H1¤¤el ++se eqd+.

HJ¤¤: 4lq - d[c]

lim
Ar-o Af dt
Elsft}*ol 4lqEql q+ ^JdEE +E= +71-61-EE, Ee-+ dtclldty tr"l E 4
ol+. EI+^l cE HI+ES "J"l+. fzl+ HI+Ee.l +EE clelH}Sol 4l+8"il tr14
,J^6trll trl+^J Ae+ Bel H]+# oJ+E "JEzl +lBl] ol=E E++ dlAlldt
=l_:r,
q dlBtldr *91 '-' +gE E{ot ++. tAIe} tBl= tctTl- +7161+ Hlgr+ rJ+ Hlg
_tr rJa6tE=E, HI+ES q++ +tr+.

= d[c]
t., o
il--o-E:
d[A] :- d[B]
dt:- dt d,

#q gH14ql sl+E}+{ E4E A$EzI.

aA * bB ---> cC + dD

relH +# eE+.
1 d[A] 1 d[B] r dlcl 1 d[D]
ctdtbdtcdtddt
olfl HI+E$ zleel rfllq E+E+q ¤49 + 9I+.
"18 {+ql. El+fi$ 4l+I
ts + ?lE+ 6l+ E"Eoll al"l f"lzlzlE EL+. r
^l+el ++E^J ']]+ Eq+

{iqIil 5l) gq+q^J "** *d EoF +E 6}L+7i "J+^J"l+.+q4l E^ll7} "Jc+

gE= +zlEl+fl, +sl y= *q Pql E+.J+. El+^l *qql ++ +r4el Hfl+
dvldp+ ^Jr+* + gl+. p7l +711J' trll v+ ,J46IEtr dvldp < 0ol+. gffi(com-
pressibility)+ ol EaJ+E +irl yE +hl., '-'+E- Eq ++r+ zJol {e--l++

E"g oJ+= : B,: -!dV

VdP
relo-e. B= ++l+4ql 4tll 9rz1- gAE "ll, oJq"l ?zl*ql qq E¤el *4zl-
H"I4 Efl ,Jaaibzl¤ +{tr+
qlE Eq 2s'cql^J +71^lEel Pul y(m,)= sq pql ql4 +¤-4 eg +4lrl-^d
H'J+
156 2g E_-J+

tr
Y_ _5.3
- P

P: 50 kPaB q P"il *{ vgl Sffie +s=r+ +q.

dv
_l
I
I

5.3
dPII P:50 PZ
P:50

- _j':_ :
5.3
_0.00212 m3fVPa
2500

oi oJqql^j oJ=-Eg ++4 ?J+"

r avl
,B : ___ : o.oo2t2
"'"::-- : o.oz (m7tPa)/m3
VdPI
|

P:50
5.3
50

r gE-+
( ql{l 5 1) n :"f(0- aJzJ roll.!
E¤ol+ ^.18e-l ++ "Jql ilb zll4lf=p a}x1. a1
z] 1:t,4 t:y, r.l.ol9l zfl;llt9
=zl9 Esl= Ln: f(t)- /(r,)ol+.EI+^l ^l+
tr 1 t S r, Eql.il ¤+celEe- rl+4 ?Jtr+.

B+drr-E:*:ff
r47 +il¤SE(instantaneous rate of growth)g ¤+dtt-Eql^l ArE 0-o + d=^l
4 ts=+.
L,n dn
d+E: Ar+0
hm
Ar dt

r4+ H"J6l "J6l-H ,ll4l+el elf , -,f(r)9 r4s= z114lE"l +rJtr ql"I4 EE
+4.J alteL*"I4 trl-+^J ul$z|=."olzl g+71 ql+ql +le.l d+Eql ql.J
^]+ cB
6}zl g+=4. z+xl+ ql++l E-4lEel Tl]ill+ql ql4 rH 7$ ttol "l]zqg
=^h+
n

0
rg 7 d¤|Er+sl ut|zalE
=^l+C
 2.7
^l.Erf+I|^ltrlrl+oil^lq
Eal-= ,157

do = r{EE qlilg + 3l+.

+ q +E.J ql-E-, E"Jf, ++sl zI"JE Sd {ql ili.
o
EtEll4ot zH4lf$ a
c
^J46I L

zl zllxll+g Ets++6l] _H_ul ull,r1z3 d*"l 2EH&l +4lq= a o

^l+ ++El-4
4="+* a

gE
ol qq_lfl+r 6}xl. zl$ zfl;llfz[ noo]tr r9 tflzl-^l*olH +s-r+ Aol 4+H +
-
n
6
?1tr}.
1 =
o

:
o
E

zf(o) :Zno
r
o
,f(1) c
.9

f(2) :zf(r) :22no a

E. coti qfHlel0l.= e0l7l 2 pm, qHlTl

: 2f(2) :23n0 0.75p,m EEolrt. 0l EAIP +AlEIl-d
"f(3)
DlTcoe E3 aol+.
"JHI4lsE +{'il H'+++ ?Jtr+.

f(t) :Z'ns
EI+^l
'I]4l+e_l '*+=
n: ft02,o14.
ol4.g zl+++ql 4+ qloll, zl+++= 6tr-ql^J Eelts 4o14. zl+El+g E+
+E 4+ts + 9lg ql q'-Ell4o} dEE +4$g +^l 44E} 4o14. r
{iqH 7|) EEol+ CEr+,Jg e+g xl+= trEg EE¤ ^Jr+B oI :zH 8ql^J
e+ rJol tr+e.l EoJg elxlE. R, 4ol /"J ss-tr. ^J4g + il+ fltq
l

ln
_--J__
--+F"{-e}
,.........................*

:IaJ I E'-loll,tlq =J'-4q E=

C+E qHql^Jel EI+s "J6H e"lE +E ub tr89 +d+ql^l zl-g uufsr.,

+d+se+Elfl 44 ,tl *zlEt{l trI+ Eflql^l +E uzl- 0ol E ollztzl +46|
,11 g+ ,4 ,9 +41= 1838H _=+4sl E4ulz} +"I4]+(Jean Ldonard Marie

Poiseuille)7l- gdq} E{lE H+l(law of laminar flow)oll E6Jl +q+14. ,lE tr.lel E
p= ¤+e-l "JEql^Jel "Jqil+r 6IH, ¤a}el SE uE. ++4 ,J"l 44H +
^d,
tltrI.

1 ,: +(R,
4nl - .,) '

Pe+ /ol .J46lE uE CEqol [0, R]tl r9 ++"1+. rl,r.il-.J LHE$ w. Nichols, M. o,Rourke,

r: r,-E$q r: rrE *zlolH +EE ¤+Effi-e- +.Sq A+ C. Vlachopoulos(eds.), McDonald's Blood

F low in Arte ris e : The ret ical, Expe rimental,

Lu -
u(rz) u(rt) and Clinical Principles, 6th ed. (Boca
Raton, FL, 2011)= Eel.
Lr rz- rr

Lr --+ 0"J q rgl 4* +EElElEi(velocity gradient), 4 r9l qtl +EE +rJHE+g

e q-q=r+ ?Jtr+.
ri* *:do
+E-EE}+: Ar-o Ar dr
158 28 _E-et+

r4I ^-l
tr¤- ols-" 6J.fl E=+.
daPPr : -
i: o'l
(o - 2r)
z'lt
vlTl ++ ^l+E EE"ll^l n:0.027, R: 0.008 cm, / :2cnL, P: 4000 dyn/cm2$
+l=J + ?lz, ,rI4^J q*-+ rJ+.

4000
u: __+(0.000064 _ 12)
4(0.027)2'

^, 1.85 x 104(6.4 X 10-5 - r',)

r: 0.002 cmollal CE+ trl+-+tr + E=+.

u(0.002) - 1.85 x 104(64 x 10-6 - 4x 10-6):1.11cm/s

rnlI ol Eql^J +EE Eolg-" q--q-r+ ?JL+.

du
--
4ooo(o'oo2)
: -l4(cm/s)/cm
d, r:0.002
2(0.021)2

ol $xllz| +Eg F{+zl= 9zl fl"}] *+lE cmollal ;l,m(1 cm : 10000 pm)E u[p
zI. rflfl +Eel uJxl$g S0pmolr]. +d+ql^]el +E= ll,850pm/s"J!l, olE,
: Z0 #.m91 ,l4ql^l l l,l l0 pr,m/sE ,JA6J+. r: Z0 /,lmoJ ull, daldr: -J4(p"mls)/
#.m 4E A* +dstr+El l pm Eq¤ q "+ 74 rrm/s4 Hlgs +E7t ,JAtJ+=
Ag FJ+ r

I4EI+
(qq I D f, El^l7t qH ++g;trfl ^B4Ig ql r,qq}. + Hl¤¤ c(x)4-r. Elzt.
EI+ CE ul8:d*(cost funcrion)+r ++ ol tI+E ^J4I ++l #tl *,914 xr-tr *zf
alfl +z| Hl¤+ A.c: c(xz)- c(r,)ola, Hl+e] ¤+fla1gg ++4 +L+.

AC C(x) - C(r,) C(rr + Ar) - C(x,)

Ax xz - xt A-r

A"r + 0.J trll ol Hlgel +6J, ++l +ql + 44lEL El]6J Hl+E ++HEl-g¤ 44lolxl-
Ee E!4 Hl$(rnarginal cost)ol+r *J+
dc
tr41 Hl+: Ax-o
tim_ +C -
A-tr dx

[rE o]* 4aolF F L*tl0ql d=6J4= Ag rqE= oh+fl 9olz] S.+. r4+
q1x{ 69lrle+ ,Jol ,]]zel+ +d-o F c(x)E 4ilB + fltr}.1
=^}
ax:l_tr 4-_a ltg ++61 z7ll(ul+^J AIE ngl HJ6]l 4rll) tsH .J-q=4 A+
C'(n) * C(n + 1) - C(n)

Et+^J 4r$ ntglE ^J4I6I= cll as-48 +41 Hl+e [(n + l)Hnll ++]qll EL ++l
 2.7 rfErl-+zl Etrl-E 159
^ltrlrl"+0ll^isl

HIe" 4 4E
^J4I6l+
= qE= 'J+.
¤ Hls"EL¤ trl+4 rJe qEJEI+tr ++4L 4ol 4Erl-4.
C(x):a*bx*cx,*dx3
4zlrJ aE zJBHl(gqlE, t lul, ga-1ul)olr, +E E."e. gzl-xl]Hl E.= oJdHl H-
++.dtr}. (fl;{-xllHl= rq1 ulflJrp, oJaHl. qJ*+l ztH"il E+ t.
^l+ +B "i
e.l
og
"JaH x9 4rzl+ql ffizl
g- xJa|-E E++tr1)
qlE Eq
"]tr q^Pf "rBglE ^g+6]+ ql +sEl. Hl+-(94)g +s_r+'J"l +
46l] *qr d-xl-.
C(r) : 10,000 -t 5x * 0.01x2

rEl H aJ4lHl+H:++'|gr+ +tr+.

C(x):5+O.ozx
500zlls.l
^J+I++ql^.1 f,4lHl++
q+4 +q.
c(soo) : 5 + 0.02(500) : 15Brli++l
ol4+ x: 500oJ ,ll ^J4I++ql +6J Hl+E +71-¤-g 'I4U+ sOlHRll
^JtlHl¤+
rl+4 ?JL+.
c(501) - c(s00) : [10,000 + 5(501) + 0.01(501)r]

- [10,000 + s(s00) + 0.01(s00)r]

: 15.01BEl
l4= = c'(s00) - c(501) - c(soo;o14. r
44lqr4-=* +41+s, oJ4la+, +4lolqg fl+6l=cJl, ol=* +,q*+, a
q++, olqB+e-l s*fol4. f4r ole+ e+ a=g ++e.l 4lql, 4aE +61-
ILIBS +iilE +ql 3+ql^l rl-E 4o14.
=
a T lEl at-+ Eot
E.- E+g+ +E+. ,qEEzlj==g ¤+g.4 'JqnlE Eol iH
4tr+ EotollrJ
oJ4sE dEqq Hlgg 9"I4b Hl sulE +=+. olfl zlfzlg xl
^lolzl=
fzl Hls_tr _6E= EE Hl¤-¤. "Jlzl-*rl- rr]r 9H =..r19 zl4eLxl-= s
e+El 44zI E"ldql .J+gE Hq¤ql +tr1= +b+.
^l +cT "I= E^l 'l]
zl,$qrxl-==* +olq q-+ q7l.J9 Hsl+ql +Cg zltlE +trH6.s¤E fl+E
4l lo e'-4).
cElEql^J q#olE"il +cg +=
^IH:=g Qffirjol+= 4g ¤+6J--ql,
olA+ E¤^lrJ re.l aJfg^] qB zl¤9 qt+61-- ¤+lE p(r)ql ql6J r ^t+E
4sol+. +cg ,*= ag ^l+ol zl*ql 4E c+{ +419,4 dpldtol+.
=61
C44zl¤9 ,lE tr+g fl+6lr zlqq +zlEql ql+ Egg zll$l}4. _r4
_r. C4qrxl-==$
"lH 4zll= +qts "ll FHIEI- tl-.]]e| +q4l dszl Hg "ll 6r
 160 28 E:Bt+

.ll9 6zl-8¤ E+'tI+

^Lq+ql^J- +flHlq(E= rLzi+
sb grl4 +EJ E- qld) Fq +4lg E
461.= ull olgql-$ p(t)tl tlzl tql +flHlol. "Jr 9l= "J+9 ul$
^l-&++.
ol4E, E++ dpldty +flHl"lel q&gg +4uri(6.z q ¤#Exll 33 +e).

I a[u1ol 7HE, trl$d Ell4

Efl+"ll^lE +E, oJE, d+, 6J, +EH+$, slo.,Iql^le-l +¤¤4 "J+E, ^JE
qql^jel ^dtlE, trEE +EH+g, 4xllgr"ll^lel ql4lHl+, +41"14, zleqlql
gdEs, dil-lqr"ql^l ^J,+l +41¤, alsl4ql^lel +flHlqE +4Ig Eo* E
^JE
++ +trI4 zHH oJ EaJ+E 5E+ C*olr|.
+e4l +4+- E= EEr-+sl +Sg +qtE flqE "J+- +tlCq glq-
Eol +r 9l+. -EaoJ+el z;ol afuf.el +++ +^J4ql +q4 zH'l"l ol4
^l-¤g
4Eql^l ^lE q-q 9"lE 7l-d + gtri. q+^J +qL4 ,HHql 4+ "l+1 c¤5
ol zHBqE, :4E9 trI= 4Eq E= Eo|ql HeElq 4+g + flrll Hrl. .l
4* EzllE 4 EoFollrl =++
z]].EE.ll r}]+
^JA# 44 zlltsal} AB+ +
q -a44ol+. tr%}A9 *4zl *4oll(Joseph Fourier, 1768-1830)= ol ^Ldql
46lJ "+6I-q TFboJ 6J olq tr{r-E¤. ulnalleJ r= ^fol.ll
txl]al-* +4+l +^l-
Cg gA6J+.":r' Eflr+.

2.7 | E+=x{

1-2 q¤ "Jzl7t ++H4 ,:1r;(r > 0)ql uI+ -Szler+. q (a) L1 (b) u
zl{ rel +fl= aoltr, s9 Efli mol4.
(a) rl4 r{lrl9 +EE +6I.+. t
0 0

G) la +e.l +E: B"IoJzI?

(c) oJxfz| 4zlo}= rllE flxlloJzI?
(d) oJzIT}.Jsl %'-'JsE +zlql
^lrJg +6t4.
+. "JxI9 +E EI+q :14E7t trl+4 zJ4. {zlrl t
19
(e) ;]¤- 6a E"J oJxtz} ¤-zle dill 4 riE +614. +l= aolq. "Jzl7I flxil $_e=tr(.Je.l "J.Jsel *4ol*
(0 rH ze+ rJol oJ^lel +f$'t{'|]= rflg frl+. zI-? tzll iltr- +zlolEz}? 5 < r< 7ql^J= T+ gol "J

G) rl4 rollr'lP* la +E 7i+E= +614. "l4Ezl-?

ffi(h) +lil6J+, +EEL+, 7ld-E6J+E ftl+.
0 < r < 6oJ trll
(i) "Jz}el +E7t 4l+6IE trll= flxll"Jtl? 4gzt E"lxlb
ullE txll"Jzt?
I

1. f(t\ : t3 - 8t2 + 24t 2. f(t): sin(rrtl?) 0 1 I

I
_t

*r----f-
3. + EillE +E E-+q r4E= trl*q=4 zJ4. {zlrJ 19 ll
-_+-t'--'
ti f, +
il
B+l= aol4. t4l EillE 4szi 6.7i6[r zjaalfzp
¤H6I+. s. zlEE 91 2m zldql^l +4 tLrJ6Jo-+ J[oi-gfl B^t
 2.7 rfEzf+rf ll.trlzlqroll^lq Ea|¤ 161

ill9 $,"lb rA 49l h:Z + 24.5t - +.9rrol4. fr 2 m (c) 3 m"J rll,d"Js(qlrll 2 +E)E +6I+. "Jrz1
=zJ
Y 24.s m/solQ. all' alxlTl-E= xlflg +6i4.
(a) 22. +, 4= +E +E= +6I+.
11. {4 (a)ql^J ddE + Eg zlq= d6le* eqlzy
(b) g^tillT} 4q +olql Eg6-l+ qb fl4l.Jzl? QU):t3-2t2+6t+2oltrI.(a) r:0.54, G) r: lAoJ
(c) 44 +olb E"toJzl-? d+E +6I+. tql4l 3 +8, d=E ++l= "Jsllq(l A
trll
(d) zlBql EE6l-= ql+ fl4l"J7l? :1 c/s)ol4.l d+zl-alx-lzt q= flzll"Jzl-?
(e) xlEql EB6l"= +rJq +E= Euiqlzl?
^l49
12. {So1 mo\a 4E.zl-u?I Exllgl z}+61+ E r= ++F*
6, sldel EEql^l # rs m/sg +EB +4 d-B-6#s-e. el Htrl¤ p: ldldt)(mu)oltS. mol drfolfl F: maal
Hd+H, ,= + Efl +ol(m)E h: t5t
- 1.86/20l+. + etl\ a: duldty zigro14. :l*lLt +4c olEql
(a) 2=. +el Efl +E: E"IoJzI-?
^J,
,oll ++ ErllE e%lg *: mo/ 1-a c'ol4" {
(b) EE HolTl- 25 moJ trI +l+ %r-.F+ ol4+ H-6J=e--tr
zltl mnY Cxl rJ4.ll^Jel {E+oJ-r. cb Hel +qolq.
e.l +E= gtrtoJzl.? q+g Hq+.
7.(a) + C^I4Bel d4=+s-e A+El eg "J
trl^l-ql^J
h:
ffitA

Eq. +q Hq ,JolE 15 mmoll tl+Al +zl6}rx} T= uz/*y

6J+. Hq z)ol x7l HE ql +e] Hol A(x)zf qB41 rr. -H99 H4g "JC g=.ql^l TlillTI sqg gg ql, oJ4
Haf:-zl gr.x} +trt. A'(ls)E +6Ir ol drrloll,rJ ol 4 +tlel j",+ "J{(PV: C)alr|= 4.o14.
49 9"lE ¤E6I+. (a) "J4ql Ell+ +irlE H3rl+g +6i+.
(b) Hel ,Jolql +6J c^I4Bq Holg Hsl-gg 4^v+ (b) zliilz} ** .Jqqe. E +ql ilg 10¤.8?i
"JC+
Eel EEil ,Jolel ¤tlol Eg +B6t+. Hel zfol xtl "JqsE ++61 .J+¤+. +q= 109o1 ql
^14'-E
AJRI+ +7161-= 4^l-4Bg fBl ol{ol ggg zla} et 10Bol ELIrJ trll + flxll rj E4 ¤qE+?l? tr
+4sE ¤E6l+. LxTl$sE Holg HjrI+ AAi. E"t4
qEAI -a,_Al^lg + il.=z}? (c) E"S oJ+Hqlrll s +a)g F:1lP"J& +Hsl+.

8. (a) rzf uls-=q- zJol EE ull, EIxJE roll g"6J fl9 Holg Er+. 'l-9 e= ^ll4lE .J+ p(08 +Etu 4o14. "J+ p(r)el
¤+uo1gg +614. ++l= u4"J Hol4. rE t+lE ,Je + 6lr. teooHg r: 0
(i) zql^'l 3nlzl ol=| olx|.
(ii) zql^J z.Snl?'l
EE(O OJ+(EU) EE(,) ?1+(H-4U)
(iii) 24^J z.trl\
0 650 60 3040
r:
r
(b) 2"J trll #zJualg¤ +6I+.
l0 r750 70 37t0
(c) Hlxlfl"Jele-l r.ll 4l"ll)"ll +6J gg Holg E+g 20 1 860 80 4450
¤ "l flel Eqle+ rJ+g Eq+. Hlxl$ol Ar"J* fr= 30 2070 90 5280

716l+ Eg rEJ +Eol +.Jg zlalqtzl oE ¤H6I 40 2300 100 6080

50 2560 ll0 6870
4. L,rzl $sE H"lg Ep+%E AAE qg4l
=^I^l
4 + tlbzl? (a) 1e20E4 rgsouJg .Jil#zl-&g + 6Jde] tl&t1=
e. +B +dg +Eq:il il4. tlzlE rtl trP=4 Bg 41, , ¤+6Iq +C6I+.
ql ++ eHol(s :4ri)4 6zl-&9 +E.t+. qE EEg G) r4q 4l4izl4 A+EIE oJgall.r.J +lel 4BE E¤
Eg + glbzt? 3r+6IE +itE}+{3il- +6JE}+)E +6i+.

(a) 20 cm (b) 40 cm (c) 60 cm (c) (b)E oJ$-all.<J .J;6zl-&q ql6J E¤g +614.
g+ Eql,q 9-E.+ HJr6Je_E xmoJ=: Eqd d (d) (c)E olgall.! le20$r+ tes0LJsl +71^.Sg +d6l
r0.
^l_olql
+q fl= ++qlqlE A+ol 3x2 kgolrl. xz| (a) I m (b) 4. ol49 (a)glrl +a6J 4q- u1:zair{.
162 aIt Eol-\.
-o"!El

=+E A'.(x) OoJg Bol+.

(e) 1e85uJ9 6zl-99 +46Ir+. p'(x)tl Ilt^J4i{E.+
(b) >

15. q4l 7el E^ll+ H4g qlzl$ol 0.0t cmolr" 4 18. EqgE r(K), 'Jq P(atm), -+vlzt vG)qI ol$zlxll
^J46tx|.
olz| 3 cmoJ C*"1 tl4lr.J q "Jq^l-= 3000 dyn/cm'ol ql ql6J Tlill Hzlg pv:nRrol4. {zlrJ n3 zlill9
a, fl^dg4:0.027014. E+ol1 rR:0.08219 zl;llltfolu1. qH #zJoil P:
(a) ES9 +C+ / : 0, HlzlE r : 0.005 cmel { r: R 8.0armoltr, 0.l0atm/min9 Hlge +7f6IzlEL
Sqg
: o.o1 cmgl^J9 ¤",4e] +EE 41416l-+. v:10 Loltr,+q= 0.15 L/minel HlgE rJ46J+r. 7l
(b) r: 0, r: 0.005, r: O.OloJl,tlel $fflfl¤+ +aI+. 4BtxI. n: 10 mololE "l +rJ ^lrJql *'* rE Hrlg¤
(c) olqql^J +sz} z[1r m[$z]? qqql^l *ttl zl1J- +6t+.
H:ol E6I=z|? le. ,,JE114lel E+ql^J E+rJ^l EBol +'-E+aI
=¤ ^lolE
16. 4i ulzlE xtrJ=! 4le g=l,rl S416l+ ql E= ul*ol tr E+61-b trll
^l-+H4.
w(0-e. +q4E EE+ +'ils}
=
c(r)E +q{l B"l+I ++fl +E ^J46IxI. ttE+4l$
4e r1s--rn **.
: %l-C4sE +EIqE q-qr=r+ rJ+.
C("r) 2000 + 3x * 0.01x2 + 0.0002x3

(a) +4lHl+EL+E +o14.

#: aC - bcw, #: -,cw + dcw
(b) c'(100)9 +6l;. olAE 9"lE ¤8614. +H.g q1

olLzl? (a) qg dcldt* dwldtE <}.il .J4g fz} 4*rt*

=. ^.
.--1
=.5I I )i\L' Ii
7l?
(c) d+¤ ^J{i6l-= Hl++ ulna}z}.
c'(100)g l01E7,ll
(b) 'ffiol H4l= +s+4sE "lBrll E.¤
17. xtl +tql^J oJ6l+ +'J trll p(x)E + S4Izi4 ^I441trI.'=
^]-flEE 9bzt?
r 6lE, ="*9lrl9 rLEqq ¤+/d+cg 4s=r+ aq. (c) a : 0.05, D : 0.001, c : 0.05, d: 0.0001o1+ 7lC6I

A(x) : P(x) zI. oJCg +E-+E6li +e] %I (c, w)E E.+ *s

)c
4. "i E-eql IIIEH, +Eol +!Eo-e--=. ^I.E- Aol 7l-E'
(a) A'(x)= +614. A',(x) > OolB sl^t7l- trl r+ 6J7I? 6J + E= + + E+7i rt4zlrll ¤ 4"J71?
^tflg
6}rzt atE olf* #fi,qlzt?

2.8 I EtaJ HIE

+dq *7lz Eq,-+sE, +dq +Ele+ qlxlEol Ef f;zfalfql, olrll 6zl-s

g :flull elxl$g *z|S9 41416|= AB+ +YlE 6zl-&
^lE +¤El"l 9lr+.
g zld 41416l-- Aol -gd fl+.
+Hg Hlg Ezilql^l +s 7]]'Jg rl- "Je] Er4gg (+ q flrll +4+ + 9t
LJ ol+6l.q qts "JE EI19+ 41416l-= 4olrl-. "l4g 4I+I6IE trzl-= F oJ
^I
olel +4149 +El-r, E4lH4g 4+6ll^l ^l+ql ql6ll "JHg ElE6l+ 4o14.

E +el 4at ?.1r, +clrl EEet + (qq 1D +# 7l+ oJo + *zlE gqHg oll, zl*9 +u]= 100 cm3/s9 ul¤.e
=nE
681ts Ag+E6lr, 4tr-"J 7|E= EoJ:Lltrl. +7I++. zl+ol 50 cmoJ
"ll
zlTg +4E3 E"l4 ts4 6zt6I=7I?

Eil + TIzlE qql61a ^l4l61zf.

 2.9 ,Jel HIE 163

+"lt! 4E: +zlel B4 fzl-&* 100 cm3/s

+6rqb fl: z15.ol 50 cmfl "ll tl{E9 *zl-&
ol o ++4 oE EE6l7l g16l H tlzl zlg-.s EoJ:
YE 7l+E +tl+ 611, rE HlzlE"l+I o.lz}.

Tlqqlot -J zlet +s'* g4l= flffiol E+++= aol+. ol Exllql^J +ule} HI

4E+ + ^l+ rel *+ol+. ^l+ql ql'J +qE #zl-&3 -E6"J+ dv/dtolt, Hlzl
E9 drldtol+. "Iq^l +q4f 4Ee+ +4q= a¤. +s_+ ,Jol +^l +
=lzl-g*
+ 9ttr1.
+qA 4e: #: loo cm3/s

1r-- 4f
+ElqE 4: ,:25"*oJ un-r dt

dvldt* drldtE fl¤6lzl gl"l] ExJ v4 r9 4lql E6l] flBil+. ol 4+oil +g,,r+ E + Hnt trJ4l= +cltl EE
,Jg +E +Elql qlrJ +^lol 9l+." =x{ =olsl
e+ +61a1ts A= Ee6F= 4EE A
0|trt. ^lFE
Y : !nr'
+q4l zlEE ol$alzl +16]] ol 4lsl "JHg rgl 441
"lEJ4. +H¤. EIE_6171 fl?'ll
zl¤-
^l= fl4lH "l¤-ulloF,*4.
dV: dVdr
4tr-.dr
dt d, i: *
olx-ll falEJE 4ql ql6l] q-s--a- ts.+.
Crldv dvtdtE #+olrloJ drtdt? 8+7|. olH
dt 4rrrz dt oll +E6l^1..

ol
^l9l
r: 25, dVldt: 1009 r}]E6IH +¤¤ g=+.
dr11---------; 100:
dt 4rr(25)' 25rr

trI+^-l zl+E HJxl# t le\rr) : 0.0127 cm/sel Hlg.E +7I.J+.

,lqq il+.^I+q Hlqlol I m/s9

ilq!4| 2D ,Jol 5 mg al-4rlz}+zl.J EHql
Hl&E qfl.oe+4 Hlqol HEee.gH 3 m gqfl ql,
"l:2441+.^l-+4 ^t+r]
44zlE B"l-4 gn-l qflg qq "l{E ulzelzllz|? t!
-
Efl Hx] rH 14 rJol :Hg r4r zleE ,lg+r+. rEr EH4 ^I+4 HiE+
x(m), xlE4 y(m)4r 6lzl :z4H x9+
^I"lel 44E- ^l-+4 +471 ^lolel 4elE y
5

yE EF /(a)el EL+oltrI.
trIt+^l dx/dt: r mlsT| +q4 gla, x:3 *9 El9 dyldt? fopx[ o341:.fl z
+4). ol szlloll,rJ El4r+1 ¤?-lql 9al] x4 y +41= 'l+4 ,JLI.^l-olel
J ZIE

x' + y2 :25 -ral

JEI
{
'a64 28 EEt+

¤4lH4g ol*61^1 "JHg rgl rllafl rrlBatH ++g g=+.

d! _, z*L-tzv!:o
dt 'dt
dt

v g6]+ Hlgg +6171 916ll ol \t}4^lg EH trl-g¤ tsE+.

dy xdx
.f,
dt ydt
!,
dr
--, 6JE x:3"J oll, .{4z44 C4ql e.l6fl, - 4ol-tr, ol4rl ol {tg +l 4lql 4"J6f
H q¤g e=+.
ral 2
dy:3 :
dt -Tt'l -o'75 m/s

gol+= *g xlflzlxlsl 44210.75 m/s9 ul$tr.

^l-+4 +'IzlE+El
dyldtzl
,J46J+= 4,o14. +^l "J6]l Itle} 0.75 m/s9 HlgE oI4E
^ItrIrl +ql7l= EE¤.
Elztsl4ltrI. I

E sge E^ll= +ts Ell EBol q= ae s{tEol tr+

-e qlxll 1rl-20il^l Hll8 ?ie +flfl7|?
4.tltJ Exll Eol g4E {}zlal-E 4o1 fle"a|_r, ql4l 1r+ 2el 4Eql Hl+q ol
g4# +flEJ Hlg E4lql 4s"ql+
1. EzilE +4 rJ4l gl=+.

rJt E6l H6l.= g+b 2. zffiafE:zBB rflq.

@ 4al
^lzr0l
E6l-= gcll t}l6H +qT.! +ilq EE= Ll 3. TlsE EE,{}+. E.+E^-l E= "Jql 'l]+6}= zl-e= 7l"JqL4.
^17.}el
+ "JE rt|galts Aol+. rlEol Eu rl 4. +qd eEe+ +6IE= Hlgg EEI-+E +Elu+.
Eoll ct|"J6t|0[ -dt|.. (+ TtIl= 6EtAI7l.
EU tlgoll 6l|0F -rftl.) qE qlE[ 1
s. Exllql^J xll^lE {4 z}xl "}g +fl41= "J44lg ++. gs6tE +q4i tr-trJ
=Gl *al$
e "Ju4oJ r= r.l+rf7l rlrlo_+ Ezl0ll^l 4 +fl$ 7l6}qlg ol+6ll^l H+ + 4q¤ {"Jql el6ll aTldl-= ol
r = Z5E rH"JiIrl. e = 25f; r
Eoll rllB +6J+(qlzll 3 6Ia).
61fl dvtdr = 001 EIEP EE gtrJ0ltf.)
6. fl4lB4¤. olgall.! "J44lel "JEg r"ll 4aH EIE6J+.
7. Aal+ e+ "J{4l"il +o'ld $BE {oJEH^l +6ItJ= Hlgql 46]] ++.

'l* 4xll5+ d+ql 'll+,JdE dqlEol4.

(qrll 3 |) EEE HlxlEol 2 m, Holzl-4 moJ fltsol 4+E ¤ E"Jg t EB=zl-

2
914. Bz "Jse Eol 2 m3/minel +EE ill+l4l+E, E9 4olz} 3 mElE ++E
t---- ++l= qtr Hl+_tr tr+61ts7p

T Efll Bx] flE-r+ E-sl +8¤- :zH :4 ,Jol :a41, v, r, hft 14 E4 +El, +HE
4
T Hlxl+, ,<lzJ tql^lE +ol41 6l-zi. q7l^J ,el ++l= Eol+.
h
: aq4 ?lJ, +6leJ= 4+ h:
2 m3lminz| 3 moJ u\ dhldt4 alol4. v9|
I
dVldt
1 ft +-+ +41^lol ¤Bf,+
^Iolql
-ral
JE
2
!'
y : tnrzh
 2.8 TJE HIE ",65

r+xl"J v= ftr,Jel EL+E ir* Aol ++6I+ nl-+^J r=i 446[7] +]6]] rH 3 q]
E +r+¤g "l+6IE trIs=+ +L+.
rZ r
h
h4 2

Yql 4+ 4lg HE6IE tr|H eb+.

\, n
,: ir( -lh--hr a
2/ t2

olxll
"JHg roll 4r]l ul$alx|.
dV TT dh
dt4
h2
T
dh 4dv
dt nhz dt

fl zl 9l h : 3 m, dV /dt : 2 m3 lminE 4 oJ 6|H tl+¤ tsE+.

dh48
dt
-:-1-- r(3)' 9rr

+E+ sl9rr) - 0.28 m3lmin9 HlgE tl+*+. tr

( olldl 4 D il A= s0 km/h9 +E-tr .<JgeE g4r, zl50 il- B= 100 km/hg

zl^E"

+EE +4- e_-+. Rf]I 9I+. r4-r. + xl-Eo il+- + ee] nil-E=i alall E4-L ?14.
i/il-Eql^l AE 0.: km, B= 0.4 kmq ,lel.il gt4l ¤ rll zl+zl-=ol .<l-trgl4l d=
611 7I= +Et. B"l-.Jzl?

Eq c= + ,JE jlilE4_I. aE :.8 4E rfl+. +qd 41 tql^J, Aql ,\ cqytl

C x A
9 4 4E ,, Bql^j CvYzl ,l4E y, + zlExI A, B ^Iol 4 44=- er+r 6lx} {zlrJ
*, y, z4 ++l= kmol+.
v
+qd aAql^l dxldt: -80km/h, dyldt: -l00km/holl(xqyE rJ46Fr.E E 7

Et+= *9 at"l+), +4qE ae dildtol+. i'lElr+r- c4q 44 r, y, e rl-olg B

+41^lol ++4 rJ"l ¤4¤+.

ral 4
z':)c2+yz
/oll qJ6]] "JHg
"l+6IE trl+g EE+.
2zdz
dt
dx
:2x-+2v
dt 'dt
''
dv

dz ll dx dv\
d,:;\. d,+';)
6JE "r : 0.3 km, y: 0.4 kmolfl nlElr{4 C4q q+ e : 0.5 kmolE.+ q+g ts
gr}
L
166 2g E--J+

+dt :*0.5 to.rt-Bo)

' + 0.4(-1oo)l : - rz.km/h

+ 4-Fil+ 128 km/h9 4r-+ d=i+

=
(qfl 5D qts +e ag q+ I */'9 +qse 4a 9I+ BaE+ rrql
^l%Iol
.! 6 m trqTI zlH +lql ilsq, ol Hl+r 3l+. ,J 919 :r 44ql
^IElg 442t4
rl ztt zlnl&*z+t+tl4.5 m Bqd *ql trll ga=-q sldHlgg +
^l-*ol :lg
6l-4

Eql :zH 5. r4r, BaFql^l 7l-t} 717+& 4 +l ZlH"ll^J tl$nlzl! 44E x,

RaEE +dr} E-Eql +zlql zlfl aple-1 49 0+r 6}zl-
I r4E *4 dxldt: t mlsTl- +q4 il1, x:4.5.J ,11 deldt¤ +_tq oJ4. :zB
sql^l x4 0 q+4 +:-l.
G ^I"lE +4l4lg +6tH
x :
6 _ tan 0, x:6tan0
6

olzll rgl 46l] "JHg trl+o}E rl*ol CflEL+.

ral s dx^de
dt
-:6sec"0- dt
d01^dx
dt6dt
-:-g6srB-

: l^1^
-cos'0(1):
66 -cos'0
6J¤.r: 4.5olH "5r-del zJolE 7.5o|tr, cos 0 :*:1ol+. trI+^l tl-g¤ E=+.

rad 1 rotation X _60

de
[r\'
dt 6\s/
:r : 16
- o.lo7
0.107s _-:-
s
lso
2rr rad I min
- l.OZ rotations per min +, BaFE qdulg+ o.lo7 radlsolr|.

2.8 | g+Exil

t. (a) v= 6J He.l ,JolTt roJ4+EillE Puloll rl7Jol 3. +B.J +E Hlxl$ol 2 cm/min HlgE ¤'7161-r. 9ttrt. HI
EEql trl+ 4+EzllTi Dd4-6J 4 dvldt= dxldttr 4 zl+ol scmoj EI +E flHolg +71&+ +6I+.
+44. a. !!xl$ol s moJ gEE Hzql 3 m3/min9 HlgE Eg i]]
(b) ¤+tsill9 + He-l eolTl 4 cmls9 Hl&-e +71-61"=
+r 9ir|. E9 kol9 Eflg+ +6I+.
A+ 6J He] ,Jolzl t5 cmoJ trll {+Hill9 Pvlzt E
u[{ m}tr"21] ffilalitlz 5. x4 ytT t4 *+'J 4 4*' * 9y': 252| 6|xf.

z. 4^14¤9 + Hol 6 cm/s9 HlgE rtzfila- 914. 4^I (a) loll x:2, 1l : I sJ al tuldtE +6I+.
dy/dr:
4EE H"lzi t6cm2oJ trll 4^l4B Hol9 +7h&e g (b) dxldt: 3o1tr. x: -2, y : 1"J 4l dyldrE 74t4.

"l?lzI?
 2.8 ,JH HIE 167

6. ? Tu1r}^tE ;L=+4IN) E ^I¤g ol+6i4.

-:-,(,.^a)' 13. 7l+_tr. E gE-B =3= oJ91 oJA6} Hl&e E-g z]]*l gI
tr}. E^lql Bz "J.llrJ Eol uut
10,000cm3/min9 HJ$E

=
{+ E'{.oe.+el9 tol ft(zJgnlelp+ *Eol 914. ,i+sj1 tl4. Ba9 HolE 6 moltr, flEq xl$$ 4 m
¤zlr-l aots xl+toll,rJ g4 Hle^le.l ++4lol+. xl+ oltrl EE +ol7| 2moJ rll fflol Z}cmlminE Hlg-e.
*ql^J E'+alzl s80 NoJ f ulflrlzl ealg ef_r. 19
_,"
tl+Ettrlfl, Eol ts.z"ll il+lzj= Hl+g +6I+.
km/s9 +EE +l+sE +4l6IH zl+ sEqla-l 60km
ol{r-oJ ull ;l1+!ol HE}ol-=
14. 10m ?olg 4E5ol glbrll, olg x}_=E EEol 30cm,
4E(N/s)E +6t+.
flHol 80 cm, t.olzl 50 cm?l FH^I+48 soJol 84.
7-8
0.2 m3lmin9 ulge Eg ,H+8, EE zJolzl 30 cmfl
(a) olE o#=ol
E4q +q4 ilEzt? ql +Ee H"I4 g-E] ++61-=rl.?
(b) +6tBl= ae Ffr.qlzH
1s. xlzjol dHllolol BEE+EI 3 m3/ming HlgE +ofzlr
(c) .J99 rI4 roll ql+ t'-+E rBg rej+.
gl4. :-4r #ol-+l zPJg zlEq +ol7} 6J+ Ag flE-
(d) oJE¤ +d4= %lc^l¤- it+.
(e) Ezll ¤olE s46I+.
¤¤ olE4. xPJqulsl $.olz} 3 moJ oll, ol tsolE BUI
+ EE]
7. +ol 2 kmql^J 800 km/h944-"e. +SsE += HIB =!7}Bf=zt?
tltl 4lolH zlzl ^J+g qHlE zl+rJtrl. ulBzlzl tlxl
E+q 3 km Eq4 ilg.li ulqzlglxJ 4lolQ tlzlnlxl
I

9 44zt ?zlatb Hl¤-g +"I4. I

I

8. zleSiol 6 m ,J"lE 7l+ +47lql gq flfi. tltl 2 m

I

J
oJ ,Jg trl-+ 1.5 m/sg 4E o _+ Tlfql^l
^t*ol +B"J
I

gq4rJtrl. rt+ol TlFql^l 10 m Eq¤ :HzlE E I

"ll T
***l---it*
e gtrl+ mtefll SzlolEz}?

e. + 49 xlE"rtTl +"J6J 4dql^l qI 4= H+

o -+ 30 km/hE +EE g4r, rI= + =B+tr+.
4= 72 16. d+489 H"l l0 cm/min9 ulge 6zlaJ4. + Hq
^lqgr
km/h9 +EE gfl+. 2^17J + + zl+it ^I"lel ,14= zjoJzf 30 cmoJ trli +4EE Holg +6i+.
==zl-S¤-
E"I9 HlgE +7}6f=7t? 17. zlf;-zl-z} 4dre.q1,r'1 20 m/s-tr. oJf,op. !l_:1,
E+g 25 m9 r-trql^i 6 m/s-tr_=+sE
5..+_q-E ul'a$aJrf.
q. 5e + + ¤zlz} p9 E+e-E 200 m Eq4l TlEql^l =
go1 xffiil. +lE zld zl++tr}. sa + EE+ it
^IoIE
1.6 m/s_tr b}+g %h+q 4zl rlat+4. ol Sxlz| 4zl tl 44tl E"l4 Efl H6l-=/I?
4l6J zl 158 + ol + qH HlgE Eolxl.izt?
^l-*g 18. flz-ll 2ql^J
^ItrF.l
HI=Iol 44: rn EolzJ glg trll ^Itrl
11. dl4B9 kolE 1 cmlminel ul¤_e
+zlot= HlE, Hol 44 xlE ^lolE 43 Ep|4 B4 H6l+rI?
Y 2 cmzlming Hl¤-+ +7t*trI. +ol7t l0 cm, Holzt
100 cm2oJ +'-4¤E "JHq Esrl¤g gEtoJTl-?
re. -H-oJE H4ql "IEE*zl "J9 tlzl\tl "Jd g-Eql^j S
"11 qg gg tr]] %Lq pe+ +irl y: HJ44l pv : cE "J+6J
12. olxlft. Eqel tl*xl4 7}4-zlElql E¤. E
"lzltl Ci ^J*o.|4. qH +rJql +ElE 600 cm3,
tr|. oJ
qEflq. 4q6l Ia +ql=ilql
^J^l
fq= +E Eg trqEfl+. qol 150 kpaoltr, ol Sqol 20 kpa/min9 ulgE =oz|
-r.fl q+- 1= +ql + 5 rtol9 44tl E"t+ g4 H6I ++i1 6IzI. ol +rJ +Eq ,JAge B"loJzI?
+71? Eq4l g-oJ ra +ql trqd 44tl d: 4.etzol*
20. zJ?'J R,{ rtrE 7l-d + xlt;}tltl:aH;(JH HE_+ ¤Aq
169 2g _E_J+

q ii+B, + zla} R(o)= +*4 e+ 4E z}"ll44 ,tfo1q 4rlz| f;zlaJ$ I

^J+61+ _trfl]
111 46]lot *trI-. E4lol Eal oe *"1¤.4 tI+ e00 mgl gl
g r{ 4Ez} 200 m/s4r. 7}e6}zt.
I
I

ft rRr R2

R,$ Rrz| 7+7+ 0.3 o/se+ 0.2 0/s9 Hlgtr- 6zlt4E,

(a) f ++ql rv Tlql+e+ -trfl1 ,t1-o1E ,l3l= E"I4 B
R, : 80 OolI .R, : 100 O"J trll n= EuI4 94 ?z}a} 4 H6l=7t?
1-
t-tl!-l
rf (b) rv zlull4zl 6}{r-E4lql aEg *+48 ,Je ++
"ll
zlrli49 4-+4e HoI4 Bq E6l=zI?
24. HlBTlzf l.E 5 kmoll.! +¤s-e B"t xlttoll ¤zlE +
4 "JgA +lE {"tl 9ol.<I4. o}4"l rl3! oll ol 4ol
_R2

r16radlmtnel HlgE rJA++. olrll u'la$zlE +EE +

6t+.
21. + 4d E-=_zl. f,i}_tr.q^J 60"-E ,J4Aq. + qle-l
^l7I ;'E
juitEql^J E^lql ¤E:.t¤ 6J 4= 60km/hE +E-E + 2s, HlBTlzl- 1 kmql^J zl^Jel zllolrl Tlzl +lE 30'el
7+EE "JC+ +q gj1 9l+. lE + ul4zl
,Jg trln+ olzfl$-e-_+. +{olr += il+ 100km/hE + 300 km/h-E

Ftr += z;g olellge-e- +zlolr 9I+. 308 +ql F E+El ell"lq tl\tlzlf ,lflql 4* 3zl-&9 +8t4.
zf ,r.[o1E ,]zl: H"l4 E3l H6]=7i? 26. rtzltl- HlzlE 100 m?l g¤ Eqg "J46J 4H z m/s-tr
22. + HE ,Jol7T 4+ t}m, 15 mola :1 ^Iolel tlol 2" lmin E4. #xl9 rl=tz}Efle.l +dsE+El 200m 4491
I ulse ¤.7.l-6tI. fl= AI-48"1 9l+. zjolz| rC¤ F ^l
glr+. r E ^IolE 44tl200 moJ trll E ^I"lE 44
gEfLl E4 H6i+7t?
H ^lolg TLol 60.9 6zl-8¤ +6}el.
trfl,
^Jl
H4ll Eel =
23. rV zlullffi Erlg^tqlel ul4ggtr+El 1,200 m Eol 27. +e= k'dolE Pv.l vzl ?ztalH dvldttl rlzJ rollxJ

d Xql ¤i]fltr+. E4lg fl+ Elsrifl z}"ll49 ^J+4 b'Jol9 _EHzjql ulellaJrlz z|{a}x}. H}4 rol .Jc6J
ElgE ¤:zl-E*g l drldfil ++"Jg trqil+.
+ c++ Hl¤-e E6l]oI 6J+. E.* rHl4E aEg "*+

2.e I dE=^le[ trlE

+dC 44 +={l^l rAel dd$,]]+ 7l*Al +"1 !t+g H+. ¤xlle "l$zl-
+'J EL+el f4s +lE dg 6Jd}] q.46|8, r4-EzI dd rJ aflE dd$ e
o| tr-oJ4= Ag tsA*+(2,ltre] a4 2 +a). ol +Rg ++E +6I
,JH ! tlazl Er+.
=*r.lg
v
v: f(x)
=
r dBElsl
v: L(x) =^t
(a,f(a))
'J*# f(a)E 4l+61+ Ag flBlxl"J, / +=9 ##
+61+ 4g "lerl+ E
- ts71-ts9 +E gl+. q4^l 4 @,/(a))ollrJ /el dd¤- r4trE ,*= dE6J

r
+ tE a}g ¤rll 4l4}ts + 9l+H, a*-a E ql+ts glrH-zH I +4). f
+^l "J-"I-E xzl- all tPl+l glg oll, +d y :"f(x)oll ql=J +^IE^J 4 @, f ("))
0

ral I
JEI ql^iE f el ddg 0l*++. ol ddE ,Jc4g ++4 ++.
 2.9 I_-J=^l.ef EIE 169

y:f(o)+f'(a)(x-a)
ol dCg l4=e. ,*= rl"+4 rJg {B.J+E "oll^J
/E dflE(tinearization)
?+r 6Jq.

1 L(x):f(a)+f'(a)(x-a)

tl+- +^I f(x) : t(;)E aql^J /E Cfl=A[(linear approximarion) E.. Efl=At

(tangent line approximation)q 6Jtr|

2 f(*)-f(")+f'(a)(x-a)

{qr{l 1D a: loll^l fG): J. + z e) dB+= +61-r, olag ol$allal J?resa+

J4rs e +61+ "l 44 +dH yzl? olqE r++ +¤HEzl?
=*,tg =*{t=g
Efl f(r) : (x * i)'/'4 E6J+E ++4 +Ll.

f '(*) : *.(* -t 31-rtz: --L

2\E+3
:4.us f(t1 :2, f'(r) : l"l4 trql ol #5g. rll"J6l-E d¤+= q+r+ ,J+
^l

L(x) :/(1) + f'{r)(*- 1) : z + l1*- l) : + . i

olql rll6J d$=^l-E+ qg-r+ A+
7x
J.+3 44
I
(xzl 19 +3"t1 9lg trll)

tl¤+ Eb+
=61
,8.98:l+ ?: t.ggs, ,M:l+ *: z.otzs
v
:zH 29lal d¤=^l-= E + ?14. dxlle xzl lel +=ql ilg ull, Ed=rl-zi f"l+i 1*
) ++q
,,_tr ol
EL+q ql6]] ++ "J + 9l+ dd"l +d +lql 9I_" 44 + (1,2)
J.*
=^l-.Jg =^Pt 3

¤H¤¤ "J + il'I.

0
EE 4l4I7lE ol+61]^J \8.e8 r+ Ja^0s ql 4+ Eg + 3l+. rEl+ d --)
=11{tg
¤=^I= E= +rJql^J 4+E + 9lr+ I -rzl
JAL
D

q+ E4^J qlzll 1e-l d¤=4Ir,F+ +r,tg Hlj/6-Jtri. ol E.e+ rE zql^J dd=

}ttc xtl tel ++ql flg "I. =-.$ #9 4l6a1x1u3 xzi ltr-*El EqzlE =*
{}e.l 4qE7L Eoldg g + 9l+
17O 28 E-Br+

x L(x) ^lTl
E tIA

.@ 0.9 r.975 1.97484116. . .

,/re8 0.98 r.995 r.99499373...

Jn I 2 2.00000000...
J4.os 1.05 2.0125 2.0r246rt7. . .

@
t=
1.1 2.025 2.02484567. . .
v5 2 2.25 2.23606797. . .
a
J6 J 2.5 2.44948974...

ql4 lql^J Eg dB=^l- E"l4 4$,*zL? rl-¤. qlzll- r4q 4l&zl4 e

+ElE + + gl¤- trfl d¤+^t7L +q+i 4qEE +zl6IE+ 6l+ +++ tr48
# gllzl= H'J+.

(qlfl cB=^l-=rg "1tr #q

2i) +.s ql6l] si} H+l 0.s olqql^J 4El6J7f? 0.1
olLlel {+E"J 4+= "1ts2t?
7 J
J- + 3 4
+
i
Efl o.s "l4el 4qE+'l++ rJol EI+E zITl-O.s_H_+ 4Ig Ag 9"1f,4

l*==_(;.;) l.o,
uffizfzlE ++r+ rJ"l ¤ + 914

ui+i -o.s *I*i.m +o.s

4.3 "14.9 dB=^t= *d y : @ 3* o.s"JE gl4 ol-4l-tr. +4"1^J tsg +d ^l"loll

,: '[x+ 3 +
n ?l"loh"Je}g**+.:.H 3gdd y:(7 +x)l4tl+lql il=*dy : J* + 3 + 0.5
e+ Pe+ Qql^'l jzil+g Eq +q. ETlE+-Hg qql6lr 4^lE ol*"|lrJ P9 xalE

E -z.06ola pel xalE.=: q+ 8.6699 4l4}g+ gl+.trI+^J r4EE+q +g

P
L(x) J*+:-o.s
=
-4 l0 dB=^l7l -2.6 ( x ( 8.6oJ ull sil. H+l 0.s olqfzlxl c+6I+. ("Jd6-Irll Hlge
-l fl,+.)
7x
-ral
JE
2
\Jl
J-r :-+-
3
44
uf{z}xlE :zH +trPEl -1.1 ( x < 3.9oJ trll dB=al.E -q;f H+l
3
o 0.1 olt-llz}zl
y:.,8+3+o.t dq+g'J + 9t+. r
i[.r+3-0.1
r
-t
P
E¤i
-z 5 =el-+oilel
dE=^l-7I Er-ltrlql^J ++ ol+g+. E4olzl-=ol %r-4^lel a4-= 84ts trll
=aJ
4 dE=^l-= e}seal 4l+Ig # rJ ++61 B + 9ttr1. el= E"l +lxl-9 +7l.ll 4
 2.9 Ce=^[ef olE 171

EL +^lg +EaJ o|], 94 +AE sflg Eg + e7l aHAl

Er]ql rxflql^J= sin
g:_q-E sin e7l ?ql q]* zlB4E 7I46Iql sin0E 0_E El-E+. a 0oll.<J a;
=zl -
if@) - sinx9 dfifl+ L(x): xoltr, tr14^l oql^JE d$=alzl 4g-4 rJg-
g +.Jg + ?t+.
slnx:-tr
tr14^l ¤xllE +lzl9 +71"11 ++ +4E +E- ^i"J6J+.ll 4il dd=^l-= ol
s" *4.
+= ql= *qt ole.ll^l ++4ErJl, {zlrlE *+r+ -4+ r+g ol+q d-
6L- %lcg s"dol4 EJ'+. 7f+4) t+ql^l sin ge] cos gt lE
=+ =-flE=
9 dBsle Hlf+. +^l "J:"I-H 021 }q|l zl*tl qlEql ++4 e* de.^F=
ol+6J+.
sinO:0, cos0:1
olfl 96}l "JEq+l 4l4I ¤r.l-* fll=E ¤416I- ql .l+El= 7lE4"J ol
j=,_^Iql

E4 E+oltr|. IEugene Hecht z] Optics, 5rh ed.,(Bosron, 2Ol7), p.164 +61

11.11¤ql^J d¤=^l"fl 7]].dg E?-lE4 +Eq ++fl+ Ag Bg 4o14.

I EIE

dE-^l-q Hll4 ol 9E zHH * zw trlEel +qe+ zl_o + +4slg+. y : /(x)"1 dx*}olE 41 trq gHg dxE L[iol
rlo.-q_ CHLr[ .
"l$z|L" d
it_, fzl o-J+n+fl, ol.S(differentiat) dxY SBHfolrI. + dxy oJe-le.l -l E= EL-l

¤+#sE +"1¤ + glr| relE ulE dy* .+s=4 +ol dx= ol+6}q 4e-lg+. 9:r,r*,
dx

dy : f'(x) dx
ol EollE olet Hl+-d "Jtr^lg E 40l 3l
3
El. lelLl +l $Ee +E6l DIEE
^lsl
,++^l dyY f;gflfol+. + olag E+ xe+ dx.ll 98q]4. dxtl {tola Hl- elDl-drl-.
=4EJ
xtl f I ¤e.lq "Jql^l +E +qzlE dy9 +il4"J {tol trcg+.
=4*
qal zl6ttrI4e e-lEl- rH s"ll^Je+ rJrl. olxll p(x,/(r))4 Q@ * L,x,
"lEql
f (x + Ar))= /E r4s +lql il= Eol4 tla_ dx: ax-E +zl- 4s"6l+. yel H
s++g +*4 +L+.

y
R

r/y
Ay

P s v

dx: Lx

0 x -r*Ax .{

y: "f(x)
f.g 5
 -rlt EA[-{
172 ZO 4Ei-I

Ay:f(*+Ax)-/(x)
dd PRE z!&tlY E++ "f'("{)olr+. q+^l sE+El R?tlAlE +.}4nJ=
f '(*)dx: dyol4. l4oe. dy* dcol ¤.4zi4+ qlElrJ "J(cepl-el HsI%h)
g +E{r, Ay} rzl- Hsi+ o3=ol dxoJ trll +d y: f(x)tl ¤4zlzlLl 'ilEl+ oJ
s +4u+.
(o{l4l 3D y:f(x):x3+x2-zx+1olr xtl(a) zql^J Z.ISE-, (b) 2oll^J 2.01E H
'J trll Ayel dyq 4l* ul:zalr{.

H
(a) fe):zj+zz-z(?)*t:9
f(2.05) : (2.05)3 + (2.05)'z - 2(2.05) * 1 : 9.717625

Ay : f(2.05) - f(2) :0.717625

"JHI4SE dy : f'(*) dx : (3x2 + 2x - 2) dx
rH 6g qllll 3sl g+q a = zoJ ttl| dye"l

AyE ulfi-sl ?i0ltl.E7l+EP [.8,2.5] ol E, *: 2ola_ dx : Lx: 0.05oJ

,= trl-+g gE+.
x [6,18]olrl.
"I
dy : l3(2)' + 2(2) - 210.0s :0.7
y:J3+x2-2x*l
(b) /(2.01):(2.Ot)3 + (2.01)2 -2(2.0t) + 1:e.140?01
dy Ay
Ay :/(2.01) - f{2) : 0.140701

(2,9\
Ei dx : A,x: 0.019 q +gg ts=+
f.al 6 dy : l3(2)' + 2(2) - 210.01 : 0.14 r
zfg++
{lzll 3oll,tl LxTl : dyY rl4 ¤ol-d+. rEJa dy= AyE-4
=^l-A}
4l+6171 fl++ aE g + ?t+.
ul-S zlo"E
^t-*o]-4
dx ft x: {t + dxE +16}E d$=^t fk) -
- x- a,
f(") + f'(o)(* - a)= +=r+ zJol ¤ + 914.
f(a+dx)*f(a)+dy
ql= qldl te-l E++ f(*): /r + 3 ql rllql q4g e=+.
=q
dt-: f,(r)dx: +TJx+3
a:rolI. dr: Lx - 0.05o1H, qlxll 1ql^'1 ++ ar+ +rJol q+¤. e=-+.
dy:+:o.ol25
zJt + 3

,t@:/(1.05) :,f(t + 0.05) :.f(1) + dy: z.atzl

 2.9 CB=^tq trl= 173

"l-zl9
glzllE =,_^t +4 oE "JaH "Jq+= siF= +d6l-= ql flq^J "lEg
qB4 olg-alixl$ EoIAI+.

(qlll 4|}+q tlxl+¤ +di Ar} +¤ szl- HfJ 0.05 cm ol4gl^J 2l ..nH.4.
HlzlEel #sE olag ^h.s" +48 +sl +ElE al4lg .]i slql sil+ E"I"Jzl?
Eil +g *xlE¤ ,4 +qE y : trrr3ol4. r9 +Cr*ql^J exlzl- dr: Lrol
alH
E yE 4l4lg Ell sil-= Ayol.tr, olxll "lEB olg-allal +a]-H +94
zl-rL
'E 1-
=*Alg
dV : 4rrr2 dr

{zlal r:21, dr:0.05o1oE" ++g e=+.

dv : 4rr(21)z 0.05 - Zt7

"I+C +qE 4l4}ql^J alqlsil-= o+ z77c.nrol4.

NorE qlxll 4qI^] ,l _H_"J+. s4ql qlsl] E+ +e ¤Hg gq|

-d*e;|zl- tI'J6l
9il(relative error)-E 'J + glEE]l ++4 Aol s^l¤ dxll +rle ++q 4l+]++.

LV dV 4rrr2 dr
:3- dr
VV -- jTr'
1-
r
trI4^J +iile.l tlqs,.l+ elxlEg tlqlsilq sI:u]iol4. l4o_e {lxll 4ollal q!
zl$el +{si}= * dr/r:0.05/21 : o.oo}4ol:a, olql rr}+ +yle.l
^Jqsil+ E

+48 + el+.

_ 2.s I E+=xil
r-z a"llrJ *+E dBsI r(x)E +Et+. 6-e trl¤.4 Et+e-l "lts¤- +614
t.,f('r):x3-x2+3, a:-2 6. y: (x' - 31-' 7. 'v:
l*2u
1*3u
z. f(x) : iE, a:8 I
8. "u: ---:-- 9. y: t - cost
x'- 3x
ffi 3. n:oql^J 6Jf /(x) : ,F9 d$=rl5 7a12, o1
10-11 (a)
"lE dyE *alr1, (b) *el d{E +qd #.ll 4dl ay
49 ol*uil.<1 .,6s, ..re.eee-l *+t{tg +6}+./e} dd E 414}6ie}.
g:1Bl^l ¤B6l-4.
10. y : tanx, x: rrf4, dx: -O.l
ffi+-s a:00J ql +q+l dB=rl-= +H614. 4g dB=^l- t 11. y : ,E + x,, J: 1, dx: _.O,l
z| 9.i[ H+] 0.1 ol4ql^J 4q+x9 {t9 +6t+.

L if,+U:t+ix s.t/0+Zx)a - t - Br 12-13 +qd xq dx: Arel #q q6l] Ayel dyE *aI4. -z
174 28 E-Et+

22. (a) trlEg +ol ft, 4P tlzlE r, +41aroJ S

ol-$allal

: g flEd¤ql ql+ +^I +ul$ +$= +{g +ti14.

12. Y : x2- 4x, x:3, Ax 0.5
(b) (a)9 +4ql +Hlq= sit= 9rl-"Jzt?
13, y : J* - 2, x:3, A-r : 0.8
23. d+ 17| xlt. ft"J 46*7lE zl9 'I +q Hzle dsrJ
6I7t y: RloJg "J+tr| y7t g¤Bl-i1 Rol qB s-21 o1
14-1s xtl rql^l 1.05-tr- HtE ql ayq ay9 {t9 ulra}r-}. x
7t lql^l l.ol-tr Hl+lE qErll qizl-? LxTl zlo|{ffi 7a1- {ql^l +49+H, "leg ol+dl^J /E al&al "ll SzlE
rJ4s-zfz},tel ,lel ,J¤¤ trq+.
{l Ay * dyTl +ol-zl=7}? ^Jqlezle+
trl$g ol$ol.! q+ +^lg +E6I+. {zl,rl cL dlfol
/(x) : ,E-
24.
14. /(x) :164 -.r * 1 15.
a u* uE x9 gt*ol4'
(a) dc:0 (b) d(ca) : cdu
16-18 dB=^HE= "lB)g ol$a]faj +qd +E +46t4.
(c) d(u * u) : du * du (d) d(ua) : udu * a du
16. (1.e99)4 17. t/i001
du -- u du
18. tan 2o
(") dra)
r_, *\
,,/
- u
t),

(f) d(x') : n)c"-t dx

le. d¤=^I E= ElBg ol+6}q sec0.08 - 161 cBq-=
25. ql6ll
"Jr gl= +"J6J 4E=/(l;: sol-tr, r.{
ol+E ¤E6l+. 'J+/ql
E EB+E r4E: ol4e+
'ZJ+.
20. C+EAle] 4 H9 ,JolE :d+ +4 si} H+l 0.1 cm ol (a) cB*rl-E ol*"]l^l /(0.e)el/(1.1)g +46t+.
.llql^l 30 cm-tr +e*q. trl$g ol$afl,tJ +gg 4l4I6J (b) (a)oll.r'l ++ +8#ol uJF aALl Ll+ 4}xl= 9+=
trll 4'll E+szt, +r-Ellsil, E+gsil-= +46f+ zt? ¤86t4.
(a) 4$E4lE +'l (b) ¤+8419 dHol
v
21. +e] EEllTl 6l+sil H+l 0.s cm ol{oll^J 84 cmol4.
(a) r,l$g ol$aNal flH"lE al{lg ull, 4lql sz.l-= +
y: f'(xl
-t--1
¤EfE t'-qlsz.l-= H"l"Jzt?
(b) trl+g "l+dl,q +qE 4l+e- ull, 414 sil-= +4 I

6i4.d-qlsil= g"Itlz}? 0 I

,'
 2.9 dB=^fel-rlE 175

_ gtr 4lEl I * ==^[ trlE]+l

Ed+^t4 r(;r)b/(x)4 ,Jg uep.("lBl¤- z*zl ull+.fl x: a *%Iql^J

L(x)zl agl^J
/(*)"ll 4f, zL4. +e .JiHdB)+^I^loltrl. olE+ q +g t^I4l¤- tszl +lEI olil+^I
al P(r)$ +6tE+
^lE6ll
Bxl. +, {d Eil4l -s$dgl etr6]] follHx|. f *^t
rlol rJ +48 ag q4]6}zl floll =^I4]g
rEJ6}x}:

(i) : f(a)
P(a) /E aollrl eg
(Pe+ {tg zt4o} +tr}.)
(ii) P'(a) : f'(a) (Pe+/= agl^J ,JA Uap*
zf4o} +tr+.)
(iii) P"(a) : f"(a) (Psl /el zl¤zlb a"ll^l ,JP UeH¤ 7}4ot ++.)
1. f(x): cosxol] 4t olx[f,t[a] P@) : A-t Bx * Cxz ol a : flql^J (i), (ii), (iii)g trJ+
6IE+ +6.I?+. +"J+ ETls+Eqj pe+ f, de=^|4 L(x) : lE r4EE r44. pe+
Lol .f oll Hof'I +g ¤a14.
=^tr*t.Jz}
olrlf,rlal f@)-p(x)zl0.I e-Zi H+l
2. Ezll 1ql^-l "Jql^J 4+E.rg #g a44+.
[-dq: y: P(x), y:cosx-0.1, y:cosx*0.19-] r4gE+"JoJtr7lp+Hql rf,+.]
3. a *Bql^J 'J+/9 2iI.J+ p= +614 +16l], pE +_sr+ ,Jol tsE 4"1 zltr
;FrL =rlal
E "-l-

P(x) : A + B(x - a)+ C('r - a\'

z7J 0), (ii), (iii)¤. "J+6l-= oJzfgtfzl rl-g4 rJ+ e=.l]"Jg Eqq.
P(.r) : f(") + f'(a)(* - o) + if" (o)(* - o),
4. a: 1 : ,tr+ I q ol;fl.r.l.alg +e.}q. _f, oliF._^I^1, 2.98E qlxJl 2
+HJq^J f fu)
q^jel d¤+^l-4lel r4s= E'J+ BTlq-Eql :-44. qH ¤Eg 4g + gl=zt?
5. x: a9 *B9l^J /(.r)ql ql+ d¤ s=
"lil =^I^lql EI+6I= ql41 q tg il+9 q
+g +^I4g *E+ z;g nrl q6J.^lol x: oollrJ 7,,* :t e E4l n4l E
6-t+. trli-=rl
EBzl- f *t A H4 ru41 sEtfel ee ,,ig ,*E+ t4H4.
T^(x): c0* c1(x- o) * cz(x- o)'* ca(x- o)' +... I c,(x- a),,

fE-lI oJ;i-=zloJ cn : f@), cr: f,(a), cr:ly,,1a)olI "JHl4gtr. +q4E +*4

th)
E t.

f(o\(o)
Lk-
kl

qzlrJ ft! : I .2.3.4. ... .ftol+. e44s.tr.

r,(x) : f(o) + f'(o)(x - o) + - o)' + . . . . - o)'
fff. #6
g tsrll El=ql, "lE #c"l aql /g zil elloJa{ cffl+l(nth-degree Taylor polynomiar of/
cenrered ar d)ol+.Jtr|. qa}^lql q6ll cl zl.,rlluj 4g l0tlqliJ ¤trlE 4ol4.l
(Ell"JBl

6. a:0ql^l 'Bf /(x): cosxoll 46J 84 ql"J4 +r}4g +6ti+. f4Tr,T4,T6, r*9 :z
4s= Hzlp+E [-s, s] x [-1.4, 1.4]ql rBl:z rEol E"t4 +g /E b
=]l#"Jzl
"I4.
176 ,rt
LO+El
E6l_r''

tt,r\
2 -r l=

lflE +?!
t. E (a,/(a))ollr'l *d y:,f(x)9 dde-l tl&zl= Lt44 4.f I241 EJ+, EEI+= SH..JzI? /7t EillE 9lrl
341

4. ++48 f',+ f''g ¤E6t+.

Z, y:f(x)olr xz[ x,o]1.! ;rrE HEJ q q-g+ +4t]14. 5. 7+ 6J+s.l E++E +61+.
(a) fzJ [x,, x2loll^l rql q]+ r9 B+Uqg (a) y: x" (b) Y = sinx (c) Y = cosr
(b) x: x,ollal xoll 46J Y9 *+Ea|$ (d)y:tanr (e)y:cscx (0Y=secx
(g) y : cotx
3. (a) /z| aollal ul$zJ-=-"alrft ag +Eg elulaliz|l
(b) B+E ul$zl^tsC4 g+^.je {B *4lz} gliz}? 6. EE+, +qL, ^IEqL, {zllql, ,1e} +g- ltel Eoiql^J E
(c) a:2ql^J tr+olzlq! ul$zl-b6izl t+g ++q r4 E4z| "lBrll HEI¤-e 4olr. ?i=4 ql= E+.
s= 171e}.

trl.15! +{t
4¤ E4lzl B"Jzl zl+i.Jzl +tr6tr+. &olE ol+E ¤H6t r.*lr'+rl:lzx+tl
-4, a4olH "l+= ¤E6Irl+ ElEllE ErI.
r. f7l a"llrJ ¤4"18/= aglrJ ul$zp'" afQ. s. s(x): xsolH lg W: BooltrI.

2.f q ez| ul-Szl-b6}E ffiol dfl+trI. 6. (-2,4)ql^J EEC y:*'oll 4+ ddE %fa^le.
y-4:Zx(x+2)ol11.
fi rrul n(x)l : f'(*) s'(*) 7. +6}^lel E6J++ 4alalol4.
t. ftl ul$z|ba|ts ++ol cBttrl.
s. fTl r"ll,rl u'l$zlft.alH l/lr ulgzg'a1c1.
d t- -f '(x)
. ,tf\x):-: ?_Jf
dx G)

u.r\ E Tll
+EE^ll

1. s : 7 + 2t + lt'* 4dge *4ol= E4lE *l;l(m)E v

aol4.
't+dtrt. {zlrl 19 BglE
(a) rl* fz.loll^l B+ +E= +61+.
.r"lzJ
x
(i) u, 3l
0
(ii) lr,2)
(iii) U, 1.51 (iv) [], 1.1]
3. ol4 rHg f , f',.f"E r4s5oltrI. 4 +dg oJil^l7l
(b) r: l"J trll ++ +E= +61-+.
a, a dq.ll qq ¤HEtz}.
2. ++e] :4EE El+:a47lLl +^t6f+. :fl + f4,E
E++el rnllEE ulB olrlloll :7814.
 1Xl E=
aci
-ti 177

v
2t. f(t) : J4t + t"J Eli,f"(2)E +6I+.

b
22. x6 * yu: l"J tr]l y'¤ 7ol4
x 23. trI¤. +=Jg +6I+.
L

sec "r
lg , - *,,
24. (n16, l)ql^J 4d y : 4 sin2xql EH.J dde.l El-{^lg +
4. golg r(Vo)oJ olzH4=el + ++Hol C:/(r)olr[. 6I+.
(a) soJf
"f'(')9 9"IE FH.JzI? olAel t+l= +fr,
r')lzl r)
-tJ/ f !
2s. (0, l)ql^l *d y : t + 4 sin.roll EllEi ddq HdE
(b) /'(10) :
+Hg elulalizf!
l2oo3 'JC4g +6I+.
(c)
"f'(r)*
6J,4' %toJz} olr-lH +E= uJ-#EzI? :
26. (a) ,f(x) *JS - * "J 4i ,f'(x)E +Eh+.

s. rolJrJ rs.{il trl+"Jel EEgg p(r)4 6l-xt. ol (b) d (1, 2)sI (4,4)ql^J y *r/5 *d : ql rI+ d
^l+ "J"Jg
dE -
Et. les0'J+El 2010H ilolE "J+ 3^HI,(J tsg rto %r-4^lg +614.

9 <tol4. ffi (c) *d4 ddE :14E= E.Jt ETls+Hql :rjal (u)
(a) P'(r)9 9"1* Ffl.Jzl-? tfl} Ffi,.Jzl? E ¤H?'L+.
(b) P'(4ql ++ +4#E sE
"J-+.
ffi (d) /e+,f'sl :14s8 Hlr4^J (a)gl 46J Bol 4BB
(c) Pel P'e] :24 sE rej+.
g +.J"]+.
(d) P'(/)E {tg qBrI q C+6}rll +6J dtlzJ.? *d y : *
27. 01 x 12n4./,4 sin x cos rzl f¤ddg ,*
t dg +6I+.
P(r) t P(r) =
1950 3l. t 1990 25.7 28. d (1, 4)E zl+r.r: -trt.r:5gl^J drde] zlgzlzl 6
1960 35.7 2000 25.1 4 -2tI sEd y : axz * bx * cE ia}4.
1970 34.0 20r0 ?4,0
r 980 28.0 2e. f(x): (x - aXx - b)(x - ")olfl ffioJ dBgr$ sq
+
6. f(x): .tr3 + 5.r + 4ol Ell E*+el 4Eq1 44,f'(r)E l9*'*1
x-a x-b'
+6t+. f(*) *-c
7-20 y'$^ +dI+ 30./(l):2 .f,(l):3 f(2):r f,(2):2
7,!:(xr+x3)4 g, ,-x2-x*2 g(1):3 g'(l):1 g(2):l g'(2):4
6 + 6}zt.

9. y: xzsintx 10. 'v

ta-7 (a) s(.r): f(*) + s(x)"J trll, s,(l)g +6I+.
t"+l
(b) P(;) : f(x)s(r)"J trJl, p'(Z)g +o14.
1l.Y:tan$-. 12.xya**'y:x*3y
(c) QG): f(*)/s(*)"J trll, 0'(l)g +dI+.
sec 20
13.r:-
" I t tan20 74. y: (1 - r-')-' (d) C("r) :"f(g(r))"J trjl, C'(2)g +6I+.

15. sin(xy) : x' - y 16. y: cot(3-rz + 5) 3t-34 g'g oj+6fl^-l"f,g +i{-+.

17. y : ,E cor .6 18. Y:tan2(sin0) 31. /("r): x's(x) 32. f(x): [s(r)],
19. y: iffirri 20.y:sin(tan$+f) 33. /(x) : s(s(x)) sa. f (x): g(sin.r)
 178 28 EEf^

irjol 2 m/s9 'J46J +qsE tlao+trI. aJ otolTl 4

35. ,f,q g¤ ol*"}| ,\ h,& +61-4. a0.
d4E e}.l. s */s9 +qse 4dEEE q?+ B4r 9l
: f(*) s(x)
h(x)
f(x) + s(x) 4. ol ololzf +d ot4= zl$ 'rl1 +de.l +ol} ol olol
-e+q 15 m $olql ilfl+. 3a + otolq +d ^I"le-l 4
836. (a) H-71+E [0.8] x [-2, 8]oll ,f(x) : x-Zsinx9 :24 4ql ql+ +71&g +61+.
.EEfE+. 41. ElloJsl "J4g 0.25 rad/hel HlgE +aatr- glq. ql"Jgl
(b) [1, 2] E= 12, 3) + qH +rJqliJ ¤tE+gol trJ
olzJol nl6"J 41 Eol 400 m AEol EE++ :-Hxl^L

=7l.? E"I4 m|trztl +z16l+7|?

(c) x : 2 E=-r: 5 + "lqq^l +zJflffi"l t l *zI?
42. (a) a : 0oll^l fk): :fr + 3. E dE+= +al-4. :4
(d) ,f'(x)E 4l+}ti}I. f 'Q)el "f '(s)el +zl= ulla[{ (c)
ui:o|-z, olag
r. olql 6ll'J6l+ "l+6ll^l
+11614. ^J¤=^l-=
= ,/r^otel +4t#g +6t+.
37. ExtTl-+4d +lql^l ¤.zloll gI4. ^14 roll,,.J o1 flxt9 (b) (a)9 d¤Elzt sit H+l 0"1 oll-llql^J 4q+ 19 71
4lE'= y = t3 - 12t+ 3(, > o)oltrI.
ffi
s a84+.
(a) 4E4 7l+EEl+= +614.
43. 4^I4¤ +lql Elgol FoJ s-"JE +tE"l 9l+' +EE 'J
(b) ol oJzlzl +lE ¤.4.J "llb flzflq-lzt? ol4E +21"J
trI= fl4l"J7l-? H9 uJHlts dsogz} H+l 0.1 cm olLHql^l 60 cmol4. trl
E¤. ol8oll^l +Ee.l HolE 4l4I6J'I 4lEil 51e"e;l¤
(c) +zJ 0<r 5 3ql^-l ol oJzlzl- +zle 4d]E +6tE+.
ffi (d) 0 <t 13ql^J +laq++, +E++, 7l+Eql+9 :4 +6I+.
sE:14+. 17*tJ-2=E.J+ELI+L11a,ol+6Jg
jEoJ'
44. +6J
(e) .Jz}sl lE7l flxll +'-+ahb7}? fl41 6l-r}6l+7|? lg1 f, =
+6[4
38" dd g+q A=J+ *(t + .E)teol4. {zlrl ;E dd9
E'J+ e-q--E+rl mE +49 x:4mE 4l dd 45. lim
I * tanx - / + .",, al&6IE.
'ZJolol+.
r+0 x' ?

9 C"Js= +6I+.
.d_ : x'9 "J+6J 4l.f '.(x)E +6i+.
3e. 4+HBl9 P4zl. 10 cm3/min9 HlgE 6zl.,*4. 4 H 46. f 7l firflz*ll
E ,Jolzl30 cmg ,ll AHol9 6zl-&9 +6].+.
 -t
L\

)-*/
I

lt

I #f

; #
+ltllEt ftt4l- EulerE
"..tlIllef
tlaoll Elltt ! Ttrli4ol Ll¤lLlrl ?J= 3?!0fl11ts qr aE glilE ¤ + aq."r sEtq. e!68813.7.27ollE
Hfol [E4ot ilaTt E= Ee]eE fEel 4 Zri E+t= rotTt f+fl olEEt ol3lt aotEL
Kostiantrn Xlai{hErko / Shuf .rsrock.com ^hlE

oo
3 EIEEOI oo
Applications of Differentiation
-flr

+al= olEl Eil+9 E8oll trEt 4E E+ilz, "lEHg s-gesJ

"ltsg +¤¤ rj tsx]al .J
+ 9l+. selfzl-++E r4s EoJql qi6l] +fl¤- "Ja116gxlE ullfl,r, Eq Er+el alR
,,I4 al*#E flzl$ ACq-b rll s¤¤ zl4;^ alas++rlEzt ¤qg 414+ E*
=rl.
+"lc ^JF+ql^l =ldE tr+= E= "JE F Y++ dxil4 Ezil= "J+41 g+. 561 +el- 4
49 zJ(,JE)E E"Jg E^l-g + ?lr 6l¤.el Fxlztlg +lzlql q6t] ¤H+ + ?lg 4"14.

179
180 38 ElEEsl 3E

3.1 | El'Irrtrl El+rrt

qE .Jg a|- ql fl"]^l fl4E ,JBg += 414+
"lgEfl +s+ ++ +q1-
E4l7I 9l+. q++ ol 6}ql^] EqoF E olfl Ezll9 qlol+.
. Eo 4H=+ qE E-oJe-E +E"lot 6l+71-?
^ll+Hl= 44+6IE]E
. ++et+dE 414 7I4-E= ¤olqlzh? (o14,+ 7l-+Eel ¤6}ql aqot 6}+ +
+Hlq^tql4l- ,11+ +-e-+ Ezllol+.)
. 7le+ 4l zlat uu|=.zll +7lE Hl]¤61-= ffiE 7l+E tlxlEg BotoJzI?
. d^Jol eEg E=¤Els-tr;{ aulgb {lHxl$ 4lae+6}71 +l+ tr*xlft9
4E- H"l.JzI?
olfl E4lEg E+E 314{} E- 4l*rJg +61-. Exlle flzlE+. Hxl 4q#
4 fl*#E golE 4q6l-41 ¤BEtTlE 6}xl.

I Elr11, El49't
=A
=EH,
:.H tE sJ+/el r4Eql il= 4lr.Eol (3,5)"Jg "J+ glt]. 4rl "Jull^l/el
7l* - alg /(3) - 5014. "I+zlzle 7i+ 4Ig #e. /(6) :2014. .f(3): s= 5l
t 4 -r-----i-----1

I Half-4 a f'6):2= 4*{tol"+ +t].. "JH}4ss'1-* 4E= ^}-*++'

l"z --l---]--+

n .!- + 6 x
Esl ctl f4 4e-lq Dql +Ef +4r 6l-zl. rqts /(c)=. tr+++ a+.
1

. n"ll +f, EE roll 4aH fk)>- "f(x)olE nq,<i /el 4"{'J(absolute maximum)
-ral I
JET

"l+.
. ogl 4fl s= x"ll 4all .f(c) < /(x)olE Dql^J /el a*'J(absolute minimum)
o1+.

v a]ql g.- 44= qlqlE tsgGlobal) 6ltll E. 4a+ +Eq, /E 4lq',Ir+ 4l

+#g/el +rJ(extreme values)ol4 ++.
t4 2Y dql^l 414, aoll^l r4s
4la.J'J+/el r=flFoltl-. d (d,/(d))-
+ql^l zttl +g d"Jl d (a, /(a))i. z16r- *g d'Jql +=-6lzf. b{l tl4* x
f(il el
#"Jg ^Jr+"IEtep ++ (a, c)E +dg ^ll+6}El ,f(b)71/(x)9 Ak +
f(a)
=q
7l* rololl olAg /E +H{kol4 +r+. ?J*,r}HsE c4l tlnyol 9t= xoll 4
= oJ+
q0 bc d e .{ dliql= 5q +rJ (b, d)ql^ll /(c) < .f(x)ol=E /(.)E /el ++6}o1rJ +trI
a4 2 El*',J f@), zlcAil f@) /- q^l ,ollrl ++{ig *-+. "JH!4SE'+g=r+ rJol ce-l6J+.
++'J fk), f(e) f(d)
=*'J.f(b),
2 8sl f/(c)b +s=r+ +q.
t x7l c P*{1 ?Ig trll, /(c) >,f(r)olE /E ?5[il(local maximum)ol+
. x7l c F*oll ?lg oll, f@) A /(jr)olfl /el minimum)ol+.
=*'J(local
 3.1 El'l'Jl'l fl+'J 181

(r4:z +E A+)ql^J *iftl c.FE(near)ql^J ol ^dEol dBolfl, c

zlo ---1
ol 2 .v

-r:ft 7L
i:l-,+*

EEr-d+ qE zll++ql^J "l c4ol ar"l E9 9"1++ (q-+^J +4 E. +

.

6 -rdl
4l*&
=
4- "J EEql^J +E+g + H.trl-.) ql$ .q :H 3ollrJ f@) : s- +rJ 1ql^"1 zI
-1 l'

4 l-+.7I
r -.e--ltt

* 4tl trIEql +*alol g+ r*l+ ola+ fl*#e olqq. ell+alfl xtl tz 2

I J K
+=(el= ++ K.il^l)ql flg trll, f(x)y rl zI* #g *=4 ¤xfle f(tz) 0 t2x
=q
_ 39 +*{Iolz1. al*#o14. uf4}zfxlE /(8) : tZ +E#e 4zl"J 4q{}g
4 8

-ral a
oLq+. El+:.lE x: 1 ++ql^J EL+ /- q
JE !,

#g +l.J+.
=
(qq I D +S.J+E :.4=zI rH 4eI ?JLI.
v
(-1,37) y:3xa-16x3 * 18x2
f(x):3xa-r6x3+l1xz -1 < x<4
qzlrJ
"f(1)
:
s= +H#o11, /(-r) : 373 +l*#o14. (ol 4lH#+ +H<t+ "I
q+. El+:.lE ¤Eq^J 44421 trll$oltrI.) Ed /(0) : 03 +*#olr f$): _zt
(1,5)
19 +*#olzl- al*at"l4. fY x:491ajE +H{tE 4lH#E *xl t**gl ae_o34
I -l 45x

{qlrl| 2D ++,f(x) -cosxE-"Jelel 44 rzgl tHtlq cos}ntr:1ol-tr, EE d#x

ql EilEiq -1 < cosx { lolF e 4E#(+q#"J) 1¤. +6J61 '*"1 #l.JrxrH s + (3, -27)
a). ,Jg ,*HsE "JglE 4a nd qELq cos(Zn + 1)rr - -lolE + -19 4+{k+
*#1"14. a=J 4

y
4lq{}
=.*AlolzI

0 ')* 3rr J

4*{,lolz} B1+r,l

f.g 5 l': cosr F

-v
!:*
E= xoll 4al] x2 > 00lEE .f(x) : x20lE /(x) > /(0)o14. :4F + /(0)
( o{lfil 3 l)
: 0+ /e] 4l+{t(**a}1"14. "149 egd y:./t:H 6)q^J flE"l 7}tr-*+ d
ol+= qis"+q r4+ sEdq TI1L +e d3 ¤xH;Izl t*r, u++^J ol + 0 x
^L¤ql
+= 4H{tg *xl ?*}4. r fal 6 al+'J o, r{'j'Jg fi,t|..

y
(qllll 4D :+ 7ql^J EFol Et+ /(.r):x39:24=-tr_Frl "l 6J+= 4lH{tr+ 4l y:f
*#$- r*xl g**9 .J + gj+. ^l*¤ ol a;I+= qE +#E z*zl t*84" r
0 x
qtr EL+= +{tg qE ++= +r.tg z*zl g*- 4g
'*r u_91r1. +¤- 4El
- olfzl-+{tg *=+- 4¤ _u6ra15 44+ zll^l+4.
f.al 7 El+,J, El.i,J= H.rl
 2Il nltltflol oQ
182 JO ulEtl-l oo

3 B# /zl. ql++ [a, &]oll.<J fl*olH, "f= la, bl{ qtr + cel dql
Eq
=rJ
^J
4Hrt /(c)4 al+r* f(d)= *=+

+{t 44= rH 8ql ql^lgq fl'} +r,}e qEl *q^J 7}¤ + fl+.il ++
+tr|. +{t 44= {+ B¤6ll _solxl"J +He qflq. q+^-1 +He 4+
^Ld
+rl.

v -v v

rg I -Bt+71.tr1|+ilotl^l E+olE +,J

O,LLFI
.:riL-| .
0 AC db x r)
a c d:b x 0 actdczbx
=

rH ee+ l0g 7lc +q 6l+(9+ E- ql+zJltl +{t c4"I^l 4+*+E q+

+= +{tg *xl *oJ + 9l+g Eq ++.

v v
3

0 gx 0 2

ral I -sf+: Bl*,J,f(2) : 0= f.al 10 E+-Bf+ sE 5l'l'Js

,Jr, El.j,Je rJrl Etsrl. al*,Js zfxl Birf.

rB eel rflsE ,*- ++ /= Ell++ [0, 2]ql^l ^.r9*xl"J flfl#g *zl

?+-+. t/el ilEg [0, 3)"Jql ++61-^] ol u]f;- 391 zfzt& ft9 ,*zl"J ¤7
39 +l'J +- H+.1 "l rl-dg +# cr.]"ll E+ol olq+. 9I+6IH /71- E+ol
olr-lzl tr]l$oltrl. [:_H"]lE s-fr6]r g¤+E]+E fl${t4 4l*#g z]-e + ?l
4. fl+Exll +El
7(b)
rg 10E 6Jf sb 4l+7J g4olzl"J alHrtE 4+{iE *zl t*E
(0, 2)ql^J
4. is9 zlEe. (1, m)o14. ol Et+= H"IEzl ,,i+ ,I4ltrl-.1 olaE +# 44
=
oll -E.+Elxl ?+-tl EI+"I-H ++ (0, 2)- ql+Zlo] ol-'lzl ull$ol4.

r g4l+st E{l+il rJE

+{t CrlE ql+rJql^J fl+"J *fzl. 4lH#4 El+#g +=+- d9 "l:"|xl
"J +{Ig +61+ "JBg "J4#xlE ?*E+. :2fl 8ol +E{} E= ++Ak* zltl
i a4 b ^Iolql alH{t, al*rtol 9ltrl-= ag "JEJTSE +c +#g +6}- a
 3.1 El.l'Jrl"El+,J 183

o.-+.+El )
^lzt6Jr+. k, /(c))
rH 11$ coll.<J +qlolr dql^l +a"J ++/E r4E= Eq ++. +trile+ +
4"J EqIAJ dde +B ol1- tJzJ4 tl&tl- 0olr}. E++= ddE zl$zl"J$
"J+. lq=-E f',(') - sol_tr f'(d):0014. q+ 44b "lts7l}"* rJ+.ql ql
(d, f ldD
dll 6}{F eLgg "Jd]] ++.
0 (' d -r

:1= 11
@ u1;=npgq /zl cql^J +q E* +aolr J''(c)zl +46lB f'k) :ooltrI.

Eq'Jg /7I +l"ll coll^J +q14r 7}46fxl-. rElE 4el Eql rlz| cgl f
=B
+61 7l-7i+ xgl 46]] z olae- ft7| Oql ++61 tltl& folE nz|
EllEol
"f(c) /(r)oltrl. 8el= flEle +:qt= 8F-d u
trll=Dl
¤-olzl+ oJolrl+ +4lg{ol ffiol ^dBE:g 9"1*4. aJA HET| tr1|=nkPiene de Fermat,
1601-1665)sl 0l=0ll^l qg ,ioltl
f(r) >-
f(c + h) tr1|=E[= 6t|{7161--+E ,JA-.J + AFJ
6 -d E0lrt.(rl= ,(FJg rJlTlEEOl
5 f(c+/r)-/(c)<0 trl-.) +csl ENrl. al.l,J, 4l+,J= +
6l.E r9 SE(=-drt s.-gt*zl EBEI
oJ+E + ?l_o se. h> }oll, hzl +E6l 4sE ++g E=+.
"JEg ,+ts 7l E)g olE-sr9 d^loll ?lcl +EJ.E.
trl gctrl.

f(c+h)-f(c).o
h

ol +F^lE .JEql ++.Jg +l6IE(1.6¤el CEI E ^leo)

Q-*g e-+.
f(r+h)-f(r)
AT- h

r7l + f (c)tl ¤'zll6l-E

' -tr ++g ts=trt.

f(c+h)-f(c) f(c+h)-f(c)
f'lc):lTlT: rrrJr
h-0+ h

q+^J f'k)<0ol+.
ft < OolE +E4 E= /,s +E ql +EEe-l ILF6Jg eI4zL g+.

f(c+h)-f(') >0
h

u}?+^J 4l-=--1oJ9 +l6l-E +g¤ E.+,

fG + 4) - f(c) : fk + h) - f(c) r- ,
f'(r): linl
i---+0 h
.Hrp
lr---+o- h

f'(c)>001I. f'(c) <0gg "JgI+. + +E4ol *ol"loF 6fEE, 7H^d+

f '(c) - Oolol"i 4.4.
+qlqI A+q qle"t 4i]E +Bflrl. +a"J A+E +^f+ ELFtssE +E.J
+ glrHE#E4l 37 +4\ r
184 2.xl
Jc} nltlt+l ol oQ
ulEtl--l oo

.v qlES ullE"l-cF-lql q+ "tc 9"lE +o16}- aql ql6l] 4r.6Er

q-¤= ?Itr|.
y :.r3
f'(x):0ol?+ +a;9 rlE +61-- a."Jge +a|g ql+B += Htr|.
0 J
(qU SD /t ) -x3oJH /(x):3/2ol:1, trI4^J ,f'(0) -0ol+. r+l+ r* tzE
rqlEql^J g + giFol O"ll^J /= +qlE {+r {21 9+.+. (EE x > 0gl
'il
6Jl *'> 0olzl"J x < 0gl 46l] < OoJql ++6}zl-.) '(0) :00.|4= ildg +d
_r3
:19 12 f(r): .rr0lE l''(0) : 6pl1l1 "f

/= +tllE r-.4E ,J^l E=tl.

y: x3ol (0, 0)q^J +¤ddg ,*+g 9"lEL4. (0, 01q1.<i +'l+ +48 z*zl t**
4+l ol +de "l dql^J +¤dd4,ri|++. I
v
(qrl| 6|} ++ f(x): lrl= 0ql^l (++<iolzl-) 4l*atg *xle} f,(x):0e_tr +
y: lrl
0 "T
g ?*zl ull$olrfi:zfl 13 *al. r
=zflotxl
rH 13 /(x) : l,lolE ./(0) :03
5l*'Jo lrl. fal
rl LJ=rf
L|-
"r'(O)e =r|16l @7cl.a. ql4 5e+ 6g Ellstrl- 4elE ol+B
+E6llot Elg -H-{ fl+ qlzll
oll fr
5E.f '(c) : 0ol4,Bxl4-E cglrl +4+ +4E HIE^I Ag olHg ¤H+ *.
+.(+^l "J:.FE qleEl-4rlE qg.JHI4sE zl+lol4.) rl*ol (ql4l 6ql^Je+
aol) f'(c)zl +xll6l-zl ?+q+E +r,tg +¤. +E ?l'l
qle"f 4El= f '(c): 0o144 f '@)71- +z]]E.fzl t+= f ,ollr-1 /el +{tg *"t
E+"I ++* ag "J^l6tr ilq. olel rJ+ +ql= +8,* olEol E=+

6 dgl trI+ /el HfiI#(critical number)E f 'k) : 0o144 f 'k)z|

=z]]6}zl
?+= l el Celqql +.J *
'E "J'J+
(ql4l 7ll q-gel+=E g4l¤+6t+
(a) /(x) : x3 - 3xz + I
(b) /(x) - x3t5(4 - x)
ral 14E qlrll 7(b)oll ?i= -J+./ol raH H
g= -E.q T ?|tr|. x:7.5(f'(x):0)B (a)/9 E++= f '(x):3xz - 6x:3x(x - 2)ol+. _EE ¤+ x{l 4aL{ f ,(x)zl {\l
"
ttfl +$trC, .r:0(./'(rr'- SolElIl "dB)
6lIr-E .J4l+= .f '(x) : OoJ A+qlEI +EI++. I x:0 E= x : 2014.
q
"J +alddE z1x;=+ ,J4e. E= 'J
ilEts:drl.
(b)/el 4qqe Rg oJ"I+zl.+E B4g ol+6IH +gg e=+.
=
3.5 f'(*) : *3/51-l) + (4 - *)(1*-'/') : -x3/s *'$.;r{)
5x''"
-5"r * 3(a - x) 12 - 8x
5x'/s 5x'''

[/t*l :4*3t5 - r8ls o + +r 4I+E]]E rJg tr+= gg + gl+.] q{^l 12 - 8x:0

-0.5 5

a
ol$, I *:3lzolE,f '(x) : gol-tr, x: 09 4l/tx)}- ?*=+, :f4.=E
=xll6}zl
fH
-L

14 'J4l+- 312+ ool+. r

 3.1 Al'l'J7f El+'J 18s

"J4l+q +6l] ullE"t c4E +¤-r+ rJol Etrg+. (4E E4 4El EIE HljT
6l-+.)

7 7z| c"llri +ql+ ++olH cts /el g4lf"l4.

fl+++e] alq<tol4 4*#g +6lzl +16ll, ol {tg +H#ol't

ql++ql^J
+*#(Eql 961] .J4l+.|^l gd6l+ A+) E= rH 8ql il- qlql^l E + ?l
tol ++E Edql^] Lt4Lt- aql +q++ El_+^l 6}{1-++ 3+41 4cg 4
4"t.J4.

4lPJ SH q++ [a, b]oll.ri tr+"J E]+/E 4HaL E+ al*{t+. +6lz1 9l

611^J+

r. (a, e)ql il+ /e] g4l+ql^J /el {tg +++

2.+7J4 ¤dql^l /el ,Htg +++.
3. t,Z+4ql^J TItf {tol al*a}oll,7l* +t-3 a}"1 al*alol4.
=

(q4 8D ql+ f(x): x3*3x2*r,-+ (x(4q :'lH414 4l+41g+6p+

Eil fzl [-l,o]"il^J fl+ol=-E ql+rJ %]Hg ol+'J + 9l+.

: :
qlxll 7(a)ql^J ?4lfzl- r Oel- x 2oJ¤ E9t+. ol .? zll9 "J4l+Eg +rJ
v
(-1, +)q E+qq il+ ol .J4l+ql^lel ++ /el {tg q-q=4 +L+. y:,tr3-3x?+I
20
(4,17)
l(o):t f(2):-3 15

"J E dql^lE 6;L+/el zI+ q-q_rl a'+. 10

/(-i) :+
5
f(4):17 t2
:
ol Hl ,llel {ig- ulnaJl trH 4*{tg /(4) 17ol-tr 4+#+ f(2) -gol4. : -1
-5
r)

/? -?\
34x
ol qlql^l 4H{t* Edql^j, H}Hql 4+#+ "Jal+ql^j eq4t+. /q r4s.
:zH l5e+ rJtrl r r.H 15

r4q+ aEE+{q4:r49 4l&zl= r*r

gl+H ol"+ flril 4qat4 4l*a}
¤- +49 + gl+. rq'f i+el {lxllzf Bq T=ol 4++ {ig +6lzl glafl.r1
L "l+qol $eafri.

(qlll eD
(a) 4l4IzJ+ e+qs 0Jf-ollal *f /(r) = x- 2sinx, 0 <x <}TE 41*{tr} 4R
<ig +46t+
(b)
"l+Eg ol$all.<"] ¤qql 4*#4 4q#g +6i+.
186 38 ntEEst 3E

8
Eil
(a):H 16* -E-zlglE [0, }nlx [-1, 8]ql il=/E r4EE Eq +r il+ 4H#
e 4+ 6.e7olq ra+ x-5.24oJ ql gqd4. "I&zfzJ_tr 4*{tg 44 -o.0ao1
r f_4+ x - r.os"J ,ll tsq4+ "J + 9l'1. q+ cq6J <tg +4e. f ilxlql "lE
0 a-
el* ol*t]]oF"J 6J+.
-l (b) ++ f(x): x - ZsinxE [0, 2rr]o{1.{ ¤4o14. f '(x): | - }cosrolEE
rg 16 cosr - jC 4 /tx): goltr rA+ x:?,rc0144 s?,l3"J trI Eq41+. olE "J4l+
q^l /el {i+ ++4 ,J+.

:
f(n/3)'333 +- 2 sin + : + =,r8, : -0.684853

f(sn/3) : +- 2 sin
+:+ .,t8, -6.e6803e

E4ql^l /el #e +q-q *L+.

"f(0):0 f(}r):2n:6.28
01ql a5. ull.6l-r. ql+rJ %LEg ol+6IH, al*al+ f(n/3) n/3 - al :
"/5"11
:
Er*g f$rr/3) 5rr/3 + ,A "14. ¤r+= (a)E*el Eg {k4 HIE6]|^J +"Jf,+.
I

Eql A"J*.+. tlz+ t: 091^'l g^Iqq :

t t264{ e.4l +dillzl +49 ollzlzl *
++-,Bdel +Eq q+ EB+ +g=r+ rJol #q41+.

o(r) :0.000397r'
- 0.02752t2 + 7.tg6t * 0.9397 (m/s)
ol EBg ol$-all.<J E^l-o1l^l ea +4lxll7l En]¤ ^l+7hzl ++++4E z|+_Eoll
ql6J 4lqAI+ +l+Alg +614.
q

z.
,f+ Eil +qd +E6J+zl-"1-H z|$ra}aE +Al.g. s_+6tEE, 7I6_EE +6171 +16l
H4 "lES a].x}.

o(t): a'(t):f fo.ooo39713 - 0.02752t'+ 7.196t - 0.g3g7)

0.001191t2 - 0.05504t + 7.196

olxll ++ 0 < r < l26ofl.<1 fl+'J+ r.ll 441 ql+rJ %lBg 4+++. _z rSfg q-

+4 rJ+.

a'(t) :0.0023808r - 0.05504

a'(t7 - 0"J trll "J4l+= g.+.

,,:9:23-12
0.0023808
 3.1 Eltrlilrl-EI+il 187

.JAl+ql^'19 a(r)9 <l+ Edgl.<J a(r)9 ,,tg 414161]^l E1g¤ g=+.

o(0) : 7.196, o(tr) : a(23.12) : 6.56, a(126) - 19.16

"I4^l 44 zl4s:- m/s2oll :i{A zl4Ets E 6.s6 m/s2olr1. -l

a+ 19.16

3.1 lt+eu
1.4+#+ ++{tq i}"1d9 ¤H6l-+. (b) [-1, z]ql^] EE4olxl"J 4*<F] 4*AIg ,*= BJ

2. -ze|lPzf q-s=$ +g EL+ql 4a]] a, b, c, d, r, solleJ g- f9 :4gE rEJ+.

fzl 44 E= 3l^oJzl, +ql Eb +AoJzl ol.JH qL B-14 ++ /el r4s= 4- s_E- l4r r4s= oJ$-all,<"1
/el
{E o}{zlE
^l+6}+. 4HEt, 41+At, +H{t +*A}¤. +6i4. 0.2¤-, 1.3Bel r4
sel E+lg ols" oJ4.)

I
)
8. f(x)=3-2x, r>-l
9. f(x): llx, x 2 I
10. /(x) : sinr, 0 < r 1 rrl2
0 abcdr s.f
11. f(x) : sinx, - rrl2 < x < rl2
3. ++ r4Eql^J 4*r,L 4*{t4 +H,#, ++#g "J-o}4. 12. f(x)= 1 * (.r+ 1)2, -2< x 15
.v 13./(,r):l-fi
\ x2, -1 <x<0
t
14. /(x): 2-3x, 0(x<1
\
Y:"f(;r)

0 I x rs-23 ++,*+e.l "J4l+E +6tE+

15. /(x) :3x2 -t x - 2

4-5 [], s]ql^l E+olr +g {dg "J$atE E[+/s] r4
EE rq+. 16. f(x) = 3x4 * 8-r3 - 48xz

17. g(t) : ts + 5r3 + 50r

4. 2oll^l Bl4, sql^J 4lql, 3ql^J +ql, 2, 4oll^l +4
18.gtyl:- v-1
s. 4ql^l 414, 3q1^J alA, zq1a1 qq1 !\r' y" y -f I
-
x2+Z
6. (a) 2ql^J +qlolr 2ql^l trl+zl-eot 6J+q :.=flrzE-f-
19. P\x): 7
^ x-l

Bl+. 20. h(t) :73t4 - 271t4

(b) zql^J +4oll1 2ql^J E+"lzl"J ul$zl$-alzl t+g :

21. r(x) f/s(x - 4)'
trI+q f_4EE rel+.
(c) 2oli.rJ +q{olJ. 2ql,q ¤4ol otH *+g :4eE
22. f(x): x1/3(4 - x)ztz

rEJ+. 23. /(0):2cos0 + sin20

7. (a) [-1, 2]ql^J 4lH#g z*zl"J 4l+r,]e.'*xl t*E eif trtg4 rJol fq4
s1 :zqle=:1EJ+.
EEz+. '*+/E EEL+zI !l+./E "J4l+E
7H+E +6t4.
 188 38 EtEEst 3g

-r -r 210 sin ,r
----^-
E ¤f 6ll+Hg zlf;o _E trlEl +flE +46}fltri. f_ 4
r.
, t,tt
- x'-6x+10 g+q ,Iel ++l=
4 20128 1g I /7HgoJ

2s-30 +qd +rJql^l /E 4l*alr+ 4l+{i¤- +6}4 L(t) :0.0043913 - o.1273t2 + 0.8239t + 323.1

E LlEttr + 9l+. 2012Eel qL

^lzl"ll ff{z}
* zl-=J H
25. f(x): 12 4x - x2, [0, S]
gtExl +C6l+.
26. f(x):2x3 - 3xz - l1x * l, l-Z,Z]
36. zl$zl"ll "lEaol Eqe+ Tleg 4E qaEol "JE ¤.
27. f(x):3x4 - 4x3 - lZxz + l, [-Z,l]
4zI 919 *4"1 +7t+tr1. E^lql zl+g +=.6]l^l ¤-Bl
28. /(x) : * +;, 1

lO.Z, +l
4zlE +zlE EoEzt #ot4]+. Ag ^lrJql +f. .Jsl +
2s. f(t) : t - 4fi, [- 1, 4] zlz| ufl6g4fl E" E7I Hg trlletrt +g trl q g-E.l +{
: 'J4. *zl EEq 4sz} olgeg "JqLH= E+
30. 2cos t * sin}t, 10, rrtZ] =++
"f(I) q 4d+. xd +¤ql,q zleg ql gE¤ ,l+ EsE HI
3I. a4 bz| o;ao, ql, ++ f(x): r'(1 -.x)b, 0 < / < 1el
zl# 4rJ elxlEE E 213 B:;tt4 ++6t= Ag E
4*Alg +6I+. + gl'1. ,lEql q1+ +qI4 E¤ql 44 *zl EEe] +
!. uE 7l+E qlxlEol r"J 4i trl+ %'-¤^l-oE +olaq.
H rz-rr
(a) _z4gE ol.$a|l,rl +¤- trI+=q 4*atr} 4+at¤- 4+ ,(r):ft(r6 - r)r2, *rrS r{ro
d oI4 EBll xlul4xl +614. {zlrl rE rJfol_tr rg:- *tt-^lel 7l+el u.lzJgolrf. rg
(b) trlB+g 4++ 4*{t4 4l+{t¤. +B}4. zlloJ6l.= 4* zl*g H"l t+.litl rolzB_4 r4l ++
"l+611^1
32' /("r) : +2, -l <,r < 6t= Ag *xlaJ4. (r$zl ?+sE r|*"1 4{s+.)
x5 - x3 1

(a) fzJ frolZ, rololl^J o7t flfl#g r*b r9 {}g tr¤Et

33. l'(x) : x
')c
- x2
4. ol4g dqtq E+ {t+ Hlr6l+.
(b) ol +rJql^J ,9 alHdig 9"1-"Jzt?
34. 0*30"Cql^l gETl-r"J ql E I ke9 Pul y(cm')=
=^I (c) *& [0, ro]oll.t1 u9 :24=E rq+.
4e + trl+ ,J+.
v : 999.81
^lr+
- 0.064267 + 0.008504312 - 0.000067973
37. (a) {}f /z} "ollrl ++{tg zl-zlfl elf g(x) : -/(r}b
gEE +6I+. +H,#g TIeg +H6I+.
cgl^J
"JE.zI 41'll"J trll Ee-l (b) (a)E ol+6}q /7I cql^J ++#s ztzl= A+ qle
3s. 2012H "J H EqI ulfr Exlot +E qlolqoi E:+gl +g t:t {el$ +8614.

3.2 I Bffit Bel

E

=sl
!fl= l69lp rreJ4 +-=r^l-E ol tr-el Bg 4r+=ol 6J.+el ed4.J sl+61-ql,:4.o1 ¤## crl
(Michel Rolle, 1652-1719)9 rlAl ^td"ll
(Mdthode pour resoudre les egalrtez.bE
ol+.
Eafl il=e.e gEfltrl. =J^lsl :E r
HJE=oil L|16tl C=J-d HlETl.Hr ol4
E:+= ',;irtr-d e+ 'Jqal'al-r I EgI EgI
q. rai+ Foll :E El4E-+sl =4=iI
HJgol

EE4o+ Etl= a= ++.!:?Htl. ¤+{t cr-lE +c6}71 glal Hx] ++ ¤r+zl-¤s_a}4.

 3.2 EE'J trBI 189

Eq 8q Bf rzt q¤- ^ll tlxl 4fl9 "J+6lE "f

,(c) : 0"J # czl (a, &) t]
"ll Ezl]tr4.
1./. ql++ ta, &loll.rl H+ol+.
2. f + 4l+7J (a, &)oll.rl ul$zffalr|.
3.f(a):f(b)

+Eg 6}zl dql ^ll

zlzl +tl$ "J4aLE H zlxl dB4.J ++el rqls=
+qBzL. :zH 1* olel g+ ull zfxl El+q r4s= Hq +r flq. 4L 4+.il

flq^J r4s +lq 4qE + 4

(o, f(c))zl r 4ql^J ddol +8, +
=^ll6H^l
f '(c): 0oJ9 Eol ++. :.elE_tr Ee] e4i- :zHt6J] EoJtrl.
v v )

/T\
-y

0 a cr czb x 0 a cbx 0 atrczbx 0 u t bx

(a) (b) (c) (d)

1
=aJ

Tfzl 4*zl ?ltrl

=B
,C9 I
^Jl
E d,-T /\tnl"l
7lo
"f(x): /r, ft= 8+ ="t/ I

ol 4 ? f'(x) solF-f, c* (a, b)ql +6l.- "Je]E +E qB + 3l+.

=
-
BP tl (a, r)0ll +El.= olE x0ll^1"f(r) >"f(c)tl E+ [rH 1(b) EE (c)]
+{t 4r-lql q+(34 1ql E6]] zl+E + gi+), fyla,bl .Jel qtr *q^J 4lH
,*g ,*=4. f@) _ f(b)ol=E 4++ (a, b)41+61= f collal 4H{tg 7}4o}
6J+. r*lH /E co1l,<1 +4oli1 44 2q1el"]] /- cql^J ul$zf!.alE_tr, fll=u1-
cqq 44/'(c) : ool4-
BP tlt (a, Dall +61.= :.J E xoll^J f@) <f(a)oJ B+ [zH l(c) Ei (d)] ral 2= qllll 20ll^l tsslEl Et# /(x) :
+r"l cE-lql EBll f Y la, blql^J 4l+#g *=+ f(a) - /(b)o1r,g (a, &)gl 4 +r - l9l :a;.1s= LlEfLJrl-. Esl tr
.r3

6I= +.ollr-l fl*#g *.+. +^l Elle"l- ¤fl.il tr+{.f,(c):0014. r elts Ol+el HT]E|EE trfrHdlrlalE
+ Uill xtrtrE + fi.tl= ?iE=a
s. "JA-'J
q E+.
(qxl| 1i) +4olbEx.llE +lzle}+s:,f(/)ql q6}] tsl d?].4+oll trz[..r.-]e
3
trl-E ++ r: a* r: boll^-l EillTl ag +lilql gl+H, f @) :/(b)ol+. Eq 44ql

9"ll a4 b ^IolE qH ++ I : coll^l f '(c): 0, + 4sz} 0ol gr+= Ag 'J6ll +

+. (+61 +¤. +zl"J"JsE +ltr. trJflg oll "14"1 +.Jg .J + gltrl.) r -2
+/ 2

{io{ldl 2l} HJ44l x3 +x - 1 - 0ol + tL zl]g ¤+¤. 714+= Hq+.

-J

EUI Hxl Jol ¤xflt+= 49 -Hol7l +16]] +rJ# Crl(l.B¤el C4 10 )g ol+oJ a== z
190 38 trlEEst 3E

4. f@):.r3+x - +E /(0) - -l < 0olI-,f(1) : 1 > 0014./= 4rlaJfol.o

1-tr
_tr fl+olr+. trl{^J +rYt 44s+El 0r+ I
^Iolql
f k):09 "J+{+ f .zl ?l*
g "J + ?i+" :74oE +q{ %}d4g r*=+
=¤.
E trle ¤=g ,*zl t+Eq= Ag trol7l +16I Eel C4e+ E+ql c|u;| !ff$ ol
s"rt4. %I{alol + ,]]el ¤= a* bE r*=+a rl$ /(a):0: /(b)"1tr1./= 46J
aJfolrl qlEql a7J @, e)q^-l trlE7l-t6l-r. [a, b]oll.rJ fl+ol+. E]+^l Eq 44
"11
sl61l f' (c) : 0g "J+6|= c E (a, b)tl ftx\++. rq+ E-E rql 4.]] (-rt > 0ol
EE) ffiol ¤H.J+
f'(x):3x2+l>1
l4oe."f'(x)E Ea ool g+ S.4. ola* E+ol+. trl+^J %F84g F z1]9 ¤*
g +4 ?+=+. r

r BE'J 8AI
Efl C4E g*n *elxt 4:z="ritJoseph Louis Lagrange)ql e.l6H a¤.9-tr- g
4d ++ dr-l= +E6I- ql +E ol+Htri.
'JdrJ Eal= Erflgalo; --J qlolrl.. 6il
u,t tral, +rJ Eal, Ealsl ,Jol 01 BEr"I EEI Bf /zl q+ aAg "J+6Jrlz 41x1.
=ol 1./ts ql++ la, bl"llrJ fl4"14.
"J dE= "J+61ts +7| =Ifl-dtl= ^|.¤
3 HtJEFIU:45 +61.='JH3 gal 2. f + 7H++ (a, b)oll,tJ ul$zff,afQ.
+rl E=rl.
rBlH EI+61-= *
ctl (a, b)41=z[+tr1.

trI+C +ilol+
2 f(b)-f(a):f'(c)(b-a)

ol dr-l= +E6l-71 dql 716l-+4.J 6}]4¤. E6l] ol4ol 4RaL+= ag tr^l

ojolEzf. rH 34 4i ul$zP" EI + 6J+E r4Eql 9l= + 4 A(a, /(o))4
B(b, f (b))= Eol +r ?14 6Jd ABE zl¤zlE tr el +84 'r-e- ol4 -tr¤
^l
v y
P(c, /(c)) Pl B

A P?
f(a))

B(h, f(h))

0 u C b x 0 a rl czbx

-ral
JEU
2 4
=aJ
 2 ''
J.1
E{=7t xl=t
O tA HA Oul 191

,-(l9
--''l zl-t- rI
;4, r- -1.
=

3 ril4g :
f(b) - f(a)
o-a
"f'(')E 4 (c,/(c))ollrJel dd9 zl9zlolIrs ^l trE +q4l Bqql^J ¤#{t

4lEr-g'J"l-r gt'l- '+^l "Jdll 6Jd ABel Bq6J ddg += d pz| fxllqlq(E
4^J $d ABe+ ¤qo}rll 'iz}$:z4g"ll ij¤.s-_tr d6l= zldg ^Jr+6lzl-).

/e+ *+ rqluz} Bd arE-

++.j1. ++e] dEE ^lE+ ++ ilE /,
=B
.ll Eel 44= 4++rt. Er+ zldql 4* d-zl¤zl
^l "J{{g ol+6IE {d
ABel ,J{{g ++4 *ol ¤ + 9l+.

v-f(a): f( b-a f("

h) y
(*-o)
y: f(x)
A
f(u) - f(") (*-o)
7
-'r
v:f(a)+ b-a f(x)
B

q-4^J rH sql^lxlH ++g g + 9l+

0 u J bx

4
f.H 5
Hxl E}f h7l Eq CElel ^ll TIxl aAg "J+Els Bqol EJ+.
1. ++ ft- ¤+oJ EI+/e+ lxl. rfaj-g-a9 glolea fa, bloll^l fl4"14.
2. EL+ ftE ++/el lz} 4=JR#z| ul$zp-o 6ftr E (a, b)ql^-l ul$zlf,alcf.
dxllE al Ee+El 4d h'g 4l4l=J + gl'i.
etru+el Bar"I Eal
h'(*) : f '(*) - f(b) - [(a) EE'J EllE IieJ oJ ol.slrlel 0l
clDlLl Al0loll4 ol=alof
=alol?l
0ll^l E[lGIU a[:ajf(Joseph
++-
Louis
t/(o)q tr+"Jql +++rl.l Lagrange, 1736*1813)0ll old[| i-lfio
e uE+l#r|". rE cEolfla rqg s+
3. h(o): f(") - f(o) - f(b) - f(") (a-a):o rJol Llololl Ealr0ll^l 11+71#+. al
b-a raJ+= 8+=,
:'J+E,
'J8^.18, 6114
q+, Efllq+oll :*rl.
.PJE 3--J=
h(b) : f(b) - f(a) - f(b) - f(") (b-") 6l EHgF4lsl =
gttr¤E 8461.= rll ul4
b-a E+= 018"^.[tl :.E 9ga]el Fgs
: f(b) * f(") - t/(b) - f(")l: 0 EAI m31=el6l rHsJoll4l 4gElol sll

+-qr+801 fltl E
r+-sf OfTltlJgl

trl+^-l h(a) : tu(byo111.

=eJ
alEel6l + alraJ+E +01 16.(il
^t"JufalE
9 4tso= .attlElol ge-eoll
EE ¤n-lel E= a{g "J+6IEE, h,(c):ooJ * 'zl
h7l (a, b)"ll +zll++. ?l= ol.trlE= 6f,\l-HJ?Iqq ql=
EllrLlee.l f,+71Htl". e+ Al^le.l-=11
rEl.E-E" ffiol CB++. ,qlel ffi011E 5761I r= =
rltrdl.r.
a8-d gEl al+ollEl E
o : h'(c) : f'(r) - f(u) - f(") Fi.[rl.
^FJolHsq,
D-a
"492 2jEl nltltfiOl oa
JO "lLrtl-l OO

f(u-)-f(a)
f'(c)- D-a
rl

( qd 3 [ 5E+ E++= zlxll B## 4 EE ¤H6i7l +161] a--t+ f(x) : x3 - x, a:

o, b :2E- ^Jr+6Ff./= 4olg}*olo _+ E5 xgl
ql6ll fl+ola ul$71^b6}+, trl-4
rJ [0,21q1^J fl+olr (0,2)q]^l ul$zf]a[r[. rqF_tr ¤+{t 4qql e]B]] q+¤
"J+6J+ c7l (0,2)oll S{laJuf.

f(2) -"f(0) : f'(c)(z - 0)

v J:X3_X
B ol4l /(2) :6, f (0):0, f
,(x):3x2 l¤- g"l ol lt}c^le. r+*.4 rJol ¤4.
-
6:
- I)2: 6c2 - 2
(3cz

o 4+^l ,':t,1c: *2/\/1"14.:fltll cE(0,2)q +q il"lo} 6lE-tr c:z/rE

cZ -r
ol4. :-H 6g ol 4l4!l+49 ¤H6lr 914. #ql^Jel dde Bd orql ¤4"1
'9
fEJ 6 4r

,r.|ololl,rJE ¤+ +Ei. +q=r} zta_ t: coll^lE +EE "f

'(c)o14.

f(b) - f(a)
b-a
¤+# 44E+E1 (^l trel eqlE) a* b ^lolel qH ^14 r:cgl^19 tzJ 4r
f'(c)tl ¤# +Ee+ a¤-g g + il+ qlE Eq 4-Fil-7I + ^l+ +tI 180 km= E
H.4H, +E4l+ 4qE f, He e0 km/hE 444"i ++.
.JE]4sE ¤fal 4?-lE ++ql^j +rJEElgr+ ¤+uagol $zlali fzl ¤4
f,+I "J6l+ 4..o F Ell^lB + 91tr| r
B#{t Cfl- EEt+ql +dJ {EE+E] 6J+ql ++ {.H-E e-+= +sq}
9"lzl- ?l'i. 4¤- {lzllql^J ol flilE qJ^l6l-!. 9l+.

( qq 5D /(0) : -3o1tr e.E xgl 4al] ,f '(x) < s4a ,I4EL+. olrll zl-=." f, zlzj
f (2)4 ai* E"Itlzt?
=
.7,J [0, 21ql^J ¤Edi
Efl r= E= {t.ll^-l El+71-HIr}4^l E4J6}gE C4E ^i+
-J + 9l+. r+lfl rl-g¤ "J+61+ # czl +41aJ+.
f(2) - :/'(cX2 - 0)
"f(0)
trl+^J q+g E=+.
f(2) :/(0)
Tf'(r): -3 + Zf'(c)
+

E=: xoll q6ll f '(x) 5 solEs f '(c) s soltrI. ol +F^lE "JHql 2E +i6lH,
 3.2 EEil gal 193

2f '(c) < tOolu}. l4 oe. tl+4 A+"

f(2) : -3 + Zf'(c) < -3 -r 1o : 7

rrln+^l f (2)E #sE 7P" + 7l+l. #+ ?ol+.

=
B+# 4Elel +sEJ 9"lb ulEH9 zlazl.J ^I¤E¤ ¤H6.lzl 916]] ^l-SB
+ fl'r- dojrl. olfl zl=4.J ^I¤ +el 6I+z| ffie-] ^.14"14. qE aEg
q.g ¤ql,t"l -Bzll g Aol+.

5 EEI n7J {a, b)ql +6}= EE-roll 4aJ],f'(x):0olfl/= (a, b)oll.! lra
ol+

xp x2E x, ( x2oJ (o, b)oll +61+ 'Jelel + ++ 6tzl- ftl @, e)oll.<l ul

=B
$zJ-falE_E,fb (x,, xz)ollrJ ul$zl-!.ap [r,, ,r]oll^J ts+ol+. +rJ [*,, ,r]gl
^J
/ql Bf# Cfl= 4s" 6l-ts xr ( c < xro1tr ++g "J+6i= f 'E B=+.
E ygz) - y@) : y'Q)fu2 - x)
EExoll qal ,f'(;r) - 0olE_+ f'(c):0014.trI+.^l Eg ++4 7Jol ¤4.
^l
y(x) - f(x,) : o, ygz):,f(xr)
:.flpe. f E @, b)ql +6I- gelel + + x,, x2ollil +c #g- *-+. ol4,* (a,
e)ql^l f7l *+.Jg E"l'Jtr}. r
q=Eal E= E"-t1 + 7tiq -J+71-+clE
7 nE¤fl a7J tu, e)ql +6I= EE xgl 4aJ] /'(r) : s'(x)olfl / - sY @, b) ?rJoll^l $g-d E-sr.+= TlrlE + Et+
ql^J
^J+ol+. + f(*): s(x) + col4. olzlxl
't. t].+ol4 ol lallEts #3 Eg Tlrlq g0La|.le
E EBolEol ol+olE= g + ?lrl. ^1

EB F(x) : f(*) - s(x)4 FH (a, b)ql +6I= EE xoll 'HEll q+ol ^dB++
: f'(x) - g(x) : 0
F'(*)
trl+^J cq Eq eJ6}] F= tr-+ol+. + f - sL
^J+ol+. r
NorE ¤4 EE 4+g ull +el6]]ot.J+. +*q rJol Fz;

x ft, x)o
f(*): El:l_r, x(o
f 4 aqq+ D :
{xl * + 0}ol-il Dql +6}= EE rgl 4a]] "f'(x) 0014. rel+/ :
. EH"l ++++zl olrl4. ol4g D7l-6.f4el ++ol olu{zl qlEql 4"] Eql E
+!= d3 ol-t-14.
 2tr,t ulEti-l
nltl+lol oa
194 Je' oo

3.2 | E+=xfl

t./E r4EE ol$all,rl ++ [0, 8]q^l EE 449 z]C= 7. f(*): I - x2/1o14 6}zh /(-1) :.f(l)olzluJ/'1c; : g
g EI+61-=xl q-oJat4" ]4r ol ++ql^J Ee] 4rlel g "J+o]-= f cE ++ (-1, t) ?lql ¤xl]alzl t++¤ .B
trEg "J+Et= c9 #9 +4614. {4. olfie El Ee_l Ce1q1 :.tExl f*ts2].?
-v y:.f(x) B-e trl¤-Bfzl-+q+l ++ql^J B+{I 4?]el aA# trJ
+61+ Ag Holr, ¤+# 4flel AEg "J+61-= f cE E
\ F +6t+.
1 8. /(r) :Zxz - 3x * 1, [0,2]
0 I -f, e. /(r) : iE, [0, 1]

ffiro. ++ [0, 4]ql^l E.f /(x) : .6ql ql6ll ¤#{t AE-IE ¤

2. (a) s9 :4s.E- ol¤-dlrJ +A [0, 8]ql^l ¤+{tE 44
9 zl{# "J+61-=zl
q.J6l4.
E¤. "J+El-= f cE +6I+. 6J+q rqlEE :ell :.
(b) +rJ [0, s]ql^J ¤E# 44E EEg E]+a]-= c#9 ,]ls gE$$ Eed-= gdg rell (c, "f(c))oll^JE d
+d614. dE f4+. Bd4 ddg,qle BaStzI?
G) A* [2, 6]oil^l *+A]el 44 trEg "J+61-= c{t¤
11. f(x): (r- 3)-'"14 6tz}. /(4) -/(1):f'(c)(4- l)g EI
+C6I+.
+61+ i ctl +7J 0,4) .Jql +416}zl ?+¤-g trq4.
v ol4g e4 ++Et drlql s.tlzl t*EzI?
y: g(x)
I rz. rl-*9 %r-44lol + 6J 7l]E d=¤. 714& trq+.
/
2x * cosx: 0
I

0 1
"(
13. \Ll44l x3 - I 5x * c:0* +7J l-2,21 .Jql *"1"i at4
E 7I4g Hq+.
="Jg
3-4 EI+/9 :z4ozl trl+4 zJ"l fq4 9l+./E 7zJ [0, s] 14. (a) 3xJ- rlolor+'. f*ol"F 37l]E ¤+g 714+ Eq+.

"ll^J ¤t{t 4E-le] 714Ea, uJ$alfzi? "J+6J4H ol +rJql (b) n;l 4.J4g g:otot nzl]9 ¤*g 7l-49 Hq+.

^l ¤+Ut {ele] trEg "J+61+ -e-+ +6l.4. f 'E 15. /(1) : 1goltr- 1 <x<4ql^J .ftx) > 2 ol:+. rlt} +e.
3. )' 4. v -i f (4)E 7l-!-" d {tg gtrt"J7t?

16../(0) - -1, f (2) -- 4 rEL E.E xoll 4dl ltx) s 2E "J

I
+61-b o.Jt/z} +zfl6t=zl?
I I
/t,
0 r 17. 0 ( x ( 2zrollal sinx ( *fl$ trq+.
0 1 "t I

18. ¤#{t {fl= oJ$alJeJ EE a4 eq ql6il +F^l

5-6 +q+l ++.{l^l E}fzl. EE 44 rz1x1 7}49 "Ja-6}b
lsina - sinbl s I a - blzl dfl+g +E6l+.

zl +.J6I+. fql Eel 44el trE--g ++61= f cE .u- le./e+ szl q+eE $e.lp ull, Cslqql +61+ EE xoll 4
all .f'(x) : s'(x)H¤ Eq+. t4E44 Eql Edl f - sY
+ +6i+.
5. :2x2 - 4x * 5, [-1,3] +++r 6J + ilbzl?
"f(r)
: sin(xfZ), lnlL,3rrl2l
1
x)0
flil : *, s(x) :
6. f(x) )t
I
I + -,
)c
x(0
 3.3 s.-cl#zl raflue1 Esoll r|]6[ +HE "J61.=7l.? 195

20. B47l d+ + Hol +rJg ^l4ql ¤g6ll^J qrJol E+ *+ +86i4. [-d=: s* htl + d+e.] +lil'J+g "I
dg 84fl+ 471 E+ rEE lutl qrJe rl4ol gl f (r) : s(t) - ft(fl= ^Jr+.JtI.l

3.3 | sEt+zl reilEsl ggfil E}|o,}| +flfi "JEl-.=71?

"14++el *+ +¤+ Eq++ql ++ {E_E+E] /ql +6J ^|dg;aal* bH -

ql q+6J4. :r
"lf+ l'(x)E E (x, /(;))ollrJ 4d y :,f(x)9 z\&zl= +EIq
q, 4 dql^J +dol TIq6L- ,Jo#g "J4fzl oll$ol+. rflEE .f,(x)gl ++
4:nzl- /(x).ll +a.J 4u-. 4.ol4l zlql6l- 49 'JE6I+
=
I f'= /oll Ell61| +HE =Sh=7t? ,'!,

Et+q +7I E= +46]-- *+ ++/q EB+7L qBrll Eq +r1 gl=xl rH B

19 ¤ulBz}. (+rl-E}+e+ zJ+a;4; 1.1¤ql^J 4e]*+ ) Ael B, a4a- ce+ D

afololl,rJ ddE zl¤zlb o;olEE f,(x) > 0ol+. Be+ c ddE t|&tl
^l-olql^l
- *olEE f'(x) < 0ol+. trl-4^J f,k)tl "JolE f y +7l6la f,@)zl ¤.olE / A C

- +a6l-r. 9t*¤ 4441 9l+ ol .r.|{ol '}+ cB*+* 49 BolTl +l"}l 0 J

Etr,I 44= ol++tr}. 1

=aJ

6r rrlr{r+t
='rL17}:,\
ll A!. a-: dEt
ETIE
(a)oltr +rJql^J f,@)> o"lH r ++ql^J /= +71-++. 0l iiJtrHel OlE= iltrJol I/D riJEE6l
G) qE +rJql^l f,@) < 0"lE r ++ql^J f= +a++. af 6lrl.

=B
x, xzB x, (x2oJ +qd +rJ L}]el "Jelsl ++
(a) 6}zl-. 6z}'Jfg 4el 1.l¤ql
44 /(r,) <"f(xr)fl$ Eolot 6J+.
f'(x); golF-tr_,fb [x,, rz]gl^J ul$zl-].a[,,E ¤#a] 4"-lq u]+ +*¤ +
+61-= c7l xral.r, .rfol.ll ¤4tr4

1 fQz) - f (*,) :,f'(rX xz - xt)

,I4"ll ul-4"f'(r) > 0olI. xr ( xrolu_+ xz- xt > 0ol+. 4+^J 4l I ol ot+lo
I r-iu

"J#olz ffiol CB++.

f(xz) -7(x,) > o, + "f(r,) aflfur)
"l{-$ fzl fizlt;]$ Eq #q.
(b) (a)4 +^1614l +E¤+
,,a96 2.x,l nlti+1 oa
ol oo
JO "tI tl-t

ilqlrll I i} E'-+ f(x) : 3xa - 4x3 - t2x2 +sz| f;zla];- *q +aa-I= *g +61-+.
Eil /(r) : l2x3 - lLxz - 24x: lLx(x - 2Xx + 1)

r/D +¤Eg ols-"olzl 91afl.<J5 f'@)> 04 /(r)<0ol q= *g "J"I"I'*rl.+

E4g ¤zl glall^l +d f 'k):09 EI+61+ 19 #, I x: 0, 2, -lg +++. ol
-l 0 2 .t: alEe/el "J4l+olq rH 2ql^l^lH +zldg 4zll9 ++s.E. +btr}. ,+ ++q^l
oJ+, ft rZx, x- 2,
"Jolz-]4 *.ol g+.Eql tsoJ Hie+
6Jtr- rJol f,@)9
-tzl ,a-
Jd "f,(x)E ^ll
x * 1e.l +6_++El r11a3 flu.E A46J + gl+ + P-:r* +qd alol
'+ ++"il "Jf
oltr, - +s= ?+ 4ol ¤+oJ-a- +Elu+ E$ ufxlu| gg r/D *cHql 7l:a+ a
Eol+. qlE Eq 0 ( x < 2ql^J f'@) a 6olF-E,f= (0, 2)ql^J ,J4,J4 fr\ ql+
+ [0, 2]ql^l ,JA*qr olofzlP + 9l+.)

20 +7J 12x x-2 x* I f '(x) f

x(-1 (-*, -l)"Jl^l ,Ji
_L 3 -l <x(0 + + (-1,0)olJr.l f;z|

0<x<2 + + (0, 2)ql^l +4.

r)? + + + (2, m;ollr.l f;z[
-30
-ral
JEi
a
!,
rH 3ql^l ;s-1 :r.llE= Eel 4BE q"J^]4 +r ?lr+

I 14I Eg+ trJEH

3.1¤ql^J /z[ collrl +4 Eb +aolE(u]ls"] a?-lql q-r+) c./el "J4lfolzl

"J -E.E "J4l+ql^-l f4 =qlE= +47I El= 4*
olrl+. rqs-e g4l+ql^l
/7I +qlo.1xl {atlzl "J4+- +CH"l $-,qdir+
rH 3_o E+El qlzll lel ++ /. (-1, 0)oll,r.l f;zlafr. (0, 2)olJ,<l +A617l
,llEq,f(0) : s= /E *H.<Iol4. EEL+g -EE6I-H -1 < x < 0oll^J "f',(x) > 0
olr 0 ( x { 2ql^l f'@) < 0oJr+. +^l ts6}]^l ,f'(x)9 +Ei: Oql^J "JsE+E
¤.e-s Hlfl+. olfl ++ol ffi +{tsE tl+tl g+.

lfll.EEl+ EJEEI cE ¤4{}f /E "J4l+4r z}{al-x}.

(a) cql^l /'ol "Jql^J +sE H|+lH /E c.llrJ +ql"ltrl.
(b) colla'l /'"1 *qlxJ olctr Hl-+lH /E cglrl +4ol+.
(c) c9 "J+ql^l.f 'ol E+ "Jol4+ F+ +olE /= cql^J +4E ++E olq+.

r"-Ja +CHe IiD +CHE ¤4"14. q]= E"l (a)oll glq^l= cglrJ
lzJl
.f'(x)9 PszI .Jql^l +sE ul-Tlzl .ll$ql /b 19 g+ql^l +zl6la- cE s+
+ql^]= ,J4++. :f4 u-a /E cq1,q +qlol+.
141 E6J+ +4Bg rB 4el zJol zl..r.ls+6}E zJflafzl fl+.
 3.3 E-at*zl.Lafluol ESoll t[]6l| +ftE "JofEzfr "497

v y v y

"f'(x) < o
"f'(x) > o "f
'(x) < o
> o
"f'(x)
"f'(x)< o
f'(x) < o f'(x) > o "f'(x) > o

0 t_ x0 (' -{ 0 L' -t 0 C' J

(a) collrl *4 (b) cql^l +a (c) cqlrl +qlE +aE olq+. (d) cglrJ +qlE +4E otqq.
ral 4

(lo{l4l 2D el4l rel E}+/E +Ha}4+*#g+6}+.

Eil qlal lE Eol.ll
tlE +++F4 "f'(.r)zl -r"ll^J +ql^J "JsE Hl-fl+= a¤. "J
+ 9t+. tr+4^l /(-1):0ol l4l EEI+ +CHql E6}| +*<iol4. ui4fzlzle f,*z
ql^J +ql^J "Jss Hl-fl+. q+^l f e) : -27E_ q^l ++#olr|. 0glrl ,f,(x)E "Jgl
c ¤-ge ulflzl qlEql : sz| lflftolr1. "f(0) I
(lo{l4l 3i) Er-+s(*): x* }sinx,0<x <ZrrE +HrJ$++A}g+61-4
Eil qla lql^JAH +d s(x)9 g4l+E ++trI. s'(x): I + zcosxolEE cos.x:
-+"J 4l g',(r):09 "J+qI+. ol %l-¤^lel 6.|]:: 2rrf3,4rrl3olr1.s7I E= ¤+ql^i
ul$zffialEB g4l+= 9{ * :2rrf3, x:4nl3oltrl. Cqqg g4l+ql el6ll +rJ
_o +a-1i4. zJ ++ql^J s'(x)E 6}^J "JoJzl4 *ol I o -+ trl*= Eql^liJH g(.r)¤
E4'J + 9l'I.

+7J g'(x):1*2cosx g Eoll^l + PeEcos,

= -ig r]ls'(r) > 0
0(x<2n/3 Ll$tl. )' : cos;roJ :a[|
olelts AldollAJ
+ (0,2rr13)4laJ *zl r+FEl +olfl +il0il^l trr.gE g + ?1
2n/3<x<4rr/3 (Ztr13,4n/3)all4 zJ+ rf. ofr_lE z; ]tlel zJoll^le.l
s,(,r)
4n/3<xi2n + (4rr13,zfla'|,<l ftzl ol ?6= +6t|E0|.E =tr-d
EJtl.

2nl341tl s',(x)zl oJql^l ¤-s-_E u}+lzl ql+ql, t4l EEI+ +4Hql e.l6l] zrrl31ltl 6

+qlolr r +Hr.Ig +++ ?JLI.

: +*
s(zn/3) 2 sin
+ : + . r(+) : + +,li- 3 83

n|4lzlxltr. anfill,tl s'(x)E +ql^'l oogE Ht+loe. 0 2r 4rr

+-,sr+ *q.
=*rtg 3 .,

reJ5 gG):_r*2sinx
:
s@n/3)
+* 2 sin
+ : +. r(-+) : + - $ - 246

:.H s{lrl sE r4E7} EEg Htseql +-.1 91tr}. tr

198 38 EtEEst 38

I f"= /ol! Et|6t| +fl= "#tLt?

rH 6g (rz, b)oll.tJ 6zl-al-b + EL+9 rullEE ++qlr 9l+ + r4s= 4 A
e+ B= ¤e6J f Eol +_a uj-a$e_E ,fl"ldzl q$ql {Er.ll -H-?l+. qBrll
^JE
F zl-xl EqE z}+l- +E6J A"J7l?

-v B -v B

g
f
A A

0 a b .r 0 Q b J

rzJ 6 (a) (b)

rH Tql- qEl 4qlrJ olfl +dql 4,{L ddg rEl +9}+. (a)4 rJol +dol
dd +lql flg *il .f E (a, b)ql^-l +lE s+olrJ aJ-1, (b)e+ Eol qdol dd o14
ql flg 4l gt. (a, b)oll.tl ot4E s+ol4 ++.

,\' B y B

g
f

A A

0 u bx (,
a bx
-t;!l -lI
JEi (a) 9l-E e-4 (b) oI4E s_+

7IE E+
PIE 9E(concave upward)E CUtr. Ofe[|
Eel /E :zrllez| ++ rql^'l -tr= dd-u.+ +lql +.1 ilg "l Bf f= I
6J+
ql^J +lE 9$(concave upward)ol{ +tI .++ /E -zr.llszl- 72.1 19lrl E-E d
-tr gflconcave downward)E CDE E
7l-drl. CB+ o}{ql +.1 9lg trll 6J+ /= lql^l oIE]|E 9f;(concave downward)ol4
EL+.

:r.H8* Et+9 -:-eflFz| +7J @, c), (d, e), (e, p)ql^J 9lE gq(cu)olI, +
7J (a, b), (c, il, (p, q)qliJ olzlJ.e. 9-+(CD)"J$ Eq++.

D
B P
C

0 b (' d e p qx
-ral
JEi
o
LI l*- Cn CU ---*F CD -{-- CU --t- CU -l* CD I
 3.3 E-Bt+7lr.afluo1 EBFOll EHd|] +H= "J6l-=71? 199

241 Eqr+71 s+ +rJg Ec6l-b Ell E¤¤ +-xl golBzl-. :zH 7(a)= _H_
sE+sE *zl.J trI ddE tl#zlz|
H, g+ql^J f;zfalr gl¤=g E + glri.
olA+ EJ+/'ol +zFBfol1 q+^l ol49 E++/,o] oJol 9}. 4¤. 9"1
++. s*:zH 7(b)oll^J dCq zlgzl= g+ql^J eE+.o-E. +4"J oll ,JaEL
tr}. trI+iJ f '+ zJ4+folr.f'g gol+. ol E-4E qE
^dB6l-r ffi {elz}
CH6J$ 9-^16l-1 9l+. oI4 ¤fl= ¤+{I 44E ol*"]]^l eg + ilsq, +
Eg ^J+*+.

o-E
J--rO { tr}r{t}l
ljOt=
(a) TrJ lql^l f"(*) > 0olH /el rqls= Iql^l fl-e eq"14.
(b) ++ /"1liJ f"(x) < 0olH /el r4E= 1ql^] ol4E s+ol+

(q4! al) -tB e= oJ++ql^J 7l=.= EE9 Tlill+ r=f .so14. q= EE

^lrJql
,ll^Jl+E E"Iq_lzl-? +71--gol TttI t¤ ullE flxil"J7l? p7I +lE s_+ E=
=!zl-&*
otrlls s.+.J +rJg ol4"JzI?

80

60
gEE zll4lf
(a)
40

z0

0 36 9 tz 15 tB t
rlzJ (f) f.al g

Efll 19 fz}{l +d9 zlgzlE BE gH zll;llfg 6zl$3 xl+ql= 4xlEl,

tll-E
at r: l2+ql^J 4lqlql Ep:ofzlzlzl 4 4 4zll zflxllfrl tlcEql 4+ ZJABI= a
g "J + gltrI. EE zll;llfz} +lH#.J E 7s000ql EgB uI(EElgE+ ,*+) +rI
g P'(,)= Oql d=il+. +d+ (0, 12)ql^J +lE s+olI (12, 18)ql^J olrflE e5
ol+. I
ql4l 4ql^i Tllill+E +dg 3rI4 o -e 4 02,38000)ql^J +lE s+ql^l ol-4
_= s-+_q-E. El-fl+. olfl dg +dq H+dol+r +q. ol Ee-l e-ltrl- dql r
Tflxll+9 #z|Sol 4lfl#g ,*-+= 4o14. "JHlzlsE E+dg +del s
^J
+^dq B.;tol Hl-fl- dol4.

8s! /rf +d y : f{x) +lel + A Pql^J E4oll :r dql^l +dol +lE s+

ql^-l o}4s s_+e-ts E= oI4E s+ql^J +lE eEo-e Hl-+lE d pE- H+E
(inflection point)ol + ++
200 38 EtEEst 3E

qE EE rB 8ql^J B, c, D, p+ H+dol+. +dol E+dql^J ddg zlzl

E +d+ r*"ll^l dd4 -il.x|6J+.
s+c +4Hql qeE arf.zf fl*ol-r. 241 EqI+g *szl-Hi+l= dql^J H
+dol
=zfl+ri.
(qrl| 5D r-l+ 4:d=" "J+61-.Cl+/E r4EErq+.
(i) /(0) :0, f(Z):3, f(4):6, /'(0) :/'(4) :0
(ii) 0 ( r ( 4q^J f'@)> 0ol-I..r < 04 x > 4ollr."l "f'(x) < 0
v
(4,6)
6
(iii) x < 2ql^l f"(*) > 0olI -r > 2oll^J f"(x) < A

3 12,3) Efl aa (i)¤- E (0, 0)4 (4, 6)ql^l +¤ddg Tlag 'J:"ll =+. 44 (ii)i /zl.
++ (0, 4)ql^J +71-61-r. *zJ (-*,
0)rl (4, m)oll.! ++6Ir. 9l+g "J"H +tr+.IlD
+4HsE+El /(0) : 0¤ +aolr. f (4) :69 +qlol+.
0 24 "r
aa (iii)+:z=fiFz| 7zJ (-*,2)ql^'l +ls s+olJ. (2, *)qli] oi4E s+"Jg
+ +A-{+ +?l--+- z}a* g6l] x:29lrl +lE s+ql^J oI4_E s_+s_E ul+lzl qlEql, d (2, 3)
F CU ----*- CD --.--------
ol E+¤ol+.
=+.+dol
rH 10 ol 4EE ol+6l]^l :zH 104 Aol /el rqs= rflq. x < 2oll^l +dol +l-e. 6J

"ll trr
x > 2ollal "I{E rJ"}] B=+ I
r 241 E-d+ EIEE
241 ++{Ig +461-- qlqlE g+B + ?l+. a7.e.
EEL+= Et+E +Hatl}
141 E++ +CHE 4+sE s+d +4Hq tr4o14.

241 Efl4EIEH ,f"ol c9 +=ql^l fl+ol+ TIcoIzf

(a) ,f'(c) : goltr f"(c) > 0olE /= collr-l
(b) : gol-7- f"(.c) < OolH /E co1l,t1 =AoltrI.
+4ol+.
"f'(c)

.v
ql= EH (a)E e-olr|. ell+6iE
' **ollrl f"(x);, solEE
.J+ /- c +=
ql^J +lE s+olzl "ll+ol4. "lag/E r4l=zl collal +¤ddBtrI +].il gl*
¤- elul6|EE /b collrJ +Aoltr}(rH 11 +4).
P

f '(c): o
NorE 241 +{Hg f"(c):OoJ e+ qH ¤=s 44al t6}r !Iq.q^l
EEL+
E'-6IH olfl dql^J= +4014+ +^ol7l+ EE E 4 oIH +E 9l+. ol +4H+
0 (; ,t'

f"(c)71+,^116l-z,l g+g ullE q^l a+{l} *=,tl 141 EJ+ +

^1-s"E+ H+.o]fl
> "f= +lE
g+ dgg ^p3-61oi ++. ^ld + +d$ol 4+E + ilg qlqlE qle= 141 E++ +
=H 1 1 f"(c)
0,

4Hol q +lg +E 9l+.

( q4l 6 l)+d ! = x4 - 4*'.4 s+^J, H+d, +4e+ +aql qlql ¤H6l-+.

Eil /t l : x4 - 4x3olE ++ol CBqL+.

 3.3 _E-Ef+71 .r.aflusl Egoil rl'16l,l +H= g6l=71.? 201

: 4x3 - LZxz : 4x2(x - 3)

,f'(r)
f "(*) : llxz - 24x: t2x(x - 2)

"J4l+= tszl 9loll f'k):0ol+FE x:0, r- 3¤- B=rl.(/'g +6J;^loloE E_

d+q^J 4Eg+.) 241 EE++ +4Hg ol-$afl.<J "J4l+ql^l /'g 4l+6IE trl+
=
ol cB++.
/"(o) : o, f '(3): 36 ) o

f'(3) :0oJr > OoJp-+ 2zll ro';-4 +4Hql sl"ll /(3) : -27+ +*#ol+.
,f"(3)
.f,,(0) - OolE.+ or414 coll 46ll oi+fl 4jrtr zllfr,alxl ?*=+. rq+ r(0,
0 ( x < 3tl Iql ql6l] f @) < soltr + l4l Ed+ +4Hql ltlzi /= 0ql^l +qlE +4
E_ olq+.

r : 0 .E:..x :
2E 41,f,(.r) : 0olrrE olfl +E¤ Ed o -+ 6I= +rJs-E ¤4c
g Ets6l-E tr}+el E. EE+.

+7J f"(x): lZx(x - 2) OE-,\I

+-O
15

(-*,0) + fJE
(0, 2) oI4E
-2 5
(2, *) + 9E

E (0,O)ql^l +de +le s+ql^J oiilllE e-+s_tr H}+loe ol de. H+Eol+.

q^l d (2, -16)0ll^l +d"l "l-r-llE s+ql^J fle. s-+e_E HIflrl trll+ql ol flE H _30

+Eol+. y:x4 _ 4rrg relleo.l t4 t}z E4lsl aEg tr-q ++. I f.H 12 y=xo-4x3

r +'5 f.al7l
14le+ 241 EEI+ *CHe_e.+q ++ 4EE ol+6lq EL+q r4E- rElt+.
{ qH 7l} ++ ,f(r) : *'/'(6 - ,)'/'sl rqls= r4+.
Eil fg {elgol R"J ag- +e.l6px1. 141, 241 rr;-ag'I.S4 ?Jr+.

: 4-x rlEEalE o186ll^l Zltlg Ej?]6lxl-

f'(*) *r/t(6 - x)ztt

f"(*) : -8
*olr(6 - x)stt

.r:48 ull /(x): gol-tr x:0 EE x- 69 4 /(x)z} +xll6}zl ?J:o F_tr, .J4l+*
0, 4, 601+.

+il 4-x xtlz {6 - 7)2/3 f '(x) f

,r(0 + + (-co, Q)ql^J +4
0<.r<4 + + + + (0, a)ollal f;z|
4{-r{6 + + (4, 6)ql^l ,JA
x) 6 + + (6, oc)ollr.J zit
 ?Il nlut+lol oA
202 JA "td_ tl-l oo

rB 13el LatlE= re|lE 4l+l7ll_l fl+ v

BxlEg eJEut r
Ej.e IHEE}| Erl. olE 4 (4,2st3)
al'lE= Laln clE Erilts .Jxl y+9 P J

++U= f.al4Ll, olE Etil=.r : oal 2

=
x = 6 AlolEi r4ts A E +S-g Aol+.
www.stewartCalculus.com0llAl Graphing
Calculator and Computer9 0lEl 7= B
0 12345 7x
-L6lal.
y:x2t3(6-x)rrt
fH 13

+{tg +6].zl EE}+ *{Hg ols-"6}z}. Oql^l .f,"J *ql^l oJe_-E Hl-TlE
+161 141
E /(0) : 0g ++rtol+. 4ql^i ,f 'ol oJql^l + e--+ HIfl o -+ f (4) : 25/3 s- +H#ol
+. 6ql^J .f'g t -o2| uffilzl *re-EE *H.#ol4 ++<ig ,*zl g*=+. (zAl E6J+
+cHg 4oll^l ols" B f ?lxlq} 04 6ql^l y f" ol f46fzl geE-tr" ole" B + s.+.)
EE xql 4al *q/3 > O.Jr+ f"@)4 4ql ++6IH, x { 0, 0 ( x < 6oJ 4,f"(x) < 0
-r1 r ) 6.J trll f"(x) > 0ol+. trl+^l ,ft (-*, 0)r+ (0, 6)ql^l otr]lE s+olr (6, *)
ql^J +lE s+olq +"JEL H+4e (6, o;o14 /sl t4l,24l E6JfE=E+E] E +
glE s= 4BE oJ$afoJ rfl 13E r4sE rg + gltrI x 04 x 69 4l
- -
If 'G) -
I
* ol o _e. +d"l (0, 0)r+ (6, Q)ql^l +{fi zld
^Jg
ql ++EtI. I

33 I E+Erlt
1. +qd /e-l r4EE ol+6ll^J trl¤¤ +61+. 3. ++ /E EB+,f'el r4E7t qq-r+ rJ+.
(a) f tl +7161+ 7H+7J (a) f tl *zl EY +atl+ +rJg +6[4.
(b) /71 +46}= 4lazJ (b) f 7l +qlLI +48 ,*E ,9 ,tg +61+.
(c) fzl +lE s+"J 4+7J -v
v
(d) f 7l
"t4E s+"J 4+7J =/'(.r)

(e) E4E9 4E 0 4 6x
.v

/
\ \I I 4. fi+9 l4Ezl ot4e+ zJol xllrlE 4+, f E E*d9 x
\ I aIEE gdtr r ol+E ¤8614.
I

I (a) 4dol /'J A+

"f'"J a+
0 I -t (b) +dol
(c) *dol /"tl 4+
2. ++/E alol f{fl+r 7}86tzt.
.y
(a) tl +7l6l4L+ rJ46t= *g *18ril e46J dqlzl?
f
(b) /E f4Fzi +le. sq E= ot4E s+.J +g qB

4 ¤46J a.JzI? 0 246 8.{

(c) H*dEE +l;{E qB41 +.J + 9l*z}?
 3.3 -E-Bf+7l..r.aflucl Es0ll rH6l] +HE "J6l=71.? 203

oJf /zl- 6zI

5-7 trl+. sb ,J46J-= +rJg +6IJ. /el + 17. f'(5): < 5olE ,f'(x) < 0,
0, x

H{tr+ +*{tg +6}+. x > 5olE /(x) > 0, f,,(Z): 0, 1,,(8) : 0,

:Zxi - * x 12 EE x > SolE ,f"(x) < 0,

5. /(x) l5x2 24x - 5
21x<Bolts/tx)>0
6. f(x):6xa - 16.13 + I
18. /(0) :,f '(0) : f '(2) : f '(4) : /'(6) : 0,
x'-24
7, jt^t:-
x-5 0 ( "r < 2 E:- 4 I x< 6olH"f(r) > 0,
2 1 x< 4 g.= r > 60lE,f(r) < 0,

8-e trt+ tJ# ftl +lE s+ EE ol-qlB s+.J +rJg +6i 0 ( x < I E.= 3 I x< 5olE /"(x) ) 0,

r /E H++g +6I+. I 1 x< 3 E.=.r > 5olE f"(x) 1 0,

: (x)
8.f(x)-a3-3x2-9x*4 "f(-x) f
g. /(x) : sin2x - cos 2x, 01 x 1n
te. ¤+6J+ /el EJ+ "f,el :aqsrl-++4 rJ+.
(a) f tl6zI qE +4q+ +rJg +6l.el.
10-1r
(b) f 7l +ql E= +a= r**.r9 {tg +a.}4.
(a) 6Jf /7t +71-o-1+ ++ E= +46F= ++g +614. (c) ftl +lE s+ E* olullE s+tl ++¤. +6I+.
(b) .J+ /E +H{}+ +*{tg +6}4. (d) H+¤9 r 4Ee +dI+.
(c) Bf /E s+ +rJ$ E+Eg +at{. (e) /(0) : 0ol4 zI¤6J trll /9 f-il.llsE f-El+.
10. /(x) :
- zxz + 3
x4
}', y:f '(x)
11. /(x) :sinx*cosx, 0 <,r <2rr 2
I
/
12. I Al, 2Al EEI+ +4 H¤. ol$all,tJ f @) : t -t 3xz - 2x3
LI 6

E +H#4 +*Alg +61+. qL BlBol H Ergzl?

_L

tB. 6J+"Fq sEtfzt +s=4 +L+a- zlC6IzI. 20-26

f '(x): (* - 4)'(x + 3)7 (, - 5)t (a) #tl Eb ,J46I* ++g +al+.

(b) +H{}+ ++{tg +B}+.
(c) s* +rJ+ E+dg +6I+.
14. f"ol (-m, ¤4ol4l z|{a}z}.
oo)oll.tJ
r4sE
(a) f'(2): sol-tr_ f"(2): -5olE /ql ql6li +flg "JE-
(d) (a)-(c)ql^-l +qa 4tr-E "l+6l]^l r+J4.
:z4q E.+ EE A+qE ol+4q frlsE qeB +
f glbzl-?
ri+.
(b),f'(6) : soltr f"(6): golfl /ql qlql +H,g- "JB +
gl*zI? 20. /(x) - x3 - 3xz +4
:- 4x2 + 3
15-18 +qd 4ag E+ trJ+61+ E+E f4sE rEl+. 21. f(x) i.*o
22. g(t) :3ta - gtr + 12
15. (a) -u-E "tolJ /"(-r) ( 0
4oll "f'(") ) 0,
(b) E=xoll 46}l f'Q) < O,f"(x) > 0 23. f(z) : z7 - ll7zz
16, /'(0): f'(2) :Jt'(4) : 0, 2a. F@): *r/'E -*
x ( 0 .E.= 2 (x ( 4oJ Ell, .f'(x) > 0, 25. C(x) : l/3(7c * 4)
0 (x < 2 E.=.r > 49 4, .f'(r) < 0,
?:6. f{e): 2 cos 0 * cos20, 0 < 0 <2rr
1{x<3oJ4l,,f'(x)>0,
x ( 1 EE x > 3oJ ull,,f'(x) < 0
27. 3.3¤ql +lrE %r-HE¤- "l+61-"1 q-g= 6J+4_E H zl
==
 204 38 EtEEst 3E

E EI+EE rqsEg rel4. -r. rqEE-ol +FEg 14. x: +*{t 3+ ?*a x: toll^J +*{} 0g +=
-2o1^J
FH""JzI?
^JE
+e +Eg FH..JzI? +ilB+ fQ) : ax\ + bx2 + cx * dE +ty14.
,f(r):xn-cx, c)o 3s. +d y: xsinxel H+Hol *d y'(*'+ +) - 4x2 gloll
9l¤¤ Eq+.
Ezs. f(x):#ql ql6H
lxz*l 36. EE E+zt + H ul$zl+o[ 241 E,E-+= 0ol o]q+
(a) /g :z4sE ol+6fl^J +H{t+ ++atg +46}+. J.7fr86txl-.
-r. trl-g- {qoJ #g +6t4. (a) /4 s7l E+ Iql^J oJoJtr, f;zlop., +le_ s-qo1g
(b) f7l zf6r uulEzll 6zlol-b 19 {t9 +46}?+ :a +g +6J+ /g=: rollal flE s+"Jg trqq.
C+BJ frlg +6I+. (b) le+ s7l E+ rJ4g ullqE (a)E :4E cBglg
ffiZg. l(x): * sin4x, 0 < "r < roll 4all
sin2x Bq+.
(a) /9 r4sE ol+6li.rl s+ +rJrl H+aq 4lE= (c) ,fE +716lr. sE ,J:48'J+-r. z|{a}x}. ,rfl z}xl {J$
qlq4sE +c6I+. "JEq fszl +le s+, ol4E s+ E= dB6J+"J
(b)
"f"el
:1qlEE ol+6ll^l El +g +c6hg +6tE. + 9l¤+ Eq+. ol 4+ (a)4 1u)9 E4lzl zi+g
al ?+= ol+= FH,.JzI?
xo+x3+1
T 30. /(x) : 'x2+x+l g ql e+El rI+r{Al(cAS)E ol+
37. +iI6J+{3;f Qo3-6.;41= o}tr- E EJ ,ilel E+dg zl-d
611^l s+ ++g 4+4 oH A4l xlflr\zl +ttl-I .f' g Eq4. ol l4Ez} x¤¤ x1, x2, "rr¤ zl-z1B
^-ll
7J]E
e-l r4sE rEl+. E+dq x4s.E (x,* xr+;rr)/3oJ* trq4.
3t. +¤-e- dE¤ql^J EI+E^J HH"rdJ oIr.E 38. (c, f(c))tl /E rqlEe] E+Eoll, 1'ol cE EEolts
^lrJel ^JlE+
el f4sE Hq ++. ,H+rJq +x]]6]-E f"(c): 0¤ +Ho.I+.
[-elE: lzJ] =.r;a +{Hri qleuf C4E q-# s:.f'ql
700
600 zl++tr1.1
ot,...E 500

[*
^{++ |
400 3e. ++ s(x): rlrl= (0, o)ql^J E+dg 7*zl"J s"(g)g.
+z116}zl ?++g Hq{.
300
200
100
40. f7l +rJ /q]^l ul$zf|.ap + E cE zllqe} 19 _EE -r
0 2 4 6 8 r0t2t4t6 18 q ql4 f'@)> 0q47 z[{a}z}. /= d +r.}rql^] +7}
tlz}(h)
trIg +861-+.
(a) zflzllf9 fzl-&$ q$4l E6l+7I? /r1. 141E++ +4Hql^l E5| 7l^1 4++ ++6txlrrJ E
^ll
(b) fl41 +71-gol 4qlq]Tt?
A+= 4 ++6lzl= *++. EI+ /, s, h7lOql^l E_
(c) olL +rJql^l zfl;ll rJfz} +lE s+ E= olzllE 9- =
+ 0olI x*O"J trll q--q=+ zJ4-2. olxt.
+"J7t?
E+del 4IEE +C6I4.
(d) ,f(x) : *orin 1, g(x) : O(r* ,r,
+)
32. A7l xll{{z}z} f;z}r}xlt}, 6zl-S9 +c6J 4 ol4r 4
I
:
EHol gtriRtrt. gELI+g 6.J+, E6.J+, 2al EEI+ + h(x) xa -2+sin-x
qtr ¤8614.
(a) r-ll ++ E+ 0ol .J4l+ol+ E++9 FEzl-0E o}
33. r(/)=-rrlt Eq} 6]J^J gg zl^lE
^lE ="#E "Jul4l +ql^J f$,ol E]¤g Bq+.
6IzI. r(8) - K(7) Eb r((3) - K(2) + olL Aol r4J. ,*zl ?*l, gb
(b) /= Oql^l +q<tE +*{tE **{}¤,
^J461+7l.? rE
:aqs= +lE s+.Jz| Eb oiallE -fl ft= +q#g 7I4g Bq+.
+tzl? r ol+= -?H,"JzI?
 3.4 +EliHoll^lE +-.Jrl. +EE=d 205

3.4 I +Eltr]|oll^1sl +:drl +BEtd

1.5¤+ 1.7¤ql^J *d y:"f(x)oll 4+ +ffi+r+ +44-dql 4"]l "Jol-*4.
4zl"llaJel +E d*tr 4l y9 flol "Jfls 4xlH"J E- +s
¤+= xtl |tr
E) aolHtri. ol Eql^JExE "JEE srll 6lHg trll("J E- g-sE) y9 alol "l
Brll El-2ffi.$ofEx|. r{s= rg ull Edql^lE *+E x}+l=
^J46|5 A
ol oll* ++6I+b ag g4l ¤ aolq.

r +EtEll0il^lel *-dzl +BE=d

xzf Sf,al 4¤ .ll 'l*-r+ ,J"l 4E¤ .J+ /el z},il- a^I6]] ExI.

,f(x):+
x'-F I

s.=4 E= a+E ol-4 q{4l xlelzfxl 4q+ 6J*#g 444r gl_r, fl+El
x f(x)
E ffl /E rr{EE rH lql rEJ4 9l+.
0 -1
-r1 0
v
-+-2
y:l 0.600000
+3 0.800000
-+.4 0.882353
+5 0.923077
xz-l -f l0 0.980198
' x'+7 -r50 0.999200
+ 100 0.999800
-ral
4El
{
-+ 1000 0.999998

xtl 44 ,14 trll /(*)9 {tg E;<lzlsE ttr_ tlllol zll gt+g g + gt+.
(/E r4sE s=+ H-6JoE +g6IE /el r4szl-+¤E=d y: lql d=
++ ) dxllE xE *Eal r4l +l*str-al /(x)E {tg ttr- tltlol zl4l g + 9l-
4,o_+ _H_"J+. old tr{lg zlE+ ++4 z;-ol E¤f,+.

x2-l :1
lim ^
x-*xz*1

"JHl4 o + x7l 4¤ trl Ef /(x)9 #ol Lall 7lr+"1 zl= a¤. +¤-4 ,Jol 44
u4.
,Igx/(r)
:r

1 +-dElloll^1 E}|EI EIEJE{ E,sl .*i f zl qH ++ (a, m)oll.tl 4EH+r

=aoll
6l-zl-. olu]l ffi zl_eE ++61 Z xE +lqlgE;&l /(x)9 Alg r"il gel-g ?l+41
ts + 9l¤¤ 9"1*4.
,ri1X
/(x) :r
206 38 DtEEet 3E

y lim /(.r)
x+*
: L+ 4E zl-EE LI4L}]E ol-4e+ ,J+.
.y: L
fg)+L r---+cog trll

y :.f(x) zls. ooE +E ,+448 4.ol "lq+. rHqlE H6lr Hm /(x) : rq4b s
Eg ++ Q+$ rJol 9b4.
(.t -\'

'"rzf fa34ql d*g 4l /(r)9 ++e. toltrI."

v
E. 'rzt F*"J trll /(x)9 ++e- Iol+."
v:l@) E= 'r7I +S."1 6z19 4l /(x)9 +oJg Lol+."

olfl HxllE e.ltrl= 4el trql E6l1 +qfl'}. 1.7¤el 6 C94 +^t6}r. + q
Y:L ",
g"J.J 4el* ol ¤q E ++"]l +q4 fl+.
0
¤9 trE 7l6IqL4 ¤H+ rH 2oll^-l Eq +r 9l+./el r4Ezl-4d y - L
I (+SE=dol4 ++)ql d=6t. %FHg 44 zlzlzf il4. 4 rqEq s-
L
H +g EZ}.
),:
-
-r.H 19 tl-^l +adl-{, fzlzl"e. rsl ++ql 4all /(x)el {tg 4sl toll
y:f(x) TlqAl gtrI. xE Sg #g Etll +Hol zJ+;I4l *-e-Eril /(r)E fl61+ "J* t
tr_ tlnyol 7l-4 g + 9I+. olae q+r+ ,Jol e¤g+.
0 x

azJ 2 ,hTX
/(.r) : LE ¤Edl"= r=JE .[affi:r
-2-t

"JH]4oJ
,Jel= +*r+ *r+.

2 Esl E]* /z| "lH *zJ (-*, a)"ll^J {EH+a 6ixl- oltrll trl+ zl-sE 6E
6l ¤* xE fels-Eal /(x)9 alg rql "JelE ?l*416J + 9t+3 9"loJ4.
=
fu) : L
'1'l-
,v

: zlE -mr +E +$!]= 49 o},lzlt} lim /(.r) : LZ trlltrllE ffi$ zJol

Y /(-r)
ol 1-rL .
u]E-1
'"rzl-+E ++4E ,J trll /(x)9 +oJg I,oltrl."
y:L
0
4el tr- rH 3ql ¤Hqq flq 4 r4sel g+ tr *g g ,ll :.4sE zl
y:
.t-

d rql d-61-r fl*ql ++++.

v

r{ol ull zld y: L* *d y:"f(x)9

y : f(x)
3
Jgg/(r): ^Lol4+.ryL fG): r"J
o-l

Y:L +BE=d(horizontal asymptote)ol 4 qI+

0 .r
qlE EH rH tql ¤HE +d* ++4,J9 ol+ql^J +%d.d y - rg 7*
f.al 3 lim /(.r) : L= gBol'= raJ= r* tIt.
-r-
-d+ -¤
 3.4 +-.JrH0Jl^ls.l +-dli +EE=C ZO7

,',lg#:'
:H a"ll lEj4l *d y:"f(x)* rl-¤.4 ,JEI.

]g /(x) : -1, ,s; fk): z

:a4 = + ol +^lg 4d y: -t+ y: Z* +Ed-dsg *=+.

2 -1

y:.f(r)

y:-l _1

f,al 4

(qq 1D :u4gzl r-H se+ Ag'J+ /ql 46]] +f,qu} + +sqlql^lE ++4 v

E=dg +61-+ I

I \
\
EOI *--+ -1"J trll "J+ql^J /(r)9 <i"l +S.ol 4dg.J+.tr14^J 2
q-s=r+ ?J+.
t
\
,Lr, "f{')
:* 0 2 .\

\
xz| fl491^J 2_tr TlvPl A Ell/(x)E 3 *fz} 97, xzl eEE+ql^J 2_E zlnlol tlfl \
/(x)E 7 oJ*zl g. Ag ++++.
I
i
I
_,il
-H
trl
-ral
:
,H+ffrl -m, ,tp"f(r)
:* JE
tr
\'

r4 = + zJd , : -14 x: 2Y+4¤=dol+.

xzl- flg{o) 44 oll /t )E 4tr_ tlllol ,J+. r*l+ xzf g_e_-+ 4roJ.xlfl ,r(*)b z-e
tlllol ++. "I+C tr|e=r+ ?J+.

lim /(x) : 4, lim f(x) :2

x+m r--m

olag y: 44 y:271+Bd=d.Jg EEI*+.

( 4lr{! 2 il rim :4
X+o J
1l
lim :g +aL+
x+-e ,T -

Efl ,zI zH 1/x* zl4. ql$ EE trl*rt +tr}.

o.ooor, : o.ooooo1
#:0.01, #*
^l-¤ +E6l
x= +lE-e__Eal
"h:
l/xg 0"11 E6l= "J7 zw4l + + gl4. r_qsE C
=
E trql "|+ ++g e=+.
208 38 trlEEsl 3E

.v 1
lim -: 0
x+a X
I
v:-
/x u[tlzixJE x7l *+"J ul t/,r* z]+ ++oltr, It]4^J .++¤ g=+.
=
lim 0
0 .r x+-x )C

4d y: 0(x4)3 4d y -- Ilx+ +¤E=doltrl. (olAg 44t}+Col4. re 6) r

1l
I +-dEHoll^lsl +6t71
lim-:0,
.f.gE x+e lim ==d
X x+-s -:0
X 1.6¤ql fl= +6JB4E ']]+++ ++trH.ll^lE +qlqlE rqlE i.iB6J+ 1.6¤
ql g4g ++HzlEg(Bel 10, 119 4lel)'n--->o'tildql 'x--> c.'EE x---+ -*
El+lE q^l 4BElg +B6J + gr+ .q
qlxl zel ¤r+e+ H4 6, 79 a6J6lE
++e-l +,qoJ Hzlg e=+.

4 Eq r> ooJ #4folfl ffiol CBB+.

I
J*,: o

EE xoll rNoll x'o1 4e-lq= r > 0ol #4f"1fl ffiol cBtr+.

1

,lE*;:0

ixL-x-2 g
lollr{l 3) Hm--
x-* JxZ * 4x -l I 4l4}6ia_ 7+ +41q1^j "l+ql +Efe-l d¤9 +21
6I+

Efll ,zl zlxlE EEe+ +zlE 714^J ul¤ol "lE4l Ezl EHil ?++ qlHl+4lql^J
4+E q6}ot ++
+4++.q ++4ql^lq +{Lg +6}71 +l"llrJ=, Bzl EEql 9t= "r9 4r:l+
4t4l+q+ E4-e+ +EE +E+. (+xl xE = {t"J r"l6i7l trllE4l **0ol+I
zl4B + ?l+.) ol 4+ql +E"11^l rq 4r zlExll#S x'ola q+^l +¤¤ ts
grl-
L I'

3x2-x-Z - 1 2
3x2-x-2 x"
1-)
)( x'
limjl^ L: * lim
;;; - 4
i-i 5x'* 4x I x+¤ 5x2+4x* I 1

)c- 1tt-t-----
x x'

lim 3---
l2
.tr+T xx' a

(++Hzl 5ql e.l6ll)

;*('. +. +)
 3.4 +5Jr|]0ll^le] +-drl.+Btr=d 209

1l
Iim3-lim--zlim .v

jf+tr X+x X X-r ,f-

, -),
: 0.6
(+qlHal l,2.3ql el6ll)
11
lim5+4lim-*lim ,r
J+s x+T X X+G X-
,

3-0-0 (+tlH4 84 C4 Elql E61]

5+0+0
a
J
5

,Jg
"JHsE.r --+ -oog trllel +dE 3/s"Jg + :l+. rH 7g +lg 4l4I A+=
.J
3xz-x-Z
Ezl- +¤d=d y : 3ls: 0.60ll qe4l d=6tn glEzlE
"l +"l4l +46J+el r4
rE
-=l -t
" 5x2 *4x* I
Bq+r 9I4. r
2x2+7
{qdl 4i) ++ f(*): 3x-5 g r4gel +¤E=dg +61+

Eill ,E(EEql^J 19 41 4E4l#oltrl) EzIe+ +E= +h7 ++e-l CAg ol+

6I^'l +¤¤ E=+.

t 2x2+l
'trT+
)c
^Er+r
limH:lim :hm x2
(x > Oolfl ,F :,rolE-+)
r+m 3X-5 *l* 3X-5 "r+@ 5x-)
x .x

lim
x+
2-t x-I, lim2*lim
f+@ r+@ Yo
I

"

lim
.r-r 3-- x5 lim3-5lim!
-r---)¤,x+n x

Jz+o Jz
3-5.0 3

:14 = + /g r4sE +¤d=cg 4d y : JT /3ol+.

+-Jg 4l4I6J 4l r< Oql ql6ll ,F: l*l
"r--+ -oooJ trllE : -xE zlgo1101r3 +
+. q4^j d < ooJ 4l rE Ezl¤ +hE +gg E=+. y

,Eiq _,EF+t __ 2x2+l

2+-x2I
x --E x2
v
t;
.J
l4-o-tr +*4 rJ+ x
. t,t

1
v T
ffi1 2 _r_
lt
1
2+ x+-m
lim 1 E
\l -LrL I I x- J-
lim-:lim
x+-¤ 3X-5 x+-o
3-- x 5
3-5lim I a
J
t">-* )C

E;TN
trl+^J zld y : -,/T /3 E^l +¤d=dol+(rH I +6). tr
-19 8 :;:
' "^3x-5
21O 38 trlEEsl 3E

+GlE -Ef+ol EET| 10le[ 8?+-'J + ilqd! sl) ]4g(T*ryt -")E+61-4

o lrL

Ef,l *zl-44 ql $* + t+, E 4 4x1.,-+ t];lzl qgrll ¤zl oJzl qH+.tr1+

q]+E ol$-al,<J .J+E +^l ++. Ezl trl++ po1 1fr' + t + x)E Exle} Ee
^J
ql 8f,4.

]1g(F1 -,) :lg9(.62+r-r) 'H#

:'yl G'+l)-x' 1
-r:* j--r+l+-:*i*-xr+l+-
v

y:J*r+l -*
,rl-zl"+ rl9 Es x2 + | + x)E x --+ moJql trlzl xE4 q 4d+. trl+^l
g=+

0 x
!y(,ffi1-,) :lUffi:o
lal o :.H eE ol pffi Hq +r ?l+. rl

qlrtl
( 6D
1,11
,in
|e +++.
Eil r: rlxil FE x-*9 oll r-*0*ol4.Irl4^l'1-¤¤ tsEtrt(fl+Edl 38 +
4).
1
lim sin-:
;+n X
lim
I-0+
sin /: 0

( ollrll 7 li Hm sin xE *aI4.

sinr9 ZI* l4 -l 41t-*+. Iri4^l 'J4.J +e
Efll ,zI *zl.J ^l-ol- ++ H
ull

d=61^l ?+=+.relF-tr- Iim sinr9 #3=z116].zl ?+=+ I

r +ElE]|ollAls! +=e!*Et
xzl /(r)9 #E 4dg +Eltr
44 ql trll lim /("r) - mp E7l++. r].$ zlc.s.
+^|+ 9"lE r*=+.
lim ,f(r) : *, lim /(x) : -c0, lim /(x) : -co
-m
-tr---+ r+ffi .f,+-m

( qq I D lim x34x+-m
lim x39 +6t4
-r+@

Efl *zI 44 4e *il ,'s 9^l 7141+. ql= EH ++4 rJ+

103 : 1000, 1003 : 1,000,000, 10003 : 1,000,000,000

^Id +B6l =
rE- q+e__tr_,Rl g6l-= "J+ f* tlg + 9l+ :74 o-+. q+ri e
=
 3.4 +--JrHoil^1sl 21
=:d]]t+Etr=c 1

ol ++91+ v
y: x3

limx3:*
ir+m

+^1617ll x7l ++"J oll ,'s uf4|zlxJol+. t+{,tJ ffi$ e.+. 0

=
,ryL
)c3 : -*
olf ++ ^J4EC rH 1091 91ts y : x39 r4sE+ElE .J + gt+. tr
feJ 10 lim
.lr+6
x3 : co,
r+-@
lim 13 : -*

il ql4| 9 rm
|) .tr+m (.r2 - .x). +61+
Ef,l +*Hal 2E F ++ol +z16;= 4+q ilel +++ ++q irel rJ+g golt
+. r4+,1!g r' : moltr : molF-E ++Ezl 2= + H.+
Jgg, ^l*so6J

@ "J+4sE *E #zl olrl=e_ +.JH^lg +6qslql= 4so6J + fl+.(m - *= a

99xl S=+.) r*l+ x4 x - lol .JEe {zJtl tr|$.il r=E =,"E f,S,ol zl;q +
*4,J"1 + + 9l+.

]gg(r'-r):,lggx(x- 1):* r

(qil 10D.rI* !!.+61+

Efl qlal 3xJH +Eql fl= *q 4rzl-+ 4Exll#, * xE +Ee+ +xl¤ +i-E g
4.x---)*oJ 4l r+ 1---+molt-3/x - t---+0- 1: -lolo-tr e-+.
xz+x : "rtl
lim - lim -F: -co I
3-X
.f,---+m ,--1_1
x

q-g-qlzll. d¤4 ++{ql^]E +uf,f*g ol+6IH EEL+E 4l+61-xl *_;r

E +-JE.+q r4E9 zl¤9 qlqh4sE e¤. + gl+g E"l +r]..

(q4 111) x---+co"J trlle+ff---) -oo"J 'IE +*Jrl ¤¤g +61^J ++ ++g rq
E= fEl+.
y: (x - 2)o(* + 1)3(x - 1)

Efll y¤¤g /(0) : (-z)u(r)'(- l) : - 16oJ4. y: 0 o + EoeE x¤89 x:2, -1,

lol+. (x - 2)aol oJ#oloe EI++ 2ql^l tsEzL ul-+lzj ?+*¤ fe_ojq- rBl.E +
r4E= 2ql^J xfg zlexl = a1 ?+r tr+ - I ql^J xffi zlezlgr{.
x7l Z "J+.J oll rll ql+5 E^l TjxlEs +!-g E=+.

(, - 2)o(* + 1)3(x - 1) : m
_lgg

x7l Z ++.J ql a Hal] "J++ s oJ+olr. + Hzlle+ Hnll "J+. E + = g+

^ll
2"12 38 ElEEel 3E

v ol,-e +¤¤ e=+.

lim (x - Z)a(x + t)3(x - 1) : oc
x+-m

-l 2x olfl 4BE ARql^] rH l1ql il='ll+4q_l rr.Ig9 4BE eg + 9t+ r

-1 r Eg='d gsl
4E trC e"J6I4l t+6lE ++4 ?J+.
,r.al 11 ,1'- (.r - 2)a (x + 1Xx - l)

5 +-dElloll,tl +:d0ll Ell=d g"J:d ¤sl 6J# f zl qE ++ (a, m)oll.tl {Eg+r

trt+ zlo"E "Je]E e > 0oll 4"l] r > NoJ 4l l/(r)
6lz1. oltrI - Ll < e9 "J4
6I= + nol ¤xllo}4}. 4,9 9"laJ4.

,[X /(x)
:r

"J:"lzl-E
ol4+ ++61 3 {zlal Ng soll E=EL+)E ila]] /(x)
x(N-E-4
=,
E #g toll E"IE;.\ zt*A1(4?-lzl-e olql"J, ¤zlrl e3 oJelel "J+) B + 9ttrl'
aol4. zla|q4ss ola+ ++61 * x(oltr + NE+ qql^j /sl r4
= =)= rlol"tl
s=rH l2ql^le+zJol #"ld +¤zldy - L- "4y: L* e tsolzll
6J + gl4= 4o14. ol4g ol-F4 4}rll q6IrJ+E +E^l &o14.
"¤
v
y:
y:L*e "f(-t)

f(x)tl
L oIL
,I.I- +7J
a
Y:L-e

N x

feJ 12 lim /(x) : L ,rz| o1 +rJ.llql 9lg el

=.H
l3ollr'l e9 {tg q zfrll dq6l-H Nel trl Alol 9g6ttrt= A+ "J +
=
?t+

v
y: f(x)
y:L+e
L
Y:L-e

N .x

lim /(,r) : t
fH 13 x+*
 3.4 +-drHoil^le.l +-drf +Btr={ 213

uf{zJ-zlE 4e-l tre-l B"J+ 9"lb c9 EgE +qzl4, :fH l4oll,rJ gg

s+.

6 Esl Et* /zl fzJ (-*, a)^l 4el¤+r 6}xt. oltrll 4* zls= "Je-le]
e > 091 4all x < r/g 4l l/(r) - Ll < e$ HI+6]+ + Nol +zll'*+= A¤- E
trloJtr+.

fG) :r
'1t-

v
y: f(x)
y:L*e
L
Y:L-t

N 0 x
.fg 14 lim /(x) :
J+-@
L

qlzfl 3ql^J +¤+ +iH+.

3x2-x-2 3
lim
J
-¤ 5x2+4x-t I 5

4* {lxll"ll^J L:?: 0.64 e: 0.101+ +r ol HxllE d9 cd-il-r

Ll rl' 7 zl

+lEI] 4l+Izf (EE e+q)- ols" d4.

( q{l 12 l) :4s. ol+ofl{ x > noJ ,11 ++¤ "J+61+ + trg +61-+
3x2-x-2 < 0.1
5x\4x+l-0'6

Efl +qd +E4l+ ++4 eol +E+tr + 9l+

3x2-x-2
0.5<______=_<0.7
5x"*4x*l
+qd +¤4c y: 0.se+ y:0.J ^I"loll glE+ rg aL¤ e46Hoi +4. :zH
+^Jol
lss| zf,o1 +d4 zld¤- rE.lE x * 6.7 g trll +dol 4d y: 0.5e1-il.i}6}= ag + y:0.7
¤6} + gl4. ol +q ++q^.1 +dol zld y : 0.54 y : 0.7
^I"lq il++ EoJ "J v:0.5
+ 9l+.qldatrll Hlgflalq x)7"J "fl q-q-r+rJol gEl+ gl+ 3xx-x-2
v 5x2+4x+l
3x2-x-2 0 15
< 0.1
fu.-+4uc+l-0'6 rH 15

+^l rrJ6ll^l e:0.1q1 ql6l] 4e-l trql{ N:7(E= q +)E q6}H ¤+

=
214 38 EtEEsl 3¤

(ql{l 13D Cel EE 0l+6l]^l rim'oX!:0oJg trqn+"

Eil +qTI e > Oql ql6]] f > Ng

'l +*-g "J+61-= N¤. +614r '*+.
1
(e
--0
x

+.Jg 4l4lg ull x > 0o_E zf46}zf. ol {+ql r/* < s <= x> tf e"l+.n: Ue
E q6}zl.
x ) tf : l/eolfl ffiol ¤flf,+.

I :-(tI
--0
x )c

rElF-E dq Eq "I+ +¤¤ e=+

1
lim -: 0
x+a X

rH 169 sE #4 rql 4s"61+ rffitg tr4#"-eAl +Hg ¤E6Ir 9l+

v v v

A:l
e :0.2 e:0.1
0 N:1 x 0 N:5 x 0 N:10 x

f.al 16 n

v EsE ++q"ll^lE +d+*g +s=4 zJol 498 + 9i+"ll f:a-a'JrJ. zlaf

qL4 ¤Hg rH lzql +El-+ 9l+
Y:M
M

+Efieql q=d g"J-d Esl Er* /zI qtr ++ (a, m)oll.rJ {slg
7 +-dEllollll

Qz opx1. olull trl+- 7lg= "Je-lel "J+ Mql 46l] r > 1{"J trll /(x) > Mg "J+
0 Nx
6l-= oJ+ nol ¤xl]B+= Ag 9"lel4.
aal 17 x+*
lim /(x) : m

r+m
lim /(x) : rc

7lc m qldql -."= trlloJ6l-H +ql ++ cqE +^l-+ oJEqE B + gtrt

 3.4 +-Lrl}]oll^lol +-dzl +EE=d 215

3.4 I t+=x1

r. rl-s 4 g"lE BE ¤HEI4.

lim ( x 2*x*1 +r)
-
^le_l
(a) : S (b) tim /(x) : 3
.tr+-rc
-liq "f(r)
I-@ _f+_m
-

(h) /(x)9 {tEE .EE 0l+6l]^l +*¤- +c6}+.

2. El+/E l4Ezl ol.4el rJg
"ll, +gg ts:"I4. (c) #¤"1 *-g¤ +H6I4.
(a) rI[ /k) ft) ,[q /(,) 18-20 q+ 4 +dE +¤d+d4 +4¤=dg +61+. r
(d) lira /(;)
r+l /(x)
(c) lim
x+3 44 4l4izl(E= A+EI)E ol+6.l.q +dE :a4s= rEl^j
(e) d*dEE %1441 d=dg +46tr q"J?'l+.
5+4x
: ---* Lxz+x-l
I
---rf
18.
x_f 3
.--ry:
i9.
x2+x_2
x3_ x
I \ Zt.r. y:----
I x'-6x*5
1
\
I -
F I
/ m 21. -10 ( x( t0oll,t1 ++ EL+E r4sE rq^J +qld=
I

I
dg +461+.

ffi 3. .r : 0, l, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, J, 8, 9, 10, 20, 50, 100qliJ Et+ ' xr,,* 500x'*

.f(x): ,#'r1'oo*'
l00x + 2000
f (x) : *'12'4 {}g 4l4I5H^l ++ tim */2.! {tg +4 +Elg 41416ll^l d=dE %'-4^lg +6tr ilol$ ¤E
6I+. 6|+.
4. +¤. +6Jg 4 E4l"I4 4'J'J ++E Ce¤. xll.<lEl.r.l 22. P, PE 4.Jsfolq.
4'J+6I ,Iq 41416l+. (a) p9 xl-+7t 0E il+E+ a+g .l,, ri* {9q #g.
*_* e(x)
a --Z -I
LJL-I +614.
lim
r--o5x'*x-3
^
(b) Pel zl-fzl CE zl-+E+ qf {ig +
= l* #E
trl+ 6t+.
s-16 ++g +61-4+ ++ol *¤-g HoJ+.
=zl]6}zi
4x*3 3t2+t 23. trI+ aAg "J+6l"= ++ /E 49 +61+.
5- lim 5. t+
Iim*t'-4t+l
;r-* 5.tr - 1
-

,1T* -f(x)
: o, ]g /tr) : -@, f (2) : o,

7. r+@
lim
- r-13
lim
8. x-x'l
4-^E lim_ /(r) : oo, x-3'
lil^rL /(r) - -oo
2-r2*3r3 -L
Lrvn l- - r-J

,n+zp | -f 4xb
24. *+ /z| olzlSf-$-g g +r-l6J+ol-r., x: roll.rJuJ xp
9. lim
J+m 4x-l 10. lim
2-f ¤g *r, f el +44=dg x : 4014. x : -7ql^l xll4
Lxs-x 7l!" * E¤+Eg ,*r,
,liry,,f(x)
: 2oltr+. olull rl-$$
11.r+-rc
lim 12. lim cos x
x" * 3 .tr+E +6i+.
,r.gGEs*+z-st) (a),f(0) qb),lgg/(x)

la. Iim ( lax -Jxz+tu) 2s-26 trI+ +dq +¤E*dg +6E, +¤d-_d4 s+¤
1
"A ¤tl,
rJA +rJg ol$oll,rJ +dg f=l4.
15. lim (r2 * Zx7) 16. lim x sin -X
r+m
25. y
t-x y: x
---r l*.r 26.
xz+l
ffirt.(a) Bf fG) : ,x z*x+1+;9:24=Erel^J+
-
+ +qlg +46I+ 27-28 x --+ moJ 4lel , --+ -oooJ trllel +6Jg +6I+. ¤Er+
 2',a6 38 ElEEel 3E

+lE 4H= ol+6l]^J qlxll lrqleJq rJol 4qF4oJ :4gE 4x- 4x?+3x
:ai4. xx' -.r, \4,,

27.Y:xo-xu ffig+. :z4sE ol$oN.! .r > NoJ ,I +++ "J+6t= + Ng +

y: 6I+.
28, (3 - xXl + "r)2(t - x)4
3x2+t <
t -*r 0.05
2e-3r +g 4d " EI+"i= ++q rqlsE rej+. Zxz +x * I
-

29. : 4, f(-Z) : -4, ,[T_ f G\ :0, .1gg f(x) :

f(z) z E835. trl+ ++ql 441
":0.lele:0.05011 49"6J-i. +Ng
30. /'(2) : 0, f(2): -1, "f(0) : 0, +611 4el Eg dB6t4.

0 {.r < 2oJ o}l ,f'(*) ( > 29 4l ,f'(x) >

0, x 0,
lim
I-3x :3
0 < x < I E=-r > 4oJ 41,f"(x) < 0,
,+_G Jxz + |

l l x < 4oJ oll "f"(;r) > 0, lg1/(*) : 1, 36. (a)

-
rl*' < 0.00019 HI+6l3lH x3- H"tul 4"I al-4?
/(-x): f (x)
-ttE x"ll 4a]] (b) 44 Eql^.1 r:zE-+sE : 09 ?=+. 4
,tgg #
31. /(l) :.7t'(l) :0, : *, e.l EI= olgall,<J zld +H6l+.
,lgy./(;r)
: :
,1+/(r) -oo, ]gg/tr) -ee,
,[T*.f(r)
: *, ]qg"f(x) : o, 37. 4el Elg ol$aH.! .[A ] : o+ +E.l+
x > }oJ oll ,f"(r) > 0, 3s. (a) ++ol 4*"1 ^dBfltg +Edl+.
=zl]6|E
x < o4 0 {x < 2oJ 41,f"(x) < o :,LT. f\lt)
,tq/(x)

,[ry-rt*l
: ,+ f(t/t)
32. (a) "J+ Cs]= ol+611C Jgg ff= 4l41o1zi.
ffi (b) /(x) : (sin *)/*4:azllsE r44. ol :-zllE* d* (b) (a)s} t#E4l 32$ o1gq1^l q+¤ +61-4.
d4 H H t}4Ezl? lim xsin-
1

;-0* x
33. JtE;r > 591 QlaN qe-=ol {B$ ull lim /(r)9 {tg +6}4.

3.s I +fl lalTl gq}

zl;izfxl| HH 5+* Eql"J d6"ll^J +dg rH.r+. l+qi^J- ++, E+, +
zld+d, 26r-q^l= EB+e+ dd, rflr olfl tr-ql^J- +{L +71- "l +4 +
+, s+C, E+d, +Bd-d f;f ++l S+. olzll= olfl fitr= -E+
6J+E +,q'*
^d4g EBI'il- rqlEE rg il-qlol+.
==6J6l]^-l

qElE+ q¤-r+ ,Je ¤Eg g +E 9l+ rqq 4l&zlLl A+EIE +dg r

4H Elxl 9*9zl? Eol "lBg ol$-a.llo| alEz}?
tr4 7l+ol ,}]+ {qEL rqE= xll+6}= A+ ^l¤o1ri. r+l+ fl{t9 :z
4q E+E ++61-41 ol+6lloF *+. eEzl E+ql"J 9xlalE r4sE ** r
r-lrl+ +dfl +g+ ^ll+ ^I6Jg +e + fllr{(www.stewartCalculus.comoll^l
Graphing Calculators and Computers$ 4}461F+ q]zll 1, 3,4, 59I 3.689
=o-1
 3.5 +C ralTl s.E 217

_H_?+). ol+alfl r4sE z|tr +"lE-+ H9 gA-J + 9lr s,* Y** 30 y: - 2lx2-l l1x * 2
"ltsqlg 8x3

A+ql ilol^l -4t*'ll+l 4+=J +ql, +i44 H+dg 4l&.J + 9l+.

ql= 5q rH 13 /(x):8x3 -21x2 * 18x +24 r?.lls= Ll-4'Hr 9I+. fl
F -H-E rEF6l] -H-.J+. + rAg y - x3"J :21- +d4 E"Jol ,J4l Eolr +4,
+4d"1 H.- 4,zlH _H_"J+. rq+ E6J+E 4l4I6H _trH , : o.75"J ,ll +'llol
_L
4

I
-tr. x: t g trll +A.Jg g + il+. dxllE ol Y Ee-l r4sE q46l] _HH rH 2 -10

e+ rJ+.49 g4l gtrl. ols-"6fxJ ?+gt+E g* fl41 H4'+lB + gl+. -ral

+Ea
1

"lBg
++ ¤ql^l "lE4 r4q E+q ^Js++g ol.$oll,<l H:+el r4E= rH 6

4o14. ol ¤ql^l* +¤.ql +q+l 4E= Hxl rJrJop +_oE:4uE rflq.

4l4lzl E- e+rlE olsrN.rl :t_alls= rEl^J q.JB + gt+

r +CErel= rlfl 0
):8x3-27x?*l8x*2
2

*d y:"f(x)E +sE a47l +l6ll^J= r+¤- 6}+0l zl4ol E dol4. E- 6J+ aal
6

ol E= ++ql q-+flqq il- 4* olq+ (ql= qE +q{ +dol d. 2

=H
dol4 qla^dol s.g +E gl+.) rq+ olfl zleg Et+9 zlar +,q+ ^deg
g44zl +16ll gs+ EE 4Eg xll+6J4.
A. Eslsf tr^] /el 4EE, l fh)tl4EEl-19 d6JDE tr4Eltri.
B. EE y¤Eg /(0)olr. +dol y44 "J+b *g "JEH ;¤Eg +6}zl
=+.
+lEll^l y: 0ol4 tr r"ll 4dl ++. eJ449 6l]E +6I= 4ol "14*H ol
+41= iJq+ + 9l+.) .v

C. EIIBd
(i) D.ll +6].= EE,roll 4"}] /(-x):f(*), + +lJel \Lr-c^lol x 4d -x
4"JtlJE EB|xl t+s$, /= +6J+(even function)olr +dg y+"ll 4"J]
0 .t;

=
44"lcl-t1.1¤ +4). olag g "Jol Hls-E 49 *++. x > 0.J trll +d (a) *elf : y4"ll 4all 4d
ol qB4 q.zl .J+H, olAg y49l =
']]6]] 44^14^J +d6J rqlE= e-
4[.rH 3(a) tlE].y: x2, !: x;40 y: lxl, y: cos xtl olfl 4*o14.
-I

(ii) Dql +61+ E_E xoll 4ol]/(-r) : -/(x)olH /= zlEf(odd funcrion)

oltr, +C+ gdql 91611 44"14. x > 0"J
"Iel +d¤- + "Jr ?l+H E^l
0 -r

+d* +dg eg + ?l+. igBg +dge. 180" sld, rH 3G)1. ,le.+e-l (b) 7lE-+: gdq .ll6H 4a
++6J 4lE y : x, !: v3, y: ll*, y: sinxE E + 914.
(Lfi) ptl "Jel
^J+olz DgJ +61+ EE xoll 4ol] /(x * p): /(x)olE Et+ -rel
4EV ?

v
Atl p

\
a-p 0 {t a-tp a-lZp ,t

=EJ
4 +71--J+. E:"J olE r|.|g
218 38 DIEESI ¤¤

/- +7!*d+(periodic function)i{ alJ- zl$ +g 'J+ p- +71(period)ep fl

+. ql= EE y: sinrel +7]- }rrola y: tan.rel +71= rrol4. z)oltl p
ql +rJql^J Er-+e.l _f4uzl-q$4l lExl "Jr gl+H, Sdil rfls$ B
zl fJaN^lb B6J ol*¤ ol+61-E g+(rH 4 +4).

D. EIfl
(i) :
3.4¤oll.! }g1/(r) I EE,{gL fG) -- tolE 4d
+Bd=d y:
r+ +d y:"f(x)9 +¤E+d'Jg "Jiltr|. Igt/(*) m (Ets -*)E +HEl :
H, s-E+"ll d=dol fxflofzl flzluJ +dg rq= ql ilq^J= -!+-oJ 4
B7t g+.
(ii) +4d*d 1.s¤oll^] +g + zjqE 6I'l¤ qI+6IE 4d x: a7l #
7,l-Zj-f^lol
--1 Er-L-:.E=
o olol-rl
E.i^-.l '

1
,t1T-
:*
-f(') lim /(x) :
x+a-
m

:
,g},f(x) -* lim
x+a-
f(x ):-*
(+46J+ql ql6l]^J- +F'J+E 414+ + EEE 00 + Eee;rl +zl4+d
ggf glzl"J ol HJHg
+E Er+ql- 4s" E + H.+.) rJqol +d+" rel
. ql flq^l trq fl= Hxll 691^l +ql E4l= 4qq oL= 4ol oll+ ++6t
ol ot
'1./tot= 49921 !$:t atl /e] 4EEel EdolE, ++ol +*EIolE
q= /(x) EE,lgX./(x)E +6llot ++
]gx
(iii) da1474 ol ¤E E.ql^l E6I4l+.
E. EE= ilA,frJ I/D +4S$ ole"aJ4."f'(x)E 4l+6}r f'@)tl oJ(/=
=71
+7D.J ++4 f ',@)tl ¤{/- ,J+)"J +rJg +q}+
F. +",[,JEt ++,J /E 'JAl+lf 'G): 0 E.E f 'G)tl +4id]xl t+= + clE *
ELtrl rqI 141 E.J+ +CHg ol+6J+. ,f'ol oJ4lf collrJ oJql^l *se
HI+IH /(c)=. +Halol4. ,f,ol cgl^J *ql^J o$eE El-flH /(c)E **rtol
+ 5-t}4_o_e. 141 E++ +¤H¤- ol_golzlg, f,(c): gol_7. f,,(r) +0olE
241 EEL+ +4Bg ol+6J +E ?t+. oltrll f,,(c) > OolE /(c) - ++{tol
r, HIE f"(c) < 0 olE /(c)b *Hrrtol4
G. 9+¤rt E+E f"(x)E 4l4}o}a s+¤ +4Bg "ls"*4. f"(x) > gol$ +
dg +ltr. s+olr .f"(x) < OolE oI4l.E s+olr+. H+E+ s+^del %F6.lol
Hl-+lb dol4.

H. +C :1el7l A-G6J4zlel 48E- ol$-all.rl Ed_ee,q 47 r4sE rfl+.

d¤-:fl+. ¤S, +4e+ ++d, H+dg E^l++. dE¤. xlt-[fl.<] Eoll
ol
q-+ ss.ll4r Gql q+ s+^.ig 4rla1ga1 d*dql d-61". +dg r
fl+. qH 4 +="ll^l + q Cq^J"l s+¤48 Eql^J EaJ+el #g 4l :
+iE + 9lrl. ddg +dol 4lq6L. %L6Fg +4uri.
 3.5 4C :.2121 sq 219

{iq$ I D zleg ol+61]^J +d ,:$si

x'-l
rrl4.
A. EelE 4qEe r++4 ?Jtr+.

{* | *' - I #0} : {, I *+ tU : (-*, -1) u (-1, 1) U (1,m)

B. EE x¤84 y¤E* E + 0ol+.
C. HAC f?x):/(n)olE-+ /= +=J+ol+. tq-+^l +d+y+ql 4,:ll 44"14.
D.EEC n^ L:
.r-)tm X'- I
n^ *:z
x++m I - L/X'
El-+^J zl d y - +¤ d=dol4(oJ+ql^J).
271
1s - * 1"J trll Er.z1 sol p + trl-s +6J¤- 4l4}6Jtrl.

2xz )*2 v
li[I
I

x-l+ xt - | lim #--cc

x-l- ;' - I
I

J
I

2xz -+
-:cc
lim _=_ : _!c lim _:2xz .c y:2
x--1* x' - | r--l- x' - |

-13+4d=d"]tr|.+++ E=dql ql+ cHF r

4dr:14x: 0 x
la4o_+
H sql fl= 44,Jol *de.l qlHl rHg rg + fl+ ¤=d +=ql^Jq +del X x
g+E +E}.IjI 9l+.
f=J s qlHl raJ
E. E,E ilA 7'J
=7[ 919 r=J s= +Col +{oll^l +Btr=Co
: (*' - lXax) - zxz - zx -4x e tr=dlr.9tEE Hq
=+.
olAe
f'(*) (*'- 7)' (*'- l)' sl zJ+ap +rJE E6t| q?.!Etl. =7|.

x < 0(.r +-l)E ull /(r) > 0olI-"r ) 0(xl l)oJ 4l

"f'(x)
4 6olFF ,fts. (-*, -1)
4 (-1, 0)ql^J ¤=7t61-7 (0, 1)4 (1, m)oll,rJ +a6Jr+.
F. +"J* g4l+= x: 0014. 0ql^J "f ,g "Jql.r.J s9_E u}+l=e r
=Hr,Iq =*rJ :
41 EEI+ +4Hql tr|{1(0) 0oI +H#o14.
(: o-EA{?l
u. +- clq
tH.=.r{
L:-r E

f "(x) :
(*' - t)'(-4) * 4x - z(x' - t)zx tzxz + 4
(r'- 1)o (*'- l)'
v
I I

EExoll qE]] 12.12 ffiol dts,tL+.

+4> 0olEe I

I
I

L
,f"(r)>0 <= x2- 1>0 <= lrl>t
-L
y:2
0
.f"(x)<0 <+ lrl<t x

trl+^l +dg *zJ (-*, -l)r+ (1, m)ofl,tJ +lE s+oll (-1, l)ql^J of{E -e-4
x:-l x
ol+. 14 -1+ /el 4elqql +6lxl S|-q-EE H+de S.rt
H. Efl :1al7l E*GzlzJeJ 4EE 0l+611^l :zH 6oll gt= +d¤. ffltrI. r rtJ 6 t: fizsdE -r=J

(q4l 2D /(x) : +E :24{=E r+l+.

Jx + I
220 38 EtEgst 3E

A. EeJq {flq+ {* | *+ 1 > 0} : {, | "r > -U : (-t,*;o14.

,¤¤4 y¤E* E trl 0ol+.
B. EIE!
c.E1t8g 4Ad+ S4.

D.E=fl Hm4:*
*
'* 1'/x 1

rflF -e +¤H=C+ fl.+. )c + -1* "J trll ,ffi -+ Qoltr, /(x)E 6J{} oJol.E
E 4*ol dH++

.rI.fr:*
tr++^l 4d , - -lol +4d+dol+.
E
u. E7t EEE 7l,/\
O, I +l_ E+ =71
I l-:

r,, \
r\r):
,ffi tzx) - x' . t/(z.rFt):2(x+lY2:2\x+D3tz
z*' * 4x x(zx + 4)
,+l
x: OoJ 4l /(x) : 0(-413E /sl {EEql +6}xl Pt+"il +e-l++)o11, trl+^J
+"Jf, gaH= 0ol+. -l < r< 0"J trll "f'(x) < 0olJ. x > 09 4l "f'(r) > 0ols
tr-/= (-1, 0)gl^J a.AEE (0, m)ofla'l +7I+4.
E 0ql^J"f'ol +qlxl o]eEulfzJ qlEq]
"f(0):0+
=",['J4=*'J "f'(0):sol-tr
141 E'J+ +{Hql
"I4 **<It"lzl- 4l*#)ol+.
v rf o-EA.l;II
ue +- tH=.r{
CtJ.{ l-j-t El

2(x+ I)3/2(6x+ 4) - (3x? + 4x)3(x+ l)t/z 3xz + 8x* I

f "(x) : 4(x + 1)3 4(x + l)s/z

_x'
v: {x+l EE= E-Jt} *o14. ol=Ial 3x7 + 8x + 89 +E4lol b2 - 4ac: -32E -uoltr x2
g 4lfzl oJol.Ee. Ezl^= 6J^J oJol+.
"l+^J /E 4elqq +6I= EE xgl 4oll
x: -1
0 x
f"(x) > 0ol-EE /= (-t, *)oll^J flE g+olr E+d* H,tr}.
1=l a
JEf H. +,5 f.al7l +dg a4 7a+ +L+. r
q4| cos ir ol r qlsE
( 3D /(r) - 2 * sin x1 - ral+.
A. Eslsl 4e-lE+ Rol+.
B. EE yEE+,f(0) : *ol+. x¤9* cos.r: 0"J trll, x: (nll) + nrr(n? $flol4.
c. EllE¤ /= +Er-+E zlgl+E olqr+. rill+ e-E xoll 4dl f(x + zrr):/(x)olE
E /}. +7171 ZrroJ +71++ol+. 4+^J *gE txl 0 ( x ( 22 ofl,<Jq1 ^J4a1-
E ¤tr}. rqr Hql^J ¤B "lEB t61l +dg q4-6ll +rJ4
D.E=C d=de Hq.
L. E7t
E rE= 7l1.
o' I 4l_ E+
aal
I l-:
 3.5 *C :a121 sqr 221

: (2 + sin x)(-sin x) - cos x (cos x) 2 sin x * I

f'(*) (2 + sin x)2 (2 + sin x)2

l4t-+ +E+.Jtl- oJ+o1tr, 2sinxf 1<0(Js[n x<-l*7rr/6(x( tt'r/6

.J trI f'G) > 0ol+. EI+^J f i errl6, ilz'l6)ollal f;zlo|_L (0,7r/6)s+ (ttrrl6,
2r)oll,<l ,J4++.
F.=",tr,t!t;+*,J Ee+ t4l EEr-+ *cHsE+El ++1k* f]rrl6) : -t/,fiolt
+H#+ f (ttrr16): t/,8"14.
G. c.E¤rl E!+E +E +4g +^l ^tr +*"1 "l-H'l+g EE+.
f'(x)- -2cosr(1 - sinx)
(2 + sin x)3 v
.l_
(+,t)
EE-roll ql6ll (2+sinx)3>OolJ. 1-sinx>0olEe cos.r<QoJ rll, + Tl2< 2

x< lZ"J 4l ,f"(r) > 0oltrI. ,r[+^J f Y kr 12, 3n l2)o1l^]

3rr 9lE g+ ola- (0, T 12) T 2r "\

e] (3n12,2r)oll,tl ol-4e g+"1+. E+dg erlL,O)4 (32-12, 0;o1u1.

2 2

H. +d rElTl 0 < x <2rrE- zll+E} ++E :z4lsE rH 84 A+. #zld* ol* ( 7n

6
-t)
s|]^J qelalfl :_H ee+ rJg Sd6J r{EE E=r+. feJ g

1* x

-rel O

r e^tE=d
qts +dg Hl^E+, + +zlE +BE olu E+d¤. r*-+. rl¤. *t3 :zH v

y: f(x)
"ll$ql {d y
: + b= ElI-E=d(slant asymptote)ol4r
rnx *4(, --+ -*oJ ql

+^IEL ^JE;r"l ts^Jolzlr ql+). f (x)- (mx+ b)

j:mxlb
lim [/(x)
x---)m
- (** + b)] : 0

+rl*+ql 46ll^l- E^l-el ilfzl EEE xl^+tr+ 6I+ +¤ "I 4^I4-dol 0 x

+El.J+ olfl 4+q ilq^.1 4^l-d=dE ,J44e q+_qlzilql^li.lH ^JxilHs .f.al 10

_E E-+.

(qr{l ai) /(r) :*9 z4s=+6I+

A. EelE 4EEg R : (-*, *)olr]-.
 2iE] nlutflol qa
222 JO "lLl-tl-l OO

B. EE! r¤¤4 y¤¤g E + 0ol+.

c. rHflg f (*x): -f1x;oltrE /= zlffio1g .J+E :z4sk fldql 4"l] 4aolrt.
D. E=fl 12+19 Ea so1 ¤ + S,-ose- +zld+C* HtrI. x+moJ 4l /(x)
-+moltr r+ -oo.J tr]l "f(r) - -coolIrF +EB=dg fl+. fq+ ^JxJlH.ll
eliifl q*¤ E=trI.
f(*):*:x-#
ol 4le- y: x7l a^IEtdE +Bflg "J++. q+g e=4
^I¤tr-
1

ull /(x) xx
x --+ +moj _
0
L:
x"* I
-----;-: --_

It 1
,
JC-

q4^J 4d y : x7l A^fE=dol+

D. E7t
E EE= 7l1*
ot. I +t- E+
a7l.
I Lj

.2x
f'(x) : (r' + 1)(3.r'?) - x3 xz(xz+ 3)
(x2 + l)2 (x2 + l)2

EE xoll qlEH(0+ 4le-l) f '(x);' solE-tr ,fE (-*, *)ql^J +7trJr+.

F. +tr{?,I4 ,f'(0) : 0olzl"J,f'+ Oql^J *sz} u}flxl *:g EE *Ha}ol4 *
=*rrt
*#e fl+.
f:
u. O-EJflx!
+- ctll
tHEx{
l_:-t E

: (*' + l)2(4x3 + 6x) - (*o + 3x2) . 2(x' + t)zx 2x(3 - x2)

f "(x) + r)a (x2 +
{xz 1)3

x : 0 EE x : t,.-6g 4l ,f ,,(r) : 0 olrrE ++9_l EE" 4C6izl-.

v x-1
t x?+l +7J x t-i (x2 + 1)3 f'(x) f
*<-rf; + + (-*, -",6)q1,r1 fle s_E
-Ji<x(0 + + (-'E,o)ql^J olrllE eE
0 0(x.rR + + + + (0, f)qtd +tE s+
(-.F,-+) *> -,,8 + + (.6, *)q1,t1 olelle 9*
H+d
H+de ?,8, -iJl), (0, o), (Ji,1,/i)ol'I
v x

reJ 11 H. +fl f.Bl7l /el r?.ls= r*J I 14 ++. F

 3.5 4C:e121 sqt 223

3.s lg+eq
1-20 ¤9 zld$
ol ofgolf,rJ +dg f-q{. m
ITln

l. y=x3+3xz 2. y:xa-4x 1_ uzfsz

3. y:x(x-4)3 4.y:lrt-\x'+l6x {zl,rJ ,??oE cxlt4ql^l"Jzt9 ¤%r"ll ,z* *sz}q

ql6]] oJzlTI +ql+E uE s4g .lE Ee#olq, cE Hg
5. y: 2x*3 6.y: 2-3x*x2
x- )c2

x -f
- ,!,
*4o.|4. ,/E ++E msl z4u= rel+.
x xz
qql ¤ilfl zJ"l rfl Holtrl. gC
a
l. f - a
)c--+t Ly: x"+5
, _ 24. ++ rtsg
=371F
+ 6l+ w7I cill ,Jolql 7_=41 EEE q H= q-q=4
9. y:+-_1x' 10. 'y: -,1-
x'*l ,Jg fl +d E"Jol g+.

y: (x - il^E 12. v: x2*x-2 * WL WL'*'

",,:- z4EI*o+ lzEI ,'': - z4EI -t-
11.

{t
tr. 'v--:
)c
i4, t:
h4 oltrll Ee+ r= oJel rJ+o14. IEE ¤(Youns)E +CAl+
+I !/)c2
olr Ib tr +Hfl +^d -u.dEol+.1 fl +dfl r4lsE
15.Y:x-3)ct/3 16.y:h
- reJ+.
17. Y: sin3x

:xtanr, -Tl2 < x < rr/2

llrttr
18, y v W

19. y: sin x+ <

"Ecosx, -2rr x12r 0
sin x
20. 'v L
1* cosx

21-22 E++/e-l r4E= q^q-4 e4(dd+ +¤d+dg + 7s-26 B^l.d=dE ,JC^lg +ti}+. +Ce rElzl 9+=r+
+U+). Etf E"]l ql6}q q¤¤ +6I+. x'+l 2x1-5xz+3x
(a) g4 e'E 4elq
25. 'v x*l t,l!g..!-1
x'-x-2
(b) s9 g4l+
(c) g'(6)9 t=._^l-6} 27-2e ol Eq zleql q+ q+ 6J+q +dg:ael+. zla D
(d) s9 -E= +44=d4 +¤d=d q trl+ {^I$=dfl %1-4^lg +61-E+.
xz x3+4
v T 27.v:-
" x-l 28. v: j
x'
f
2x3+x2+l
29. 'r
I
V \ x'*7
\

! ;
,r
30.+C),: + 7He-l ¤^Id*d y : 2xe| y :
4x2 +9
l- \ =
tt
tt -zx= Tidg E-q+. ol ^Idg ol$aN.rJ +/dg rel+.
31. {d y: (bla)xel y: -(bla)xY ad}+d (*'lo') - O'lU')
21. s(x) : ,Fg 22. g(x) : l/(r) : 1E A^I4+d"JS u-q4.
|

olgql^l "Jzt9 ¤rs"l q-q=+ rJ+.

32. /(x) :
+ t)/xel d+dql ql6}q b6I+.
(xo rzlr. r
23. ^Jql^J
e+= ol+6lq /E r{s= fdr+.
?24 38 EtEEsl 3E

3.6 I trl$rl E+E olgEt +d -Iel7l

,JHg
$ ¤ql^l +dg "l+ql fl+ql flq ¤49
www.StewaftCalculus.comollAj Craphing aq71 +.16ll ol-E4.
^l-+*
Calculators and computersE "JGIE + 4l+ +.tr- r4sE r4- 4o14. "l Bql^J. +dg +d6l gr.l6H^l r4q
rel|E E+oll^j
4l4}zl E= d+Els ^JCa3 :efl ue+El EEfllC af.e=- q+q Tlaal +r+
?ltl.E6l -tsttroll HUI^lrl

LrTl 9l6tl H7l+Eg clg4l E-46ltsrl ¤

tr{6l.rl.
o u-t. +del -E-.[ +sEJ ^ddg q¤61 Eel.ITl fl6ll^l} "1tsH9 ol*B 4o14. :
4q E+= ol+61-H ,11+ +tr6E 7tr9 zl¤ol gs-+ +dql qjBll^JE. r?ll
s= rB + 9t+. bzl=,,lBr+ E+E +E4+oltri.
(q4! I D +6JEL+ f(x): zx6 + 3x5 + 3x3 - zxr\ r4sE rEJ{. f'+ f,'E a
4EE ol$oll.{ E= +qlrr4 +4d, sq. ++¤- +c6L+

41,000 Eql ilgg d.xl ?*ols 4EEg + +sE r*3:z4g +s_=9lq= 4l4}g #sE
+El zl¤+ ^19¤ "l¤q E 4olc}. :.H 1*xE -5 { x { se z-lJoJ4g *|] ^JCg
trTlslEg LlE}'Hr gl4. ol E7l+H+ d*dE xlf zl y:2x69 r4se+ *z a
v: /(x) iJH Hq +4= dql^J ++-6txltrJ tr+ {:tap x|,rJlfl A+ ++7 ?l+ol EH6t

\ 4.:4rJ :.H 29lrl +4H AijH trTlplEg l-3,2) x [-50, l0o]os H]fi+.
-5
-1000
-5
ql++q r4q 4l4izl4 r4q aEE+Jq. +d¤: 4+ s^l6}r EEel
=^I4
-ral
Jt=
{I
"J 4.1-EE Eol++. ("lH EtE=9 +4e+ +aoJ EE z146l-= E4g
=^l+lilE
,*=trI.) :_B 2_E*4 ** -L.6ZjJ trll E -15.33e1 4l+Al¤. zlt fzl (-*, -1.62)ql
,J.A6l_rr ?1.62, *)ql^l +71-EL¤.
"J + gltrI. E+ flEql^j +Eddg zla_ x--
100

^l
y: f(x) 0$xzf -2e+ -l qtr #ql^l H+Eg r*= 49 g + 9t+.
^l-olsl
olxll ul$$ ol.s-all.<.1 olfl q"J5I^1. I1l+61-H trl¤¤ g++.
^J4¤-
-3 2
:
f'(x) l2x5 * 15xa + 9xz - 4x
-50 f'(*) : 6oxa * 6ox3 + 18x - 4

f.al 2
re 34 *ol f el rrllE- rH.g 4l "f'(;r)E xx -1.624 "ll +q^J "JgE Hl-+l=
'

a¤- "J + 3l+. ola+ (141 E++ +4Bql 4+) 4*rJol qd6}+. .E1*x:09
4 /'(x)E "Jqlil +str., x :0.35"J ,il +q^l ooteE HIfl+. ag g f gl4. "l
42 f 7l x: o{l^J +H{tg z}:t- x - 0.35oll^J +*{tg *= A+ 9"1t4. rel+
:.fl zq1a1= +El-+zl *=+. ¤zilE :zH 4qlalilH Edq ql6l] qql6H -BH "Jql
.J x : 0oll^-l *Halol 0ol7 ;r : 0.35oll^J ++#ol E - 0.10.|4= a
^l= + sHH
20

y : -f'(x) v: ,"1
-1

-3 2

-5 -t
-ral
JE
2
!' f.al 4
 3.6 trlErl E?= ol8-d 4C ra;21 zzs

o o}A-t- olrl . 10
= = ,l^"1

s+C4 H+de olul*z|? rH zel 4E+El x7l -rel ErJ gEql ?l¤. trIe+ 0 I
-3 2
E ErJ e--=+ql ilg ,l H+dol il¤-g .J + gl4. :4+ /sl r4F++q H
+dg e46}7l= qE+. tr+4^j re sql "f,E r4s= rE +tlr}. szlrJ ,r,g y: f"(x)
x--123"J trll "Jq^J gse, x-0.19.J trll +ql^J oJ'gE Hl-fl+= ag g + gt
cI. :z4se ++4 oI4 Eall zlflnl\ cqq-/1 +4.llg, .fE (-*, -30
-1.23)+ (0.1e,
*)qlrJ +le s+ol:il (-1.23, o.le)olla1 ol-4E s+ol+. rn]J. H+dg { 7.23, f.al 5
-10.18)4 (0. 19, -0.0s)ol+.
"l-LIg
r4 EE= ol trl6JH-+e] +s6.J idEg- E.+ EqB + s.+= 4g .JgI+
rq+ a4 2el4E E+ rBl6iE 4qq} +d.el r4s= rB + gt+. r
(q4! 2 D ++ .J+E +s+ CAg -E+ se-q-= :14s= tr7l3l+Eq ++'I+.
+E{I4 ++#, 9-+ ++g +86}+. r4r trl$g ol-$ulf,tJ olEE 4q'J Atg-
+6I+.
x2+Jx+3
,f(_r): x-

Eil ^Frss H+ltl zl¤q= r4q AsF+JqE ^J¤oJ rH 6g Etg 40lul-.

qE r4s 4l&zlE zlE#_q_E__H_zlofflol [-10, l0] x [-10, l0]og ¤cqq gl
+. +il]E r s+Hg oJ.$alxf. rqE rH 7ql gI= rr_Ig= Eal ¤q. ol4g ^JEt
al zlld¤ 4ol4.y4ol +{fi=dql azlfl tr"J+.

3 x 10'' 10

y f(x) -10 l0

-5 5

-10
:IH 6 -tel't
Jd'

yfiol +48=d"J aqe u-"14 {xll+E. trls- 4 zjeEE y4ol +z.ld*dolq.

lxtl#:*
rH 7+ q^l x¤¤ol E -0.5e+ -6.s"Jg _H_ol7 tl+. 4++ <ie- "lx}%rcal I + l0
7x * 3: 09 EE *E +{gE+El , : (-t t Ji)/ro|O.
v: f(x)
+¤d=dg + rJ R B7l +lql BTls+Hg rH 84 goJ [_20, 20] x [_s, rOi o
y=1
E HlTzI.y: lol +¤d*C_o + -E_olq, oldg +*.+ ,J"l fl7ll q.eB + gl+
-20 ZO

\
.rT-(,.+.i) :,
x2+ixt3
trrlr
Y++@ tL
A
1 - -5
-
rH8
226 38 ElEEel 3E

2 4l*al¤. +cs}7l f-lall tr-zlslE¤- rH ee+ ,Jol [-3, 0] x l-4, 21tr- qql6]zl-.
x--0.9oJ *ll 3l*{tol E -3.1oJg Eolr ?l+.r44 (-*, -0.9)e} (0, m)oll,tJ fl
4
-J
0
+= +461r. (-0.e, 0)ql^J +7foJ+. ul$allal 4q+ #g +6ll Bzl

x- - +: -'*'I u
y:f(x) f'(*): -+ x- )c-

-4 (
"l= -+ x { 0"J f (x)> 0ola * < -$r}
trll ' x > 0"J trll f' (x)< 0oJg ++U+
-ral o
JEV
c9.+ 4+at+ f(-+): -# =, -3.o8ol+.
x: -14 x: -2 ^l-olql H+dol glgg +EI4r *1r1. z4l Eq++
:zH eE 9al
e1 :.4lEE ol+61-E + q ¤+6f41 +4* + 9l+. ol a+ql cq+ {ig +6}=

Ae ql+ fltr}

f'(x):+*4
)c- x -2(7x+e)
xo

:*lse *> -l(.r # 0).J trll f"(x)> oolu, ,. -?oJ .11 f"(*) < 0014. rrl4^J
EL+ /= (-?,0)rI (0, m)oll.rl +lE s+oll (-*, -?)ql^l of4-tr. s+ol+. rqa
H+d+ (-?,-#)"t+.
t41, z41Eq++E olso 6J +49 Eiil] re 89 +d9 +e Cdg E+ g + 9lE
+ _H-q+a 9l+. I
qd p .J+ fG) : :4sE rq+.
{ 3
ffi9
Eill fl= +4Er-+q r4s= rqt 4eq "J4611^J r4sE r4z}-
qlal 2ql
l0 [-10, 10] x [10, lO]sl E.zle+8"11 /E rqls$ r4= {ee ^lzl6]zt. rH l0.o
E+El # cl ^J4l6Ir rHg -H-71 fl6]] +Hg E4"Holdl.+= ag L4 + 314.
\ =
.v:.f(x) l
-10 r0
+4d=dol Eg 714+ + ?l+. ¤xll-E 414}6}E +-q-r} +r+

xz(x * 1\3 : x2(x * 1)l

oo' lim ;-:

feJ
-10 l:+ 1- - 2n. - oy i:i (x - ?)'(x - 4)o
-:
10
+¤d*dg +6171 flal +-n, Exl¤ x6.o F 4txl-.
-
xz (x + 1)3
x2(x * 1)3 x-?? x'
(x - 2)2(x - 4)u (* - 2)' . (* - 4)o
)cz x4
y

g trl] "f(r) - olp -+ x4ol +¤ d=doltrl.

iU .x-> -rco g

3.4¤el {lxll rlql^l fl'J E4¤. E'all ,¤E tlzlolq^j r4gq ^J4sl] tr
E"J.-5
I

I
aE 4+ ++6I+. x'¤. "Je-g /(x)E oql^'l PszI u}+lzl ?+=tr+. trl-+^l 0ql^l
=
-l tz34x x¤4 -il.i1-6lzl *='I rel+ oJ# (r + l)3 ol$ql -lql^l x44 r.i|6tq r*ql^J
:IaJ 11
+Bd=dg *++. olfl E= 4H++El E++= ^l-¤-61-zl tJ:I^JE +dol rH
 3.6 ElETl_E+= olE-"J 4d:a;zl 227

0.05 0.0001 500

-100 -1.5
y: f (xl

--- I 0.5
y: f(x)

v: /(x)

-l 10
-0.05 -0.0001 -10
fal tz .f.al 13 feJ 14

11qt +4t B4+= Ag "J + gtr+

E+ +E¤. qEl H q46l]^J Eg rH tze+ 13, q*l H ++a11.<i gg rH 14_tr
+El +6}rxt 6}= ag E + ,l+
olfl :Hr==E+El x - -20oJ *ll al+&ol E -0.02o1r x : -0.38 rli **<tol
E 0.000020]q, x - 2.50J ull +*{t"l E 2lloJg "J + tl+ EJ ol rH=g -35,
-s, -lel rll zl]9 H+d4 -lrl- o rlol"il + ,llel H+4ol flgg ++Lilr
=aql
9l+. + EJ 4++ H+dg +46171 9l6H^J=.f,el r4E7I gs6l-zl"J, +eE f,,
g +6I. Ag ++6I+. e+q ql+ill4l(cAs)-trE ql+61 fl+(¤+Exll T era).
olfl ++6J trL+q ql6J +++ ¤E$$ d6[7] +]=ll 4l zlf s-l :zr.lls(rfl tz, t3.,
t4)zl g,q'il+. 6l+q r4=e olfl ¤ql _E+= +48 + gl= +.J+ BHe +s
E r4. 4o14. 4A+ eil+qE E+6lz rH ll+ ++el +sql c4E¤ +4
rflri 9l+. r
t-}+ f@)-sin(.r*sinzx)E rqs= rel+. 0<.r<rr"il^l +H#+
(10{l4l 4D
++<1, +zl- "i +r +7J, ln-]tr H+Eg +d61.+.

EOI Hxl ++ /= A4zl znoJ +rlEl+.Jql ++El-zl-. E6J /= ,lE}+oll e.g x 1.1

ql ql6H lr(r) I < r ol+. Et+^J ol ++ql 4t s-z101EE dqq= EzllTt H4. Bzl y:.f(x)
fi] x [-1.1, l.l]o-tr ,tlz[o[z[1:.H 15 +4).r E+E{^J ,lle-l +H<]4
3r+H [0,
^]l 0
F zll9 +*{tg g + tl4. olE qql6}r + q cqql {Ig +6}71 +l"I E]E6}E
7T

r}.g4 ?JEI.
f '(*) : cos(x * sin 2x) . (l * 2 cos Zx) -1.1
fal 15
f q f 'E r4s= :.H l6oll il4.
'9 ,¤E{tg +4g} +, t4l E.J+ +CHql trl+ +.J + iltr}.
"f "}4 =*<tg 1.2

#zl AzJ: (0, 0.6), (1.0, 1.6), (2.t,2.5)

,+A++: (0.6, 1.0), (1.6,2.1), (2.5, n)
0 TT

*H#: /(0.6) : t,f (16) : t, f (2.5) : I

y: f'(xl
**<l: /(1.0) * 0.94, f (2.r) : 0.94
-1.2
z4l s-q1a5 +s-r+ rJ+.
rB 16

f'(*) : -(1 * 2 cos 2.r)2 sin(x * sin 2*) - 4 sinlxcos(x + sin 2x)
228 38 0tEgel 3E

L.Z
f f"q r4E5. rB r7r+ rJl r1-g-el =&alg e=+.
e+

f +l-tr" g+ +7J: (0.8, 1.3), (1 .8,2.3)

0 ol-?.lle g+ ++: (0, 0.8), (1.3, 1.8), (2.3, rr)

f H+d: (0, 0), (0.8, 0.97), (1.3, 0.97), (1.8, 0.97), (2.3,0.97)

-1.2.
:.H 1s* 0 < x < rrollrl /E rqs= 4+6irll 4rl4l 9l+= 4,9 4'Jrl4 +
aEJ 17 ,l qlEq :.H 18.il ilE q+s:4.sY -2n (x(2rroll^l /E cq6.l.7ll str6l-
r il+r "J'J + 9l+.
:Erc
Ij rF=rl,J= -st+

n l'-l\*l
+tr|+ E E( FM ) ol I
1.2
+01 g8-drl.
: sin('t * sin c;r)
f
f(x)
1-
q7l^1 cE d#0lrl. +trt+7|. -2n
rf$
?.1 B+ts
^l?lu}E3
tr|S(sincx)oll qd[| EEEcl.
ql8l 40il^l rl+a, s.
E+Erll looll^l rlErl.
c=?
+E B+
:rH 18
L^/ -1.2
=
r+¤ qlxll- *++ql ++ 4o14. ol4g +ql +6}= or#Eol alul- ol^JE 'J
Eel tL+. EEL6I- +^lsE ^lE. +41= *r gl+= ag eltrl++. 4 tI+
#e +"il +6|- EL+= A4++. rr]r olfl ^Jr+g ^Jfzl E6Jql q+ EL+e-l
141-szl-qB4 Hdl-=zl "Jel
=q.
(ql4 5D cz| Hg uI E}f/(r) : r/(*'* 2x + c):z=1ls= qBzll HalEzI?
2 Eil :H le, 20ql fl= r4s@:?gl c: -2?l 5f+ 4*ol4lE
^-1-E
+= +d
g'14'ill. 9l+.
-5
A\ I
/ 4
q Y+g r4EE a-471 d"il +"il +{+ ol+Eol tEo eE tltla- :tE Aol +
fltlzl¤ oJotEzI. .Je]el '.ll 4dl ffiol CHtISE lE=P -Ei xffi +SE*d
'v:- xt*2x-l 2 _o _+ 7*s_+.

-L 1

-Ial 1O
JEI TV
,'L - ? ,1T- x'z+zx+c:o
+zld*d! *'+2x+ c:09 ql +$+E-E, oleloJ olilo}{4lg Ets x: -r
t r/t - ,= g=+.c ) 19 ,l +4d=dg S.+(rH 19 +4). c: \'J *11 rqs
1

" x'*2x-2
2
6l+ej +zld=d x: -1¤. *=+. ola+ ffiol ¤B6"17l ollEol4.
=
11 : c'
-5 4 *' -r* * ,: ,l-8, (r + D2
,L;\,

c l tJ uI= F zH9 +44=d x - -1 *,fi - cE *=trHaH 20+4).

L EEI+E 4I4I6IE q-q-4 'ZJ+.
:lal 20 c: -2 2x*2
J\):-;t-,--,-
(.x-r2x*c)2
 3.6 DlErl-E+E ol8-d relTl 229
=d

)i I
^
-^

A
C:-1 C:O c=l ^-'l
L_L c=3
fal 2l -Et++,f(x) : U(xz + Zx-t c)

olE+q x: -l l l)g rll f'(x): Ool_tr x ( -l"J .ll f'(x) ) 0, x > -1.J "l
(c

f'(x) < O"Jg "J + ?t+ E+ ol43 ' - 1ql 46l] /- (-*, -l)ql^J f;zfap
(-1, *)oll^l +4Bg 4441 gl4. > 1ql ql6H^J= al{z,iol /(-1) : tl@ - r)
'
ol+. c l tql 46H^l= /(-1) : lk - 1)ol +H#oll 6zI "l ,J4 ++g + 1

4E=dql^l #qflq-.
aH 21* 'l-zlrlfl' [-s, 4] x l-2, zlql {Cg EI-++ql +6]= +d .J+9 :.
4E= !-q +r ?14. ': lql^l= F zH9 +4¤=dol 6t+sl +zl4=dsE H
olzl olFqd+ c ) lolH +4d=d+ s.4. trlEql +'Hd
'#ol lql^J rttftlzl
+ dd *ol-+lul-. ola+ c + moJ 4 r/(c - 1) - 0ol4= ^l-¤e+El ¤Hs4. c
{t"l le+q 'Ja+ *il +4d=de dE Eqzl4l E+. ol4.g rE ^}olE 44
tl zffitr]J c -> -*"J trll alol EE Axlzl ull+"lcl. rn-lr c + -moJ trll
r/(, - 1) - 0olzl trll$ql +ql¤+ x49l zltl*)1j-4.
c < l"J trll= H+E"l s,+E ae. +H6l-+. c > l"J trll q-q=4 rJol 4l&H+

,,(_r\ 2(3x2 +
-+ 6x 4 -. c)
rf \'-r - (*, + Zx * c)3

:z4p_+ x: -1 * jl@- r)/3"J ull H+dol+.trt+.rl c\+7I,*trl] H+dgC

d Elxl4l qr ol4+ aA zt9 "Ixl"_l z7l4 rH oE+El .J + gl+ r

lmg*E4
t-4 +dsl +sal E+ Eq4= 6J+ lel :.elleE sE rej{. +71 q +4 +7J, sE TzJS i{op, nl
^.jfl-$
-3.6
rBl4. 5E.1 /',+ "f"sl r4EE ol+"ll^J fz| H +4+7J,
+{t, s+ ++, E+dg +46}+.
EHg ol+6fl^l olEE c++ {tg +6}-4.

f(*): t * Ixx-x3
*4* I
1. /(*) : .tr5 - Sxa - x3 + 28xz - 2x

2. f(x) : x6 - 5xs + 25x3 - 6xz - 48x 6. EEtfzI ottl4 E=d+ ¤¤g olf-afl.<l :zfllsg ge
A. 11t1 :
x E :zajn+. olg u|f,i_e_E +del +e+ dpg Eq+=
' x5+x2+1
---.--
rzflsE Al4$tl E= d+El= ol+6}q rei+. r4EE
a. f(*) : 6 sin-r * cot t, -7r I x I rr
ol$a|1.! +H#+ ++{Ig +ii}+.

s. +dq +.q+ ^ddg E.F Eq4E 4+ EL+ /el r4 f(*):$ffi

 2.I[ tr Ol 9-Q
230 JO
n I
"If,E-I
H]
OO

T 7. f7l ql4l 3E 6J+"J trll fl+El ql+ill4lE ol+6H^J /'¤- "t +*Ai+ H+dg +6Ir+. trzlplfl l-Zn,IrrJ x
trf
+6}l., r4EE rri E= +4#+ ++rJol {lxll.llrl l-7.2, 1.21q /E'1e}.11j1 {Adg b6i4.
+qd 44 rJtrtb 49 +.J6lel.f,& +6la o14.9 ol 11-13 cz| Hgiql trI4/el r4E7I qBrll E6l=zlql ql6ll
+6}].AJ sq +rJ$ H+Eg +61-4. 7l+8t4. E'-++q] +sl-= q+l 6J+el ]4EE rEJ +6tr.
T s-e e+El q+4l4lE 0l+6ll^l +S E++ /E r.4lEE r4 zI a-F= aJ49 ¤H6l+. gal czl- Hg trll alql, flAd "l H
r "f 'r+,f"¤- +61+. olE EEI+E :z4sE ol$al.<J f 4 + +dol qg4l szlolEzl 3.r.1_6].-r, E+ +lJE zlE E4z}
7l-H +4 ++, +#, s+ ++, H+Eg +4"I4. Hal-rll 9E c9 {Ig q'J6}+.
x3+5x2+l 11. /(x) : x' + 6x I cf x (hHE g.r)
o. J\4,/
x'tx3-x2+2
^
,

e. "f(x) : x* 5sinx, x120

12. /(x) : |, *,'*, ,
c"x"
13. /(.r) : cx * sin;r

10. +ul+EEql^Jql^J g^J6l-= EL#,f(x): sin(x * sin cx) 14. HJC^I /(x) : xo + cxz * x-tr- +"141 +ffiql ql"Iol
oll c: 3"J El+= 4F"ltrxl. Hzlcl{ [0, z.] x l-1.2, oJolEzI. Hzl E*d9 z]|fzl-g4zl= c9 HEH}¤ E
l.2lql +Eiu.fel fqgE
^l+6}r+. 9"t4 F+e +4e 46F+. :a4I .J++q "J+E ]4sE rEl^J olH s.
g E f glEzl-? ol :zfllu= goJ-9-E -H_= AHq q "* "Jol +4+=xl $olEx|.
.J41+el 4l#tl E44b
"9
e +4dg ,*=+. A+141 +4 "t +^Eg *zl flall tr|= EsHIol gltrt. r4Eql^J olE¤ *"IE4. :a +ql
"f'el rqs= +el
,Jrll 6^16]|0} 6J 4o]4. dxlie F *g a# +E6l+
^lql /,el rqlEE ¤-ElH= floJ E.$ol H+. EE +

3.7 I EI4EI Eril

+{tg +61-71 gl"ll ol 1r-ql^l H]]fl,H ,}HEe ¤Zil ^Bg.ql^] +oJ"J E"F"ll ¤-¤.
qr flq.tI.Jg alae-l Hl*oe.al'ilq ol$g *tlzl$ fl++. ololxlr o15
4laE 6Ia g6|q, %Iqlql^JE ulls"I fl4- H+ zl4- 4rll e
^lrJg ^l+ol
q- 4EE xlu+= ag "J6l-r fl'l ol ¤ql^l olH Exll, + H"l, +nl, :r-7-l
r olsg 4lqls+61= Ezllsl 44, ^l+, Hl+ 5¤ 44+61+ Exll= + aol+.
olfl ¤xll4e +¤+xll$ 95'Jl qq+ Eg "JE ¤E¤ EzllE alql E= 4l
E +EI6l= Et+. "J."1 +tr14 4l4sl-E4lE Hl-+- 4"14. ++ E4l=¤ 4+
oll Ezi.

rtElitE,qtE+ $41

1+ril= H+61-4j olallzi E "llz}zl +4lE +9 ,Jrll gll, 4

1. Er{lE 0l6H-dEt.
¤-4 ,Jol zl+6ll E+ +614= 49 +qoJzl? +qd "J+ +9,"Jzl? #"1
41 4ae FH..Jzl?
2. f.eJE raJq. q++q Ezllql^l fHg r4r ol"l fol4l oJ4 +6lBJ. "J
g rHql +EI4= 4ol '1]* ++61+
 3.7 44al- EEt 231

3. 7l6e LEF.!E[, 4l'llcl E= 44+6J "Jql q6l] TlsE +ol+r}. (*"e:z

4g O+ 6lzl.) E¤LtrlE rJxl=JolJ 4all zl E(a,b, c,..., x,y)E dgap o1
g zla.E reql Ezla34. E^"l.El. zls.e-{ 44Ezl-, ql. Eq Hol. A,
+olb h, ^l7J+ r E¤ ol+6IE E+ol E 4o14.
4. gE 3+Alql^l ol+ql zla.gE +El,-J+.
s.Qzl4+4lql^J aL4 ol*E E+= *= 6J+E +E+8, +qd 4-E-. ol+
6H^J olf E+=E +4lE (rJ44lel
EEiIE^l) +=+ relr .Ifl Bc4¤
ol$all.rJ gel +¤^lql^l H+ + 6l-+= 4lelil 4"lxlE az-lojr;. r4E 0
6I+E Hf ,E *= ++, + Q:.f(r)E s¤94. ol4l ol EL+el ¤elq
=
E +.JtrI.
6.3.1¤r+ 3.34E'JB¤. oJ$all,<J /e.l 5l*{,h E= 6l*{k¤- +*E} /E
=.61
4e-lE"l ql++olE :.r ¤9 ull++ tHg ol+6J + ?l+

(qxll I D t+71-xl]-a 1200 mE zlzlt- +rll tsg rJg 44lE 6I= 4i}4e EoJ9
gql g+q= zlEJr qL+. 7.Lg tr14^J= -$Elt.lE d gszl- H+. 4l.ll Hol= E^J

^llEE aolE +61-+.

6.1+ 7l-E.e+

Efl ol Exllql^J 'JqB + ?l= 4ql 4* +7+* q6lzl 9lafl 5ag A+E Eq d EE ele o l6H-dtl.

E+ 6]]-H-zl. rH 1+ 1200 *9 ¤44= ¤z16l-=,t'lJ zlxl 7l#+ "JHg Bq +r [f A+ql^] ff+-.Jtrt.

=E:d raJ+.
E :Ag
1t+
gI 4 B"l4 ,Jr +g Bg "JEElr 6IE +q4eE Holz| 4Le Bg grll ¤
4,ol'I. +rJ ¤qlel Bql^J al'}] Holzl-ut$ 4.?Jr+.

200 m
400 m

500 m 500 m
1000 m 400 m 400 m
100 m 100 m

Hol : 100 . 1000 : 100,000 m2 Hol:400.400 : 160,000 m2 Hol : 500 . 200 : 100,000 m2

-rel I
JEI

re 2e+ rJg "J+4"J 4+ql ql6ll 4^l4Bq Hol AE 4lqlE 6IJ. d+. rely Ezta+s,rt
E zl^}4¤s.l ^llEq zle9 ,Jol(m)+ aJ-tr_, 'l-s=r+ ,Jol Hol AE r4 yE ++u+.
A:xy v

AE 6I+E H4{x)E}9 r*= ++E EtrBt7l glol] yE a4++. gE].BlE + zJolz} J x

1200 m4E CEE ole" oJr{. rEH ++r+ ++.

2x* y:1200
-ral
JA E-
D
232 38 EtEEst 3E

"l
olC^lsE+El y : 1200 - Zxola tr|+^J q+g e=+
A: xy: r(1200 - 2x) : l2}0x - 2x2

7l-+ xE 0oool_r.(71-E7f olq4

ol+6}q dill gE].FJE "rb *
= ^llEE ^l-s6Jc].1
"l
olH 49 +EdJ+ El-+^l rl¤.6J+E 448 6}lx} 6J+.
A(x) : 1200x - 2x2, 0 < x < 600

E6J+=A,(x) : 1200 - 4.rolrrE "J4l+= +6171 flal q4. r}44g Ezl.

1200 - 4x:0

rElH x:300014. r4r. A 4lq4i+ "J4l+ E= ++E Edql^J"J gq4l+.

A(0) : 0, 4(300) : 180000, ,a(600) : golF ? q++ \LI-Hql q+ fl{#g 4(300) :
1800000J+.

t+E %lHsE E-E "roll Qlall A'(x) :

-4 < 0gg "J+. tr|4.<J A* a}d- olqlE -q
+olr x: 4*#ol
300oll^l q"loF.JrI.l
4+6]+ y#e y: 7200 - 2(300) : 6ssoltr, nI4rJ {^l4$ gg 300 m,
^lle7l-
tl*zl600 m{oF q}+. r

zlE 1 LE Bg flzlEl E"JE '/t# "JEqr 4z}. ol z}54- "J=5

( o{l[l| 2 l) 211

-aHlE flis}6l+ z.lt= +61+

I Eil :zH 3+ ,Jol qlzl$ol r(cm)olI +ol7l- ft(cm)"J EBg rfl+. x]]EHIE :B,l
+l6]]^J= flzlE9 eHol(flE, "JE, SE)E al+r1a11o} i+. :.H 4_e.P
^alofzl
El ,+ H+ aolTl Zrre+ 1rof, fl,tlzJ¤ .E-"Jgg "Jq. rflEE eH ol= trI-s=r+ +L+.
h

A:2rrrz * Ttrh
F----
r AE roll 4f, tH+ q++E -s¤fl-= dol 64. olxll h= 4"46171 +16]] +i{7t IL
-rel e : 1000 cm34b ol-ga]]al q-s_4 rJol ++U+.
JEU
^Ld¤-

2rrr
rrr'h: looo
-1
- h: gE+.trI+^l E-d4q olag
\---
r
I
r+lF-+ r000l,.rz=" Ae] ql"J6Hc +*g E=+.

h A: ztrrz * ,rr( P\ : znr' +

2ooo
r
\Tr- /
+4= rtl EHS,ol oJfoJg "J+. r?-lr rz| $ulu1 4A + ?lEzlql ql.J zll+e
S,4. z=jFtr 4+:l+6tei= 6J++-'l+4 ?Jq.
gol 2(zrl) wfiol(Zrrrlh

:IH 4
A(r):2tr2+ 2000'
r
r)0
q+r+ +ol trl+dl]^-l oJ4l+E E=+.

H(r) : 4rrr -ryrz -

+(rrr3 - 5oo)
rz
 3.7 alEalErll 233

nr3 :500oJ 4l A'(r) : 0ol-E + +gtJ "J4l+E ,: i,ffio\r4. v

AelcEEg (0, oo;olF-tr EEql^lsl +#q +flE qlxll 1E +6Ig 4e"g- + H

4. :-44 n < ifioofrql qlrl] A'(r) < 0olr ,> i,fioofrq 4E]l A'(r) > 0o1I=E 1000 y: A(.r)

A= g4l+E gqq il= E= r'll 4dl +aal-r g4l+el e-E+ql il= E= rql
cllall {=zpJr} rr}+^J ,: 7@ql^l 4*{}g *=+
t+= "J$qtr. r-0*oJ 4l A(r) --+moltr, r--+moJ 4 A(r) --+moJt:gA(r)9 al
0 r
l0
+{}e 6}tr, ol #g .J4l+ql^l"J E¤- + il+. rH s +41
,: <Efri"ql qlq"6'l+ /,el AI+ ++r+ A+.
=7l]6lloF -rEl tr
rEv

looo_ looo
"
,-_
- nr' - n(soo/nYtr _4.800
-'!; _^-_
- LI
$-zl9 xll{ Hl+$ 4laEI6l-EH
tl}+^.1 tlxl$$ 500/n cmoltr +ol= Hlzl$el
+ HH, + zl+r+ g4l 6llot ++

NorE r 4+#g +c6l-71 ?lall qxll 2ql^J oleo * +# (+HdI E= +*#ql"J

4+,J) 141 EEt+ *¤Hfl H¤ol+. "JsE olE + q +q6}zll ^l-+6171 +16I q
Tlql +^l
^J+6I41+

EIEIil8]*4fl H:d14lE:#UEE qH +rJql^J {fl$ E+q]+ /E g4l+

E '4 7t46fz}.
(a) x < coJ EE r"1l 4"ll /(-r) > 001I., x>, ctl E-E xoJl 4dl /(x) < 0ol$,

/(c)E /el 4lflAt"l+.

(b) ; < c?l EE xgl 4all /(x) < 001.I., r ) col EE xgl 4all /(x) > OolH,

/(c)b /E 4l+7}ol+.

NorE2 4lzlc} Ezll$ El46l-= +E %lH* +++ "lEHg ols-o6l-|. fiolc}. :z

Br-Bg ¤E6I7l +lql ql4l 2tr" +^l Eol-7}zl-. t-.J+ "J44lg zl\t_ aqEx}.

A:2rrr2 * Zrrh, rrzh: 1000

.%FC4l9
"lql ftE 4461-= 'I41"il + roll 46l] ¤-++zlsE r+s_r+ zJol ul$oJr|
(Ae+ h+ re-l 6J+E ++oJ+)

,{ : 4nr I Znrh' * Zrh, ,nr2h' * Zrrrh: 0

y
l": lx
4+#+ g4l+q^J I o Ir _+ ++61 A,: 0ol+ 6l-zl rqH trl-*g EEtrI. r (1,4)

2rlrh'*h:0, rh'+2h:O (x, y)

"JHg uu|fl 2r - h:0, + h: ZrE g=+. 0 1234 x

(o14l 3D E (1,4)ql z;7t tlTl$ EEd y2:2x4 dg- +6I+.

Eq E (1, 4)el E (r, y) ^l-olel fl4= ++r+ rJq(rg 6 +a). f.al 6
234 38 0tEgst 3¤

x-t)2+(y-a)
d:
(x, y)zl EEdql glsH x-- y21}oJg-tr- 44 d+ q+4 z;-ol .Etrg+

d: y'-l '+(y-4)'
(+E Br-Hs-E y: &= 4"J6ll^J 44 dE "ruJc_e. +4H +E ?i+.)
dE Blas}6l-= qlCq zJoJ a9 x{#g EIAE+6J+. @zal alAzl- g= dql
'I+4
dE al+o]x1q} 4l4I+ d2ol rJ dq.)
^1

d2 :,f(y) : (iy' - t)' + 0 - D'

y.ll 4oJ
^ll+ol S,zl
ull+ql {elqg E= dfol4. olA+ trl$6tfl rl+rl ?Jt:+.
f'(y) :2(+y' - t)y + 2(y - 4) : y' -I
y : ZE 4l "f'(y) : 4,f'(y) < 0olr y > 2"J 4l "f'(y) > 0ol+. trl+
0oJ4. y < 2oJ

^J
4q4l4 El+#ql 4'J r4l EaJ+ +{Hql q+ 4+Ale y: zoJ ql eqrl+.
(E= Exllsl ,lqq4 c4 qEql TI1L tlt\& dg +xH6l-zl"J zt J tr4 Bq4l d*
¤z]l6lxl s*ol EE6I+.) 4go6lt19 #e. x:yrlT:2ol-tr, trl-+^l E (1,4)"ll zl
* zlryl# EEd y2:2x +lE d+ (2, 21o14. t+ d ^IolE 4rl= d: ,M : ,F
"l+.1 r
4l) qH 3 kmoJ +rll ,Eg r}el Eql flE xld Aql^J EllE E
llo{1l{I
^L*ol Hulzl-
+l Hlrll¤ +ql^J otElE 8 km Eqd zlfl roll 7l&od + E-r.l E$:oleJl +4r:-H
7 +a).r= zl4 ct+x\ UHE xlq +HlE ?i& TlExl= + zlfi B_=_ gEj+ + 3l+.
E= zld BE +El-e ulE xlq a fE 9l_oq, E=J Be+ C r}"l9 9H xl4 onlxl
{ ++ ,lzl,<l nnl\ BEjrJ +E 9I+. 6 km/hB HI= Ar 8 km/h-tr Eilr+H,
ufl_tr

7hb6J g4 zld Bql Eg6l7l +lEl^J r= qq"il tF+6l]o} 6fE7l? ?i+q +E.
r}*ol r-E e= +Ee+ Hln6[^l +^lg + !l+lt 7l-CdJtrl.)

EOI ,E cql^J Dt44E ,14+ 6l-H, E4zl-8 44= lnrl : 8 - xoltr ullE zf|
3km 4E-l= qElr+^ B4ql el4 I ADI: Jxz + e al+. +g %r-4^+g oleo6p|.
A rrzl- - 44
"r-L-:
x
+q
r.E 4+ [email protected] gfl (B - "r)/8olE_E d4l ^l+ r}1 x9 6J
D ^lrJg ^lrJg
+s^J +s-rl ?JL+.
I krn
8
68 * ' '
r(x):J?=
olR+ rs.l CEE$ [0, 8]ol+.x:OoJ u\ ctyzl zlol zfr. x: 8oJ ul rz[21 gu1
s x]q ,Jql +el+4. Tel EH.+b ++4 +r+.
T'{x):-!- !
-tel
JEI
-7
6,m I
 3.7 al4trl-=rll 235

:74 o-+ .r > 0ol4= ol+6tE ++g E=+

^l-¤g
:6 <+ x I
I'(x)
6,F + s I <= 4x: 3 x2*9

l6x2 :9(xz + 9) <= 7x? :87 <= A_

9

Jt
+'J+ g4l+= )c: e/fi ol+. al*<l"l oJ4l+ E= d9q [0, 8]E Edql^j ++ T

4EzlE goiETl +16]] +g4 rJol "l ^ll Eql^l rel Elg 4l4l++, y: r(x)

r(o) : 1.5, .(

rE * + 7l1i- 4Lg #e x : s/fi "J ql .Jq+EE zsl 4*#+ ol dql^l +EI+

oI rH 8el rel r4-E= EE ol al4}ol ¤B+g Eq +q.
6Jtr1. 246 x

rqF + ¤gdsE+q gtJT km (=,3.4 km) ol4ql -E-E-= ^J+^l4oF +4. r f.al g

ilqd! 5l) EJXIE roJ Hlfloil 4d6l+ 7l7I zl^l4ee.l HolE +614. v
=
EUn fldol +Cfl fl. *'*y'= r'qlal +IHlgg qo.}xl-. gql qd++=
^l.4¤ol
9"lb ^l-4Bel F q+lEol g+ql flr 4"lzl F zl]E rqq gt+g +4HEK:H q (x, y)

+4). d (x, y)E xlll^I+Eql il= +4¤ol+r 6}zl- rqH zl^l-r+Eel + HE a

-r rX
ol| 2xsllolr Hol= q-q-4 ?J:L+. 0

-ral
A: Zxy JI= o
J

yE AzlaLTl +16.|] E (.r, y)71fl xz +yz - r2oil 91tr].b y : Jr, -f

^t¤¤. "l+6}H
ol+. 4+^l tr|¤.r+ rJrl.
A:z*rffi
ol q++el {elqg 0<x< roltr, qg+ rJ+.
=.$aE
Lxz
t\,r :z.Jr
A r-i-------; 2(rz - 1xz)
W: ffi
2x2:.roJ A x: r/r/2 (,v > Qolr=E)"J *ll A':0ol+. olull A(0):0, A1r;:g
41,
olF + x: r/\E ql^l A= 4*{tg *=+. rBlE_tr_ 4d6l-= 7l1d- 4^}4EE
rJ+ =
HolE'l.g4
,/'\-^' [',- rz:"
^\a):2 fiv'=
EqE H+E^l 49 ^l-a-" 6tE Eolzf +E6H4l+. 0E rH tOql _H_oJ 44 Ae r+ol

+ 6IzI. relH 4^l4Ee] Hol= trls=4 ?J+. rsind

A(0) : (2r cos 0)(r sin g) : r2(2 sin 0 cos 0) : rz sin20

rcos I
olull sin20el #+ 20: olZ"J "ll 4l*{l lg zfxlssA(0)= 0: rl4oJ ril alH{t :lal 10
236 38 otEHst 3¤

t*tlilg=- ?t+g+
+4f++e ¤H Eq++E ^l-tu"
* ¤szl dd H+
r Efit .BB-4oilq 3g
2.7¤qj^l ,tI4lHl+E ,HH¤- ¤Hfl+. HI8fl*(cost function) C(;)zL qtr ^}*,
++l= ^J+6I= rJl E= Hl+ol+8, -dr{lul8(marginal cost)E x"ll 4'J CE EE}
¤-o14. ri^l "J6H^J +4lHl+++- Hl+6J+q E_6J+ C'(x)olr|.
olxll ufzllflg
^J46Izl. p(x)E x$gl +"]]B
trll sl^|z} ,la + fl= ++j* tl
4ol4 6lz}. ol4l pE +g:d+(demand function) [g= zl.4:-J#(price function)]4
6l-tr, pE roll qlql ,Ja++E qltr-fltr]-(rJ *g
tr-+g +rH++= Ag tr-+E
tr9lz}4ol zJe6J a4 4+g+). xtrflz} E,l]Elr ++l* tl4ol p(r)48 +
+qg q-q=4 ,Jr+.
R(x):f="rx tl4:xp(x)
ol R= #UaJ#(revenue function)+ 6J.+ +E'J+E Et.J+ R'g Etfll+E=st+
(marginal revenue function)a| ap ol4g +rflg +fl +ql 4+ +oJe] E+g-
ol+.
"rtr$l$ +,H6lE + ol+*'l+4 rJ'+

P(x):rt(x)-C(r)
ol P= ol$E*(profit function)r{ E}+ ilAloffiil+(marginal profit function)E-
ol+6J+sl E6J+.J p'ol g+. E*Exll 33*3sql^J EI4lHl+, +oJ, olsE}+-
ol$-all.<J Hl¤¤ fl4+6ir +oJ4 ol#g 4ltr]]ci6|= Ezll= EqBzi.

(q4l 6|) + Hg.ql^j qjtrJ 3s0E:qol rv EqEl= g+'Jq 2004 +ol]++l. 6I

z|. .rlf,r4^lql^J cBlz]-ql4l q16 rOEBl4 6Jql6ll +8, +rl]
'l]+7I "J+.Jql 204
6zld4a +ElH+. +sqr+e+ +oJe-+E +61+. E"I4 Bqlg 6IH +flol 614
zI 9}zl?

EOI ,E g+gq +,Hq. EqElg z]Jf4 6l-E ,ll+ +716.1-= *,l] 'H+= x - 200
olr|. 2044 q +r]]g ollrl-4 714+ 10gEl4 ,-}]El++. trl-+^J qL 47I izlE $ql
E "I"I4 714+ fi x rouJ? 44zl-l +,qe:++'l¤+ +q.
p(*) :350 - #G - 200) : a50 - l.x

+E6J+: ++4 ?Jq.

R(x): *p(*):450x-L*'
:450 - lol!r-E r:4509 ull ,R'(x):0014. ol .r9 #ql^J 141 E++ +
R'(x)
4Hql q-+E= ++61 Rel :q1-sz[ ofe]lE s+.J eEdol+- ag +++s
 3.7 al4trf Erll 237

_tr/^l) 3lq#g r*=+. r4r ol {Iql 4go6lt 714+ rl-.q=r.l. ?Jq.

p(a50) : 450 * i(+so) :225

trel zl.4g 350 - 225: 1250.|4. f4=_e. l2sgElE tr.J611 ¤ trll EEel +E+
al4zt g+. r

3.r I g+Ex1

t. r+¤. Ex]lE + +e.l 6Jol 23olr. +ol tslql7l qEq +I+ql "*= :gg H z}lq} rel4. olfl gq
- El= + +E +6].+.
^J46.1-zl-.
el + HolE +61+. 4l'|] -JolE +*=zt? :_H4H
(a) zl¤= + gql ilE +E.e-l dJol 6Jc: 23ol EIE+ ++ r
HolE +¤61-+
4 ?"1 E.E trJEr, ol sE 6]]^"1 E4le-l 6ll (b) "J+4.J tr-+g ¤E6l-= EBg :aEltr, r EEql
=4E
E +4E.}el. TlsE Bq^-l Ezlale{.
(c) 6 HolE +41il+ {$ ++.
ftHfi}l+ + Er{t1 + a1
tl
(d) +qd 4EE ol$-all,rJ E+E¤ ts+a= %'-c^lg
I 22 22
rAul-
2 2t 42
J
(e) (d)E ol$all,tl + Hol= +6I= .JE+B+E
20 60
IAE,].
^lg

(b) ElEg ol+dl^l 6l]= +E.Ir (a)glrJ e+ B+ Hlj/

(0 ol E^ll= El 1a)q1^J +46J g-4 u]:ralz|.
z. oJ t,+zt dol 15,000 m2oJ
6I+. ^I4¤ ¤"E}f-lE "JEol, ^t
?+4 + + Eql ¤4e ¤-+E.lE oI HolE Hls_E
2. + Bol toooll 6Jol al^zf qE + oJ+E +61-+.
*9 ^ll+l
+halr ++. gE}flql EE Hl+g alas+6}71 +16}| b
3. -1 1x l2qAJ 4d y:.tr * 29I EEd !:x2 += "lBrll ¤-+E-lE "JEqoI 6l+7t?
^lolE
al4 +zlrlel= +6Ir+.
8. :-o5-;- e-l"JA ++ e+ A4ldg ++6I= 4^I4E E
+. EBI9 t)oltl100 moJ zl^t489 HolE ElqlE fl+
"|] "Jg Bql gqfl= +EElr 6J+. E"J+ gg geelz}
TtEeI ,JolE +6.|.4. gsH.+. rull Bel g+4= "JE 4+
^]lEel ^J+ 44lde
Hl+g +Fd}ril +Elg- + 9t=
5. +zlEE }J4}=* r= EoJE dcr} N(zl'J* ++lE +c "l*4 ++6Ir il+. e
¤)e] ++E +44b e¤"1 E+g=rl rJ+. r}4= I mEJ:op4zl- g.ff-a.}+. f,s}
trJE= rll 4lql
l800g+l Hl+ H+lql^l gEl4E "JEl 4trt. 4lql Hol
Y: , *KNrz E ql+lg + 9t= %Iel ilfE +6I+.
{zlrJ kb o}E d-+ol+. 314 +E*ql.! dAe#g + e. (a) "J4+ Hol9 4^l-4BE +ql^l E.;llE z)olzl zl$
6l-+. 4e ¤^I4¤"Jg uq4.
4'_e
(b) oJ4'J EEIIE zJolE,*= 4^l-4EE +ql^l Holz}
6. trtg +xlJ= ^J46Izl. t t-pz| 300 mel ¤.El-rlE zl^I
7l1} z a+ 4^l-4E"Jg Eq+.
4¤ gqg "J= +g rAg ,il FEs-+ ++q zl^t4
eq 4 HE+ B6J6I4] 6IBJI ++. ,{l +EE + Hol 10. 1200 .*'9 zjlEE tlzlt- "JEol {^I4eolr +4ol
el 4q#+ E"I"JzI? H.= tr-z}-= "JEEJ:/ 6J+. ol {}z}g alq +qE +8].4.
(a) oltr ag "Jr Hg ¤8, qH 4* zJr +* sgol
11. +4ol H.b +EillE xJ4-*zlg Pclzl- r0 m3ol4. "JH
238 38 ElEEsl 3E

g zJolg LIHIE + Ellol+. gflql E= zll-Eulb *rB t

l0B4oll SEgl Eb 4JEHIE m'%l 69qol4. olfl
6

f,.zlE I,JE} ql Eb ElAel xriEHl= +6t+.

tz. ultg +Sfi+ql.<l AsE -H.H trll s1tel ,Jole+ ql+ *{
49 tlol 274 cm= uJxl $olo} +4(rJoli ef,tql.!
zl* Hel ,Jololl rl1F4* ,Jole+ +4oJ HE Etll
zJ
el ,Jolol+). "JEol c^Ir+E.J +E4l +ql^J 7l1i' 6
= I I
+v1= z*E +e Et}q EEsl + Hs-l ,Jole+. +olE
+614. 22. t0 m zJolg ddg i ffiog ¤+6ll^1, 6J +++ 4
^l-z-|setr
++4r += ++g 4+4¤.oE ++H.trI.
EBlj& ++q dill HolE (a) 4ql, G) 44zl9zl +l"l]
z|-tr8 qEzI?
^l= ddg "lBrll
,Jol
zJol 23. fl E"JE ulxlzl 9l+. gE +deE Ezllsl zjolz| 60 cm
EllF?-l
Ell+El
.J +illg EoJq irlzt 6J 4++ E=+. olull ulz[ az]
9 HolE 4lqlE otb ulz}9 zl$$ E"}"JzI?
24. !!xJE;-R"J E¤ +olql^l +il]gg ++4r H cAe+ cB
rr. fldql^J TIaI zl4# 4d y =2x* 3E dg +614. E Eq^l gg$ Edg +=trI ol Asl 4]tril ++9 +
6l.4
14, ¤ (1,0)ql^l 44tl7l-tl H 4?L +x'*y':4el dg +
orq.
:I
-l A B

fi
ls. HlzlE r?l fl91 '}ld6l-= zl^I4Bql^l 4q Hol= IrJE

5 z|-84 illEel zJolE +6t+. /

16. E gol r?l c+4¤ql qld6l-= zl^I4¤oll,tJ aJ flol
+4¤E "JEql ilg oll, 4ql HolE I'JE= zl^l-4Be-l
zlEe} .{llEE zJolE +6}+. 25. $-ol /,tl zlg Egol +ol HoJ Ei flgql 4d6}r ?l
4. olull a++ gg9 $d.dol =Egfl "JEe] +Cql
17, !!xlE qd6t= olEE+I4¤ql^J al4l HolE
roJ fl91 =
olEE+4¤E "JHq kolel aol= +6t4.
+q gI4.4e EBq +qb +ol7l-h:ln"J r]l 44
"JEts fl9 -eq4.
18. +I4¤E + HE aolT| aoll trtE + Eg zJ"lzl Za"J
26. ft(o)ql 4sJzlE 4+xt'J r(o)tl E(v)sl dxlgl tsAEJ
ull ol d.4E9 zt^J Holb o,oJ& Bq+. oll g+xja}Tlql^l dqffi)g q-s-4 rJ4.
=
le. zlflzlEol tlzlE roJ * "Jql qld6}r flg ql, ol flzl E'R
P: * r)'
EE 4ql +qE +6I+. (R =

zo. AiltlFol qlzlE.?l + "Jql Ll]dBlr ilg ql, "l flzl E4 rb r4Elr fizl. fla3 oI, dqE 4*(}g +614.
EE 4lql flHolE +6I+. zz. trd.ll^l 7+ *g :-Hql^li"l4 $&4tlEoll, + +e
21. .trr-El9 0t4 +l qEg 7+7+ 6 cmoltr gEel qEg 4 gEl 9Ir q= +g +rH4"14. HEg 46ll4i +4ql
'l]
z] 4 cmol4. s4El9 ql4lE ++E -Jolzl-384 cm2oJ 611 4Hol$ .a,li:rlaii *al 4AE}6I
"-e "JB. ^J-+EJE
q, +4q9 HolE 414tr "JE= 7|Ee+,r11-tr9 zJolE E+ HJg ElEb A ?JLI.HJg E^l?'l] _H_E +ql7l 4E
+6t4. zzl otl E4-g cEE "J4'Etg g + :Itrt. %Ig 7l6tq+
 3.7 44al. Efit 239

4str- trE AHol S= trl*s-Er+ atr.I. g trI 6J4lHl+4 ¤+ul¤-ol ,J*g Hq4.
: (b) C(x): 16,000 + 200x + 4x3t2(*4)"J q, (i) 1000++l
,S- ls'cote + 3118s2 csc 0
6sft

q7l^l sb 4+4BE * He] ,Jojoll gol tE

c4lffiqlrl uls, B+Hl+, 6J4]HI+, (ii) ¤+Hl+
^J+ g al4+Ei-= ^J4I++, (iii) 4a ¤Eul¤¤ +6I+.
ol+.
(a) dsld?E +6I+.
34. + oi+Hol ss,000$el ++g ++B + 9l= ot+Alql^J
(b) BEol +ol-6}b 4E 0= HuloJzt? AtlE EJ+. +B.EzI 1084.J trll E+ +6 +E z1,0oo
(c) [t9 4Holg fl*#(s$ l,E)g +6t+, Eol4. +*E= 8Bqtr *+E $+ S6 +:-33,0008
tF: Edq^J 4 0-s drtlE +e6fl _E-H 4l4}t {}q 2"
_qE Eqf+.
ol$ iloJzJ- 4xl ?*=tr1.1 (a) dB*fzlz z|{a.p +sEt+E +6}+.
(b) +"Jg al4_e 6.}qE +H:EE E"IE 6]]01 6l+7I?
+q7l
3s. r${lx}g 4B 3s0BE.J 4EHg "J+gql l200el gull
0
++. ^lt}4^|ql^J cHlzlqlTll 'llB 10Eq4 Btl6l] +
E, So]] 4fz} 804 #zlo.J4L'lEHtrI.
I
h
(a) fer;ag +6}+.
(b) ol+¤- 4lqlE E}EJE q^Ib +Hlzlql4l E"l-E E?l
dl +qot 6l=z|?
I

.t I (c) ull# ul{-.uJfz} C(x):3s,000 + 120;rg oll

"l#9 +l
,}E dE .$?l"]]
I' qlE o-IBIH g"l^5 +oloI Bl-=7I?
28. q4l 4ql^J zJ9 uJulE s k*, zlE BE Aql^J oJ-elltr_ 5 36. EqlTI .J4+ olEErS4B + -Jolzl 7l* c-4Bol
gl4a 6lr E4lE"4^l E+.
=
kmoil 4+4E"Jg Eq4.
2e. q HlTl 2 kmoJ g4 sEE zlel ffi +lql 4+3" +
'- 4
a' *:
*
zlllL'- 37. zlll^1ggql glE d (p, q)ql,q 4fl tql ql
6z
ol 9Ir, 4+Eo+_q-E+El E+oE 6 km 8"141 *q^l + ddg C46Ixl.
,Jel ts+ zil%I +lql 4+4a7l gl+. 4+=. elqliJ (a) dd9 r¤Eol o'lp, y9flol bz/qo]t EB eq4.
^ltlB
avlzl +ffi ¤A6lelr *q. +F+ zJ¤ ul¤* xlE (b) 4IE+Eql sldll trEl+] +Eq ddq :E{A
'Jol7}
gl_e ++ zllBl +lE Et zld pvl^\y 400,00084/kmoll
+ b7l E9 s-qr-1.
a
zJ. olzll_8. $=21-x15 800,00084/km"l4.
#fts. ulg (c) alEi:==$ ddq elt]] e^d¤ +4¤q alA golzp
g al4s}6l-= pel +lilE +6].4. abzl flg Eq+.
30. $flo1 Exll$ Hl+ trll H9 Elzlb +gE rllzloll Hlqlo} ffisa. d pql^l E A, B, c E= ddq + zJ"l lol flazl.
r o*floE+Ele] 449 xll*"ll HlHlql+q a m tr"14 qE+ dE an +.lel =qB
*91 rz| tsol4l 6Ir. dr+. r
9l= + *flol glEcll ++ qel .rlltlzl trtE +E rt] uii 9 x: larlq El+E 4et4s L4 dLldxq :aqlEE
ol+. Hq EtzlE 4l^sI6IBlE Ezll= + alol olt* ol$rll.<J rel fl*#g +461+.
"J+l
zlfiql ts"Iot 6i}zl-?
A
31. oJ+ a, b4l4611, d b)E zl+a 411^l-EHql el6il tr
@,
*E= dEel ,tti #e- zJ"lE +614. P

32. qtr A.ll^J 4d y :31x4l E6ir zllrr|gfloll el6]] ¤

5m

+E= dBq TLaI 4-g ,JolE +6I+.

_l!il_ 3m
33. (a) c(x)tl qH tr-+.r+glE ^J+q+ ql E= Hl+"J trll, D
2
D C
++l'J gilHltg c(x): c(x)lxolfi. ¤#Hl+"] 4a
240 38 ElEEel 3E

3e. u,3 +7lql^J H9 4sol-r. urb Eql^"lE H9 4sol +4UtrI.l

4. qlsolel tlflql qq H9 t'zl +fl d aollrl E+e.l
4 nnlzl ^l+g 4cEl6l= 4E ACB* trI+ 4lB+trt.
"J^lr+ s,4 0rz]- o14 rBr+ rJg trl tr.t¤-ol ¤B
=Er+
E+g Bqr+.
sin 0r ut
sin 0z t)z

ol %IA{g lpfl HzlsE "Je4 914.

A
43. 4sqrzlfql qH E"+E 4Eg * +.J He +
e-l6l-E

Eql^J= Bxl ?*s4= A6Jol gl4r +4. * E"Jql=

C +7171+xlql^J= ^J+"Ir E +lql^l= 6IrJ-6I71 trIEql
+7l!.+ E +lE ts tr]1 "llHzl +s{o1 B:9 4ol4 {
441tr1. olfl c-o.}el il] + tri4E 6l]"Jdql^l tfx] tlTf$
B
d Bql^l 5 km trq+l d"ll ¤q +9I+. ol {lz} 61l"Jd
el B Ctr. rJotTI-]1 trl^l Bl]qldg trlzl Fzlz} 9lb * D
40. rHql^le+ goJ 30 cm x 20 cm$ +"t4r+E s-E+ +l _a Bot+4. -H-_t.49-tr glulxl 4l4e+6}g
^l]= ^-E+g
E^J4E eEql +rll d=+. dA ++E AolE 4l4s+ {EE 4d4l zlzJop., BD= 13 kmol+.
6l-48 q$4l d"lo} 6l+z\? +^l "J:"H^J ),8 alAslo} (a) oJHlzlstrE +lE g 41 9zl +l= += Atr+ 1.4ull
4E xE E"IE 6110} 6l+7|? E qlqxlz| 4.E¤48, ol ,tllzl. fxl-E Eol=g ,ll +
ollHxl +q+g 44s}6}= d cel +]il=
"l4.JzI?
_.l (b) wel L+ 7+7+ E4 44 +lE g oll km'J +Eq= ql

I v
I

I
1 uJxle)alr- Elzt. Hl¤ wlLol r+L 4* I'119 ul"J
"t
ql^l qE 9"lE z**zl? wltal z}trI= Ae +fi.$
I
I I

20 I

elulalizt? qlqzl AEE 4aEl6t71 +l+ Hlg wl

I

I rE E46t+.
41. E4sE+q l(E+l zjol;uJ7 E"l4r E pql **zlz}
(c) ,rllzf +7171 !l= *
DvlTl 4d Bolzlzl fxf, wlL
el aLe Eottlzt? .$z| B-tr- B4+ +, 6ll?19 lil4 D
^l 914. F dfzl-rflfl d
sql^l ¤g6l]^i E4g trtq
pf,tr|. aJ dizl- trl= C+tr+ H|] EtsiEtrI. F d+
s ol$alzl +l+ wlL\ a}e BoI.JzI?
^'ll ^t (d) qE ++e] BE+EI 4 km trq{} fl'Jql E
++ 0E 4HlIg +BIE+. [-'Js: tan 09 4H ^HEol
"lel ^14 +fl+H -$zlE+ E +lql^J
{tg ++trt.1
"llulxltrg H
^Eq=
uflz]. slizl-!

5 km
.s
C D
B.----
J

l3 km
42. 4lilzt rolr tlLzl w"J zl^t4Bql eld6l+ 4^t+B
q 4l']] 'JolE +6i+. [-dc.: HolE 4 oql q]+ E]+tr
 3.8 +EJsl 'JE 241

3.8 I hEJsl 'JEl

xl-F;l- *oHflol .J^IEE= 18,000E+1, e.+E.sH +'oJ oHE:zsg44 xlB

aJi 4zJee zl-5.;(1-= ++r 7l-46lz|. SoHflol ,lg +r].61-= ¤olxl-S¤. "J
zl s,la1la1- ++ ,Jd{g EqoF"J +.+.

1 48x(1 f ,)uo - (1 + r)uo + I: 0

ol
"J4^lg qB4 g 4"J71? ({}^ll'* 4e E+E4l 20ql ¤Hq"l glri.)
olil-HJ{^l axz+bx*c-oel -g +61-= +4+ ol"l # "Jqzl gl+ +li1 0. r5

Eb 6l-zl"J 4+ +ar6l-rl. rall

^fzlHrc^lql '}]+.g +61+ +I.^lol ?lzlb
f7l e,?+ ol+e.l r]..&%Id^lolH *g +6I= +4g dq H+. uf{zfzlE cos x
- re+ rJ*:ag%l-C^lE +g 4+6|rll +Bl+ +^lE H+.
,Jd^lel 4lEg :74=e. rF]r ,¤Eg ++sE&l ,Jc4l trE +
0 0.012

=^I61lE
'J + glrl-. r4q 4l4}zl(E- e+q)E ol+6l-q E7l+Hg 44618 rH I -0.05
el r4sE E-+. -f.al 1

+7140 E x:OoJ ollzf fixlJ6l-zl+ +q- tr+dol H,r+. dxllE all* o.ooz
Al#71Erts fl+E1= 0l8dll^l #il4oe
4 0.008 rlol"ll +4l6}q, q46LE x¤Eol 4el 0.0076q1 TlvJr++ ag "J + HJtr^]
EE GIE 8;(1ts ol g
9l+. :zqleq1.q Eq+= atr+ + q 4q'J <iol Eg6I+E 4l+Izl4 A+q tr{= EII =olexl. Aola' qr5 Et^l= ¤
ol+dlq ,J44lg +zl4_e_E g + gt+. :r$r| 6lE c+E ol-41 oI E4e-e E =Et+ ?l1l^l'J 6HE *71 +l6tl
'I+^ll4l= Al4ttr= xlE;Hot -.Jcl.
snl] x}44-xl 4++ 0.0076286039 eg + fl'r.
=
olfl [r-il= qH oJHeE ,J{^lE 6|]E +B + g)e=vl?.9 *zl +lsfl +
"r"J It1-H9 ol+alzloJ, 4+E hEsl gfl(Newron's method)g ol+d+. ol=
+E-H* UE(Newton-Raphson method)o14ls sJtri. ++4 s-E 4l41zl+ 4+
El ?]"11^l Tt Eol .Jq4=xl Holl., +¤.zJ otr dE*^IE ,H'Jql q+ ¤+
o + hHs] %r-Hol qBTll 4s-"dl-=xl ¤Hg 4o14.
aH 2+ hfle.l "JHE 7l6l-q'-4ql E]]49 _uq +r gI+. f(*):0E %IC4IE v
6]]E +61-r. dq. ol %I{4le] +==+ /9 *¤SEl|
'll+Etrl-. fa}lxf
6l+ . (*,, f(r'))
¤ :Hql^l4H ,ol+ 6l-x}. H{ d, Ha|] x,E .11416}zl-. x,g. 7:--e_E
=1|#g
E= 4+4ql /el :.4egl el"l]^J, E= e+Elql E6H BCg /E r4sE t
y: f(x)
6H^J Eg + 9l+ d (*,,/(x,))ollrl *d y:,f(r)9 dd rg
^J4Blr 19 ,¤
¤9 rr4 El-xl- hflel ILlHel ,]|.Eg ddg +dql -d6}7, trI+^l Ed9 "r¤ r xzxtx
-4. *rtl +dE x¤E(f, *a|lx} 6l-= + r)ll tl;zlol ,J+= 4ol'1. ddg 4d
ol=E r¤83 fl41 +.J + ?l+. =zJ
2

,,E 44d x291 46J +4g +6171 +l"}l r 4 zl&zltl f '@).Jg ol+61-E +
+4 ,Je rel ,JC^lg eb+.
,_yG):f,(*r)(*_;r)
t9 ,d¤ol ;roluE, xqoll.,tl (*r, 0)9 #g .J + gltrI.
242 38 EtEEst 38

-/(xr) :f'(xr)(xz- x)
0

f'(*') # 0olE ,roll qlql E}44g ¤q +*-g g=+.

1(xr)
xz: xr -
/(r,)
xr$-r.il '|]qL + Hxll ol++'+.
=,{#sE
r}+str. x1E F Hall .+t{t xrE u}ftr (xz'/(xz))ollrlE dd¤. ols-rllal ol

r+49 HI+61-r, ole4l 6l]^.1 ++r+ ag Hxll -._&#9 e=q.

^ll

x3:x2-H
I
(*',.f(r,)) ol +CgHI+6IH rH 3ql^l -HEol =._+lAlEE f¤ *,, x2, x3, x4, ...8 e=+.
"JHI4str. rzH4 x,ola f ',@,) + 0 olH :. q+ trIg=4 ?Jq.
(rr, /(rr))
=4I#* =+t#+
f (*,)
r
x3 X2J1x
tr Xn+l : Xn
f '(*")
x4

-ral
4EU Q
nol 44"il tr|e} x,o1 ro11 dd rJ {nlflxl{ :z +gg rE +H+r}r. 6tr. q
¤.=l zJ"l ++url
+gE to.ttrollAl E q rl^lldl gtr1Etl )ia*": '
v @ rH 3ql +q4l ¤qlel .J+ql qlEH^l= ++6ll^l eg -4lrt9 fgol -sE
ffla1-z1uj, qE A+ql- fE"l +H6tzl t+g +E 9I'f. qlE r+ 4oll +
=q
qd B4E C4ol-P,., xrTl rrE4 q +zJ*qL =,-+l{t"J ag 'J + 9lg 4.o14.
ol4g,f'(x,)ol Oql 7l-zi+ 4+q 6llBoJ+. *&#"1 f E 8Eq +]-ql(re 4el
x:z]H) tsol4l q- a+E g^J,il+. rql= +iHe-l ,JHg ¤ql6lr El +g.+t
tl X2

X1 x

,ot r,g dq6]]oh +'i. hHe-l BHol ol]+ L4rll 4+Elrl,+ d4 4+qzl ?+-

ral + {lzl- E^"Ez.ll 15, 16ql fl+.

=+ql
ral s= qlEl loll^1 +E9 "JHql lE
41 716l+= Eq E+. f '(2) : loolne
( qrll 1 |) ,, :2gl^j ItI4^l x3 - 2x - 5 - 0E +q ql+ ^ll Hall **# xr
^1414^l
-l)oll^l y: I - 2x - 5sl trc8
(2, HJ g +61-+.
E+l y: lOx - 2loltl. qaf4 "rtrtrP
xz: 2.l0ltl.' Efll +eq %r-Hg 4+++.
,f(*) : x3 - zx - 5, f'(*) :\xz - 2
:x'-2x-5
v
hflg z}+lsl ,JHg ¤H6l7l +lrll ol ,J{{g ol+flsq, "f(l) - -6, f(2) : -1,
1.8 2.2
X2
,f(3): 160lEs rE. H H ^lE 4 *,:2E. q*+. 4.1 EIE+EI q+¤ g.=-q"
y:10x - 2l xntt:r,-H:xo-#
-2
fal 5 n: Lolfl rlf,g e.+.
 3.8 hEel ,JE 243

lQt) -5 x?-2x1
xz: xr - f'(.): xt 3x?-2
23-2(2)-5 :2"1
-L-
3(2)'z - 2

EoJ ru : 2olfl Hall *39 r}s=rl zJol BE4.

^ll =+t6t
x)-Zx2-5
x3: xz - 3xl-Z
(2.1)'-2(2.1)-5 *
/-- 1_
t 2.0946
--., 3(2.1)2 - 2

:74oe.
^ll
H4l afd ol4 glall xl-4zlxl 4+6l.41 xt - 2.0e46o1+.
=*{Ix.e-
tr

hHE ,JHg ol+ts "l +qd Cq.E, qlE -E ol4 eHxl zl-r.lql
^+d
ol=zlE g*qr 6lzl-.rBlH *4t{tg +6}= 4Ag flxll H= a.Jzl-? .Jt}
4str. xnal x,,*,9 4*E ol-4 q$4l zlfltlxl gxl6fg ol 44g ++
=*r*
++.(hHE "JHql^J 4+Eql ql6J g"Jf, Hx]zl t}.l1trE ¤+Exll 20ql +
"l¤ dolrl.l
,zgl^J n * ttlzl zli 4¤g EE n9 #qi 46]| +"J6f+. (ol= HI+ 4{ol4
6J4.) olag }1HE *H"l E_tr:.r$ol zl^bal 4l4}zlLi fl+El$ ull
il oldol gi-$S 9"laJ4"
^l-o."g =E

( qrl| 2 D hHq ,JHg ol+"tl^J tli= 4+4 olrl q'd 4 zl+nl.zl 4q.6}4l +
"l-+.

Eill +-z= +61-= 4g "J441 x6 - 2: 0E *9 +6h= 4+ ?J:u+. tr+r]-^J ,f(x) :

=g
x6 - zE +sE f 'G):6;gsolse +4 trf+Ael
"JH)E 4+6IE ++g g.+.

: *, - 4L: 4n *f -=2
xn+t xn -
f '(*^) 6xi
EI+^J zzl z*#o_E *, : l-E +-7 tr+# g=+.

x2 = 1.16666667

xt: 1.12644368

:':l':'':111',:l';

(qq 3D "J441 cosr: 19 7¤ ++d "[4 {}l.a} zlt)nlz] 4+61-rll +6}+

244 38 0tEEe.t 3E

Eil +q4l %FC4lg'l_g=+ zjol -s#¤s-+ HB++

cosir-x:0
f(x): cosx - x-E Fxl.rq$ fG): -sinr - lola +^1 trq Eq +Sg H
-=-rI
L

.rn : cos xn - xn
Xnir: rr - _rin -
cos .rn
Xn *
r, 1 ,trr rr + 1
y
y:x olxll 4BeL r'9 a=-6|71 +16ll y : cosx$ 64 zJol :fl4.
y: ,9 rqlsE fH
v : cos -tr + EL++ xz| 1-H_4 4lg dollrl "J441 Elr, nlEl^j azl **at-o_-tr. r, - l$ {uJ
7f
q.r+lfl q+¤ EL-r+.
2

xz - 0J5036387

rg6 xz - 0'13911289

x+ - 033908513

xs - 0'73908513

xoelxrtl A+¤ otql qdrll z}4ql^l ,Je-EE(^t¤g q$al xlflitltl A+) ol HJ

4^le.l 4+d oI4 qdxll xlQ7lzl 4+"Irll 0.73e085o1+. I
=g
{lxll 3oll.<l hHE ,JBql rflaN azl +}t*g rH 6ql fl= 'l]+4oJ r4E=
ol+6l.= 4tq 4l+Izl+ 4+El7l-4l+61-b # rl 4+6.J r4E= +E
cos x ^l--+Et
9iri. rH 79 a7l +4I{ts-E *, : 0.75E ,tffiap 9l¤¤ -Holr 9l+ r4E
Y:

y:x +rHel 'JHql ,'I4 q@ e-+.

0
x2 - OJ39l[ll4
-tzl '?
x3 x 0-73908513
JE'

xq:0.73908513

3.8 lt+eu

t. trl+ rHg EI+ /9 :.elluolil-. Z7l xr 6¤. : (a) ;rzq x,9 ?ati ql
^l-+El=
dd# :r-4I x2el x,
=,t{t
fizla- t]J4^l f (x):osl sE 3^t4 o-tr +61+ ql +r E +il {tg +46l.+.
= (b) xr : 89 a7l *+t{t-e-E q +g7t? ¤H6}+.
trE %IHg z|{o}x}.
^]-s"*4r
) I 2. 4d y :9 - Zx}- 4 e, s)ql^l 4d y :,f(r)oJl doJ4l
I z|{r}z}. +rHE ,JHg ,r.ffiap_ Azl **{I x, : 2oll.r.J
%r-C^l .f(x) : 0E
f-

-l
I ^14611^J
+lzl= +6]] +A ql, +
=9
.t
Hxll rzE 7614.
0 I t' _r
=+t#
3. oI4 4l^lg qI+ /el -fqsql^l a, b, c, d + qy A+
 3.8 hEJel HJE 245

azl q4= 4+ +He-l %'"Bg ol$a}lal /(x)

:Osl=*{te-E
+g f 9l9zl-?
13.
--
x'*l
x : fi-;
=g
v
f 14. (a) B1-4^l x2 - a- Oql +Hq ItFHg ol+El^j ffi xlf

++q sr?.1={.V6-= 4l+1617l +14 r4 HlBEqol

olol oJ_u" g|;g +Eo.f+.
n
u bc dx
xnit:t\*"*;)
tl "\
4. z7l x,¤ zlxll trHE ILr-Hg "l+6ll^J +ol+l
=*# x.9 T6}4. t+fd o}4 (b) (a)E ol$o]l,r-l flrooo¤- d+¤ "tq qd4ll xlt)?lz]
%r-$^lq Hall
=E ^ll
tjlall xle.lzlzl =+t{t 4+al.4l +6r+.
+6I+.)
15. atl +}t{tg .r, :
q6}H %}C4l x3 - 3x + 6 :0g
l_E
?-*'*l:0, tt:?
+61+ hHE %FHe #oa1z1 ?++g ¤Estq.
=g
Es. a7l rr :
-19 z}xlr. +H9 %l-Hg "ls" dleJ * 16.
=tl =-t{tr, # 0¤- zlxla- %l-4^l l,/i :0"11 4+6}H
=}}{t
441 ,, * "r * 3 : 0g +el + HTql .=_+t{l.rrE ta}4. +Hel %IHg 4s"B + fl*g rBg fq^J ¤BEL{.
HxJ E49 f4EeI (-1, l)ql^JE dd¤. rqE-_q_Eriq 17. (a) +Hel %'-Hg
"l+"ll^J Elf /(*) : x6 - xa + 3x3 - ?s
ol %IHol q$fll zl+6|=zl ¤E6l+. q g4+= 4+¤ otel qC.4 xlflnlxl4+o.1rll +
"f;iel +}I#g 4+d
6. hHe.l HJBS ols-aIal oI4 q
't4"
H Hal xlfllltl4q6}rll +o.14. (b) /el 4l+alg ++B oFtl 914 tlfltlzl d+61-rll +
7. (a) fol4l %'-4^lol rll.rlfl +rJ 4oll^l *ol ¤4]B¤. ¤ "I4
E6I+ 18. +Hel BlBg "l+6ll^J 4C y: -f sinr, 0 ( r < nE H.
(b) hflE %}Hg "l+6ll^J +"141 %r-c4E *9 ++4 +de.l 4E= 4+d orilI qC.4l zlflllzl 4+o}rll +
or4 old4 \flllzl{+il}rll +61-+. 614.

3xa - g-r3 + 2:0, [2,3] le. hH.q ltlHg oJe-"{f.<J ¤d o_E+rl zF=} sEd zlr4&
8. +He.l %l$g ols-" fl.{ +"l4l B}441E +q1] adql
y: (x - t)'+l del alEE a+d olrfl qd4 xlflnl\
*= +g 4+E oH qC.atl xlr-lzlxl 4q6rrll +614. d+6}rll +6F+.
cos -r : iz - 491 g++ 20. zl+ri} *ollflol i|= l3,ggog.Blql +ql++. :a5. E
^ll
+ g+E= 5H +?l Ellg 37sgel4 4EJ 49 4"Jfl
e-l1 hHE %lHg ol+dll^l %r-{^lE EE +fd oI4
+. +"Hgol g$a[= Bolxl-S* Brr["Jz[?
oidrll tlt)llzl C+6lrll +61u}. =g
ol +4_ E7l +ldlil= zlE6llot E + +E A, ,Hg

;:
1_
9. sin-r:x - I ro. i/* - |
I l. x3 : cos-tr +{g olso * E_az1 glg 4"14.
A: +[r - (r + i)-,]
ffi rz-rs hflel It'-Hg "l+4^-1 ++ Afd "I
4 qH flall xlzfzlzl {+B}fll +61+ =71
%'-d^le-l
=g
+6}71
iE,r-tr Ht+l#Bq+
=+t{tg
+.16li r4EE r7i^J ^1416l+. 48.r(l * r)* - (t + r)ff + I : 0

12.-2x7-5xa*9x3*5:0 +Hfl %IHg "l+6ll^J ol %I4{g Eq.

246 38 ntEEsl 3E

3.e IEEEI+

"]tr "JzlE +E. "Jr 9l- E4qrz|* +q4l ^l4ql^J flzl9 +lzlql
ql6}] "J
zl¤zlt *lE
^]]q+s= Hrlg¤ +C.J + 9l=
zlE fl*r}. B=e+el E"l
g++. ElEll4ol zflxllf9 6zl&9 9r
^l+ E'ql 4lq+g dillE "J9 "Jzl=
gl- ^JEqrxlL "1419 qH qr-Ellr-lof zllxllfzi $"IoJzlE gSaizl
^ldql^Jel
+l++. olfl a*ql ilqrJ9 E4l= EoJ+zI 94C ++. +6I. 4o14.

r -d+ol qE-d+
.J+ F'el se-fzl-q++ /?+ F= f 4 qE+++r tI+.
'l-H,

Esl /ql +a]+ EE.roll ullall r'(x):"f(r)B "ll EI+ F. +?J rq^.l /q qsil+
(anti deri vative ) 4-7 o-J+

q= Eq fG): r'ol4 /E $ro;ag

6l-zl oltrll 4${l+ +^lg 4r+6IH
+61- ag qHzl ?++. F(r): lr'olE F'(x): x2:.f(r)o14. :.4+ E+
G(*): lr'+ 100E $,<l G'(x): x'f_ "J+++.:f4=tr r4cE E+/E q
Eo_I+ol+. d4lE H(x) : **, + C(Cb tl+)¤e-l "lE 6J+E /9 gsettol
{, e tr}- 4.ol il*4 6f= EEol ^3rJ d,"14.
ol eEql ql6J Bg 9zl gla}], 3.2¤ql^J F E+zI qE ++ql^l ,Jg E++
TizlE ol + EL+. tr-+"J#q zlolE} ?ir+(3.2¤E ,'1=:44 E). ag +H
=
6'17l fl6l] ¤+# CelE ol+i[+g 7lq6lx}. ,rl$^J F* Gtl /E + EEEL+
olfl ffiol
^JB++.
F'(*):f(x):G'(x)
_fElF+ G(*) - F(x): Coltr, {zlrJ cb ^}+ol+. olAg G(x): F(x) + c
e. ¤ + ?lr q-+^l rl+ 4+E EbtrI

1 flal F\ ]zf lql^J /el qEEJ+olE .JH]49E +g ++E 723 to1lrl /

I EEEI4o14.
r(x) + C

{zlr"l C. .Jelel ^J+ol+.

6J*/(x) - ftr- 5ol-7}^l /e.l "JHlzl{ 9r.;.a3 \*'+ c.Jg g + 9l+

4ra Col1 +4+ Alg #sE/,{l r4E=ol ,<ler.-1tr f4 ¤4 ol+oJ 6J+<¤
 3.9 qEEr+ 247

e-+(fH 1 +4). ola+ 4 +dol +q4! r#ql^J iJz t)&tl= tl40F 6I v

- v: 1r'* 3
zl
"ll$ol4. -y: lr'+z
(ql4 ++el 'JH}4"J qE++E +614.
I D ++ -y:f,,+ r

(a) f(x): sinx (b) /(x) : an, n > 0 (c) /(x) : x-3 0 -r

HI
(a) F,(x): -cosrol$ F'(x): sinxol4. l4rtr. EEq++= -cosxol4.C
sinx-el
-y: t*r-z
4 tr.il tr++ "JH}4"J qEEt+= G(x) : -cos x + col4,
(b) x'9 qE-gag +El7l +16il 'lg4 ,J"l 4E4lE +4g "l+++. :IaJ 1 f(x): lsl EE-tst+ EEt+el
E4=
(n*l\x'
;\,.r ): "*, :;.
d f *"+t \

f4=e "f(r) : r'E "JHI4ql EEEL+= q-*4 ?Jq.

*n"*t'
F(*):
' *C
n*1
olAe n> }oJ ngl qlfl CH++. eI+.IH n > Oolfl fG) : x'ol q¤ ++"ll^JE
49slzl ollEol4.
(c) (b)ql,{ n: -3al+ +E ,J* 4l&e-e ++ EEtrr-+ F(*) : *-r/(-z:e.- eE+.
rBl+ f(*) : x-,*"r: 0oll^-1 cgslzl ?++ql +E6lzI. l4o_+ 47-l Elg +zl 0
$ so;a1zl ?+E flsl.el +rJql^]el /E "JHI4fl 9rg4}. xu/(-z) + c+= A
g E61l ++. tr|+^l f(*) : r/x,q gHl4q] qEE++t. q+4 +Ll.
I
-^LX-? -Ct, x>0
F(x) : tr
1
-J').x' -tCz, x(0

I qElE E^I
qlzll lzjH sE+q^J g+sE gl¤. trll E= EI+
qEEI+ +^l+ +E +4e
++ E Eql 5+ qEoJ+E ¤H+. Eql il= 4 +4e e-E+ gE EL+E E
oJfz} g+ gql +EI+ g]o =-tr. F+ a}"l+. E6l A H4l +4g.J+sl ++

2 EE#=+IE
e[.A
Ei-f
E-A o{Eal--\. ol--4. E.\I odEal.A
---l!E
EI J
-l-l+El -

cf(x) cF(xl cos.r sln.r

*29 oqE6t+tr+Et
"JUE?IqE
f(x) + s(x) r(x) + sin x =+ qEl loll^JilH
G(x) -cos.r -er'+= Tol"alE 8+= tl
sec2x tan.r 6H0F -drf.
*n*l
xn (, + -1\
n*1 sec x tan.r sec x
248 38 0lEEel 3E

tsllel EL+q EE6.J+q ^Jfull"Jg, + trxll +4g Rq qEEI+=

EE*+.
qEEL+E -J"Jg ,J61J 9l+. ?lE F' : f, G' - s= ^l-s. +trl..)
+I
AS/-

( qlxll 2D s'(*) :4sinx-r-"J.E=

ZX- - tlX
E}f gE +ol-4

Efl +qd q++= +s=4 zJol 4rl + + ?ltr}.

g'(x) :4sinx + 2*t - @ : 4sin x * Zxa -+

xxJx
trl+^J q+ trr-+E qE+¤ +sl$ ¤tr}.
g'(x) :4 sin x * Lxa - x-t/z

44 trr+ s Eel +4lg ol+6ll^J EEt++= +6IE +s=+ rJ+.

+al=
^l+
tflErf r= Er+/E EE-E|+ s(x):4(-cos x) + 2+ -* *,
E LlEtLJtf. ,J"J E-tsr+ /'-e J.l\[Z[tfE,
/'q qE6J+=/zh Ecl. : -4cos.r + ?*t - ZtE + C

El4$q'-e.l++ql ilq^l qH EI+E .Jqal =.p-ag t$lt ElzlE ++E

+6I= qxll 2g ^J+g ull$ tr-¤4o14. EL+E E++= EEL61+ oJd^lg EIE
SE*l(differential equation)ol4 6Iq, B^ldql^]E qL 4E 7la4'J "lBttrd
4e E + ?lrt. "lEBr-441E "JH]6l]- qlzll zql^le+'Jol HgE ^J+(5)= E
6J++. rflql qE eAg +E ^J+71 444r ul4rJ +"J6lr Eq+
6il= Erll g+.
=E+

( qq 3 |) /(r) : *n?ola.f(l) : 2tl EI+ /E +rl-4.

Eil f(r) : *6 : f/24 "JHI4t 9=q1a3 q+r+ +r-l.

f(*): +i * g:!x5/2 +C

^J+ cE 486t71 +]all/(l)

:2*E
^I¤g "l+oJ+.
,f(1):t+c:z
olxll coll r+l.I EH c : 2 - ? :3ot+. trI+^l q++ ,JtrI.
=+6I=
.f(r):ry
(q!rll 4D f'$): tzi * 6x - 4,.f(0) :4, f(l): loJ 6J+/E +6I+.

Eil /'(r): tzf + 6x - 4el "JHI4?J 9s'J43 trI+4 ?JL+.

 3.9 EE-tst+ 249

'32tz* * 6+ -
f'(*): 4x* c: 4x3 + 3xz - 4x * c
EEqr+ Hzlg ol+6IE tl-+g Eb+.

f(*): -+* , + - -+ * cx * D: xo + x3 - zxz + cx * D

^J+ cslDE 446rzl +1611 +"141 44 /(0) - 4eI.f(1): 1$

oleoa}4.

,f(0) : 0 + D - 4olEE D: 4E EE+. efl ffi4 A+.

"f(l):1+l-2+C*4:l
rEl.EF C: -3¤. Es,_+. tr14^l +6.|-= El+ trl=q_r+ +q.
f(*):xa+x3-zxz-3x*4

I EE--J+ J.?,fl= -f.al7l

Et+ /el :.ellsz| +qzlE qE6J+ rE rqls". rg + gl+- ag .Jel4"J
A rJL+.q= Eq F(0) : lol +q4.+:/ zl{6rz}. rflB d (0, t)g
=gds
E ql^J s4g "J6Jg E6J+ F'(x):"f(r)o{l el6il itrlli}qlE +q4l+.++ ql
4lql^J. ol trel g4$$ oJ$oll.r,l /g +41o1 +qzlzl glolr rel r{s= q
B4l rB f gllzl¤ Eq fq. qlE ol4e ¤E xlee*rl f(x)71 44 r
g a+ol+. =q
v:f(x)

(qq 5 |) ++ /sl r4s7l a-4 z+ ?Jr+.F(0) : zE +q4 q qEs+ rE ql 0

t23 4 x

+4"J r4sE rq+.

Eil y : F(r)9 zl&tltl f @)4Y 4* ol"l gr gl+. d (0, 2)ql^l rlzldlr-1 /(x)
FE rfl+. rn]r ,f(l) :.f(3) : 0
aE,J 2
71 0 < x I rql^l ¤.olEE ij+gl=
'JAq++.g
ol.u-F FEx: 1+x:3011^J +¤ddg r*E+. 1(x<3q^l ffu)zl oJolEE F v y:F(-r)
+7t68r., ,rl4rJ Ftl x: to{l^J +aolr x: 3ollr] +rll"Jg "J + Bl4. , > 3qJ 2
=
.<l f (x)zl *ol_o + F. (3, *)q,! +4.61-r, x --+ moJ 4
/(*) ---+ Ool_E + rel :.4u
E x- *"J trll B¤6J]tl+. E6Jx:291^J F,,(x):f ,(x)71"Jql^J
*-g_tr, "r:4oll^J
+ql^J ofeE H6IE-e. FE x :2q x: 4oll^l H+dg *=+ olfl gE=.gq :z 0 x

B 34 eg EE,J+el r4sE eg + 9l+. r -ral

JE
e
T.,

r4dE
qEql+- 4dg trl+ +zlolE E,llel +H
+461+ rll rq-8-61-+. E-z{
e.l +lzl'J+71 s:/(r).J trll +E*+= a(t) =61 olAe.
- s'(r)"Jg zlgalxf. flil6-J
izl +E6J+E EEE'-+.JS 9"1*4. "l-+lzlzlE 7l+E6J+= a(t): a,(r;o;
_rrE +EEL+- 7l+E.J+fl $s$fol4. zl$Eq++e+ Z?)?t s(o)r+ u(O)g
250 38 ElEEsl 3E

oJa 9l o H, +lxlq]4= + H EEEI-+E +ql eg + ?t+.

{|0{l4l 6l) qH oJxl-zl-4d+ tr}++4oll !l-u zllzzl a(t):0r+ 4o14.

=71
+EE u(0) - -6 cm/solt- *zl Hflzl- s(0; : 9 cm9 oll, +lil*+ s(r)E +61-+

Efl ,'(r) : o(t):6t 1{olF-+ qEE}+= +El'tr q--q=4 ?Jq.

tz
u(t):6T * 4t + C:3tz + 4t + C
trI+^J a(0) - ColI. u(0) : *6olF-tr C: -60lr q+r+ ++.
u(t) :3t2 + 4t - 6

a(t): s'(r)olg+ sE 19 $r*34o14.

s(r) : lL+ 4L - 6t + D:t3 * Ztz - 6t + D

32
olE+El s(0) - DolI s(0):9olF-E O:9014.trI-+^-l +6tElE erlilqr++ trl-¤.

4 rJ+.
s(r):t3+2tz-6r+9 I

zlEE zlillol 9l= E8lts sE EtrElb oI4 IL}6J9 zl4s= '*= +qoil zl

flsq, r {I* E 9.8 mlsz(g.= 32 ft"lsz1o]q. +eql^J 7l"J* zl-4E7} t}++

- + zlxl ,r.1go1 a^r-_g "J'* .J"lEE ol-49 {lxllgl^l B f tl*ol +E-l- +
qel galg *sq -$4olE g^llE +lzle+ +E=-ff4alb 4l "l4$g ole"B
+ et+.

( q4! 7 l)
'd.ss+q 130 m +olq q%r- gq^J 15 m/s9 +Ee. +g +l.E ,%lql'J#.+.
ra + tssE+q *9 H"lE +6I+. al-I. +ol.1l EB6l"= ol]E flzllqlzl-? g
trllts fl4lilzl?
"lxlts

Efl +++ f4oll +l ,J.#g oJol4r 6Iz|. /aoJ trllel %lsE+qE 44=
'(r)
ol7 +E u(r)b e+++. trt+^J zl4E}: *ol"lo} 6l-Ir-E ++3 ts=+.

a(t):+:-9.8
dt

EEql+E +l6lfl'l+4 *+.

a(t): -9.8r + C
cE a86r7l +lql +qd 4-H_ a(0) :
+r-+ 15E ol$alxl-. olfl c_-ePEI ls : 0 * c
E Erll sl-z, ,r++4 .-l++ rJ+.
 3.9 qE--J+ 251

a(t): -9.8r+ 15 rE 4= qlfil 7ql EE +lxl-.J+E LlEtL.!

+. :reHEE ql8l0ll^l E=J-d ,J== +6
alI. +ol= u(r):QoJ trll, + 1"54 +ql EREL+.s'(r) - u(r)olos +^l qE++ -.Jtl-. Ee l.s= +0ll Elr tsololl s.=Fol-

E +l6IH ++g Bb+. r. 6.e+ +0ll Ef01l Eoltlrl.

s(t): -4'9t2 + 15'+D

150

s(0) : 1309 ol+6tE 130 : 0+ Dolr, trIn+^J +q=r+ a+.

s(r): -4'9t2 + 15t+ 130

s(r)9 Ed4g +ol *Jql Eqe ol]zlzl +E6lq, Eo* s(0 - 0"J trll 'Jq Eqd+ (, 8

+
feJ a
-4.9t2 + l5r* 130:0
oll oJE q^.q=r+ rJ+.

4.9t2 - l5r- 130:0

ol %r-{Alel Ell-s +6171 +l"]]
=fl
+{g ^l-+sLH 'I*¤ E=+.
,: 15 ,frB
_F

9s
/L oJ+olEE ++ 15 + ,7ntyg.8 * 6.e4. +ql Bql Eqd+ r

3.e I E+=xtt

1-2 ++ E+E 9rg4g +6t+. f (*) : 5x4 - Lxs, F(o) : 4

-t. (a) "f(*) : 5 (b) g(t) : 3t2

14-24 tr|g/E +iitr+.
Z. (a) h(q) : cos q G) f G) : sec x tan r
14. /'(x) :24x /'(r) :4x3 * 24x - |
15.
3-12 trl-g. E}+E gHlzlfl 9=q14E- +E[4. (trlB6ll^J B 16. /"(,r) :4 - fi 17. f"',(t) : 12 * sin r
g +rl++.)
18, f '(x) : Sxa - 3xz + 4, f(-t) : Z
3. /(x) : 4x * J a. "f(x) : 2x3 - ?*' * 5x
19. f'(x) : 5)c'/', /(8) : 21
5. f (x): x(12.r + 8) 6. g(r) : 4x-2/3 - Zxs/t
2O. f'(t): sec r (sec r * tan r), -T/2 < t < rrf Z,
t. f(*) :3\E - zi/; s. f(t) -
2t - a! 3tfr
f G/q: -l
Jt
lo
9. flx):
#
21. f"(x) - -2 * lzx - 12x2, ,f(0) : 4, f,(0) : 12

10. /(e):2sin 0 - 3 sec0tan0 22. f'@): sin 0 * cos 0, : 3, ,f'(0) : 4

"f(0)
11. h(0): 2 sinp - sec20 23. f'(x): 4 + 6x * 24xx, .f(0) : 3, /(1) : l0
12. s(u): ilF - }sec2u 2+. f"(t) : ifr - cos r, f(0) : 2, f(l) : 2

E rs. +qd zdg EI+alE+ q+ +++ /e.l qE6J+ FE + 25./E :7487I 4 (2,5)= zJ+-r. (x,,f(x))ollrl dd9 zl¤
6[+. /e+ rs] r4 s= H]n6ll^l +"J6l.4. tlzl3 - 4.rB ull/(1)g +61-4.
 252 3E EtEEel 3E

26. 6J+f9 _z4gzt ++:aH4 f4

+L+. 9s*#9 :-4 ts{ += +rJel +E= ts"}oJzl-?
(c)
s= qtr a"J7t? r ol# +q."J7l? (d) E¤ 5 m/s9 4E-"e" o}4s HAg rll %lql Eg6J
r44zl efl
v ^l+g ¤u["Jzt?
f h 34. zldr-o-E+El so(m)oJ *q^J z7l +E uo(m/s)-tr Eill=
a

9Je. ¤fltrt. trl+¤ Eq+.

x
[r(r)]' : r3 - 19.6[s(r) - ro]
L

3s. ¤qql^J E-ol trq4^J 40 m/sg +qsE "*ql +gt+.

27. Et+E :.zll=z[ rl-* :H4 A+. F(0) : l oJ qE6J+ F ¤qE +ol= BstoJzl?
e1 :.rlleE qq4sE raJ+.
36. * 3rl^l= xzH9 4l+g
^J4IR
trll 6J4lEl+(84/zlll¤

.v
t.ez - 0.002r-E =++a}trI o.J xll+g d{!6l+ ql FE Hl
v: f(x) ¤-ol s62gE+E loOzfls-l xil+g c4}6t= ql E= Hl+

0 x I H"f"Jzl?
37. H,%L¤.e trolzlts^J 4Holz[ f;z[a[7] q]Eql +71 xl+
E +7I'*+. E"lzli El%I¤-e.l z7l +E+ l0 m/solr
28.,f'el :14EzI q+- rHrL +El. f7l [0, 3]ql^J fl+olr 7l-4-E= q-q=r| gq.
: -l.J ql /el r-{EE iTEl+.
"f(0)
o : o n,, ,o
v {;,- lr= io=
2
y : f'(x) gltt$"l zltrs=+s-El s00 m.ll 9l4H B.ll tr"lzl= ql
I A4= ^lrJg gI]t"JTI?
0 2 T 38. 54 +.J.il 4E" il9 +q¤. 50 kmiholl^l 80 km/hE ¤
-l o-o
4b gs* zlgE= g"IoJzI?
rll

3e. 100 km/h-E gqr ilE 4*xt9 Sdztzt 80 m *ql^J

EE29. trFg=E:.4EE f-21tr, a-ar+ ol+4^J gBg 4+= zllE4-ilE H-gt+.tzl *:rl1 E4l +
qE*+E r4EE 444 " + rq4. ^IrE _H--r.
"Jol,J
E¤- qa}Tl +16I gs,il "J4+ zl-4Ei E"IoJzI?
f(*):#?, -2n<x<2tr 40. r.+gr+71 r.2 mfszol zl$ap rJ+'J+ 4r +E=
145 km/holc|.
30-32 "JXFI +qd 4E.ll Irr+ +zl"J q, oJ oJxlsJ fliJ (a) szlz| *dzl,d.49l^l +6J+E7I g ullztxl zla_6|_r"
+614.
= 20ts FoJ r $+ + Bfl+E Be + fl= 4ql 4E
30. a(r):2cosr * 4sinl, s(0):3 gtrItlT}?
:2t * l, s(0) : 3, u(0) : -2 =
(b) gxtTt
11, a(t) 4xl*491^l EEEII^I 208 +ql sd6l E+
32. a(t) : sin, - cos ,, s(0) : 0, s(zr) : 6 +E EB + 9I= al'}] 4tl= gtrIq_l7l-?
(c) pilz| Eqd + q ^fol= 94= Lll tr4=
72 km

^lrJg +iit{.
33. zl,il-450 m +olel CN EI+IE d"Jql(^ql"l4 cll=.)oll.<l 414

# EqqH+. (d) + qql^J ffi $zlzf 3T.sE trfltrtfl F q

^Iolel
@) ,rlzJ r"J 4l zldree.g4
E=ttxl 4q= +6r+. ,14= g"]-tlz}?
(b) Eol ts.il Eq¤ 44xl efl ^l+g g"IoJzI?
 2rl +^
JO 253
-tl

E tl/\
-r l=

lHLJ +9.!

1. 4*{tr+ +*Atq i}olE¤- ¤H6}+. :r.H o_e. ¤H6}+. t") ,lgg.f(r) :*

2. (a) flle"t A4E ^J¤61+. (d) +d y:"f(x)E +Bd+d y: L*,*b+
(b) /E g4l+E AE6I4. 5. (a) "J{^l f(x) -- oel ql$ +6i71 gldl x,¤ a7l
=+t{t
B. (a) +-7ll+i +4Hg "J'l-+. +H.+.hAE "JBql^l + H4l
-e--E xzTl 4H
=4Ht
(b) f 719le e-+ol4r "J6lE 9"lE FH..JzI? 7ll +EllzlExJ zlalo]{ o.+ :H¤ rBl^l ¤86}+.

(c) s$d +4B¤- (b) xr, /(x,)4,f '(x,) o F rr$ EEaI=}.

"J6I+.
H+d*
(d) FH..Jzt? qgrll 4EzI? (c) xn,
"f
(x,)lt /'(x,)9-4. r,+rE EBo.}+.
(d) qE 4+ql +H9 *Eoi ¤46t4+,ll+ AAq +
+. rl*9 9"lE ¤8614.
ft) ,1T_ fG) :
zlolbzl.?
fu) ,|$ fG): r t

it..I{rl
Et 'lJ\
3Ir
| l-

trl+- HxllTI &"Jxl 4al"Jxl +E6I+. atolE ol+E ¤B6.t 5. E= xol] {lafl "f(x) > 0, f'(x) ( 0, /"(x) > 0g "J+El=
t_, /+lolE ol+¤ ¤8614'l +q= E+. Bf /zi +z11rJ+.
l.l'(c) :0olH /i collrl +ql E= +rolq. 6. f e+ s7l +7J 1ql^l 6zlal-E f + sE /"ll^J ?zlt4.
2. f tl (a, b)olf .! ¤4olE /(c)* alH#oll f (d)+ 4l+{t 7. f q s7l +7J lqlC +7161-H /sE loll,tJ +71++.
ol q= c\ dzl (a, e)oll 1I4. s. f tl roll.<l f;zlop "f(x) > 0olE s@): tlf $)z /ql^l ,J
3. 1 <.r < 69 4l ,f'(x) < 0olE ,f= (1, 6)ql^J +A++. 4++.
4. 0<x( loJ 4l
"f'(x):g'1x;olfl 0{x< lg 4l /ft) : g(x) e. f tl ?zJ g}fol H,f'E #zlq*o14.

"l+. 10. E=r.ll 4dl f,(x)tl +46110ol olqE /(1) #/(0)ol+.

+*=41
1-3 +"1+l ++ql^J q+ gi+q 4H{L+ 4*#, +&g + 5.r+-m
lim ^m 3x - |
u'ls( 4x2 I 3x - z*)
6I+.

t. f(x) : - 9x2 + 24x - 2,

)c3 [0,5] 7-s r+¤- 6d+ Hl+61+ EI+e] r4s= rzl+
3x-4 7. /(0) : 0, f'(-2):"f'(1) :"f(9) :
2. f(*): fr, l-2,27 0,

: :
3. /(r) : x * 2 cos x, l-n, rr) ,lig/(*) 0, lrii/tr) -@,
(-*, -2), (1, 6), (9, co)olJ,tl f '@) < O,

(-2, l)r+ (6, g)q^J ,f'(x) > 0,

4-6 q¤- +6Jg +6I+. (-*, g)ri (12, m)o{1,<l .f"(x) } 0,
3xa+x-5
4.
";:;6xa-2x2+I
lim (0, 6)4 (6, 12)ql^l .f"(x) < 0
 254 38 EtEEst BE

8. /+ 7l*+, 0 ( x < 29 'll ,f '(*) < 0, LC

x > ?oJ 4l "f'(x) > 0, 0 ( x ( 3tJ tr|] .f'(x) > 0,
u:K -+-
CL
x > 3oJ 4l /'(x) ( 0, lim f(*\: -Z
4zlr] Ke+ c= oJ4 tlfol4. ulerol BoI9 trll +E7l-
ALzl EEzI?
e-14 3.s¤g zl?¤. ol+6fl^J +dg rq+.
24. + 6.ITlHol 15,0008e1 s+g +¤ 6J + gl= 4zlxJollrl
9. y:2-2x-x3 10. y:3xa -4x3 +2
Atl= ++.+Btr.tl t2=9J4.J trI ¤+ +l+ += 11,000
I (-r
ii. 'v: xlx-3f 12. v - l)3
Hol4. ^l+a^lql,rl gS_eE lgel4 448 +I+ +E
x"
1,000H4 Lqt+r +4R+. +H-E +Eg 4qE B}
13. y : *r@i 14. Y: Sin2x - Zcosx
-,- 4E **eE ts"tE r11op aJgz|!
2s. hfle] "JHg oleo olal ++ [], 2]ql4 %]44 I - xa + 3i
ffirs-ro +dE +g-+ c¤¤. E44= /E :a4sE f-q4.
- 3x - 2 : 09 *9 a+d "14 q{.Bll tlellxl dq6}
f '+ f'E:r.qlsE ol+4^J 6zl- "l +4 +7J, +aL, s+ +
,il +6t+.
+ H E+dg +¤6I+. E#Exll rs= ul#: olgaH,rJ olfl
atg 4+61 +61+. 26. +rHel %fHg ol-$all,tJ Ei+ /(/) :
cos t + t - ,rel 4

H{tg oFll q$aN z}zlz}xl 4q6}rll +6}+.

*'
15. /(x) : -=' ^+A
27-zs +qd El+E oJHl4"J 9rg;g- +6}tl.
16. /(x) : r*! -Sxs + xa - 5x3 - Zxz + 2
27. f(x):4\E - 6x2 + 3
* * 5 : 0g tEI 28. h(t) : t-3 * 5 sin r
17. %I4^l 3x Zcosx z|]g d+g TIdg
sq+.
2e-30 q+ /E +6I+.
18. ++ [32, 33]oll^l Bf /(r) - xl/s ql s+{t c=]= 4+
.48 <z.otzs"J¤ s-q4. 29. f '(t) : 2t - 3 sin r, ,f(0) : 5
6H^J 2

le. s(r) : f(x')olr{ a}z}. {zlrJ /}. EE ,91 4dl + H

30. /"(-r) - 1 - 6x * 49x2, ,f(0): 1, f,(0):2
ul$zffiap, E.E x # 0oll 4all ,f'(x) > 0, _fulJ. /=
(-*, 0)9lal oLqlE e_+olJ (0, m)oll,rJ fl-e eqo14. 31. olzlzl q+ trI+ 4d +l= +4oJr gl4. oJx}g
^l"I
(a) gE qqql^J +{tg z*Yzfr +lilE +614.
u(t) : 2t - sin t, s(0) :
(b) g9 s+dg b6l+.
3

20. d (xr, y,)oll^l zld a, + By * c:047..|E al+44z} EE 32. Hf /(x) : *2sin(-r'), 0 1x 119 :z4gE :1Bl-7, ol
trl-+4,J+g Bq+. rEEE ol-$all,rl 47l| 44 F(0):0¤. "J+6.|-=/E q
EE+ rs.l :.4u= rEj+.
lA.rr+By+Cl
,@ 33. xlt!--tr.FEl 500 m r}*91 9lE Bt]EElq^J EEol +
q6I4Ie qzlzl ?*itl, E+g *+^+E 100 m/s
zt. HlzlE r"J fl91 eldBl+ olFE+4Bq 4la H"lE ? "IE+
t4zl 44s$ zllzl$trt. ol s+$ elxl}zf?
6l+.
34. tlzlEol 30 cmoJ gFB ELI+E +4 4^Ir+E 4E-u
22. &4BCql^J D+ rcts ABqJ flI, AB, lao I
CD L :
E "JEqr ++.
lnol : 4cm,l cDl : 5cmol4. d+e.l BIPA | + lrrl
(a) 4Es7I 4^l-4¤g .I +HE Holzt al4.J9 e
+ lrclg +14^-l= d p= cD +lE "14_e q+.
"la+a17l
46tE Ebzt? (b) 4^t4B 4EEE g+U + hle ELI+E ql a4ql
y++ r.J irlEe] l5.,l +s=r+ ,J+.
23.
'Jg E+ql^l ,tJ 4zllel {^l4$ tsExlE "JEqr BJ+. EEel H
 38 ++ 255

olzl al4.J ,ll tsElzl9 ¤46-t4. elfE 36. HlzlEol 20 m"Jfl¤-ilzl.EE ul+zl +16}] gErilE +
(c) 4ri4B qlEtrE AE= zles+ rlls9 xll*9 E'll dql 4l+l+l HolTl ftmoJ +4 +lql &atl qlzl6-lir. gi
Hlql,*+r 6}zt. gF¤ F,++ql^l B+E + 9l= tr}. g+el .JelE E Pql^J aBE IE cos gql HltllBtr
tl$ zlu }f {EEE ;<lfE +61-4. d+ql^J d r .,.1o1E 44 a241HlHlql.JtrkrH +a).
(a) aEE r= 4lqls}6}Tl +l"I]
^J4 HolE Sule
afio}
albzl-?

30 (b) "JE
^J4 ¤ilE +dql^J "l
kolz[ rr mo]l ^]42[
^lle
^dol flEtxl-E +r-s-E
1mls +Es aql-+g+. r
uj flfrr.xf-+ 214-x14ql Ez+B 4l xldl I moll fJrl
I
6J rq EE 4HE= qH ulge ,J461=7p
-'l- I

,,*l

rHg uJflol +lql flr ,Je F E9 zJ.lzt a?l ol

35. trl-g
EH +4Bg tr-q +r glq. dill HolE 4qlE q+
h
z;s) ztl0E +61+.
P

{t a
 (

t'

,i T
" t {
I
.?
t.
t ,t Af

I'.'
-*,.

4.48 e!aE4 37Eo{^l dq^tl ElEt ,r}3a[q q! li4lEt

4lolElel LJ Dl+q HSEI E rE( +, zHlEll +, EEoEI?IE +, EIEE +,
qlg +sl + s^l +)oN^l ETuqrPl oJlE *cEpfl f aotEt ^1,+{l=
^ttE

4 T{TJ
I
-lE
nteg ra ls

Ed E4lq 4s Ezll= ols-rll.{ EE}+E EglHrl. 4t}ql^1. "l4Eg += qd

28011^J

zH'J"J 4E¤. c4l6}7l +l6lq .Jol "l z-14 E4lE

^l-*q14. 484
El¤.
^l-ol"ll
?tL e-
+,q+ +s fl+43 "l4E+e] zlEc"-].il +E}+ gl+. "14ts49 zlBcEl. "J+e-l q
+4lol+. 4tl, stl-4 861-ql^]= 4E¤- ^l-+6}ol +rl, +dq zJol, ql+ql+, cEt==J(qzl
+: lB+gl c^Jol Et=61-- eg=#q 7-lEl ++l +"d=es cEt=%+E tr+l* L/minolr|; p
q zi+61t. 6J, oJ, eulx| "JoJ(EzI i: aulxlz} zlEE ¤:gzl gl= +qqBq zig Hl+
_oe 4q¤ +rllB
"ll ^Jzl= "15) "t+ 5- ++ H:e Eolql +flg E4l=
611tr6l-. %r-H
I ul]9 4o14.

257
258 48 EE

4.1 | kilolsl 4al

olrJl rl4E+ nlalETl= (rl^l Ef $ E-l ol ¤ql^J=

+d "I4E Hol= +6}11+ xl-="ifz[ +"J+ 4qE +61-- Exll=
cl E AI?JOltl. r Stoll^l= rl4E-qrq E g +E+ E4e] ;-aJc--tr qlae+ + 9t¤¤'J4 g+.
:er.E
ofolclq= ++r ?lol,(l, +el7l.fl
fi olL +lxloll ?lr goE 6110t g AE
ol +Hurloil
oo;trt
EE iIL[.
rH-d
^lot=
k;61= rll E I biOI EfiI

HolE +61-= E4lE ^lzi6}J ExI. 7t aql,<1 b71l^l *d y: f(x) oLqql 9l

y - ¤E se1 HolE +B1 :rzt. gE s= rH l"ll^le+ zJol E4Rf /[{zlr]*
y:f f(x)>-Olel rqse++{d x:a,x:b r4Ixfiotr EEUAIq flrl
x:a Hol ExllE E7l +lEl^J- rl-g_4 ag eEg EllH+"t.JtrI. Hol4= +qe] el
x:b
El. +H.Jzl-? zldgE ol+q4l q4¤ sqql 46ll^l- ol EEE B+ +*6I
t, u b ,r
+. {^14¤fl Holi.zlEel ^llEE +sE CEg+. dl4¤el -Jol. BEE ,J
.fal 1
ole+ +oJE ++ AE ¤Hlol+. t|r+¤e] Holb (rH z4 ,Jol) 44 z1l9 +4
,S : {(x, y)la S x 1 b, 0 <y <"f(;r)}
Ese ++r:r. Hol= qql^l +6J+.

lt)

JEE -tz, D
A: lru a: lnn A: Ar+ Az+ A3+ A4

rflu} *dse ol+q{l ¤qE Hol. 'Jol ol-H+. +++

+61-= ae fl+
sEE Holgl ql6H 4+4"J zHH$ zlzll ?lxl"J, H"l Ezll= 6lla+zl flu|.<l
- HolE 4q6l 4sl6Js_EiAl zl+4"J zllHg Hq6l +q. "l]oFq}

szlE 4l4I*+. Hol"ll ql6l]^J5. Hl++ ,l]H¤.;.ffia|flr +trl-. HxJ ¤q sE

H zl9 zl^l-4EEE trI¤-, olfl 4^l-r+¤-E 4l+= ol 4^l-4¤
=.^i^]fl =El
.g -JolE +qlg +l++. 4* {lxllql^J olfl 4¤g + ¤H6l-r 9l+.
(qlll 4^}4B¤.ol*"l]^j 0 <x < lql ql4EE-d
1D y:f "}4ql fl=(rH 3

q1.r1 eEdql E+ gE sel) HolE +C6I4

.v

(1, l)

y: x2 Efl szl. + Hel z)oltl lql 4^I4e "Jql ilzl oll+ql sel Hol= 04 1 ^lolq {l
ol E+. :4r* rl 4E6J <l¤ *zl eiltll sE :.H 4(a)gl^Je+ ,Jol #4d l, ,:
x: +, *:1+ rq J Hj z1g 7Ha?J z+,s1,,s2,,!3, s4-+. +hl Hxt.
:.H 4(b)9]. zJol EHol 4 ar+E "JH4 ,Jr +ol7l 7+ a7+4 e-E+ Erl 'J+
0 J:
zl^l-zlBs 5-7+7+E 4i7+*=^l^14 + flq. +, zl^L4Bel +ol= ++ +rJ [o,i],
-Iel 2 :
[+,+], [+,i], [i, ,]e -sE+ ¤¤qt^J 6Jf /(x) rE aFl4.
 4.1 LJolef 4al 259

v v
(1, 1) (1, l)
y: x2

/
s4

s2
sr
A s3

0 1
4
_t1
24
l;r 0 1
4
I
2
l
4
lx
(a) (b
-lfl +

?+ 4^l+B+ gEol |olz kolzl (+)', (+)', (|)'z, r?oltnoE ols1 zJol fxl-;.lzl
4^}4EEE HolE 6Jol+ 6l-H, ++¤. EE+.
R+: i.(i)'+ i.(l)'+ i.(i)'+ f . r':#:0.46875
:zH 4(b)E trE ssl gol AE RoE4 zl-!-E-tr- ffiol ^dB++.

A < 0.46875

:.H A¤. 4^I4¤E¤. "l+?'1-= ql4lql rH se+ zJol tr4 zlg 4^l-4¤E
4(b)s+ )
I ol$-B + 9l+. ol A+ zl^I489 HolE 4 ++ +rJE g+ ¤Eq^J ++ /el (1, 1)

alol4. ({ g+ql fl= 4^l-4¤g +ol7} soltrE rHql 444x1 t+=tr}.) ole+ ,J y: x2

ol f^falrJ 4^I4EEE H"lE E-g +g=rl ?JL+.

L+:l.o'+|.(or)'+ i.G)' +|.(if : $:o.zttts
sel Hol A= LoE4 I, F, Aql ql+ o|4+4#4 +1+4{ig e=+. n
-1111,f,
= 424
0.2t875<A<0.46875 -rzl tr

a4q += dd +49 HI+g + 9ttrI. rH 6oll^J= BE sE "J

=qzlHrj "1fl
Hel ,Jol7l ?J+ 87HE a4e-E ++= ILr-Hg Hq Tr gl+.

v v
(1, 1) (1, l)
y: x2
/
/

0 1 1-r 0 -L
1"r
8 I .rg 6 87Hol El^l4Eoe. sE
?J )A+ =^1.^l
(a) 94 EE ol+ (b) s=+ EA ol+

4L* zl^l-r+¤Ee] Hol9 B-(h)r+ zj^I4¤Eq Hole.l ,fl{R8)g 4]+I6l].<J Aoil

.ol-4 =
ql6]] trl +e +l +4{rg E=+.
0.2734375 <A < 0,3984375
260 48 4E

tl L, R, r++^J sE Holel +{tol 0.273437se+ 0.3e8437s gl+r "J:.}=- agE ol +

^l-olql
10 0.2850000 0.3850000 xllql qlf, Rg 6J + 9t+
20 0.3087500 0.3587500 4?+4 +E E4H + trl +g +4{}¤- eg + 9l+. g+ -trE EH zl^l-4BE k
30 0.3 1685 l9 0.3501852 olzl .i E +?JE g+ EE(L,)+ s_E+ Efl(,R,)ql^] B"lzlb A+ n44 {^t4$
50 0.3234000 0.3434000
t00 0.3283500 0.3383s00 E H"lE A+EIE A+= "J + ?14. sozlE ar+g ol+6IH Holzt 0.3234
4l4IqL
.J 1000zflel a4s ol+6IH H"lzI q ++ H+lql
^Iolql il+g + 9l+.
1000 0.3328335 0.3338335 e+ 0.3434

il¤¤ "J + gl+. +, Ay 0.332833ss+ 0.333833s ^l-olql flsq, ol +Eq ¤+ A

: 0.3333335i rJ +g +crJol+. r
ql4l le.l Eql il. {tsE+q nol #tl* oll R,ol le +Hal+ ag E + gl
4. olE 4f,- {lzllql^-l q.oJ++.

(o{l{l 2l) qlxll 1e.l sE s"ll q16il,=^},Elfi,ol +ql d=egEq+ 4 Hm,r,:l

"J¤ u-qr4

Epl n,g rH 7ql flts nzflE 4^I4Bq Holg Bolr1. ?+ A^V+BE qul5 t/n
(1, t)
oll g-ol= d tfn, Zfn, 3fn, ..', nln4l44 =Jf /(x) -- *'4 Alol4. + k"l=
!:x' I

Oln)z, (2ln)2, (3ln)z, ..., (nf n)zol+ ttl-+^l tr;.q=rl +c+.

R.:;r(;) .:,(i) + -f 1

n tl
-J

)
. .:'(:)
0
In
.{ :; (;)' * L(+)'. ; ( +)' + .:(:)'
-rEl
1a' 7
: I.4(r, +zz+3,+...*n)
nn-
1^
,i(l'+22+3'+..--tn')
n5'

{zlrl ;]$ nz}Jel oJE ¤+q 4l+E +q ql6J ++ +^lol pea}Q

: n(n + t)(Zn + l)
1 Iz + Zz + 32 +... + n2
6

oldql
"l +^lg E zJ"l 9lg dol4.
R,"ll 4+ alql +4] trg 4+6|H
qTlAl +E
{fi,,}E +-.J= fil+l-zrtl. + 'l+¤ e=q.
grlr +--JA l0.ltroll,\l rl^'116l H]lE a t n(n + 1)(2n + l) (n + t)(Zn + l)
0lr[. f$ol +-.Je +-dtflollAJe.] +-s(3.4 R,: 3
n 6 6nz
tr)l| +^l6frl. Erl ]'gle # rll ruS "J
sl ¤+tr Il-etg Eoltl. E6l tl-== g trt+^l ffiol CB++.
a. g,{tr|.

lim-:0
n+e n
1
Jg*,:Jgffiq
: ie E nE El6l-E R,g t I " + r \ / z" + t\
lT*&
=+6t
+
:,1*u[
0ll fl6|'= U= tr=Ef + ?,tgg elrl-Lrtl. , )\ " )
 4.1 biolel 7]El 261

:.rg; (, . ;)(, . ;)
11
:-.1.2:-
63
q4l*^l-* r,E EE le +e"l+ ag Eg + ?trl. + Jgg Ln : l.l'i
zql^J
rH 8r+ eE EE nol 6zlg oll R,4 r,g E+ sel Holg ¤g -+t{Iol E
g g + gt+. :z4p-=. 501 AE zJol *rl- zlrf4BEe]
'Jolg ,*g *
'l+r+
+sE CE++.
A:rlgR,:,1!xl,,:l
v -} v
n: I0 : 0.385 n: 30 rtro : n:50 :0.3434
R,o
V 0.3502 firn

0
1x 0
1-f 0
lx
-f.al I ,f(x) : r2ol E:zla|.=*+ -"- Etr= 5-EtE trJ=r1
v v v
n: 10 L,o :0.285 n: 30 Lro : 0.3169 n:50 Lro:0.3234

1_

0
txo l.r 0
lx
ral I -f(x) : ",r20; gzfa[s_e eJr+ Etrg 6;.--Jg oJEr1.

"JH}4'J ¤Eql rH lqr ++d sql 4+61-xl.

qlxll 14 2E zl]'Jg ts+ s=
:-H t04 zJol Hulz} ?* ntll{ TlEa 7J Z7+.S1, ,S2, ..., S,oE rlhxl-
v
y:.f(r)

0 axtx2x3 f;-t xi xn-r b x fal 10

262 4E 4E

n7J la, &le.l Ll Hl= b - aol tr E n44 zJ +tl! LJ Hl= tI+4 e+.
b-a
Ax:
n

olfl 44=g A7J la, el$ q--e-=a1- zjol ruzll9 +B ++s-E +b+.
[xo, r,], l*r, xr), l*r, *=1, l*n-r, xnf

{zl,rl xo: aol_r]. xn: bol+. 4 +E ++E g- Ed* rl--q=+ e+.

Xt: a * L,x,
x2: a t 2L'x,
)r3:a*3L'x'

"JEI4Se. xi: a * iAxoltl.

olzll itr41 44 s,= Hulzl- ArolI +ol7l- f@,)
.J 4^I4ESE vl4.4zlrJ /(r,)E s-=+ gdql^i /9 rlol4(rB l1
=^l^l
+a) rTlE ,H4ll zl^l-4¤el H"lE,f(x;) A-rolrl. 4+4se ssl Hol| ffi
4 rJol olfl {^Iz+BEE Holg Bql E6ll .^tg- flsE 449 + ?l+.
ft, : f@r)Ax * 1@z)Ax *''' + f(x") L'x

v Ax

0 AXtXzX3 xi-t xi bx
fg 11

rH lzql^l- n:2,4, 8, 12oJ 4+ql 4+ Eol +rl. olfl -^l= 4

=^}=
4el +=EE trll, +-n-*"J nll dd rl 4+61149g+ il+.rfl=E sq
sE Hol A= +*4 Aol del+t+.

v ) v v

\:

0 a xl bx 0 a ,trx2x3bx 0 u bx 0 a hx
(a) n:2 (b) n:4 (c) n: 8 (d) n: rZ

f.al 12
 4.'.1 LJo
lef lel 263

2 $sl fl+6J+/el f4s "L{ql il= gq ssl $O1(area) A= =^I zl^|r+

EEE Hol9 qlE +6Jol+.
A : * .'. + f(*") L*]
]!gRo:,199[,f(x,)Ax + ffu)Ax

¤+ol4r zf{afr gle = F, 4E tr.el +=Jg er-/J- #4]+g +E+ +

/71-
9t+ g+ gdg ol+"]]E r++4 +ol Eg+ 1}g eb.+.

E A : ,lq Ln:,lgX[/(;o) Ax + y@) Ax * ... + f(*,-,) Ar]

dxllE g+ EEolrJ .qgg ¤dg ol+61+ '}]{ql ;HxH 4^}489 E"lE ;
H4ll +E 7,J [*,_,, xi]oll gt- .JEE + xfql.<1 /E {}g qts + ?l+. oltrll +
xf ,xf ,...,x** EEE(sample point)ol4r eL4. :H 139 E4ol olH Etd
¤- qB 4+ -^I zl^l-4BE¤ Eq +r gl+. trl?+^l sE Holql 4il "JHI4ql

4 A :,[!xt/(rf)Ax * f(x{) Ax + "' + fkl) Ar]

v
Ax

0 r -r3 ri-t X; Xn-l h x

1.,
xi* x! --*
L1 x! x;
fg 13

NorE /el r4lE ol4ql il+ +6|zl +l6}q ,Hnll 5+ +rJql^l

Holel
=*6ig
f@!)tl al*{f(4H{b"l E]= EEfl rIE dqdl-ol 6[E[ower sums E= #:d(upper
sums)1$ "J=+(rH 14 +4). t/rt ts+61+olF-tr +{t{flql E6f.l + +E+rJ

v v v

\
V
0 d bx t,, bx 0 bx
(a) olo; (b) (c) {roJ$ ofa;
^J1+

f.g 14
264 48 4E

ql^J /el 4lH{t+ al*#ol +zll+tr}l 'Jol"ll 4* 4e.lE q-g=4 rJol tr +E 9l

r+: HoJ AE EE: +IRE+= 4r. E= 6tBjrq+ +goJ *o14.
ql= ql4l 1!+ 2ql^] Hol(a : +)e -EE g+
= r,4 E= e--=+
=q =^IEL =^I
+ R, ^Iolql gl4. ol qlxllql^l ^l-*q} 6Jf /(r) -- *'Z [0, t]ql,! ?zfg+"lse. a]
.Jg g+ EEg ol+tr ,+l +EI+r, ^Jo"J+ s_E+ ¤Eg oleo B *l ++trtr}(r+
8, 9 +4).

"JHI49E 71fr(sigma notation)E Eh¤. 6J¤¤ q6l+ A* tJ

^lfEl ^l-*6IE
+61 Etre + il+. eE +gr+ ,Jq.
=H
i = noll^l ¤Hg
:
fi

EEi4.
fi
;1(x,)Ax
i:t
7@) L,x * |Q)Ax * "' + f(x") L'x
q+g Fql+. + E flr,) a,
i: rroll^l
i:m
t
,i1+^l
^l
E, E, Eql^J Holql ql+ {g q+4 z;-ol E¤tr + 9l+.
^l4qlg
F6J4,
:
n

A lim 2 fG,) n*
n-* i:l
n

A : lim E,f(.x,-,)Ax
n-* i:l

A : lim E /(r,t) nx
l-t

EqI +4 E=.'i+4 ee rJ4eE r+^l ¤ + il+

+ .1 n(n * lX2n + 1)
H'
i:l O

(0{l8l 3D F 4dr:04 x:b(0<b<nll .rlo1*/(x)_cosxgl :.4= o}4ql

+q fl= ¤qel HolEAq 6}zl-.
(a) g-ffi ol$all.<J Aql qlEL 4¤' +'Jg_e +q-44. +f,e 41416}zl t*=+.
='Eg
(b) b : rrltoJ A+ +dg EEE o + q6lr Hl zH9 ++ ++g "l+El^J 'JolE
+4614

Eil
(a) a :0ol .E E +E ++9 uJ Hl= ++4 g+
Ax: b-o
tLn -b
trl+il xr:
bfn, xr:Zbfno x3:3bln, x,: ibfn, xn: nbfnol+.=AI z]il-48E9]
Hol9 B"*9 +-sq ?Jq.
R, : f@)Ax * 1Q)Ax f "' + f(x") L,x
: (cos x) L,x * (cos x) Lx + ' ' ' * (cos x,)Ax
COS
b
-n
)+.(."'+) *. * (,* +)*
 4.1 LJole[ 7-lal 265

4el Elql "I+ Hol= +++ +L+.

A:,lgn,: )y*( b2b3b

cos-*cos-+cos-* .*cos-nb
,@n
\ nnn n

.rl:zul. T]EE ol+6IE +¤-r+ ,Jol ¤ + glrl-

A: lim L* cos
ib
n---+@ ll i:I -n
ol +o-Jg zld 4l+6}zj} o]]* tExl"J a+El ql+ill4l(cAs)E ol+rtfl flrll 41

+g + gltrHfl+trxll 17 +E) 4.3¤ql^J += .,JBg ol*a]l^J AE + q flrI +

E 401+.
(b) n:4ola b: rrl?oJge Ax: (rrlDla: rr/BoJ+.tr|+^-l ++ +eE+
[0, n/8], lrl8, nl4l, br/4 ,3n18), l3rrl8, rrlllolq. ol f E +rJ=E +d+ +g v
+ rJ+.
t y:cosx
a!:L
i':16' ,s:3n
xi-:16' * 5n
xi:16' * 7t
xf:16
ql ,lsl zl^l-4¤(rH 1s)E HolE +oJ M4E trl-+4 ?JL+.
=^f 3r
4 0 1l If
I
Mq: E/(r,*) a, 4 o
2

lzJ 15
:'llnlru) Ax + f(3rr/16)A.t * f(sn/16)4"r * f(lrr/16)Lx

: (*o,+) t* ("",#) ;. ( ,",#) t ll TT

+. ( COS
-16 8

: n/ rTf cos
31* cos 5rr*
cos
Tr\ : 1'oo6
E \"ot * 16 * )
"
l4=e Hol9 +46lg +s-+ rJ+.
A - 1.006 tr

I 4il EIII
1.4¤ql^J ++4 +g +E E4l- rlFH,4: "J4^l+ t.?I Eiilel olE4r-l(+
zlolzl qtr ,tl
^14+ dss+q)rl-+q4l 4+,
olErl_- EiJIE ++
^l¤ql^J
+E- +61-+. olxll 44 E4lE ^d46]] Exf. Eillel 4sz} +q4l A+ gC
^j
+ EqI EillTl- olf+ 4fl$ fall Ez|. (qB g"l"llrl ol Exll* +E -$zll$ q
sE C4"]] g + 9t= Ezllol+.) Sille] 4sz} .JC6IE 44 Ex]= q+ +{
q ul.+ fl41
"ll¤g + 9t+.
44 :4S. x ,<123
rEl+ 4szl- H6l-H olEE 4qE 4l4IBl-= 43 flxl g:+. ++ ql4l.]l^J oJ

Ezll$ ¤{HxI.
266 48 4E

( o{lrtl 4,} zl-Fzl9 f$zl+4lz| r6r-H+r zf{ap, xffii}z} 30a E.oJ +qaJ
44= +d61qr ++ 5aEt+ +E4lE gl7 r+g so} rJ"l 7l+1I,+.

Alil(s) 0 5 l0 t5 20 25 30

*E(km/h) 27 34 39 41 51 50 45

6|E-tr +Eel ++lE a'J ,,lElE. H+l6lloi

^lrJll +EE tglzi "Jz.lqqo}
*trI.
(l km/h : 1000/3600 m/s)
Alil(s) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

+E(km/h) 8 I 10 I2 13 t2 ll

49 sA E"J +Ezl- #4o] H6lzl ?i: e-E -E ol

^l+"11-}
*s-tl 'J46J 4 o s 7l-4
6Lr +q+ 4?-lE +4e- + ?l+ ol EoJ +E= 471 +E(8 m/s)-tr- q6lH
^l+
il+ sa +qlql +4+ rltle.l 'ZJ+
=*Alg'l++
8m/sx5s:40m
,Jg %FH_otr F H/q 5a +"Je-l +EE 4el oJC6Is-E ol g46J #9 r:5 s"J 4
20
el +EE qeq :44=e- t:Ssoll^J r: 10szlz1s1 +q+ fl4$ 4]+I6IH tr]+.
15
4 rJ4
10
9m/sX5s:45m
+4alg 4l+6l^l q+E + 44q ql+ +
5
4= ^lrJ
++q1 qlql^lE Hl*+ +46.J
0
l02030t CAlg'1+r+ rJQ.
(a)
(s x s) + (9 x s) + (10 x 5) + (12 x s) + (13 x 5) + oZx 5):320m
4 tlz* ++E zl¤.oJ
"Lq4 +"il^JE +EE
oleoE + 9ttrI. olull +{fi$ ffi
{- \ r+
20
L ++.
I

l5
{_ (9 x 5) + (10 x 5) + (12 x 5) + (13 x s) + (12 x 5) + (11 x 5):335m
l0
7+ +rJql^l E71+E7l +oltl ^lr+Eg ol+6|q 4E"i}9 +E6J+ql gl6J
rqsE :aelzi[rH 16(a)]. d. Hall 4^l4BE Hol. 8 X 5 : 40olq, ola
5 ^)7J
=^l il¤-
0
lozo30t 3 eoJ sa t.Jql +"JoJ 4qql ql+ +c#"1 gtrl. ?+ 4^1489 EolTl +
zl^t+BE '-JolE +flEL 714E 6114g +
^l+g 444-o-e, dxllE 4
rh) E, qHlTl
a fl4. :-H 16(a)oll.<lel 4^l-r+BEel Holg B9 te :320014, olag +"I+ + A
.]]+ a7l g+.
20 "lql =}t6}ol
+ EJ CqqL +49 fl++ts rB 16(b)c} zJol rl xl-f +EE: 7l+ql+. +E= q
15

"*ol zlgg++ ^l4BEe] H"l9 Rol +E+d

ot49 4++ H"lzl q= 49 g
+ ?I+trH 16(c)1. ola+ + +q44zl- 4s f4s ol4E 'Jols+ "Jil6J¤. +4U
10

5
+r
0
rozo30t
(c)
.JHlzls-e. +ExllTl zi4alz[. {zlr-] a<t<b
4s u:f(t)E *4'J4l
re 16
olr /(r) > 0 ol+(+, E^ll= oJ+ "Je.l
uJia$e-E +4'J+), +E7I 4 +E +rJ
 4.1 h;ole.f zal 267

ql^j zlsl .J46IE+ +EE al4 ro(: a), t2, ..., tn(:b)ollrJ 7l+EL+. ol
^lr+E
ol eg zJ4 + EllE*+H, ol*+ zlg ,(fol9 zJ4* L,t : (b _ a)lnzl_ Htrl.
"
a H4l tltf, f-tlql^J +E='I+/(/0)olr, rI4rJ +4.J 4r-l.=. Ql{r/(rolar
ol+, uf{zfzlE + Hall ++"ll^l +e+ 44= tril+,f(r,)olq, +7J
^l+ ^l7J
[a, b]oll.! +B+ + 4?.1- .I+ q-q=4 ,JL+.

f(tilAr + 7$r)Ar + .. . + 1Q^-r)A, : 2 f|,-r) tt

g+ ,l]41.il e-E+ gdql^Jel +EE ol+6fH +e+ + 4qql rfl+ +d
,Jg =.d
q-q=4 e+.

f(t,) Lt + f(tr) L,t + -.. + f(t") L,t : 2 fU) L,t

i: I

+E. rJ zI+ +A"l-E g++ +C{tE.c rl 4q61]d+. f4,=. +q+ 4+

+ 4 4 dzl +* ser+ A+ ++"J Ag +R6ll E"J+.
n

5 d : lim ) /(r;_r) L,t : n-*

hm E fu) L,t
n-* j:l i:l

dxllE olaoi +rol4b 4.4¤ql^J .J4l g 4014.

^Idg
4l E= tre+ EE HolE +El4= al4 zJgsE +4+ ,lel- +EH:+
^l
el r4E of4q -Jole+ E"J6Jg E + gt+. E6l-- 6Jol 6J
"Jol4 dEi="d=r+
zJg x}flr+E4 gultrg .JEE qE +d olrllel
^Lq4E E"Foll.,.l "Jq+=
HolE El]4g + 9t¤¤- s+ stlql^J H]]g 4"14._74o-tr. ol 6r-ql^j HolE 4l
+6J trll -Jol= ¤+4tl %IHs.q 4"F"1-41 6ll46J + gt+g zlgolzJ Hl-++.

4.1 | E+=xtt

1. (a) +qTr /E iarllsE+El B+{tE+ glz, szllE 21.r.1- (b) 44el A+ql l0zll$ zl^I4Ec¤- ol+6ll^J a1l-+s ?
4Bg oJe"all,rJ "r: Ogl^-J x: t}ttal +"141 f E a c{tg +6}+.
4e "I49 Hol.ll 4t "I4+8{I(6}q+)4 +l+¤{t 2. (a) 47fle-l {^I4¤+ eE+ ¤Eg "l+ql^l x: I
(^Jq+)¤- +6IF+. ?+?+E a+q 6J 4^l-4eE¤- =^I
:2zltl,f(x)
olJrJ : rlx{ r4s "I4E -JoJ5- +
^FAo x
rEi4.
46|+. r4se+ 4^I4E=g fr{+. r +4#
=^l
v e *41 +4qfl*z} E= +r1l +4ElHEzl-?
4
(b) g+ gdg ol+El^J Exil (a)E Hl+6t+.
v: f(x)
2
3. (a) 37HE zl^I4¤r+ e_=+ Edg olgoll,rJ x: _lollrl
x:Zr4zl.f(x) : t + lg :14s ol4q HolE +4
0 4 8 l; ai4. 6z119 zl^I4$g olgall.<] +A#g zfldrlrt.
268 48 4E

EI+q +d4 *^I zl^l.4¤E¤. fq4. 44zl +16]] g-s+ + rJeel +E +4614.
(b) g+ Edg Exll (a)E HI+61?+.
olS-allztl
N
(c) fd¤ ol$a]f.! Exll (a)E Hl+6f+.
ru:/(r)
(d) (a)*(c)ql^l E+ +4{} + olL 4ol zttr 4+6ll tr
olbzl?

A. f@) - 6 - *'(-21 x 12)ql 46}] n:2,4, 8oJ

"ll, +B
4 6IEl¤. +6t4. -fH 14e+ a3:H9 fq4 ¤H6t+. 0 t2 Zt r (days)

s. B47l d+9 44ol A+ql^l il*-34 +"JE 411#zl Sourcel J. M. Heffeman et al., "An In-Host Model of Acute Infectionl Measles
as a Case Study," Theoretical Population Biology 73 (2006): 134-47.
fltrI. o.sa zf,le-tr- +46J 44ol trI+ Esl zJ4. ol d
#zl32. EqI gfl 444il 46ll ot4+4#!1+l+4{tg e-10 'J+/sl r4s
4el EE "l*"l]^J ol4e-l HolE +t
+6t+. sE ++'I+. +rJg 4l+16lzl *=+.
r(s) 0 0.5 t.0 1.5 2.0 7.5 3.0 9. f(x) :2 * sin2x, 0<xlrr

u(m/s) 0 r.9 3.3 4.5 5.5 5.9 6.2 10. /(x) : *,,8\ 8, 1<x<5

o, B=ollrl r(r) L9 HlgE TlEol %I¤Elr 91.trI. ol

^lzJ* 1r-12 Holz} +g ++r+ rJg sq¤- +6h+.+-J+ 41416I
Hlge. rl7Jol 4Bql q4 z3+op. ilsq, 2^17J 7J4e
zl ?+=trI
E +46J Elge.l #e r-l+ se+ rJ'}. HJ¤B TiEel + :2 I
+ql ril6J olrll+4#4 +l+4#g +6l.+. lim)-.-4
u. n+ai:1 t+(Zi/n)
-
(h) tt 7 4 6 I 10 : rT irr
12. lim Z . tan .
n+x ;:1 4fl +n
r(t)(L/h) 8.7 7.6 6.8 6.2 5.7 5.3

7. Eqlolzg $:r 9l= z|FilE $roll 4fl:-4e71 E+ 13. ,ollrJ bqlzl E+"J?zloJf /el :aqs ol4el HolEa
s=rl ,J+. r4sg E--z H qlolaE sr gl= +"J zl^F
4 6ll, L,r+ R,g zlt] nfls) +E +rJe-l g+ gdr+ .t
ilTl-+4a zlrlE +c6i+. s Edg ol$rll,tj 4l4I6J AE +44kolz| aiz]-.
15
(m/s)

lt tli l (a) A, I,,, Rnel

(b) R,
+fll$ +6I+.
- Ln: +t/(b) - /(a)]fl¤. -H-q4.
10
:r-?-l.z Rn- L,,+ +4rll= n4E ^l-4Bol +l 4lE +
5
Bg HolE r}= E"J ^t4B o-s trl^l 't4g + 9l

0 2 4 6 r(s) +g tr.oJs_=.al ol 49 ¤H6t= rHg r44.

(c) ft, - A <
s. +qql trfl ^|H:ql7ll.q Htolel^ +il N(e+ I ml-%r zJ +lf@ -/(a)lE +E6I4.
Hg ^llE +E +a)* r: ra(+EqTlzl 444E rl Er+. E-tr:.flo] Elq flE 4l4}zl+ e+Elzt llsH nol a
,l)"J trll 7l+ H+ "JEE -Eola, EE++ql 9o1l mlq q+E ++dq6H^l zl^I4¤EE H"l9 4"6J9
=^I (rlql^J= Is > Et: For-
41 z,r4fl4. rl+ rflsq^J rlftol r: Ooll^J t: 12vl +4'+l= {g 4l4I6J + iltr}.
zl :4s N(/) ot4E Holi ?11-g 44.llzl *]aI 9e EndFor loop SBq= ol$6p, Casioollr.JE Isz, HPr{

+ + +Eq fE 9ol'*4('+gE ^lls + x .<fzJ og BASICqI^I= FOR-NEXT loop EHqE oJS-aJr|.) n :

+4). a3f N¤ q+q 4sE +49 + 91trt. 10, 30, 50, l00oJ rll, +ol= -9-E+ gfig e6}r LJHI=

f (t) : -t(t - 21Xr + 1)

+rJol +b 4^t4¤Eq + HolE 4l+Fh4. :24
=^I
qC 4el ++ +rJ+ +49 ol+dl^l +Eel +tg +
r eE6.J .Jol9 #g ++614.
 4.2 trEE 269

Ers. qH a+El 4+i1l4E xlzl 94 E= s-E-+ Ed"J trll, Et6. (a) 0 <;r < 2oll.r'l *d y: x39 olEE HolE ++se
+^| zl^I4¤EE :H¤. r4r : 4al4BEg Hol +4,11+
el Elg 41416l+ Efl"lzt 91trI. (e]E $ol MapleglrJ} 15) A+El 4+41418 0l+6ll^l (a)ollrJ ee 4lq qlg
left.box, rightbox, Ieftsum, rightsumol4E +6++.
E¤qE ol+EJ+.) (c) (a)9 ++g 4l4i6}+.

f(x):ll(f + l),0<x<lg oll, T 17. x: 0oll^l b, 0 5 b < nllnlxl E.^t.J+d y : cos.r

x:
(a) n: 10, 30, 509 trll, S+ gdli g$$ EE$ ol* ol-49 Cq+ -JolE +o.}{(e+El q+iti!l$ ol+
9
EllAi HolE qlg +6i+. 6}]^l .J4 +B.J¤- E+ +6le+). b: rrlLoJ oll HolE 7
(b) (a)oll 9tE 4^14¤E¤ :1Hg:1Bl^l ¤E6I+.
"t+.
(c) / ol-?llE 4+6J Hol= 0.780q1^J 0.7e1
^lolql
g,l+-
g Eq+.

4,2 I E4E

4.1eql^l HolE 4l4}g tril rl+ B4sl ++ol +El]J't=

^l-¤g "Jgi+.
f@fl Lx :jg[ t/(,f) A,
n

1
lg + f(*f)Ax *''' +/(xf) ax]
=
E6J 6J ExllTl-+41.J 4rlE 4l4ig 4+qlE 'J+ ¤4zl-,*g+- ^ldg g?I
4. ol +.Jg /7l. oJE elfzl- ol{ +E A+= E+dl^J +uJr r}oJ"J ^JsJql^J
+4++= ^Idg grll g 4olrl. str-4 86lql^l ole+ A+ ¤E}]e.l ++ol +dE
4oJ, oJ^lJE +El, e+6d, +.Jql E+ 6J, r4r "J "t +E "Jg +6I= E4l
ollrJs ++\l'l- 4¤ uH*41 E dolr}.

r E4E
tre.l E4E +qlql +tr+ Ea4 zl_uE +q6lzl-

2 g{Eel Esl f zl o 1 x 1b ql^l cel$ q++.J ++ la, b)* H ulzl Ax :

"I
(b - a)lnE Ag nzll{ +E ++-q-e 4hz}. ol T E ++E Edg ro(: a), x1,
x2, ..., x,(:&)_o ts +EtrI.
"l H E ++ql^l xf tl,H74 ++ +rJ [r,_,,r,]ql +6]
E+ EEE(sample point) x{, x{ ,. . . , x#E q++ ++ol Sxllap eE d4 zi
bEL EEd{l^J #ol zJeH aoll,trl billxl/sl EqE+ 'l+.4 +a, ol4l .fE [a,
blql^J 4E7EaL+r ++.

Ilrt.t dx: J1g E rk!) a,x

270 48 4E

Czl$g Ce-161+ ++E g"JEr 9"lE q-q=4 +r+.

.JEel e > 0ol +q¤ ql E= ru > N4 [x,_,,r,]oll +61-b s-E xloll

4E]] q¤¤ "J+61-= 4f nol +xll,iltrl.

Ilrt.t dx -i r(,r) o, (e

NOrE r J= +"lvlztl EE6J 4.sE 4E 7lE(inregral sign)a| ++. ol 7l

zl-a.
-s.= sE ,J7ll $ilJ "J= asE, *E +oJol xr$fol-us ol zla.zf d4*.4. zle
I'"tt.ldxoll,! /(x)E trl4E:d+(integrand), aet e= 4E -elfll(limits of integration)4
6J+. {zlrl ats al=d0ower limit), bt. fd(upper limit)ol+. tls- dxY:z x}i'll-tr.ts
oi+ slulz]. g[-o g |Ifl.l dx 44]tl6l-+el zleo1r1. d"r} $BH#z] -r?+E
^]¤g
+ElU+. zl++ 41416l-= I+Cg 4EE(integration)ol+ oJ+

NorE 2 ¤48 Iltt-ld*9 #9 fzl- 84. ol f E ,s+ *4lzt Htr1.. ++5ry ,Jol ,
4dql +E Ezl¤ affiallE 4E#c E6Izl t+=+

l!rc dx : Iltt at : lu rti

a,

a|U
NorE 3 4el trq +g q+4 e+ Etg +'Jel +o+z} "-l"Je-l "l+g III^I altrJ E
altrJ(Bernhard Riemann, 1826-1866)
(Riemann sum)ol+r ++.
P E¤4oJ +-qfrl.Tfgr(Gauss)sl rl
E6loll rlEJllEll+Eoll^1 HJ/\l++l= g E /(rf ) a,
i:l
?tsq, r*o1l 'JolA1 +qt= 7l=A+.
+-+r[- g0l
4el tr= 4Ezl-E"oJ.=L+E 44E¤. 4"J qlql el6il qL
tr|.= er_f61.= fl.fltrJ
C_s e_zl-H+l LHql^J
7l.?.r+ alEJ= "sqalol ?1r g=4 =
olq TltrEl +-qrE?l tr+lrl .t{te-E +E]-H + gl¤¤ Bol ++.
ddol Eil =
Eciltrl. =E-d /7I "JE tk* zl4'll 4^I4¤EE Holel aJeE BH^I.J + 9l+
ul"J E.Jg
=+fltr|-"n ^l.B
61ts 4Esl trE tr= al"Joll el-d a =^I
olEf. r= lEEt +++--J+=, +alEal
(rH 1). 4e-l trE 4.1¤ql ?I= H"lg CE9I ulnalS 448 llrt.ld.xE x: aoll
:ol-,
5+-E-7f Tl6lqtel 7l6gll rlEH-.J I iJ r: btlzl *d y:"f(x)9 of4E HolE 6l]4g + gltrHrg 2 +4).
-dE ittrl-. elu9 EtH+l:d
=il7|JErl-
TlalqtE soLJ +0ll o|fl+El-oJsl "JHJ v )
,sEH80lE"l 7lE71 fl+. alu
=s-dgq. 3e^.flofl ,j-4o+
Ax v: /(;r)
e Ed -dqfdlal t'
rq'J+.
^11A|8

0 a x! bx 0 q bx
:d
f.H 1 ,f(x) > 00lE eltrJ E /(rI) a* f.al 2 ,f(,r) > 0olE 4E [ll*ldxE aoll
El^l-4B=q Holsl --Jolrl. bill^l4C.r =/(r)el 0EHq k;0l0ltl.
= ^1

f7l a4:4 +^l.l 4.+8, El"J E}C,r+ +lq +ql 4

zJol
"J4 +e.l {tg
^L4qE9 Hol9 *4
x4 oL4ql ts"J 4rl4e=E H"l9 qle-l ++#g 6J
 4,2 848 271

) v
y:f (x) y:f (r)

0 bx 0 ({ b ,{

.f.eJ 3 21(.rI) arE drll Holq aEJ 4 l"t<*ldxE ¤r1l H0lolrl-

=#,Jolrl.
+ Aol+.(+, ++4e-l zl^l-4fi=E Hol"llri t=+^Iel {^14¤=E HolE U
4.o14.) ol EIEI .Jel +'Jg f6tE rH 4e+ zJol ¤cI. c4+g Eril 'Jor(net
area)-tr g + 9t+. +, +*4 rJol Holel ilolr|.

Ill.l dx : Ar - Az
A,9 r+ +le+ /el r4E oHql fl:. ¤q"el r-JololE, ArY r+ ot4e+ /E :24
s +lql fl= gEsl Hololtrl.

(qH lD o(r(39 trll, r-6ol-tr s-E4EE¤-sEd.oF q6J-q f(x)--l -6x

E 4EI 'J¤ 41416}+.

Efll ,: 6"J ul +E ++q LJHI= Ax: (3 - 0)/6: ioll e=+ Ed$ r, :

O.5,xr: 1.0, xs: l.5,xq: 2.0, xr:2.5, xu: J.$oltrl trt+Al tl"J6J+ t]+4
++.
6

fto: E/(r,)4,
i:l
v
:l(0.s) Ax */(1.0) L,x */(1.s)Ax * f(2,0)Ax * f(z.s)A;r */(3.0)Ax
:i?z.als - s - 5.625 - 4 + 0.625 + 9)
5 y:f -6x
: -3.9375
0 3x
/71 "JE oJfz} olrl.s + 4"J BJg 4^}4¤EE HolE +g 444x1 *=+. "l 4
+ n-l"J qlg rH sql fl= u|+49 zli}4¤=(xq 9l)9 Hol9 qlql^j r=+4E zl
rl-485(x+ oI4)E H"l9 Etg U Ag +4qlr il4. r -ral
4E
E
!r

NorE 4
la, elE qulzl zJ* +E +rJEE +il^J zl+ f/(x)dx= 4slqH.zl
"J ululzl 4E ++ +zJE=s +hl^l CE6l-= 4"1 #4tL 4*zl ?14. oltrll LJHI
7l-+e +E+rJ=ol trj +4'J +il4EHE glTl ull+ol4. ++ +rJEE LJHlTl-
A,)cyL,x2,..., Ar,olH, --6JB +Elb 44q^J EE qulz| 0oE +H6l+ 49 +
41ts + *i"loF 7l* qHl, max Ax, os
d+ d=^l7lH ol Exll= 6H¤E+. rBl
olel-rJ+ A+ql =
E_tr {zi$+ +gr+ #ol 49¤4.
n

I .f(x) dx :
fb
Ja - max
lim
A.r,+Q
E
j:1
f(,f ) a,,
272 48 4E

zlEz|tsa.J ++q qlt]] 44+g E= El*zI 4tszl#fl 4-$ o|t-14

¤9qfl.zl"J
(fl+Ezll 4l +a). q-g 44.= "lzlBolql^l +E +fr q++Eol d4lE 4tszl#
6l+= ag trq ++ ol 4r]E tr-+ r+4ql^l +H+rl.

E gq fzl la, blql^l E4ol4+ +6Jzll9 set Efl+d¤- TIxlE fY la, bl

ql^l 4+zl-bo}4. +, 448 j: f(x) dxzl ¤x]]d4.

ftl 4E trE +qlol

la, blql^J 4Ezl-L"al-H -tr.Ed ,IE "]tr As
=xH6l-r.glag
_+ CBalExl +qffits +y+.4+ 4l4}g ++61 6l-zl eE4 EEg EE
dsE dq6}xl-. rqE xf : x,tl 4Ftr C4+g ++4 zJol ^deltr + 9t+

4 E4 fzlla,blql^J 4EzJ.!-oolEAr:b-o oltr.ri:a*iAxg *l trl

n
+ol cH6J+
rb
l" t@ dx : rim E fk) Lx
Ja ftt&:-t

(qq 2D q""" ++ [0, n ]"llrJ 4$. zls_s _sflr[4.

n

Hm
n-*
) (rl + xi Sin "ri) Ax
i:l

Eil +q4l ++$. 44 Eel +-Jr+ ullafi.tJ f@) - x3 + xsin.r, a: 0, b: rrB 4.

q6lzl- 44 Eq "l+'l-+g e=+.
ri* i
lltT :-t
(xi + xi sin x) L,x: [-(r'
J0
* x sin x) dx I

Ll-+q c4+g E44 4e"B "ll qlxil 24 rJol ELE ++g 4+s_a
^J-s+ql
"J46I- 4ol #.q6I+. +ol=q=71 4E zlgE d4fl¤" trll, 4Ee-l +c,qA
++ r+4q BqlE d¤fl+. "JHI4sE +s=r+ zSol E¤+q..
=
Hm)
f7+x :-r
n

y(xf)Ax : IlX.l o.
t-l

limEE J=., xfts- xE, A"rE dxtr- HlTl +g fl.olt1.

r E4E 4l+l
++g ols-all.! 4zlEg 414}tr 4+ 6Jg 4l&61-- %iHg.Jolo} ++. trl+'ll
7l-zl 4+ .Jel 4+9 4Exll+E qlq ql+ +^loltrl-. +4 Ee 4++4ql^J +
e. a_oE trl]+ el+.J 4olul-. +4 Er+tre 4.1¤ql^J Eq_HgI+
 4.2 tr4E 273

4E rtEsl g
E t :n
l1

E i: I

n
n(n + 1)
E 2i 2

n
\ n(n*I)(Ln+1)
E i 2:
6

tr i i, :l^";')'
tl+el +{.C al:nf Tlse+ +¤E +++ H!Eol{.

tlol.f,{xr
Ei-l Ct E!
n E4 E*E3 BrEg d7fldH^l
I Eto, :cZa,
j:t t- |
=Eg
+ ?l,rl.a^l EE 4tE= rl.Erl Eq.
il
car* carl -..1can
t1

10 2fu,ab,):Ei:l a,+Ebi
i:l i:l
nnn
+H3 rl-=r+ e+.
11 2@,-b,):Eai*2bi c(ar* az* ..-t o,)
j:l i:l i:l
ol= EHHEEIoII eldll Egolrl-.

4+ ql4lql^] ql4l lE EI+ /ql 4'J 44Eg 4l+I+rI

(o{!d! 3|)
ff(r, - 6x)dxs4l4}6t+.

EUI 44 EE rlgrlzf. a:0,6: lol-1 ,f(.r) : x3 - 6xol4

. :- b-a 3-0 3
nnn
oltrl. +HAE gdg r0 = 0, rr : 0 + l(3ln) -- 3ln, xz:0 + 2(3ln):6f n, xr:
O + 3(3ln):9lnola, oJHlzl oE

ri:0.,f1) :3i
\n/ n

ol+. 44.!

JJ
(,' - 6,) dx:JIt
i ye)Ax:
J* i ,(+)* -El.oll^l ie.l
=al Lh=
nol $fOlo+ 3tn? ),1
Lrl 7lE g-o-e + ?,lt;..
(c:3/noll t4
}* i2[(*)'-.(+)] EIE "l*l
274 4e 4E

:lim 1t
n+@ ll i:l
27
t'
18.
n
"'
: lim
n+m
t ii ,'-\,1 ,] (+41 EIrl-El)

: 54 n(n + l)
)^
{ #[,@;rII
v lim t*al tr4 Er
n+@ ft- /.

I
y:x3-6x
(, . i)' -27(,.;)l
5 1
Iim
n+@
t 4

0 3x 8l
:--27:--:-6.J5
27
44
ol 4E+ Hole 6114B + fl+ gluF-"IH /7I "J+{lr+ *-+{tg E^lql ?izl *r
:aJ 6 ollEol4. A,4 ArTl rH 6r+ ,Jg 4+ql ol 4e+ .Jol A,4 Ar9 il"J Ar - ArE
: - Az:
JJ
tr' - Gx) dx Ar -6.7s 6l]4E + ?l+. r
:.H 7* ru:409 ull S_=+ "-l"J + R,ql^i "J+6Jr+ ¤+6J¤- _troJotrr,{l
ol 4l4}g ¤E6Ir ?l+ Efl {tg BH 4"J a3ol n + oo'J tr}l Cq+ 4$#ql
-6.75tr- d++g "J + 9t'1.

v
n R,

40
5 y:x'-6x -6.3998
r00 -6.6130
500 -6.7229
0 3x
1000 -6.7365
5000 -6.1473
f.B7 ft+o--6.3998

ql4l 3E 4+g 4141fl+ q +t+ %IH$("]E4EEE TleCElql e-lEH 7|ts

6I+) 4.3¤ql^l +q41+.

f(')=xo$ =JS S#olo+ qllll 4el 4E (q4l 4D

P:=J sollAJrlH ,-J0l= LlEfL.ltl. ji
dx= +E +es-e. E.EE}4.
tu) xa

16) e+El 4+4l4lE ol-$oll.! ol

v
^lg 41416l-4
!:x
I
Eil tul ,f(x) : x4, s: 2, b:5olF + E=+.
300 .t- b-a 3
UJL
-
-
nn
uI4Aj )h:2,xr:2 * 3fn,xz:2't 6fn,xt:2 + 9/nolF-tr- ++g E=+.
0 2 5x )Ci:Z +
3i
g -n
=aJ
 4,2 tr48 275

4Et Elq q-+'I+g e=+.

ll
Jt
*o a*: fl**Hm i:lf rk)Ax : rim > t(r*
n-*
A) 1
n / n
i-l \

: a_-l2i:l
rimli (r* r,)-
n/ \

ft) d+q 4+ill4l= ol+"H^J Bg 41416lr +¤-4 rJol ++61 6J+.

,t 4
+ 3045n3 + ll70n2 - 2l
i:l
2+-3in _ 2062n4
l0n3

44^l A+q El+ill4l. ol$-all.<J ++¤- g=+.

* *
f
an (
^ 3r \o 3(z06zna J045n3 n70nz - 27)
n+a n i:l
I

\-
L r

n/
I
;;*
lllll

lona

_ 3QA6D _ 3093
: 618.5
105
v
{ qfl 5 |) q+ 4Eg +4 -Aole all.lall^J 4l&6|.+. Y:t[t-*

(")I,[-*,a*
IEL

ft)lJe-tdx x2+y2-l

Eq
(a) /(r) :G 4E* oql^J t?tl^l4d y : ffi9
> ooll,E ol ol-4g
H olE 6114g + 9l+. r*l+ y2 : t - y'olos x.2 + yz : 1014, ol4g /E r4E
0 -r

-ral o
7l a4 ee} zJoI tlzlE 1"J
^Iggflg-
eq ++. l4 = + ++4 ,JtrH7.3¤ql^l 4EU

tlzl$ r"J fl9 Holzl- rr'o]=o 6B$ 4ol4l. )

(3,2)

: rr
l; 1-x2dx: lrrfi\2
+\,4 y:x-1
(b) v: x - tql :z4gE :.8 104 rJol zl¤t)zl l.J zldol+. ol 4Eg + +r-48
E Holel {E 4l+++. 0 3x

f t, - t)dx: Ar - Az:Le.z) - ltr.rl: 1.5 r -l

ral 10

r
=EE4
EBE xle ,Hall ++ +rJ9 s-E+ Edol +E dqE+. +6Jg 4l ell+61-E
416-lzlzl-Eeld}zl trlEol+. rel+ 4EE +61-= 4ol E4olr}{ xI
=*{tg
E ++ +rJe] +4e-e. dq6}= 4ol rl ++. olag x;E -Ezl6l4,r}. E_- 4
"J EI"l 4EE +dg ol+6IE ++e] -^l-4lg e=+
=+fal"lzl"J
276 48 4E

=r{t+lil
OEIH-i
pbn
f(*^)f Ax: Ax[/(xr) + ... +
J,ttidx:5/(xi)
qzl,rl Ax: o - ol!., xi :l(*,-, + ri)=[r,-,,x,]9 +dol+.
h- a

( qq 6D , : sg *I +dHulg ol+611^J
f + dr9 34t#¤: +614
Ax:0.2 Eil +E ++q Edg r, r.z, 1.4, t.6, 1.8, 2.0olt=+ fde- t.t, 1.3, 1.5,
srl]el
l.l.l.l.l.l>
1 1r.211.41r.61r.81 2 x t.7, L9olq(r+ 11 +a). ++ +rJE qulE ax : (2 - t)15: lol-oE- +dH4ql
1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 "I4'1¤¤ eE+.
rg 11 +.E+?Jel EErt 683 ql
rzl
rll 6olt^l rlEE*rl. J, ; dx - ax [/(1.1) + /(1.3) + /(1.s) + f(r.1) + /(1.e)]

v
I
tlr
:-t-l--i--:--i--l
r l I 1\
5\ 1.1 1.3 1.5 t.7 1.9 /
: 0.691908

I r t<xs 2q-l x{l 4dl f@) : zl$g H"lE +Q'|]q, +dHzlql qq

tlx > solEE
tB r
I

12ql -H-ql 4^I4¤Ee-l H"l9 EI"l4.

I

I I
tse
I
I
I

I =}trtg
0 2 -T

f.al 12
Hott 4$,*{ olzl e=zltl 7.7¤ql^l +4Hflg ^l-+"11
ql4l 6e] *4I#"1
szl¤ +46t- "JH+ EIg aol4. :"ll 44EE 414}6i71 +l
^l ^JA =*{tg
+ += %}Hs te.lg 4,o14.
qlzil 3sl 4Eql +dH4g 4e"6rE:H 13rl ag rHg e=+.+4t#
Mqo: -6.7563* :-H 791 EoJ s-E+ gdg olso * -+t# ft+o : -6.3998-H-+
+4k -6.7sql rj 7l+q.

5 y:.t' - 6,

0 3x

reJ 1J M+o: -6.7563

I ¤4EgI ¤E
448 |Itt*tdx3 4e1g rll a < bE oJ^l4e-E ,l-{i}+ :zel+ a> b"J 4
+qlE;l"J EIE +6JeE^lel aE= e-]"lzl gl4. a4 b= ^l.e HI+E ax}
(b - a)lnollrJ (a - b)lnE HltltrI. r4F + 4*ol dBdJtrl.
 4.2 E4E 277

[itt.t dx: -l]rut o.

a: bolfl Ar:0olIrE 4*ol ^dH+r|.

I" rt.l dx : o

"lzll zlt* %rflse 4+g 4l4}6t= rll E+g +- zi+el H zlzl zlg{ol
Cdg aTll++./4 sE ¤+EL++r zl$;|z|.

EIE9I¤E
,.
I:rdx: c(b - a), cE ge.lE ++
z. :
I' t/(r) + s(*)l dx ll ra dx * I'" ot.l a.

t [' ,f(*) dx : , t' f ti d.x, cE "Je.le] t]+

t. I'tl(,) - g(*)l dx : rt.l dx - ,A o.
Il Il

i.r4 rg tI+.J+ f@) -,9 4# +rJE ,JolE Egg g"l*4.

^J+e+ v
c > Ooltr a < boJ 4l
'(D - a)}. rH 14oll 9l= El+4 zl^l-4$e-l HololzJ ull y:C
Eq ol= ql{r-B + gt- r]¤o14.
L

Cd 2= EIE zl$ol 4EE R"Jg 9"la}4. .JE 6J+Eql 4"]| f + s olqsl 'dol :c(# -a)
-Jol*/ orq.el Hol4goI49 -J"r9 Elor4.:.fl l5E oJ ,r.|{}ol
"lBzll er"l 0 a bx
qbzl olaflrft.ql E¤¤ ++. + *+EE r4EE qBril rJoJ 4oJ7I- rH
lsql^J ql+q= +{d+Efl +ol$ rJrlltll^J q6IH g+
-ral
JE fi I:cdx: c(b - a)

gHl4sE
^J¤ e= 44 Eel'Jel ++¤. +'Je] Bol4* ^F¤E+q Eq
v
d4.

f+s
Ilrto + s(,)l dx:Jgg I
t- I
\ytu) + s(x;)lAx

lim ru,, Ax r 5 ,1,,1 o.]

n+m
[>
: n-*lim i f(r,) Ax * ri- i sk) L,x 0 a bx
i:l u
-* i:l

dx -t
fal 15
Ilrt.l [', ot-l a.
+ s@))dx:
frrr.l
Hl*+ %rflge r.d¤ 39 +HE + 9l+. q++ql 4r-+E ++ 4el 489: ['"ru*- + luoh)dx
et+E 4+"il ++= #E.J Ar+ e+g g"loJ4. +^l g6IE t}+{_aExl ++
278 48 4E

dE 3g 4uJq-e-eE E|.=J-*r1I, gr+011

"J)- 4E zls *eE +g+ 9l+. f - s:f + (-s)E-EE6lr dd z4c-
S# cE EdlE o;'i cCIl "1"-H I .r.afls
+4e_e trHEolrl. -loJ A+E CA 2e+ 39 ol+6tl^l C4 4- +Hg + 9t+.
= 4lAl-489=7lLl=71 =+ =
tsol= cuflEJE EelZ+E
^l
olE ziola+
LFI
cE E-d
'Jololl E
=4= lo4lrll 71; 4+q C¤g ol.ga1.rl
J, f+
* 3x2)dxE 41416I+
=L[.

Eil e+E ^J42el3g ol+Eitr ++g e=+

l,' t+
* 3x2) dx : t' od.x * Iir,, dx : Iioo.*, IJ x2 dx

4+q ¤d lE+q +¤¤ ?l+.

Lioo.:4(l - o) :4
4.1eql il= qlxl 2ql^l +eH+

t]*'a*
:!
tr++^l +*¤ B=+.

[] ro
* 3xz) dx: I'o dx i t t' *' a*
:4+3.+:5 I

++ Cde "l*oJ ++ql^] e+ EI+E 4Bg eB6lb 'JBg Bq +r

el+.

* I!r<.t dx : I!t.l
v
5 dx o-
ffrt.l
r':/(x)

"JHI4-e ol= +H6l7li. flxl t*xlt| /(x) > Ool-a a 1 c < boJ a+ql d
_"

¤ s. t H 164 rJol 7161-qL4.J El]4_o_e. BI-B + glrl. 4, a"llrJ cfixl y--f(x)

0 u {' bx 9 oL49 Hol4.oJlrl bllxl y:.f(r)9 ol-4el HolE *9 aollrJ bnltl y: f (x)
f.EJ 16
ot4E -Jol$ +Ll.

Eil {d sql
"}4 ++ol cH6J+
ffrtrl dx * f-"rtrl dx : [i' rt*l o*
:a4 o-e- E=+.

f-"rtrl dx: fi'rtrl dx - jr'rtrl dx: t7 - rz: 5 I

c4 r*5- a 1b, a: b, a> boJ qL a+qlE +oltrl. ++E aTle+ 4Bq

 4.2 tr48 279

aTlE ullrft-q+ dgz a < boJ 4+ql"J dB++.

4EgI HlaSE
6. a<x<Dgl 46]] ,f(x)>0olfl dx > ootq.
Ilra
7. a<x < Dgl 4a11 /(x) > s(r)olU >
J"rtrl dx Ilrt.tdxol4.
8. a< x<b4l4all ,m5"f(x)<MolH

m(b - "l s Ilt@) dx < M(b - a)

ol+.

/(;r) > /E r4E olqlel HolE +4u+. rqF_tr 4¤ o

0olE Iltt*l dxY v

4 tl6}q}4 9ol* Holzl.J++- 4.o14.(+Hg E= "#=ol "Jfolue 4 M

EE+EI zld +eq.) dA 79 ++E 4Bol H z4E *"1+. "l ddg v: f(x)
=
f - s > 00171 qlEql dd 04 4E+EI eqd+. m
f(x)>- Oql 4+ ^dd sg :zH 17-tr ¤Hg + 91trI./rl- E+E+"]E ++ lo, bl
bx
ql^-l /el 4+{ig m, flH{t¤. Metr q'J + gl+. ol 4+ql c4 sg /el r4 0 u

s ot4el Hol-k"l moJ 4^l4Eq HolB+:rrr, +.ol pr"J 4r}4¤g H"l AEJ fi
-u-+ zl¤¤ 9"lel4.

dtr Aq 5g m ! f(x) < 114olF+ ^de 7ql q+ r+g."l ^dBqLr+.

l'*r. = I: f(x)dx a I'Mdx
^d¤ 1¤.
ol.$aN.<l +l
^le-l
41-H4 +Hq 4Eg 4l4I6rH +¤¤ e=+
*(b-a)<llrcdx<M(b-a)

^JA 89 +d-6l.rll +dB4g ^l-8-6rzl

*:r 4Be-l 'I+4"J +*{}g +4ts
trll f+61-rll 4.J+.

(qIil el) d¤ 89 ot+6H^J f Ji a*4 #g +¤61-+.

Efll /(r) : Ji++7lEr-+olo+ [1,4]ql^J El+<]g m-f(t):1,

v
4Htk,¤- rur: y:2 v:Ji
f@): J4:2o1tr+. :a4o+ d4 sql "l+ +gg eE4.
2

r(4-l)<J',Ea*<z(4-L) r
y:1
+, q+4 rJ"l ¤ + 31+.
0 I 4x
,=1,- r/ia*<e r ral 1g
 280 48 4=

s9 ¤4= rH lsqlrJ ¤Bgr ilq. x: rollrJ x -4t4x1y:.6-el ol

glzll
rllsl H"l= zlg zl^t+Be] HolE+ aa, 4^V+eel HolE+ zl+.
=

4.2 E+EIII

1. f(x): x - t, -6 ( x ( 4ql ql6J r-l"J *¤" s4lq ++ + middlebo* HBqE ol+++.) E*Exll 7el Bg +?I
+4 sE+ ¤.dg sEdss q4^J 414I6t4. 4"J B op. :r1lug ¤E6I+. r Et+- n : 104 n : 20"J {lE
ol +Eg 444bxl rHg fel^l ¤H6l.4. HI+4^l E+.
2. f(x): - 4, 0 < x<3.J E]l 4"J B9 r: 6J+ +dg
x2 9. 4l+I7l+ a+qE ol$all.! n:5, 10, 50, 100oJ a+ql
Egdotr q6H^J 4l+IdI4. 4t} aJ"l +Eg +4'll= 4E sE+ 4"J 6J fi,s{ {lg
JJ sin x dxoJl
ql6J +4.11
rHg:lBl^J ¤H6t+.
7l? EE "JE+. ol #s=9 qL <iql d*alEzl-?
=
s. oJf /E :14srt ++4 zJ4. 5zll9 ++ +rJss ++ 10-11 +$ +6Jg +q{l +rJql^le-l 448!-E +4rll4"
r" -trtdgE (a) s-Eq 94, (b) g+ Ed, (c) 6EE
q6H^J ji'/(*)dxg rt¤ +d6I+.
10. tim
nr*
ii:l j*Lo*,
L .f Xi
[0,
"r]
t1

.v 11. lim
n-*
)i:l [s(-rl)3 - 4xI]Af, 12,71

.u 12. r+¤. 44Eol Ag Ag tro]r. = {oJ-a 4141

0 t\ "lu[R,4
I 6l-4.
-+-+
I 1= ,.".L

IJt,- xz)dx, R*:l.i [+ #)

4. f;z1r;'a /9 alol oITl]
"l se+ ,J4. E:= ol+6H^l
rfial ot4+44t4 +l+4atg +si+. 13. q+ 4+g -sE+ Ed¤. ol+6J 4"J aJ9 +*sE E
Jil ffrl dxoll
¤6|+.+aJg 4ltr}zl *=+.
x t0 l4 l8 22 26 30 t3
4+ xz dx
/(x) -t2 -6 _L1 I J I J,

5. n:4oJ trll, +d$4g ol+6}q +S 4E #g +drt+. 14-17 44 Eql +qd 4Eq eelql q+ q-s zl+g +
614.
Il,.'* rn. ff 3xdx ,t. (5,r + z) dx
IJ
6-7 +ol4l noE +dH4g ol$all.rl 4Be.l +6}
+ 7x) dx ,r. IJ (*' -
ot4 =*{tg ,t. (3x2 3x2) dx
4. Hl¤.Hdll^l a+4 9lalzl.Anlzl +6I+. J:
rBf3x
a.
J;
sinJx dx, n: 4 7. ),
*\ gd*, n: 5
18./el r4EzI ot4e+ +tr\.4?:E ziB+ Hol-E 611^J611^J
r #g 4I4IBI+.
T 8. E+*41 7ql ql6ll A+El 4+xll4lE ol$;ll.tJ +E +rJ
:1ql q+61-= 4:'t4E + B r4s= 61 ffyg) ax ft) Ilrt-t o-
el +Eg +6tr "
:ael q. (Mapleoll rl E Ri ema nn s umo 4 m i ddl e s,r* "iI
s1 [l y1x1 a* (d)
f, t{*)
o*
 4.2 E4E 281

(-) (r) I)rt.l o. 2e. trl-+g I'"tt.ld*4 zJol alulg 4l+s-e. -tr¤6i4.
l; lre)ldx
v T*-.l f, fl*l dx * l,'rt,l dx - [_) tt.l o.
y:"f(-r)
2 ro. JJf(x) dx :37 ol-l. IJ s(r) d)c : 16.J trll tr]-$-$ +61+.

0 2 4 \6 8 -t fi tzrtrl + 3s(x)ldx
!
31. ++ /sl f4s7} ol-4e+ +g ql, +g {t-$. ,i+ z+g
!

!
#+El +{qlE +E6Ir ol+E ¤EBl+
1a) Jf d-r
y(x) G) j; f(x) dx 1c1 liye) dx
le. (a) {E-l Eql^l +"141 4+9 {EE f +*a*
^l-+6tol (d) Il f(x) dx (e) .f'(l)
-s +6I+.
G) ff 4xdx= HolE Ell46I^l (a)oilal ++ C4+el {t
ol "*+ +tlBI+. \

2
/ \
,0. Ir' G - Lx)dxo{f QJull / \

(a)n:8"J trll, e-E+ Edql 4+ E"J Bg ol8o}9 4

/ l1 I

U
\ 5 x

Eel ++t{tg +6t+. l_J

(b) :zH 34 A* fHg rq^J (a)ollrl ++ ='}t#¤.
dH6I+.
32. fI f4sel.r49-tr EEI/iI.J
^-ll
B9 A, B, C$ $olz|
(c) 4?-l E-= ole" of{ zl$ Atg +6}+. 44 :o14.
f_rltt*l * 2x + sl dre] {tg +6}4.
(d) (c)9 ztE {tg Hol9 i}olE ¤E6t+ a"d 4e+ + v
oJ :aj,rJ ¤E6I+.

21-23 trl+ 4E¤. H"le 6ll4Ell^i r {tg +6-}4 .r0

L_ 2x
f5
21.
J_,
(10 - 5x) dx

,r. r^llxl ax 33-34 4+g 4l4}6Lxl *r 4+q da¤. oJ$al].! 'l-+ +

Eil--1 o zrd*L=L .
o = o o"t"1
zs.
I:, $+ ,R) a*
33. io(*'-4xt4)dx>o
Jo

,o.
!:xdx: rygs +H6t+. 34. ?
= Il,
,F;p dx < 2.8

,r. !:xz dx:

+fls +H6I+. 35-37 4+e.l ^d¤ rg oJ$al].<J trl+ 4E#¤" +461-+.

*. l' *'ax
FI

26.
J,' Jt + xo dxel Etg +6I+. ,u. f; tan x dx

27. 4.t89 {lxll zoll.<J tlx'dx: +"Jg Bg,trt. ol ^}-94 4 ,r. ji, ,/r + *t a*
Eq CE¤- ol*dl^l jJ (5 - 6x,)d"rg zJl{!a}r}.
28. ol 258 ol+6ll^J q¤.g 4l+61-+. 38. zi+e.l tar+ E++41 24+ 2s= olgoNal q+ +Esl
^td+ ¤#Exll 24e+
ol cH+g Bq4.
!ip.' - 3x + t) dx
ffJ*^*tn*'-T
282 48 4E

3e. zi+ I? 6 d*, l?,M d*, I? {tr dx X qv dg alol $. Ii x-2 dxg AltI6I+.
tl{+ Zzl?: ol.,?* FH,tlzI? [-d= : x! E x,_rrt x, g 716]¤+(+ x! : J*r,*, y" a
zlEE 4e 39 +H6I4. q6E,6JE^l ol$oJ4.l
m{m+l) m m*t ¤
40.

[0, xE #4f 44. q+ zl+¤. Bq +EleE s.B?'t4. r q+. e+El Eli+

41. f(x): tr, .xE *4f
T

4l4lE ol$all.tl ql+ ++g E+ ++4.

/zI [0, 1]ql^l 4+7|b6l-zl ?+¤¤ Eq+.
olts
".in
f sx dx
42. ri*. ++g c4tsge +Etql4. Jo

,t i4

JgE; [-d-=: f(x):xa]

4.3 I trl4E+sl T|EEel

trl$4+E9 zlE="rr-l* uJ¤tlrll Eq+l B4ol4. $,}:"IE a7*2 "l4$qel

+ EoF, "l+E4 4+o+ ^l-olsl ¤+dg E{ #zl rllEol4. "1849 dc E
zilE+q rlzl*.2 HlEq 4EEe Ee +Eol s,= +41"J Hol Sxlltrs
q =6J
?ll"JE=lzlQqliel htrel 4+.J UNE(Isaac Barrow, 1630*1677)
^lzl$,+.
-il.+- ol F $xll ,r.folql "Jd+ +Al7l gl¤-g gdf,+ dzlle r.= EIEH4
4EBol ,rJtr q44"Jg ElH4. "I4EEE 7lt44b "1ts4 4E ^l-olql E
EB E+4lzl-?l*¤ Eq +a 9t+. hH$ {ol_ELJ=- olfl +41= E+6E,
a_4& ol-goll,! "l4EEg zll4l4e +qr4 HJHsE gd^l#.+. rE=g
=61
4.1¤4 4.24^lH 6J.el *dse. Hol9+ zlEg 41416lzl gfr, "l4Eqr-g 71ts4
4eiAl Holp} 4E+,ll+ fl41 4ltlg + 9I¤¤ "J9I+,

r sl4Etrlel TlEEel 1
trl4Eqq 7ltscElql^J a ++e +g=4 ,Je +BE 4sE 4qq= q++E
++r ?l+.
1 s(x) : E tt dt

.v

v = f(t)
4zlrJ fYla, blql^l fl4"14, xE a*b ^Iolql^-l E++ sE 489 ^J+ql H
# x.llE} q+6}r 9t+. xtl a$g ++r .rH, 4E I;/(t)dt+ Hq6J fzt I
Hol:g{ir) 4. *tl HoIE [Xf <l dtSlE- HEL4 s(x)E sBE]b x9 EfE CE++.
/7I "Jel EtfolE, s(*)* agl^l xtlxl /el fqE o}4el H"le "ll4B + 9l
0 u X bt q. qzJal xi btlzJ E++. (sE': ,t.l{zfzl Hol'E ++.fl= uJ+E ^8
"9lrl
ral I
JEI
4++.rH 1 +E)
 4.3 El4E+el 7lEtrel 283

(qfll I D /el :a4E7J- a-4 2e+ +t s(x): jJr(rdrg 41, g(0), s(1), s(2), g(3),
{Ig +6tr. q+4fl g9 :a4sE fq+.
2
s(4), s(5)9 )
/
EOI Exl s(0) : JSrr,) dr : OoJql +E6l-zt. :.H 39 trH g(1)* +4eE Hol"l4. /

s(1) : fiftrl d,: L(l . 2) : r

0 I 1_

I
\i I
t

-+
s(z)A Atg +6lzl gla| s(1)9 #.il {^I4¤E HolE qf,4.
=42
s(z): !,1,1 a,: IltU) dt + [il,l dt: | + (l . z):3
2ql^l 3vl4 / o}4gl Holb qlq 1.3 o tr +48 + ?ItrI.
s(3) : s(2) + f,ftl dt:3 + 1.3 : 4.3

l
v ) --'--t
2 :_"1 2 2 2

+ +
\ f-
1 I I I I
l
\
0 Ir 0 1 z t 0 t23 0 I 2 4 t 0 t7 4
\
g(1): I g(2):3 g(3]t: 4.1
-T_-T

g(4) - z g(5): 1.7

-ral
JE
2
UI

r > 3olE /(r)71 ¤-*olIrg H olE mllo} +r+. v

s(4) : g(3) + Iil,l dt: 4.3 + (-1.3) : 3.0

4
U

s(5) : s(4) + Ill,l dt - 3+ (-1.3) : t.T 2

ol {ti$ ol$-allal fH 4e+ ,Jol s9 r4s$ rB + glu].. r < 39 ull /(0. .J+
olF-tr r< 3oll^l HolE 4l+ q6lr, 44rl Et# gE *:3TlzJ 3lH#ql
0 I 2 3 4 5x
fzla11.t.1
ol=trI. "r > 3olfl /(/)= ¤+ol7l ql$ql Elf sE ,JaEI+ r ,r.eJ4 sG):1,rc0,

f (t) - rolr a : 0_o _E_ q6LE, 4.244 E*Ezll 24=- ols-oll,<J ++¤. E-+.

s(x) : !, tat: +
s'(x) : x, ! :/gq
+E.Jr+ +^l "J6IE r= ^-l trql q-4 /E 4$ge
s'
aE6IH 4qE ol 4+.lly szl /g gsEr+"Jol EH6l4. :z4a ddg zlg
7lE +Callxl :fl 44 rJol E+ sg E++E r{s$ fEJH, rH 2ql^J /E
r4Ee+ ,Jg r4sE g-+. trl-El^] qlxll lql^JE s' :/gg #ts + gl+.
284 4E EE

oldol "J+4sE d'.J ol ffE gofezl flall f(x)>_ 0"J "JEE g+*+ /E
v
^J4l6lzl-.
fqg sk): IIr@dty t4 lql^Je+ +ol aql^J xnltl "fE r=ll= ot
h
4el Holg aN{g + 9l+.
EEI+fl {elE+El g'(x)b 4*4 Eol 4l+I+ti. Hzj ft > OoJ 4l s(, + h)

t
- s(*)- Holel ;fE Eg+ ?lo=-Exollrl x+ hnlTl /9 rfls ot49 -Jol
0 a
x
b
(rH sql^J ++^q -?Elol4.h7l4"l-zlH ol -Jolb +olzI/(x)olr qulz| ft
Lal 5 t 4^Ir+BE -Jole.l 49 ,JoI4¤:HsE+El .J + gltrI.
s(x+h)-s(*)-hf(*)
trl+^J rl+4 e+
s(x+h)-s(*) - f(x)
h

r4=-+ 4+zl "E ++g qtlg + 3l+.

aJ# /zl- *J+r- .JE #9 z*xl ?+olE ol= +o14. ol4ol ffi$ ,J* a Hxil "l
zl+trle] 7lE¤4o14.

0l Eelsl Be= ?.FJ6l4l F"ICIE x.7l

--Jtf. -.JEltlE tr4Esl 8-d0ll zJ-el EEt ql^J E+o11, (a, &)oll^-1 ul$zlS.a|4, g'(*):"f(r)"14.
+= #:.Jo{l^l trl4E-sr+9 'Jrl 'J-
elnl-.JLl. s(*): I)ttla,, a<x<b

,el* + h7l (a, b)oll glgfl +s=4 ?Jt:+.

=B
s(x+h)-s(x): f.'x,t d, - I)tu) dt
(J: ,,, at + !i.^ r(i dt) -I:f(t) dt (4+et Cd sr

f x*h

-v
J, f{t) dt
y:f(x)
"l+^l h + ooJ ull +s-4 ?Jt;+.

2
M
nl

f* l*, x + trloll.,rJ fl+olEE +6} 44ql qul f(u): *

olxll ft > 0ol+ 7}46lzt.

4 f@) - Mg "J+61+ 4 "* u7l lx,.r+ hloll q7l^'1 m4 M* lx, x+ h)

0 x u u:x*h x ={l'J+
ql^J /E 4l+{I4 4qatolfirB 6 +a)
:aJ G
 4.3 trt4E-+st 7lEE4 285

zl$el ¤e 8q q+ q+ol Cfl++.

mh < t@ dt < Mh
Ii.^

f(")h . f(t) dt < f(a)h

+ t'*o

7, 2 soJF + Sl9 *=" al+ hE rl-B + gl+.

f(u) s i l:.'^ ,rt) dt < f(u)

9l BE"^19 zl¤rll +.$q 4l tr= ql"Jtll^l +^l Hflil+q.

3 r(u)<ry<rtu)
ft < 0q1 4+"ilE Hl++ " + +E4 Eg +Htr + gltrH¤+lEzt] 38 d-a).
H-E
olxll tu -- 0ol+ 6l-z}. rfl{ uel utl *4 * + n rlolql +q 9I.o EE u + xol
a_ a---+ rol4. /71xql^-l E+oJF e q+4 ,Jtr}.

li*^/(r):
n---+v
lim
u--+x f(u):f(x), lim^/(a): !+x
h+u
lim f(o):f(*)
E4.J+ 44q I'I?+ +g-r+ Ae ¤Eg e-+.

x - a E-
b+E E= ++ ++sE 6l4ts + gl+. rqE 2,248
^l 4il.1 E
(++ +,*ql ql+ +49 C?-l)q 44 s5 [a, &]oll.<1 E4ol4. r
E++ql 4oJ 4olsqaE zles /71- fl+g a+"il "14E49 zl
^]-B-EI]^J
Ed?-l l(Frcl)g +g=4 ziol Ezlg. + gl+.

d rx
5 , I f@dt:f(x)
tlX Ja

E= Hz]
,J+61 ts:ol$
^l
/= 4E+ +*ql r Er]¤ "]E6IH E4fl 'J+
/71-g+- ^I¤g 9rlaJ4.
( o1dl 2 1; Ef+ sG) : L ,m drel rg.ag. +61-+

Efl f(r) : @+ fl4"1o + trl4Bqe.l 7lEB4 tql 4+ q^"- E=+.

g'(*): "R
(qfl 3l) g(x) : I|f(,)ar 849 4le EL+el 4qE^J= ^Ja"ll EolzlEI E4+,
286 48 4E

s+E, E4ltrl-tsolollr-l t*ol 4+lzlE Er*ol+. qlE EE trl+E Eill$g+(Fresnel

function)!. "*$ E.F9 E+B49E +HdJ s?dl-4el E44xl- E4l'J(Augustin
Fresnel, 1788*1827)E olEg trI^J HH¤ 4.14.

S(x) : sin(rrtz/Z) at
v
I
t'
f ol $f5 ++E ElBql +tr Eql,g olEql^] zl+qE E+*9-+, 4*ql= -r-+E
Eq ¤41"ilE ++gtr]..
0
71ts4q 1e -EqlBEi+E trl+61+ %IHg trq +a :I+.
S'(x) : sin(rrxz/Z)

al-JT fG): sin,zx?/Z) ol4+ sE 6114617l +16}] trlEE EE EJES 4eo 6J + ?I# 9"lElrttEggxll 3s
s(x): !- sin(rrt'/z)at i}.a\
El +r/.

:.8 zoll,<l* /(x) : gqlB+# s(r) : JJ /(r)dr9 z4sE trq +

sin(rrx2/2)r+
v
a gl+. 4+qE 19 '** ,t.il q+ 4+dtg 4lc6ll^l sel r4sE rfl4. dxlle
s(x)E Oql^J xv - t.4vl4 s(x)* Hol9 il-E E^lg4lzlxl /el r4E ol49 H"l
0.5

4H -Hql+. :zH 8+ q He H+lql^J ssl rqlsE Hq +r 9l+.

:.H Toll ?lE sg] r4EE+q ++9 rsL*zt q¤41 B 4qlxl
^l4r-6ll^J "l
S,(x) : f(n)tl $BE]] tr"J+. tq$ EH /(x) > 0"J 4+ s= +71-6}.r,
^Jr+61-H
rJ4*4.1 :4-=e ol i,l4E+E 71944 19 zlrl4-o
"f(;r) 0g 4+ s=
ral I uall'J--J* <
^l.g+
s(x) : t' sin(rrtz/z) at E qoJ6ll I
=+.
llqd ,D *J-'r.. tdtE4l4}61-+.
EOI "l4+q}el 7lt¤4 l4 tr4lBzl¤. Et41 oleoallo| ++. u: f ol il+t6rE
+gg ts=+.
d txa d fu
I sectdt
Jt I sectdt
dx dx Jr

: d [ l.' ,.. t dt1 lL (E4rgar.1 E6I)

du lJr ) d*
du
: SEC (Frclql 96ll)
dx
: sec(xa) ' 4x3

I nl4EEfsl TEEal 2

4.2¤ql^J 4+ 4l&g q+
Be] Stcs.r.Jel 4Eq 'I+ 4l+llH'I. olfl 44ol
ulls xl+d}r E- Ag ggi4. zlts4El lE+El flrll Eqxlts
"l4Bqr9 zlt
4r-l 2= 4E 4l+lg 9l+,1]+ rJ++ %r-Hg Hq +r+.
 4.3 El4E-+s.l TlEEel 287

rffiE={$ 7lfflal2 fzllo, &lql^J ¤+olfl ffiol ^dB++.

ol f;a;o; Ee= ilajalat Frc2_+ r7l
Ilrt.ldx: F(b) - F(a) olrI
r-i -l '

{zlrJ Fi./E "JelE EEE}+, + F':"folQ.

fl(x) : Ilrodre geE zlB44 1E+El s'(x):/(*)ol+. + gE /g

=EqE++oltrl. Ftl la, blql^l gqE
-*
/E += EE++olE, :.zgq 4EA4
EE+EI F4 sE ^J+El+ zl-ol7} gl+g g + ?lr}. fi, a ( x ( aoll qlal qg.
ol dBtr+.
6 F(r):s(x)+C
:ael+ F* stl [a, b]ofl.q g4.oJF_E 4l EE .JH"il ?eH, --+ a*4 x --+ b-)$
,t6IH x: a4 x: boJ trll"llE CB+g.J + 9l+.tr14^J xefa,Dlql ql6}q
F(x):g(x)+Col+.
s(x)oll 4.J x:aA ql"JstE tI¤+ E=trt.
^lql
s(a) : I"ftl dt : o

f-elE-tr x: b\ x: aH "ll 4 trlg ole"al.fl tr|# g=q.

F(b)-F(a):ls@) +cl -ls@) +cl
: s(b) - s(a): s(b): tu ft) o, r
Tledq 2=/E + qEEr-+ r'E "JE I',ff.ldx? +7J la, blE F
rggeal gl+g =.dql^J
E {tg +trfl 414}6J + 9"joJ4. a1x bql 4al1 /(x)E E
<
#g EEL6I+ +++ 4csE 4qg I',"rr.l dxtl Exl F E o4 eollrl r(x)
=
E #g +61-E 41+E+- ^Idg,l]+ E++ "Jol+.
71844= gfl ETlql- Er++] -Bolxl"J ol$ E4 +qE 6}]46IH rEF6|]
Eql+. u(t)tl Ei-lle-l $-EoJl s(r)zl .r,JzJ rollrlel +lilolH, ,u): s'(r)oll n|
4rJ ,* us) $sa3a"lq. 4.1¤q]^J Ezll= flxll4 oJE oJtJsE +{oJrE zJ
+6|r +E+d olqlE Hol3 +{.J 4Ele1- oJiltJqr. 7q*r1. fal_"e s.
d6l-H ++4 ?JLl
tb
u(t) dt : s(&) - s(a)
)-
ol a* E+ql^l olag 4q6l Frcz7l "J6l-. HloltrI.
(ql4 s|) 44+f, #dxg4l+61+.

E9l *+/(x):.r'* [-2, l]ql^l E+"1q, 3.e¤ql^J /el 9ra5;- F(x) : ]ro9
288 48 4E

g "J?t+. tr14^l TIECE] zql q+ q+g E.rl.

!'_r*'dx: P(t) - F(-z): l(t)o - I?z)^: -f

Frc2= /E gqE EE.J+ FE + 3iS9 9"lE4E ^L¤ql ++rtzl-. 4
^l^+E
+^J zil'- ,J++ ¤El]E EEEI+, + h*o + T E= h*o + C ql4iq F(x) : I*o*
^l-&B
+ 3l+. r
gTtoJH *sE ++4 ?J+ TlsE zl+
^l-SB dolri.
rt,l]l :F@)-F(a)
q-r+^] Frc2ql il- +4C ri+r+,Jol szlts + ?t+.
:
!' tt-l dx F( i)u.
{zlrl F' : /oltrt. E-!-4 oE ^l-sEl- r1E zlEts r(x) ll4 [r(r)]l ol+.

(qlfl 6D o {x{ tq^J sEd y: f o}4el H"lE +6}E}

Efll /trl: x29 9rg'a3 F(r) : fx,ol4. 7lBc4 2= ol+Ell^l +6IBl= Hol
TlEEal= 4E-g n]| /sl El + EE-E} AE 4l4l6l-H trlg=r+ ?JL+.
+ r= ol8-strlE Afl +el6l-rl. 7EI "J
HJ4oJ qE-Er+E 0l$6lrl oJolE Erl.
:
A
['*'dx:+],:+- +:+
4l&g 4.1Eql fl=
qlxll 6E qlzll 2E 414}4 Hlj/6l] _HE, 7lE¤;-lE 4l4I6J
4ol 'Bd ++q+g E + ?l+

I ( qfl 7D *: Ooll^J x: bnlzl a^I"J*+E +t "I4E HolE +6|+.

y: cos "r {zlal 0<b<rl?ol4.
Hol: I
Efl f(*): cosr9 9seL+E F(r): sinrolEE 4*"1 CB6J4.
0 Tf .{
2
o:,[" cos ir dx : sin x :sinb-sin0:sinb

-rel O +61 e - rrlLL q6l$, 0ql^l nftfiil z^I"JEL+fl +d ol4el Hol= sin(rrl1)
: l"J¤ E'-tr + tl'it:_H e +=). r

=="I4fl fqrx| gEllEg(Gilles de Roberval)ol l635LJ i'lgg--+. ^|'JEL+9+

e.rfqlg-ael +d ol-4E Hol= 4lt}lH,g oll, ol E4l= "I+ crel zl+g ,q
+61-. ufl$ Ed4"J ExllHtrl 71E449 ol4g BA6Ixl *1Hr+8, .Hrl]+ +r-
46J+4(E= 4.1¤ql glb E#Ez] l7ql^Je+ ,Jol a+q 4+ill4l)g 0l+6ll
 4.3 E|4E+E TlEEal 289

qE4 flg Aolq. l63sLJql= ++g 4l+6I-

^l EIel +*¤- 4l4IE]]o|"J HJH
ol Bdqzl g*?lzl trllEq EHllsgqlrll. 'gd trl qEj*{tri. rqL} rooorJ4e}
r0zo'J4q1 ulezl-"l4Eer-g zlE*dqE Ed6lr +iH4 +olslzzl
"lE zI]
E^l7lE^J olfl E4l=g qlxil 7ql^-l EFol oll* flzI E4ril EIH+.

lql4 8D ++ 4l+ql^J +Hol *EEfr.EzI?

-l'
@
13L-' I 4
J-t x' -l l_, 3 3

Eil +^il solql g-^1, "l 4l41g.EE **gHg-"l +rr_61zl. eI+"IH ,f(x):
=
o
i
ol7,4Bq ¤e 6ql
'r++ />09 ljrt*l dx> ofl"llsH6rrRol *g E}ol
ql
zl rllEol4, ol4+q9 zlEC4. S+,J+q 4s"94. f(x): rlf+ ++ [_1, 3]
ql^J E+ol ol-rJ =e 7le¤48 4+g + S+. dxlle
,fb,r: 0gl^J +,* gfl+ol
+. 44^J f,+ dxy+,xg6l-xl *=trI. r
I EIEIOHA1 EIE4 4=
F zlEdT.l= +41 ^l+6IH^l ol Eg "l-zl4lrl.

El{EElel 71E8il f7l +?J [a, e]olJ.<J ts+ol+ 6]z[

1. s(*) : llf\arolH e'(*) :/(r)oj4.
z. l',tt*ldx: F(b) - F(a), Ezlrl r=/el "JEel EE++, + F,:,fol4.

7lB4q 19 q-q=+ zJol 4rl + + gl+.

: r(x)
*L !:ru)dt
ol= ¤+EL+ /E 4B+ rl-*-r e+= E]+6IE +^l fl4E .J+ /7I 94=
4g 9"1++. TltC 4 z+ +-,sr+ zJol sEE + gI+

I) 16 dt : F(x) - F(a)

ol 4e r= Hzj "lEqI ++ r e4¤ 4E6l-H *# F(a)E

6J+ fl
^lle.l6}E
4e1 :Et+ F7l- E4- ^l-¤g 9"1il4. * zlzl B=]]el "l4$sl9 zlg¤4= trr
4l zlt¤Ble-l + ++* ElE4 4$ol E44el 4o14.
^l+6lfl
"l4Eq}e.l 71e44-
qdB
++l s.ol "l4Eolqrl z}g +s-+ c4ol4,
dxllE aA+.JrJel +14+ E4 + alulol4. ol c4zl tsdgzl drl 9l*+a
4s+ ol-e7l"llql5E qle"lg ,<lQlzfxl| Hol, +rl, +d
^l4E+El 'Jgqlse+
290 48 4E

el ,Jol. +o1= Exll.g Ll++ qEl+l^J dxllEqlol rdB + !lH+. r+1,+

zl+g +Hr]. {olsrJaTt +'J+ 7lE44E ill4l4 o + g Hll+E olfl rd4
tr-rll g aol+.
^Idg *sE
gltrl=
"J Exlls h+L| flril dlaB +

4.3 I e+eEt

1. "u1ts4 4eg q44o1trI."4= Exllzt +H¤. 9olaiE s. s(x): I;,FI d, 6. g(*):

ffsin(l + t3)dt

zl 4+1141 ¤HEI+.
t. r(fi : to I * sect dt
2. /E rell=zl- trl+r+ ztt s(x): JJr(r) atol4.
(a) s(0), s(1), s(2), s(3), g(6)9 #g +6l.4. l*sectdt:- I* sect dt
F'=' J: J.;
(b) szl +716I= +rJg +'l-+. : f 1x+2 t

(c) stl 4Hat¤- ,*= *g qq oJTI?

s. h(x)
[;'. sinatdt 9'Y:J, t+,tdt
(d) g9
'll+4"J :4gE rEJ+. ro.v:lfotangdo
v

/ t\
ffi 11-12
a
trlE4EqL9 zlts4E.l 2E ols-"o|{ trt+ zlEg +6t
a_ trq¤ Hol4 Holg ilolE ¤HBl+. rHg rEl ¤

E6i+.
1

0 I 5 t
/ ,r. Ji,
x3 dx n. f;,(2 sin x) dx

tll

3..fe-l :14=zt trls-4 #*l#.4.sE 04x ^lolql^J /

zJol 13-23 +-g 4Eg 41416I+

g "l4e EdlAl-.J qEE

l; (1,'- 1,' +',)
dol4 6lz}. ,r. l,' G' + zx - 4) d.x ''*. at
(a) zlafg ol+6iq s(x)9 +6t+.
^lg ,r. ,u. Qz + t3/z) dt
(b) sE/el qEJ+gg +8614. :r4l olaoE 6J+ f ,E a* lJ
/ql q+ "lgzl$erg zlEdq lg +"J61-+. ,r. o do tt. tu + 2)(u - 3) du
!),,cos JJ
v
(!):3 fa2lxz
f
te.J, fi o* 20'J,
^rsa+l
u ds

,r. ff'' sec o tan o do ,r. lJ

(t + r)i dr
0 yt
: SIN -tr, 0<x<n/2
B. !'fila*, /(*) r/2Ax1n
: { cos ir,
a. s(*) [i,'drE -r¤9b HolE r44. -r. tr]¤- + 7l
zl HIH_oE s,(x)E +614. gq¤. ]4a HolE 4l+l
24-25 +"141 *coe EEl.Riq_l
(a) ul4B+q 7lE471 1¤- ol$all,t'l s'(x)E +6t4.
6t4.
(b) trl4Eo+E 7lE4 4 2Z "l+6ll^J 4+g 4l++ trl
g ul$aN,<J s'(x)E
24.y:rE, y:0, x:4
+61+.
ul4E49 21ts44 19 ol+6l]iJ +g ++E Eql+ 25.y:4-1c2, Y:0
s-ro
-= +El+.
 4.3 EltrE+sl 7lEtral 291

ffiza-zt r=l]EE olga|l,tJ trI+ +qd +d o14ql +.J Sq y

9 HolE qlql4sE +Cdl-+. r qi- ¤EBJ HolE +61-+. -1

2
26. y: i/i, 0 <x<27 27. y:sin;, 0 ( x1r f
1

rl+
0 4 gr
ffizs-zg 44}ql^] +fr,o] +*Elfl}-z}? -1
-2
,r. f, x-a dx: +l_,: -+
,r.
37. r14-49 +zJ [0, l]q^l 4gg ++.il 'il+ 4E],E-e_E
Il,rsec
0 tan 0 d0: ,*. ef'o,r: -3 ,U46ll^J +.Jg 41416l+.

30-31 +g EI+g E6J+E +6I+ rim

,-* i (4.+)/
!] \ n) n,
30. s(x) :
u2-l
r; u'*l
^du tB. h < ooJ 4+ql
^l
Eol CBEI9 Eq+.
-de
r: f(u) du: l; f tu) du + f. ftu) au 39. (a) x>ool$r < ffi < 1+xroJgEq+.
(b) 1 < Jl F .' dx < 1.25 oJg trq{.
31. /r(x) :
k cos(tz) dt
40. ul4EEI+E ,J+qL ++el ultfl,rl ffioJ CBqlg E
q+.
32. r(x) : att alzl. xgxzl *d y :
I: ry z.oJ ¤olla-l x2
o=J;', -,----------;--- dx < O.l
r(x)9 EdE +6I+" x"*x'11
^lg
'}JdI ++g "J+6I= 'EI+ /e+ f aE 7-
41. -E-E x > Oql
33.*dy: tr#drE olH ++q^'l oiellE eE
614
"JzI?
u* !:4a,:zJ;
34. /(l) : 12, /'¤- E+, Ilf'(*)dx: lzoJ trll /(4)E #g
+61-+. xll4q^t7t 4+6J 7l4l+ile] f s t+ol (E+4?l)
42. 6J
3s. rill"gg+ s= qlxll 3ql^J 4Eflsq r4sb rH 7r+ Hl¤-/ :"f(r)E rJzl,il.4gq. {zlrJ rE ol *E¤
"}zl
8ql +4H+ EsE a^|* ^ld oE+El +49 g ++lE ^l4g +
(a) x9 qE #ql^J ol st+b +H#g z*Ytl? 4,fl+. 71Al7le^l¤ Bg 4oI4 r4Hl+ A7I g-^J6I
ft) qH +rJq^l ol aJfS gl-E s-*oJzP 7l q+ql, q^l-E C"JA^l-= Bg al4el r(g ++l
^ld
T (c) r4== ol¤!6]l^J trl.g %r-¤4l¤. 4+d oI4 Eell zl- E)= E46t7lE fl++.
4144 4+61-rtl E+. fu) Jl/(s) dsz| ulzlnJc -tr. fl.r.1u; "l+E t,tltJ E"J zl4l
9 ztrl +dg Lt$'ll.i ol+E ¤H6i4.
I sin(z'rl 2) dt : 0.2 (b) c : c(t)71 trl++ zJol fqacll a121.

36. s(x) : Il f U) dtola Et+ /E rHuzl otE1el Aq. c(t) :+ * J rr,i r,]
(a),r9 qB dlql^J s* *H{t4 ++#g z*Etl? [^
(b) x9 qtr #ql^J gi al{At$ z*Ytl? c= +fr.* 9ola}4, ql 3tl^l-= cel {tg .a{aEF}zl
(c) olH +rJql^l s= ot4E _e_Eflzp E flrlbzt?
g9 :74s8 fE4. (c) C(7) :"F(r)=
"J+6F= r: Igl^l CrI fl*Atg ,*E
(d)

+b ^ldg gr'e+.
292 48 4E

q-9. +zll= 6419 olul *j-e! qL^JE"J E4. ftl,tE 4

44. I
--'J,P
43-4s trl-+ zlBg 4l+614. i4dx
-
45. i' eu*t du
or.f [0. J-r

4.4 I +E4E3l+EElEIal

4.3dql^l ++E qE6J+E +6J + ?lsE, "l4Bq}e.l Tltdr-l 2- r

EI+E
ol
44Eg 4l4}6t7l +l+'11+ tsr-lt %r-Bg zlls"qL+= ^I¤g "J9I+. ¤ql^l
E qEoJ+ql 4+ ETlBg rzflap qE.J+.11 ql'J +4g q4.lr6t4, ol49
ol+611^1 4zlEg 4l&g 4.o14. gE6J ol 4r-lE zll+^d6ll^] ztfl4trI4 ="4 E

xlloll FTc}7l Hr+ d4l z1+g4l g 4o14.

r +E4E
+ 7lEc4- EEE'+el 448 fl+^dg "J6l-r ?Itr}. 71844 l+ /71-
^l-olel
fl+olE ffftd drY /9 9sE]+"Jg ui=o[-r. ?t']. TIECE 2* F(b) - r(a)E
41416ll^l !!"tt*ldx= +'J+ gl+g g6}1 gtq. ¤zla] rb/E gs+folrl.
p,to|4. zlEC4ql q.
'l-= + ?1. +EqL ETlBol
ol4l EEEI+. fl4

^lolE +41 "I+ql /s- JfQ)dxzl

EEEr-+e+ 4E dE4sE /E 6J qEEI-
+e^J ^l-+qq, olE +E4E(indefinite integral)o14 qI+. oli+^J ++4 ?JLI.

(*) d* : F(x)b F'(*) : "f(r)E 9 "laJ4.

Jf

qlE EE q+r+ rJol + + 9l'I

*(+. t) : x'ot'E ! *' a* : * *'

tr|+^J +4489 +d+ stffi_og S46J + gt+ (^J+ c4 ?++e-l aHl 46ll
6i+el 9s*fzl-4s"*+.)
d4lEr+ +¤4+g {+6}7il +E6ll"f e}'t ^J4E .tllrt.'t dx-y *olxl"J +
¤41ts.1'./(,r) rLr-. elflrE= 6J+=')olrI. olt rl"l9 +41.7ltscEl 2"ll E6l]
+q414. f7l +rJ [a, &]oll.tJ fl+olE 4*"1 cB6tr+

I' tt.l dx : ! rt*l o4',

7lg44el _E4E ++e-l qE6J+= .Jr il"loFHl gflg+ r4=e. 3.e¤
 4.4 +E4Enl.+Etrl.tral 293

ql fl= EEE}+ +4E= +4zJE zlsE ol$oH.! H zllg rtE +44 B4l +
EIEEI^I ElzlEEL+= E*s-eal q+ +^lg q
^I ^l+61-fltrt +EE EI+E
.J.J + il+. ql= EH rls=r} A+.

d
dx
(tanx + C): sec'rrol=E
J
sec'xdx:tanx]_ C

1 +EEIEE

J'rr*l dx:rtft*)a* J trt,l + s(r)l dx: Jrtrl dx * [nt,)o.

kdx: kx * C
f
lx"dx: --
xn*l
-u5 (n+-I)
J J n*l

J
sin-rdx:-cosx*C J
cos,rdx:sinx*C

j sec2xdx:tanx* C
J
csc'xdx:-cotx*C

j secxtanxdx:secx*C J
cscxcotxdx: -csc x-l C

3.e¤el Cq tre+El +"l4l ++ql^l zf6r-

EE.+ flHI4"J EE++-
e*+= =+
ql+
+ql ++= trl6ll
^Ldg +44+"il
zlq-o}zL "JHI4fl +4lol +
"l¤ 4+.ll :43 E4 t ++"ll^J"J 4H++= +qE Irl=4. q+^l ++ +
+rJ (0, *)4 +zJ (-*, 0)ql^-1 ^dB6I= AsE "1611d-+,
^le.
1l
,tix----Cx
I )c-
Elf /(x) - rlxz, x # 09 "JHI4'J EE++z| rlg-41- rJ+qlE g-14r ol +
{g +oltt.
I
-- * Cr, x(0
F(r) : )c
4
I
--*Cz
x
-r)0
- 1.5 1.5

Eq +qe+ E rg 0l+619 +¤+ e=q. -4

.l
-r='l
rEi I

J
(l0xa - Zseczx) dx: lO
J
xadx-z J sec2x dx
H 7t|E c,Joll rI6Il qH lq +EElEol
:
5

+5 - * C: 2tanx * C
ral lel +8EE0l ral loll r4r{ ?l
10 Zrenx Zxs - +. qTlA'{ Cql 'Jg ytrtrJolrl.
294 4e 4=

uJ$oll,<J Elg q"Joll trz]..

(qrtl 2D
J# do=at4l6l4

Eil "l +44++ E rql^l +44 o-tr- "Jo]^E + H+ EI+^J 4E6I7l dql +'-4
6}¤14l¤. olgal].! ++E r+^l 4H ++g EE+.
rcoso ,/ 1 \/coso\
do:
J *ro J \**/\**/'o
_l'
:Jcsc0cot0d0:-csc0+C I

( qrll 3 |) IJ (*' - Gx) dxE al+}6].+.

Eql Frc2e+ E lg ols-" afg t1-s-g E=4.

f3. xo -*'1'
Jo(r'-6x)dx:i-U;),
: (+. 34 _ j. 3,) _ (i. o- _ 3 . 0,)
: + - 27 - o + o : -6.75
"l 4l4tg 4.24E ql4l 3r+ ulnrfl Ezl-.

ral 2= qllil 4ol trIEE-EF+"| :e11rs; (qril 4D iJ' Q - llsinx) dx+ +61-+.
rl-. 4.2tr0il^i Htlfl=ol
4E,Jg trril 'J
0lB 6[]4-g + ?ltl. +, + ?6+ LtEl'.! Eil zlE4qql I,++ +sg E=+.
'Jolq -Bf0ll^j - +6+ LIEIL! 'Jolq Ef
E {!! A0lrl.
IJ' t, - tzsinr) d)c : + -t2(-cosr],'
-v
:,{ -
.I 12 sin -r
: L{i^z)'* 12(cos 12 - cos o)
l0 : 72 + l?cos 12 - 12: 60 + lzcos 12

olflg 4EE C++ <Iol4. 4l4}zle cos l2el +o-ifl tr}"gg g=+.
0 12 -r
=*{tg
f" G -
Jo
Lzsin x) dx - 70.1262

1al t
JAL

(qflsuJ: Y+dtl4r4l++
Eil trxJ +kdg 6l]^l rl4BEr-+. H+ ,Jt.J Bflle ,x:z 4l4I++
ps Ztz + t'rf, - t
J, ,' d': ts
),
(Z + ttlz - ;2) dt

9 9

-
n. _L
'J
tt/t [1 : 2t + ?tt/' +-t
t -I
 44 +EqEzl+Etrltr3l 295

: (z - g +'t - 93/z + +) - (z. t + l - t'r' + l)

:18+lB+|-z-l3-r:3zt

r +ElEElel
TIEAr.l 2= ftl nzJ [a, b]oll.q ¤+olS ffio1 dBBg 9"1tr4.

Il l.l dx : F(b) - F(a)

¤zlrJ r=/E "JEE EE*+olq r' -/"Jg 9"1*4. r4=-+ +l 4C +
+4 rJol 4rl + + gltrt.

l)r't.l dx : F(b) - F(a)

F'(x)E x.ll *d y: F(r)9 {ffiolz, F(b) - r(a)b xz} aolJ.tJ bvlTl Eg "I
y9 Hp]-*Jol+. tql= EE y* #zlel +*.il zj4ap. 4rl +E gl+"]l
==zl+
+E6rzl. yz| "J%IstsE EF+zlElE F(e) - F(a)E 19 *eqg +EfU+.1 "I+
.! rrC2E +g=4 #ol 4rl +^l3rl,* + 9l+.

+HlEElzl H+gfl 4++ +H+oltrl.

ll rt.l dx : r(b) - r(a)

+Hs+4r]E g?-15 z.z¤gl^l te-lgJ,'J z}flr+4r+ ^isl4qlql flq^JE E-

Esl+ql 4+E + ?l+ old ++==g +qE flol ffi,$q1 fl+9 Bq++.
6l+E +^Jzl 7l]H(ol 4+q 4+)ol E+e 6l]4¤ zld + ?Itr|. (Exl-
^JE +-q
i: t{Et{r-lb "Jgol ^lrJql qE +rJ E+= I B,qzL H,"l ;j* {l44 "f
gl+= 4ol4.l +¤.+ +H
^lrJql 4= +Es+=6F¤- 4l4}g +
zl"+ tr-4= "JE
sl447l 4+g + 9l- H zl-xl qlol+.
.v(t)tl ,r'l{ rgl f, zlfzlql il= Ee.l +ulolE,:a.J# v'(r)E ,<ltJ tgl Eol
x]fxlql ¤.Bl Eqs- ulgol+. tlzJ t,a1l^l tz7+xJ x-lf=Jel Hsl- +
'rl+^J
+4,J+
f" v'(r) dt : v(t)
dtl
- y(r,)

. [c](t)tl
^17+
tq 3+q]H]+ql q= ^Jc$el +EolE, H]¤¤g Eq++ dlc)ldt
ol{. trI+^l .rlzj r,ofl.r-l 4zlzl C9 LoEg Hsl+ rlg=4 +Ll.
1,, dlCf
),,,'Tdt: tcl(rr) _ [c](a)
296 48 4E

. g+Edql^-] +¤ )cvl^\+49 d"JE= p(x):m'(x)

"+rHE e=Jol m(x)olfl,
ol't. tr++^-l x: a4 x -- b
^Iol "+ql ++el
4=#g 'l*4 A+.

I' o@ dx : m(b) - m(a)

. zllxll 6zl-&ol dnldtolH r,ollr-l 4zzltl9 rlzJ +rJ EqI ,HAlel ffizfg clg-
4 rJ+
rr dn
):,';dt: n(t) - n(ti

(7l]zll= "J"lB "Iql= f;zfdp, rl-Bol "Jqg ,llql= +4,*rI +EsI

=^Jol
+^94 E+ relel+ )
= ^t"Jg
. ^89+ *t+lE ^J4I6I= Ell E- Hl+ol C(;r)olH, t4lul¤+ C'(x)olQ.
'l-n+
iJ xr x, trll E= El+el #zl* qs=r+ ,J+
^J4I+ol tr+lq^J E91E 6zl-E

Ii,'r'(*)
dx : c(x) - c(xr)

. 6J Exll/I +lxlq++ s(r)-E 4d¤. tr14 T4olr glsH :r EillE +E= u(r) :
s'(r1olc1. ,rl4^l rJ4 r,4l\ trtlzl ++ E"J EiilE +lxlql qlal +E+
^lrJ
+ H+1ts q=q_r+ ?Jt:+.

2
l,',,'o(r)
dt : s(rz) - s(rr)

4.1¤ql^J EillTI "JE Etr-6Jo-E +E6l-- 4+ql alolrt.l- ffi4,Erll, ol4l r

4"1 flzll+ +"Jg +E*'|
t s,lzf, ++ ¤-"J EillTI #zl"J ,lEl= 4l+6}alH, a(r) > 0(Erl]zl- e$a_eE
+zl.J+)"J A+e+ u(t) < 0 (E;llz} g+sE *4ql+)g 4+E ^l+ ++g
-rElolloF 6J+.+ 4+ E+ 4fl= +q lr(r)lE +gr} zJol {grll.! 4l&
6J+.

3
t,',,'
l rti I dt :*4'J + 4 El
I:
:zH 39 H+le+ S4tl 4qE EF 4=+d ol-4el HolE afl{6}= %}Bg -E-

u(t) q +r 9l+.

t, rl t?t
*s: L,' u(r)dt: Ar - Az * At
44: l,: lr( dt: Ar
* A2 -f At
fal 3

. E4lel 7I4.1E= a(t): a(r)o14. qe+^J .r.lzJ r,ollrl trTlzl +Eq Esl+ ++
4 rJ+.
dt - u(t') - a(t')
l,',,'o{')
 4.4 +tr4Ez|#Esf8al 297

(ql4 6l) + flzlz} xlzJ tql^J rl(r) : tz - t - 6"J 4E(m/s).E zldg "14 +4
eq
(a) rlzJ +7J r17 < 4ql^J "JzI9 H+lE +61-+.
t 1t 14ql^J +{e 4fl$ +61+.
^lrJ fzJ
(b)

Eq
(a) al Eql q+ H+1. ++r+ ?Jr-+.
r(a)-rtr):1,' a(t) dt: Il U' - t - 6) dt

fr- *
L3 2 -u,-l':-2
_1, 2
olag oJxl-zt g+sE 4.5 m
"l+r&¤¤ 9ole}4.
(b) u(r) : t2 - t - 6 : (t - 3Xr + 2)olFF +rJ tl, 3lql^J a(t) s0oltr, atf, ll, 4)

"llrJ a(r) > O"Jql #e=,a34 EI+^J EeE+E] ¤-zl.J ,1?.1= ++4 a+.
^l

ll t,to ldt
:f t-,rot at + [* uu) dr t,(r)ol E'j'Jg 4Ealzl Pl6l1 4.2tro1 4
E9 8E s= 0IB6||AJ qEE u(r) < 04
: f (-f +r+ 6) ar +
[^ G'- t - E)dt u(r) > 09 F ffio+ Lktl.

: . .
[-+ +.,,]: [+ - +-,,],
: 6l : 10.17 m r
6

(ql{l 7|) :zH 4=eg qL g,4uE+^l-\E.el dqaEltsJg Bq +q.(pe.l ++l

E nawo1tr, r9 ++l= .r.lzJe-tr_ zic+El +¤qRq.) "lB qlqzl= +461-4.
^l^.sE
P
{r
800
I

600
I

\
l1
I

400
\ I

.l----]----]----].--+
t-
200

I
illt
0 3691215 l8 2l t
Pacific Gas & Electric ral a

Eq deg {ulzls.l flffi, p(t): E'(r)o14. -f-BlF-tr +He+4r.lql q+ olts

^l-
$.S "llulzlE +%+* rl+4 e+.

ff ,G) at ffo n'o dt

: : E{24) - E(o)
tzflle) +E +r.!l+ Al:28 += +Eflzlg oJ-$all.<J 4+fl +6lH trI+
=*Alg
 298 48 EE

4A+
f ru) 41 : lp(r) + p(3) + p(s) + ... + p(21) + p(z3)la,t
^, (440 + 400 + 420 + 620 + 790 + 840 + 850
+ 840 + 810 + 690 + 670 + 550x2)
: 15,840

zl* 7/lzl9E 1s,840 Mwhol+.

^l-.SE "lluj

E+loil rI-d +4 qlzll 7ql^l glHzlgl 53 ++lE .tl-$aftzlE qBrll 'J9'i9zI? 4E

41o11

It'^
p(,)dri a;o1 puilAr ¤EH.J Be] **sE Ce-l++. rflql r(r,*)9 ++l=
Mwol.z, Ar9 tglzt .r.lzJolug #6tH ++l= Mwh(ql7te+E
^l)71-
¤rl. ol
-++ql qlql^JE E.J6p41 dB+tr1. "JHI4e-+ Ilft.ldxql 4+ +CE ++l
3 /(x)91 'IqL ++lel-,ql 4il ++19 8"]4.

4.4 | t+eu

r-z "ltsall^l
t.
tr]-¤- +4ol 4+'Jxl= E+q4
cos'x dx : i* + isinlx * C
,. I: (+)- ,r. f; (4 seczy) dy

J 14 tt
1rM r--: __ L .
rr. lJ
*GE + ,E) a* ,r. J, \; o*
2.
I *24ffi )c
rrla I + cos20
zo.l
Jo cos'H - de ,,. J;" ,fr(" - <fr) a"
3-10 ++ +{zJEg +614.
t!$*'*4x+t\dx +.J (x * cos x) dx
,r. I: lx - 3l dx ,r. ji, G - zlxl) ax
s.J{r''+7x25)dx o.J (s + lx' + Jx') ax
ffiz+. r4sE 4d y - I - 2x - 5xa e) x¤Eg i4
ol$-afi,<J

t. t t" + 4)(2u + 1) du
t+Ji+* aI4. ol 4-H-= ol+Ell^"] +d ol4e+ 14 gloil +e ¤q
'J --G--' I HolE +4814.
* Ilz+wfe)do ,0.
J
3 CSC dt
25. -EE.S -y'9 g+4y49 s-Efiql +e gqfl
x:2y
Holb 448 lStzy - y,)dyl 14d4. ¤zl^l Sq.g
EEl11. "JHlzl.J +4rJEg +614.Bg+ BTlp+Eql ol *C4 cl-*:Hq^l Y 8"14. (zl+lel "ltslE
^4e+ ^l4l %IoJ
Eql 4%16l-= ]4sE ¤4 zI reJ^J dH6t4. :
_oE E;,lI y: 0ollrl y: Zttzl *d x Zy - yrel olEl
ql +"J Sqg S4slxl.) : ¤99 HolE 4l+1614.
J
("o' x + lx) dx

12-23 tr]-S 4zlBg 41416l-?+.

2
x:2y - yz
,r. f,(*' - dx 3) tr. ll (8r' - 6t-z) dt

,o.
ff (2* - 3)(4xz + t) dx ,t. [ (4 sino - 3 cos 0) d0 0
x
 4.4 +8487t#Eal8al 299

26. w'(t)zl otolEg c6lEG<e/E)ol4l ++E l|0 w',(t) dti 2013E 79 18oJ sd 7^l 30ts+El 79 269 sd zal

+H,g 444Ezt? 3gtsztzl ellol,-lol s+=. +.JEl= Ee-l ++g +461

+.
27.
^l+ EB r(r)LE HlgE zl$ol 4+rql^l $flLI
rollrJ
s^-r 9l+H Jl'o'(,) d,= +fr.g 444Ezl? -J4- Soj Hl$(m3/s)
2s. 3.7Eql^J +41+"JEt+ R'(x)E +'J,*+ R(x)9 EtrI+ 7g lSoJ 149
E ¤ellt4. ¤zlrl .rE *qlg ++lel zl]fol4. 79 leg 181

jffin'(*) dxy +Hg t44EzI? 7g 2ooJ 72

79 2r oJ 120
2e. /,(,)= 8l¤+e-tr EqrJ xl rts +ql +C* CtlEffi r ia
"gl
11ol
-L? 85
(EiE+/ts)oltrt. J3'nto drE *H.g 444EzI? 791
t=LJa
120] 108
79 249 70
80. x9 ++l= moltr /(x)9 ++l= N"J trll fJ*ftrl dx9 E 7gi
,=LJa 1qol 74
9]E Ffl'JZI.? 79 269 85

31. zldg rl4 *4ol= "Jxt"ll qlBJ +E Et+zI u(t\ :

3r-5,0<r<3oJ4. 36. m/sz-o+ +dg zl-E"i}g 7l-+Eel ]4E a(t)71+q=4
(a) ol aq.+dHzlg ol$rll,<l 6a Et}el +rJql^J +Eq +
^lrJ +rJqlrJ Hxt9 E+lE +6f4.
(b) ol ++ql^l oJziTt Tzlql ,lE= +"IEi. 7I%Ig +46I+.
^lrJ
32. {dg trl+ -$4ol= oJz.lql 4t zl4s B+e+ z7l + a
3
Ezl- rJ-o-=q- ,Jol +olri 9t+.
(a) {4 rollrJ9 +EE +6t4. 2
.J

ft) +qd ^la +rJql^-l oJxl-zl- +4tl ,lelE +61-4. I

a(t) :t + 4, u(0) :5, 0<r<10 0 2 4 trr(s)

33. aol 4 moJ Eqlel d"JE(ke/m)z} p(r) : o + Zfi o1

4. {zlrl .rE "-}49 t gdsE+q +aE zjollm)ol 37. r++ :1Hg 20108 109 22"J trl+ +"JAil= z1q1q1
+. EqlE + e+g +61+. EEotgd= +, ul+s +, "ll
^[aaJ]= #, =uJlq 4 +,
ql +e+ +Es/q +)s.l dqcHl+g Eol +r gl+. (p
34. 6} zl^Fi}el +EE 10a zJ4 o _e +E4ql^l gq q¤.
sql 7l+fl+. 64H4¤. ol+El^l xffiilz| +4oJ + el ++l= GwoJtr, ,E ++l= ,llzJ_e_E zI{+El +{fl

4qE +4"I4. +.) dqol "ilr_Jzl(dq+)9 Hrl¤.ol+= ^}dg ol+5ll

olB qlqzl= +¤61+.
^J ^l-sg de
r (s) u (km/h) t (s) a (km/h)
P
0 0 60 90
t6
10 61 70 85 A^
nlv
20 84 80 80 T14
J) ttt
\l
30 93 90 l6 Er t2
a;,
40 89 100 12
t0 1-
50 82

0 3691215 182.t
3s. trl+ 4zlo1 +ql 9ib qlolqq s+= i]JEl+il ,JE Bl x|{ olg,tlzJ
+_= Eql e.l6ll^l "J=qd aao14 trl+ s.b tr]]g ot Source: US Energy Information Administration

A T^l 30Bql ul93 *HH4zt +A.J +.JEl= EE

Hl+g ar+ ft3e.l ++lE Hq +q. aBBzlg
^I-g.4q
300 48 4E

4* #xllE 6+9 oJul z"-fa.J E^JEqi ++.

38-40 +g zj+g 4141614
,r.J(,'*,.fr) *
38. j (sin x * sinh x) dx
rrt,/t t"
40.1" .-
Jo t*-l
|
dt

4.s I IIEJE

TlEdEl q+ql q=a;-ag +g + ilsq ol

^l-dg
oll+ +s6l-+ :44 9=
++ +4 e_E= ++4 rJe 4+g 4l4I6J + S+.
1
Jz*rlr + * a*
Eol 4Eg 4141617l +ld] += qtr ag EE6ll^-1 ExllE 6lla6lzl. {zlrJ'trl-q
ol$ 4'ol+ +g xg ,tflB$ Hf ,E Hl-E+.
^]|E+ Efol4. +, H+

r tEtE: +E4E
trql^J xll# zlo tloll 9t- +{* u, 4 u: I + #ol4 alE u9 olES au
^l
0lEg 2.gtroll^l Eela^I+. a:/(x)0lE - tx dxol4. 4E zls .J.il 9lts. dx* ul$e-e. 6ll46l-E ul$ 2,r dxi 4 .J 1

flu: f'(x)dx}lLl.
"il flsq, q4^l 4l+Iql ql+ +Hs."l *44 o_+ +¤-4 zJ"l ¤ + 914.
2
Iz-Jt + -, dx: I "n . .r zxdx: I tE au
=tut/z * c: ?(t + xr)r/, + c

"lxll ¤4l$zlg
ol+ql^-l +g=r+ rJol al E9
"IzlE ++E uJ-$aJe-e/l 4+
.J Rg HflExl qqlg + 9l+.

:?'i(r *
*l+u + x2)1/2 + c] x2)t/2'2x:z*r[t + *',

" + If(g(r)) s'(x)dx EEHeI 4Eg + tr4= fl41+ ol "JHg ols"B f

oJHI4

?l+. F': f olg q+r+ ,J4.

3
I F'(g(*)) g'(x) dx : F(s(*)) + C

El'trlfl fl4l$4lql q+ 4*"1 dBa}zl ull$ol4.

firrut ))l : F'(s(x))s'(x)

'H+H++',"I+'il+ u-_ s(x)E ols-o6|fl al Ege+El 'l.g¤ E-+.

 4.5 xlgfl 301

[ ,'(n@))s'(*) dx: r(s(r)) * c: F(u) + c: f F,fu) du

E.= F',-.f.tr- Al^J ++5 e.q
(g(*)) s'(x) dx :
Jf J f(u)
du

ol+41 +* Hzlg +E*tr|

4 ilEHIEl u : s(x)71 +7J IE xl9 o _+ z*E * El#oll, f 7l +7J

"lE7Po
rql^J ts4"1{ ++ol CB.J+

! lnt*ll s'@) dx : tf tu) ou

4EBql 4+ zl++Hzl* "ltsH.ll 'HEI ¤+ll$zlg

o186}^l +Hfl+ql ++
6l-z} u: g(x)ol{ da: g'(x) dxola, El-+^J 4r-l Eql,rJ dx$ d.u$ ulg!__tr iJ

4dlfl il{+Hzl$ zlqo}zl fl+.

,.l$+Hzlql^J zlB zlE +sql *E axcl duE trl+ql ailH +i+ts + gl+.

Efll , : x4 + ztr- il+++. ell+61-H ,g "lEe. du:4x3dxolH, ++ 4g xlls-lal.

H f axzy 4E zls "J9l glzl ullEol4. El+^J x3 dx: Iauq il+IHzlg "l+6lE
+¤¤ E=+.

J.or u.f, au:

Jx'cos(xo
+ z)dx: iJ cosudu
1
4 sln u*C
-L
4 sin(xa+?)+C DlEaHAl ==tg
-4?lEttl.

"l-zl"J +4lql^l fl4 H+ xE gE4 += 4g Hxl "Jzl-.

il++H{9 zlE
^J4g tr-ql4.oE +d-+ 4+g E+ ,J++ 4E"e uI+
_rzl- 6l-. 4o14. ol4g fl4q Hf xE xg *ftl 4]E+ Ef ,E Hl_EoE
ril zl-b6}+. elril loll^J 4+ jx3cos(xa + Z)dx* -H-+ rJ+EL 4+ i lcosudu
_tr HIf;+.
xl+Hzl"ll^J qC +d+ zl$+ zl$+g
^J46I= dolrl. i{4$*+ql +6J
qtr *+= rzE rlz-|ala, qlxll lE {+^lH u9
"l$s. EzJE*+"ll +aJ A(11-
+- zllel)sE dqqloF +trI. r4ol 7l-b6}zl g+'l-E nl4E++q +++ +E
(Etdq++.J a+ qI+E Er-+)g ue d4d4. gHlE zl¤lg *zl glaH^J=
"+rJ
9 zl¤ol g.q6|+. 7W +*g xl+!g ^Br+E +E gl+. ,lg ^J4+ il+e_-tr
a1¤ol p. gxl g+s$ +- il+s_tr
^lE++.
302 48 4E

(qr{l 2l) ,E + t dx= 4l+16l-+.

J

Eqtr u:2x+ 1-E Fzl r+lE du:241o1rtr dx-Lduolay. u+++

^l{+Hzlq
_o o o,l 1-r]
EI E,L-I.
='

I,ml dx : 1,fr . la" : Ll u'/'du

I u3/2
::.1^+g:tut/z+C
2 3/2
: *(z* + l)3/2 + c

EqE u: Jz* + | e. il+l¤- +E 9t+. :a4H

du: +olq,
,tr-+l I I
q+^J dx: ,N-z*
+ t du: udu

olr|. (E.ts u2:2x -u loltr-+ 2udu-Zdxol4.):24=+ trl+g EL-+.

I o;n o*:-t;.":
3
| v :rto".',oi
3\ra rr,,2 + c r

ilqlll3DJffidx=+++.
Efll ,- 1 - +fioe-tsx}.rflE dw: -8xdxo14, rl4al xdx: -id""14. :24
ug Qg$ E=+.

i+dx:
t
'/l - 4x'
-ti Gdu: -i! u-'i'au

:-iQ'fr) *c:-l'@+c r
qlzll 3elB3 "lEul]^l q"JE- + 9,lzl*, 44lql :e]] =$ reJ 4+6il -u-zl-.
:.H tg fl+ElE 4^d6J i{4$6J+ f(*): x/ | - 4x2e+ +C4E s(r) :
-1
/ -4 l-4xz (c: Oql a+E dq)E -zfll=o1ri. f $)zl +"J 4+ s(x)b
I ,Ja

Y -l
sli:lf\xldx 6l-tr, f(x)tl'J"J A+ s(r)E 6zlaJ4. E f(x): 0"J 4* s(r)b al+{tg '*-
4. _z4s + r4EE+4 szl /E EEEL++= ^I¤g +Ral] e.J4.
-rel
JEI
{

f(xl: ----:
x ( qH 4D cos 5x dx? +El+.
Jr - 4x' J

s(*) : I ft.l d*: :

-iJt - 47 Efll , : 5.r-E +gE du:5 dxol4. trt+^l dx ! duoley.l4 -= -+ t}+g 9=+.

J.ot 5xdx: +lcosu

du: Isina + C:Isin5x + C r
 4.5 ^ltrJg 303

NorE 4Eol i+ol+_HE, +alzi.J il++g 6'l-^l s:olE ql4l l*4E 4B¤. 4l4IB
+ tt+. ^l EE alHq il= iilziE++7l]Hl++ B+e.l E++e+.J+'J+E E+
+9 +sE E¤E +Hg .J^-16Its 4lxll r* +s-r+ gol E + ?l+.

Jr'cor(ro + z)dx:Jcos(xo + 2) x3 dx: iicos(xa + z).

. (4x3)dx

: iJ cos(xa + 2) - + z) dx: Isin(xa + z) + c

fiU^
ul.4lzlxlE qlxll 4el Rs. r-19-4 rJol ¤ + gl4

J.o, sxdx: +J 5 cos Sxdx: +J ftOrrlx) dx: I sin 5x *c

rq+ +.s ql4l= a;-+,9-61-rl qlEql +i{4"J ilElg 6}E aol +tr}.

( o{l{ 5 |)
I {t +7 x5 dxE +6}+

Eql t'g xa ' xE- oJ++Ello-lE zl?6J il+Ig tJq HEEI -= E1*+. u: | + y' o -tr
EagH du:2xdxolEE-xdx:lduoltrl.IE+ x2: u- loll-,F x4: (z 1)2olr|.
-
rfltr + +¤¤ ts=+.

IA.n*0.:_t, ,R xa-xdx

,8fu - l), .ia":+lJifu, -zu+ t)du

_l
-1 I fut,' - Zu3/z * ur/z) du

: i(?ur,, - z . ?u',, + l#rz) + c

: i(t + x2)7/2 - ?o + x2)s/2 + l(r r x21t/z *, I

r iFJH: E4E
il¤+H.il44 44Eg 4hlg 4+ + zl-zl BHol zlft.afrf. 6I+- trx] BC4
E¤" 4l+6J Fql zlts¤r]= ol+6}= 4o14. qlE qlxil 2E ¤+= ol+6H
rl¤+ e-+ =H
^l

Il ,mdx:lWa4^
: i(z* + r;v{+ : *(s)r,, - !(t)r,,
: *(zt - r) :'+
+E %IH+ zl+ E+.= Hl¤ q 4+ ++E HI-+= 4o]4. EE ol %r-Hg dE
++.
304 48 a=

0l H4= E4Eoll^l ol8g 3+

^lEl.=
ofllaf 4E +il E E=
oll xsl drEtrJ 5 EEEoll tlliliFJElEl s'ol la, blql^J ¤4oll ftl u: s(x)el ilqql^J fl
,iE l|leE E# utr Hlflot "Jtl-= ?i= *otH ffiol cBqL+
Tr ?t+. 4E --J4l= x = a
"J6H
9|;r: ^r|ES
boll tl|¤iol*= a9 zJolrl.
[' ttrtil s'@) dx
: tn)],'
f {") o"

/E EE6J++z o}zt. r*lH ^l trql q4

FE r(s(*))ts /(g(*))s'(r)9
=B
gsBf"lEE 7lt4El 2ql ,rl+ q+g E=+.
: rfu(b)) - F(g(o))
!' rlrt*)) s'(x) dx: F(g(r))]:
rflql Frc2E. +^l f, H rJ 4s" 6l-E trl++ g-q.

Ii,i,' rul du : et"lJX?,: F(s(b)) - r(g(a)) t

(o1qt 6p 44 EIE ot+61^t Ii tm dx7 4t+6t-+.

EOI qlal z9 Eol lel zl+g 0l+61g u:2x+ lolr dx*iduo1e1. rle¤ 4E
++g *sH q+4 *+.
x:goJ Ql a:2(0) + 1 : 1oJA, x:4H oll u: 2(4) + 1 :9
:74=+ q+4+Ll.

! lz, + r dx - Il+,n o"

: + .?",,,]"
: \19s/z - l'/') :2+ I

d4 E= 4+ 4Eg + + fl4E 4E H+ x_tr El$olzlzl $+ql +

ol+oJ
el"llot *+. ++61 ,g 4Bd #E ,oil +6J 4lg 4l&6IE g+
^lolqlai

qlEl 7el qE= q"=sl ,J+Eoltl.

* a*
Eil u- 3 - 5x-tr ftrxf. rEiE du: _ldroloF, dx : -l a"ol4. x: lg u\ u: -2
S' (3
Jr --L- -
5x)z

oltr, r - ZoJ 4l u: -7oltrl. :a4=-+ trt+g E=tr}.

rz dx : I r-tdu rI rl
J. (3 - 5rf -T )-, *': -tl-;l -z 5u
-'t

-2

:+(-+.+) :# tr
 4.5 xIEJH 305

I EllB¤
+* 47]- {El tr= ol+Bfl.q {e{g +-'J+e] 4+ 4l&g ++6}rll "J
ErlLf.
1-

EE -r0ll rflatl/(-.r) = /(;r)olE /= +-st

6 rflflffiol 4E ftl l-o, alql^l fl+ol{-L z}zga1z1 +0lr f(x) = -/(x)olE /E zlg4g
(a) fzl *aJf"lE J", f(*)
d* : z t' fG) drol4. =
7lqo'frl.

(b) fTl TlEL+"lE I", f(x) dx: 0014.

=B 4+g +++
zJol F ++s--tr 4hzl-.

7
I_Jt.l dx: [,rt,) dx * [,rt.l dx : - l;" rt.l dx * Ltt,,l o*

"J s-E+ Ee-l A H4l zl+9lrJ ru - -xE zl{+++. rElH du: -dxoltr, x: -a
"J "ll u: ao14. l4 =.e. rlgq ?JL+.
-
I;" rt.l dx
: - L rt-") (-du): l, rr- u) du

El-+^-I
^l
Ele +g=J} eol g+.

I
I_.rt.l dx
: [,rea du * Ll,,l r.
(a) ftl *eFfol4 f?u):f(u)olq, ,++^J
^l
trE+El rl-sg g=4.
v

: L l"l du * Ii rt.l dx : z t' f{i a*

I_,fl.1 dx
(b) f7l 7lB+olH /(-u) : -f(u)o14,
"|4rJ ^l trE+El ++g E-trt. -a 0 ilx

:
l_1{*) dx - L rt"l du * !,1.1 dx o
: (a)/: +'*+,
!_,fWldx:z [lfA*
v

{n-l Eg:zH 2E ¤EE]] Ezl. :rB 2(a)= EH /7I oJE z,t* zixl{, +o-J
+"J d+oil -"fllrJ atlzl y:f(x) olflel .Jol*yqgl qlq'll4ol=_tr.r:0oll -a 0
ax
iJ r- allxl y:f(x) ol4g Holg + EHol+. 4E
I'"ft*ldxyrq gl4 y:f(x)
oI4E H"lollrJ .r4
"l-414 y:,f(.r) +le] Hol= U A.Jg tsI]fl,+. q-+iJ rH (b) /r zl{l*, [_. r<A dx : 0
2(b). -H-E + Holzt 44qFe C4Eol ool Eg g + gtq. -tzl
JE,L
D

( o{ld! I D /(r) :.86 + 1g /(-x) :,f(r)E E}+6}E_tr *Etfol4 ,'}+^J +s=r+ ,Jr+.

f'Gu + t) dx
:
'r{.:
.. r'r',!- ,r* + z) :,+ r
 306 48 4E

{qlr{| 9l} /(r): (tan x)/(r + xz + ro)=/(-x): _/(x)E trJ+61-EE zlet+o]4.

El4^J rl-q-r+ +q.

f1 tanr r
)-,1ffidx:o ,

4.s I E+ent

1-4 +q4l il+g ol¤-o1lrl 4Ee +61-+.

zt.lJo
1716 sin r
zz. l"'o (*'* xa tan x) dx
"dt
cos'f J -r/a '
t. J
cos Lxdx, u:2x 3dx
,,. J, (t + 2x)2
,o.
I:*,ffiE a* (a > o)
t *'rE' t a*, u:
z, + x1 +I
rt cos(.r-2)
,r.f *,ff- ta* I -#dx
26. Jr/z
t' ! uffa*, u: xu - 5 x3

ffizt.:14s8 ol$all.! +q+i +d "l4E Holo1 ql'J q+

o.
!ffu,, u: "fr zl"J +4#g +614. I r+s 4+6J HolE +6|+.

s-r6 trl^+ +448¤ +61+.

y:,,8i, o<x<l

s.[*Jr-*'a* o.J x2 cos(,r3) dx za.J1,Q+3 4-xz dxE F z1l9 4EE '*sE LlEtq
-tr, ol + 6Iq¤ Hole 6}]46tr. :1 44ts9 Al4l6t+.
7. sin(z't/3) dt a.J sec 3r tan3t dt
J 2e. f,+7l= +714oJfr, .Eg:i7l= +g Eollrt^l7l ^14611
r. cos (I + st) dt ,0. cos3o sin o do ,rl r-ll$zlzlxlE 4+ 5ztl Afl+" EIE +Eg= +rlE
J J
+14 ul$g qlq 0.s L/solc1. ++ /(r) : I sin(Lrrt/S)
,,.J(,- +X,' *1)' o. qlE' +"Jq= +zlel Hlgg #st4 " + -EtBsl+ A
=
oltrI. ol s¤g ,rlzJ rollxl qE +.Jq= +7lE
f a+bxz _._Z, "l+6ll^l
12- rt-:u;\ 13. dz
JSax * bx3 J {t+r' +4E +61+.
30. ftl ts4"11 j.-rrrl dx :10"J
fftea dxz +"I+. trll,
J 6rt-
'to. csc2xdx 15. sec3x tan x dx
J
31. f 7l Rql^J E4ol4r ziA.J .I +g¤ +H6I4.
16. I x(Zx * 5\8 dx
I'

I!rt-,,t drc : I_irt.t r.

ffirz-rs trl-g +448¤. +6|+. EI+e+ EEEr-+{c: OeE 4 /(x) > 0olr o 1a < boJ 4+ E"J+ HolE '*+ rq
+trt)E :r-{E= :r-eJ^J ?aJ Bol 4Bdzl ¤E6tr q'J6t g rEl^-l "l %r-¤^lg zlalqt{e + ¤H6.}+.
=L
l.
32. "J+ a4 bgl QlaN ffiol dB6Jg Eq+.
17. *(*' - l)3 dx 18.
I sin3x cos x dx rr fl
J
J-
,'(t - *)u dx : Jo
,u(t - x)o dx

1e-26 trI¤. 44Eg +6.t+ 33. f7l ¤+"J uI 4+g +E6l+.

ltlZ'-l(sin
Il;/r * n
ftrl2
,r. JJ
cos(rrt/Z) dt 20. a.
Jn"",f {.or
x) dx: Jo
x) dx
 48 E+ 307

+g E4l= 6+¤. oJul -zo5-al +^J=EI E+. tt e'* l

42. I
Jo e'* z
34-42 trl-+ 4+g +61-4.
dx (ln x)2 -dz
,o.J 4x*7 35. 'dx 43. f7l [0, r1q1.<-1 ¤4o]fl ffioJ CB++
J x
:
,u. e'(2 + 3e',)zlz 4o 37.
(arctanx)2 1
f x/(sin x) dx
;1, ff", x) dx
J J -^x'*l
-ax ol ol+6tol
,s.J
I *x sinZx ^l-dg 'l-g 4Eg 4l+6}r+.
l*x' ^dx 39. ^dx
J -I * cosir fr xsinx
IIo ^dx
dx I * cos'x
oo.
I cot x dx 41.
!: *,Fi

4 u..\
-r l=

]llH +P.!
1. (a) 6J+ /E El"J'Jq ql+ tr¤g ^J+6i4. ^-l+ql ^l-s 3. (a) +Ho+C?]E ¤HEt+.
fl zls9 9"lE ¤H6I+. (b) r(t)zl qE
^lrJq]
xJ+zlE ¤.?l EqTt= EE HE+
(b) /(x) z 0 "J ,I el"J EI$ zlalqt4 o e. 4nl61r rH ¤olE f;,(,) d,+ +H.g 444EzI?
¤:flrJ ¤H6I4.
4. (a) +d4+ Itbld,rel elul-5; ¤8614.
(c) /(x)z} ++#g E+ ,ip. ,I 4"J t1g zlalel
o#+e+

zlsE all{op rflg:24^J ¤H6}+. (b) 448 l:rr*) d*4 +4aJ+ Jrrrl dxg *41= +E
OJZI-?
2. +A {BlE ¤H6].4.
s. il+lH49 ¤E6l-4. ¤dql^l olH4l g-+g A"J7l?

trr'-xI! flr
ffi szllzl #.Jxl zJ+l"Jxl +8614. a.olE ol ft= ¤H6I s.
tu f'ti t/(x)lo dx: lr/(,r)15 + c
-tr, 4+l"lH ol+E ¤8614+ Hlq= E+.
6. a <.r < boll,tJ qI+ /e+ szi flgoll f(x)> s(r)olfl
1. EL+ f*s7lla, blql^J ¤4"18 ffiol ¤Br-Jtrt. ffiol dH'J+.
I)rrat + s(,)ldx: Ilt.t dx * I!nt,,t o. dx >
llx.t [] il.t a-
z. f7l [a, b]oll.tJ tr4o1fl ffiol ^dB++. 7. ts+E:+= -E_+ EEI+E +++
Iltrt.l dx : s
[' fli a* 8. 6z'
sin 'r dx : 1:'
sin 'r
dx -t l'* tin * d*
JTXJTXJ3nX

3.fzl la, bloll,rJ tr+olr ffiol dB+trI. e. f tl [a, b]oll,ti ¤4olE r]¤-ol ^.jB++.
"f(x)>0olH

!,u,
,FA dx Ilt.t o. *(f ^.ta.):,r(x)
4. 6J+ f'71-[r, r]ql,q E4-"lE t,tu) du : f (3) - /(r)o14.
ff
ro.f, \o*: -*
308 48 EE

ll /\ t= TJI
=+Ei=^!l

1. trl¤- +q{ /e-l :14sE- ol+6li^J f E ++ol 6zH.J 4 -.J: fi-Jxru ,. J' y0' + t)'dy
(a) FB ++E g+ ¤d, G) +
"J *g +6t+. {zlal rs dt
B +rJq +49 stsds-E qql^J EBg:41, 4"J 10'J, G-4Y ,t. IJ u2 cos(o3) du
Elol SH.¤ LI44r iIExlE ¤8614. Ir/a ta tan t
12'
)-,,o '2 * ,ou
dt ,r. J
sin zr, cos nt dt
v

\ 14. t''r
Jo
sec 2o tanho do ,t. Ix(l - x)'/'dx
\ y:"f(x)
2
\ ,u.ff l*, - aldx
\
0 7 \ 6

E817. tr|+ +44+¤. +6I+. 'L+e+ qEE++{c: Oetr 46J

419 :4EE :r.q^l +'* Bol 4'*E.Jzl ¤H6tr +q]
6l+.
2. HolE 6l]46.l]^l trl¤¤ +6t+ cos "rr
dx
* Jr - *t)a* I ./t+riru
J. G
ffita. rr.IEE 0l+611^l *d y : *Ji, o< x < 4 o}flolJ +
B. jf/(r) d)c: toola jfft'rl dx:7'J q l|tt.ldxE. Al$ q glb ¤Esl HolE 4449_+ 4l+?'I4. r q-*.4EI
6.t+. oJ HolE +61-+.
4. q++ f, f" JilrtrldrE f4l"trol+. 4 f4E7I "lL a 19. x: 0E*q x: 4vl4 y: * + 5E rqlgs+ f+ ^Iolql
oJxlE Eql6}l, :1 ol+E ¤H6l$. 9j= EEe.l Hol= +6t+.
v 20./E r{sel xfie"E Eflr+q fl= ¤q A, Be+ Cel H
h
olzl tJtJ 3,2e1 1"J rll, ++ 84Bg +6I+.
L

x
f C

0
0 x

s. /E :4gzf ot4e+ rJ"l ,tll zflsl {$ee ol+q4 flq.

g(*): Jirtrl droJ 41, g(+)e+ s',(4)E +61-+.
61 [iy1.1ax ru) li lrg)l dx

v
21-23 +* H-+E EtrI+= +ol+.
21. r(x) : [r;0,
ft t'
1
\/ :r2. s(x):
J'o"or(
tz) dt

0 Z t
fx
/ 23. y: J* ,
COSO
ot

6-16 UJE:ol fxllaJQ$, trl+ 4Eg +6t4. 24. 4E 4A sg ol+Ell^J +S 4E{tg +4El+.
u.
J:,
(r' + 5x) dx z.
J'
(t - xs) dx f,@za.
 48 ++ 309

2s. 4E C¤¤. 0l+6ll^l trl-+ +-F^l¤- +E6l+. zs. f7l E+oJr !'rft-l dx:69 trll
[r'' ft sin 0) cos 0 d0

E 4l4i6}+.
f r'"o, *a* s ! 30. -E-= ¤f ,"ll 4oll /zt El+g EI+61+ E+B+"J trll,

26. +d$zlg ol$-rfl.r-l n:6oJ {

fi sin(.r,) ar9 +}t#g /(x)oll q1r; g_a* E4E +614
4*d oI4 9lxllzl{ztlzl C+6trll +6i+.
[rruldt: xsinx * I:#"
27. r(t)* d ,tll4lollal f*Geavy oil)z| AHlq= ul$ol4
-L 6l;<l. qzJ^l ,i- 2000'd lg loJql r:o_o.E ¤gdfl^l tl. f' ol [a, b]q^J g+"J 41, rl-*ol {BH:g Eq4.
gE+lE +4qq, r(/)= ts'J u]]Ee +4¤trt. rslE
jii'tO drE F99 444bz}? z
!' rG) r'e) dx : lf b)i, - lf fu)1,
28. gpsl zllilJfz| iEI r(r)trI4 ulg-e 6zlop, QI# ,9 32. f7l ++ [0, l]ql^l g+g u], ffiol ^dgg.g. Jiq+.
rqs= qg.:.fl$ zJ4. 6zH9 ++ ++ql^l +dflzl
g 0l¤-6ll^-l xl+ 24+ El"J ?zl,* gHE 4l^ll+E +4 I rrrl dx : J. rr, - x) dx
6t4.

r
12000

8000 I \
I \
4000 / \

o4B12 lE Z0 24 r(weeks)
 l*r
I

w f:*:'*

r
,=--rgd9

IEIEE ?gE r{lE BEoll^j^l.gEtr[. EIEEh= -Erl7l= "Jts q|*7[= -H.q=$

^tt!E =q|e.
5.2H E$*rll 44011^1 4alE.Et ErlTl ¤41= ++4str gElErl.
Fock and Wasp / Shutterstock,com

O.E.
5 T{I= OI oo
-rE -l
Applications of lntegration

0l 80ll^1ts HH e4E9 ++q '}]El] ¤Ejt+. +d ^Iolel Hol, E^llE +E, r4z tr|"J
+ 6Jol + .Jg 4l4l'l- ql 441+9 "ls"*E|. +¤l4"J "JEe +c "Ir]lel Holg falzl
flaN apo-" 13 ,JH4 +^16l+ +, 6t+q oJ= oE +B+ zl+ ++_o -e. +b4. :z q+ LIH
,+?+4 ztg ++¤.;("r,t) a* ¤4E
"Js_tr ol= 4EI qlsL QE +
=^l-6I¤ =^l-^lrJ+.
+sE +oJg f"ll o-= zlBg-e E¤*+. ufxluJetr "l 4Eg El4Eqlel TlEcE.l Ek
+d H zl9 ols-6[^l 4l4}aJr+.

311
312 s8 4Eq 3E

s.l I +d kilol
^lole,l
rElls ol4ql +q il= ¤qE HolE 4el6lr 4l+fltr} ol ¤
4tr-ql^J EL+E
ql^lb 4+g ol$afl.tl + ++fl r4s fl= BqE HolE +6Ir
^Iolql +q
zI'J+.

I Alo;o; btol: x0l zJ:d 4E

=C
v fH lql^l + *d y :f (x), y: s(x)$ + zld x: a, x: b +q 9t- ¤
y: f(f,) ^FlqJ
q s= S46l*I. {zlrl *+ /e+ s- ql+rJ [a, b]"ll 4* e- xoll 4all fl+E]
+oll f(x)> s(x)E El+qI+.
+d ol-4el -Jol= +it¤-'Ie+ rJol, sE qH]TI ae- ntll4 67+e
4.l¤ql^J
E ++.7, i Hall a7+s eHol Anolr k"lz} 1(xI) - s(xf)oJ 4^I4¤str *
0 a bx
y: g(xl
2 +4.. fl6-J+H, _E.= sEdg _q=+ ¤d_oe +lB + gl4. ol
^f^lfltrHa=H
4+ql *! : xiol4). olql el"J Bc +r-l7} 4+4 o + s9 Hol4l ^J4+ +xl
-ral r
JEI q rI+.*<lolrl.
S:{(x,y)laSx1b,
n
g(x)<yS"f(r)]
2
i:l
17(xI) - g(xf)l Ax

v v

f I

(*l)
ft1 I

"f I

f @!) - sGTl
I

I
I

l_ l_ _T -t- -t-
I
I
_t_
a u
0 , *.
-g\x i )
bx 0 I

I
I

I
I

I
I
I

l- # bx
I

xi I I

Ax

-rel (a) 4E 4^I4B (b)

JEL
" =^l-4l^l-r+¤

"l +_+I#g n---> *oJ trll fapzf 6l+ #ql qeq -d6l4 grt= 4g E
+ !lt}. :a4=E ¤q sel L#o|(area) AE ol zl^l4eEel Hol9 *ql 4
=^t
i +'*s-E 4el+t}.

:
It

1 A lim
,+@
'-
2
.
,: I
11(xI) - g(xf)l Ax

^l
trql^J ++g f - s4 44Be-E ++.J+.rfl=e. -Jolgl 4all ++r+
,JC +^lg E=+.
 5.1 +C LJol 313
^folol

2 [a, b]oll +El-= EE xgl ql6[ /e] sz] E4o1a f@) > s(x)oJ trll, *d y :
f (x), y: g(x)$ {d x : a, x: bE +419 Sqq Hol ai. +s=r+ ?J+.

o: ln t/(r) - s(x))dx

s(x): oql 54q1 4+ql s=/q r4s ol-4el Bgolq, -Jolql q+'JHI4 v

"J ^l trg 4.1¤el {el tre+

zJ"l-+l4g 4oll a:*-,tj;1. y: "f(x)
F B+ f * stl E+ o;..J A+ql al trzl-+r"J ol_?E :zH 3ollrJ qoJg + gl+. s
v: g(xl
A: ly:"f(x) o}4el Holl - : s(x) o]4el Holl
[y
ot,'l dx : I'rra - sk)ldx
0 bx
: Ill.l dx - f a

.feJ 3 e: t'rt*)a, - t' sh)dx

(o{l4l 1l) !=x2 * l, y:x -74tr.r:04x: r-E- EBIAI-"J ¤qE HolE +6}+

Eil ol Bqg rH 4e+ rJ+. +d+ y: x2 + 1011, olell+ 441 *d*y:

fl+ 441 v

xol4. El+^J : :
"f(r) *' + L g(*) x, a:00 b:1ql 4oJ Hol +Al tr=
ol$all.tJ Y:x2+l
H"lE +qL+ ,r:1

o:J', [(r, + l) - x] dx: JJ (r, - x * t)dx

y x
1
x'
x- _-TI I --
I I
l'I----rl:- s
x:0
2.)
JL
_1032-6 Ax

0 x
Holzl-
^l
EE dqq- 449 ^Jzlrlzlzl glall, _2fl 4ql LJUJz| a"rtl 4E
4^I4Eg r#.r+. -Jol= +61-71 +l+ 4E^lg ^llg oll, gHI4 o F" re s ral 4
=^l- rJol
"ll^Js+ ¤Eg rEl^J +l+ *d yr, or4+ *d y' rr]r qlE -^I 4^lr+
¤g q'J6ll E= 4ol s*ol ¤+. olql qlE zl^I4EE HolE 0r- yr)Arol
tr, 'l*. E- qlE 4^t4Bel Hol= (++9 9"lql^l) B6l+ r+4.g ++
^lg v
u+ Jr

: ,,H : lr- Jn

2rr, - la)Ax Il <r, - yn) dx

o
Vo

:zH sollrJ- g+ 4Alzl + dsE +^E HlE, ::.H sglrJ* s-=+ A4l7l-,* L,X

flsE +AE A"Jg +el6lloF 6JtrI. trl¤- qlzll- "J+ AAltl + d " F +48 0 u h
Y

4*"14. ¤ol r+4sl a +41= a4 bE +61-b 4"14. -ral

JE
tr
!t

(q!rll 2i) sgd y:ftly:2x- xzeaEelaltl Sqel HolE+6I+

Efll + EEdel rdg +6171 +16}l sEde.l %r-441¤. EB " ++. f :2x -
Hx.l
=
*', 12J{2 - 2x: 091^J 2x(x - 1) : QolnE x : 0 E= 1ol+. fd+ (0, 0)r+ (1, l)
"l+.
314 s8 {Eet 3E

!r:2x - xz rH 6ql^JilH +le+ olr{sl 4441e q+4 ++.

)
I, 1)
lr: 2x - x2, ls: x2

4E {^14¤E Hol5 ffi$ +q.

lB: xz
(y, - ys) Lx: (?x - xz - xz) Lx: (2x - 2x2) L^x
(0 01 x

r4r ol g93r:04x: 1
^Iololl
+q fl+ "l+^l + Holi rl-o-$ zJr|
fal 6

o : J'
(zx - zxz) dx :, I' g - x2) dx

I
-a
t+ +l 0
(;-+) 1
J

7w + +de.l ndE 4lEE dqd}4l +61= 4"1 qHrl+ BzP"B "llzl-tl

+. +¤= glxll"llrJzlH r49 4l+IzlLl- e+q= ol+6ll^l rdel 4IEE
=4I#
_qE +E + *ql^]e+ ee oJHeE ¤q ++ + 9l+

(oll4l 3D +d y : */,ffiei y: xa - xa +4lE Bqq t^l H"lE +6t;I

Eq 8++ jzEE 4+tr8 +6|ElE +g %l44g. E"I"F"J +tt.
-z-*x --4- ^
.Jxz + I

1.5 +l %14^lel4q+ 6ll. +6|= Ae ,]]+ qq+l -H-.JrH^Id* trzlk6}+). 4+^l

v
7x.,+r
-r
e+qE ol+4q + +dE :aqJsE rfl+(rH 7 +a). r.a +q E.J als= gE
oltr, E E+= nEz x- l.18oJg E + glq.rEls-+ F +d H"loil ql6J
^i"Jel
-1 2
q+r+ ?JL+.
=}t{te
_/ x4- x

-1
o^'J,"'l*-(xo- o)0.
-ral 7
Arq rlg zl+o.171 ?l"]] ,:x2+ l-+. il+6]-H du-ZxdxTl9zr:1.189 4 u:
Jat

zsgola_"r: ooJ 4l ,:
1ol+. IrI4^l +6J-rzl- 6lE HolE q++ ?Jq.
=^l-
. r lzst du _
a-i), _ x)dx
[r.r8 (*o
iu Jo

l, _ fL;*t _;),
: ju-'12'3s ,'l'''*

(1.18)5
-l-.
(1.18)'?

5 *T
:,12.39

: 0.785 tr

olfl ,{t"11 4oll /(x) >- s!c)= "J+6}r 4E xzfioll >/(x)E "J
'H6ll^1. s(r)
 5.1 +E liol 31s
^lolel

+61-=4+, *d y :,f(;r)g} y: s(x) ^lolsl HolE +"IEIH rH 8ql^le+ ,Jol y

y:
+q4l Bq SE 4r+el Holz} A1, A2,.. "J q4 zHg ¤g Sl, 52, ...e +b+. r
{r(x)

r|+ ¤E sel -JoJEzlg BgEs,,sr, ..el Hole] Er-, +-A:A, * A2+...tr_

cE++ v: f(x)
0 bx
qLE q+ol ^dH+r|
-ral
Jl=
a
U

- s(x)| : {rr'1 - (*), /(r) > g(r)E

s\x) ' ol
I tG)
Lg(r) - f s(*) >/(r) "J 4l

:r4=-+. Aql q6l] q+4 rJol ¤ + 9l+

3 *d y : f(x), y : g(r)91 x: a, x: b ,tiolgl Hol= 4+4 eq

o : Iu lrul - sb)ldx
rqq 4zl E"il^J 4ts¤- 4141,* 41, A,, Ar, ...oll 49"61* 4+_e_E ++lot ++
(qlq! 4D +d y: sin x, !: cosxslr:0, x- rrlZE +4lg gqq H"lE +614
pfl sin .r_ cos x, ft x: rr/4(0 < x < rlZ)al EI + +d+ f,dg 7}zlq, r gq v
):cosir y: sln x
* zH eql LI4+ gltrl.
0 < x < rrl4"J trll cosr > sinxoltr, rr/4( x ( n/ZoJ ull sinr ) cosxfl dql +9
x:0 7f

++4 rJ+
,.o
6IE +a.1"= Holb

o:t:'' lcosr-sin xldx:A1 tA2

7f
4 2
x

-ral O

ff'o {.o.
x - sin x) dx * t*'(sin x - cos x) dx

: fsin x * cos *)r'* * [-.o, * - ,in *f"/ln

/1 I r-r) .f-o-r++.+)
\a*,8-' / \ \/z \/z/
:zrfi_z
qql qlA ?l
"l ^ld , - r
ol qlxllb +6I= ¤ I l44l ¤*ol t= .+ ,J
=E+ 'l¤4
ol fl41 4l4}g + 9l+. v

y:d
A:2Ar:rt;'^ (cosx - sin x)dx I d

Iav
x: g(y) x: -f(y)
I q,g rp;o; kiol: y0ll EJ:d 4E C
Y:C
,*+E ,J+61-E fl41 x-l4g+ *d *:.f(y), x: g(y)4
"lH S99 xE yE
j: c,v - dE- +4lE.lr, c sv s doll^J f e+ s+ E+olq /cv) > s(v)"J 'll :r ¤ 0 -r

Eel uJol= +*4 *rlt_zfl l0 +a). f.al 10

316 s8 4Est 38

d
o: Io t/fu) - sb)ldy
x, JR

"l"ll :H llql +EtU A*lH e=+ 44lEx*,94 44lEx.olrtr. s^l6IH

Ay
494 Ae 4+ EE+.
xn- xt
L o : I'(** - x) dy
0 x
4zlrl qlg- zl^t4B+i H ulzt rR - x.ol-tr +ol7t Ayol4.
=^l
fal 11

y: x - 1+ s5-d y2:2x + 6oe. E+lrAl-.J sEel HolE +61-+.

(qlr1l 5l} zld

v
(5,4)
Efll + 49 ¤BsE ¤H, rdE alE (-1, -2)e+ (s, 4)E tsLtrI. ,91 4dl EEd
4 %FC^lg ¤r rH 12-8.+E1 g+r+ sE+ 441 +d+ trIgr+ rJ+.
xt:i!I z_3
)cL:*.Y'-3, rR:Y+ 1
xa:Y * I

x zl¤+ y{,tE, * y: -2e+ !: 4,r.fololl,rl 4Eg 6ll"} ++. l4 o + EE-+.

o : I:,(*o - x) dy : I:,[o *
(-1,-2) -2
r) - (iy' - z)7ay
azJ 12
: I:,?Lv'+ y + a) av
v
:-+(+) .+.-,1_,
y:r[u+d : :
(5,4)
-*(o+) + I + 16 - (t + z- a) ta

y:x-1
NorE {lxll soll.lel HolEy 4c x"ll ql6ll zi+6ll^l +E} fE ?l04 4l&.1 ¤d
rJ $Salr|. r ol+= ol4 a/lz| ,'.JB +E + *d o e 7{9zl rllEol4. :.fl 13
-3 x

(-1, -2)
"11^l BEg +
7IE 4+I A,4 A2-tr s^lg H"l= 4l+6J+= Ag 9"laLE, olE
y: -rlz* + 6 += qlxll sql^J "l+ql,H *Eol *Jd zJt6l-+
reJ 13
(o{l{l 6D +d x*2y:3,!-xs}y:irEE*l4-ql gqq HolE(a)4EE#,
el (b) 4+H+ ,5 ole" 6|q +EL+.

Eq sEe rH 14ql +4+ 9l+.

(a)x"ll 4EI 4+a'lE:H ls(a)elzJol fl4 44121F zI]9 *d-oe +Cq=+ ¤
v Eg + ffio -+ +hqot +4 trI4^J Holb'l+4 ,J+.
I x -f2Y:3 A : Ar * Az: lJ(, - lr) tuc + f?1. +31 - hia*
y:x
v: -X I
4
: [er'I * l-**' + '1*)',: I
0 2x (b) y"ll qlql 4B6|H :H ls(b)e} zfol sE+ 44171F z]]9 *d-e-E +Cq=E
f.g 14 ¤qg + .Y E o_E +ts EszI fittrI. ,'I+^J Holb ++4 *q.
 5.1 +C Afolol LJol 3',7

y y
(l l) (1, 1)

v -lx + 13 x 3 ,.,
1

v i
2
x:y r1\
,",21
I
2

J
:;x 1
x:4y
0 1 2x 0 .Y
L."

(a) (b) .f.g ls

A: Ar * Az: Ii''@ - y)dy * l,',r(, - zy - y)dy

: ltr'7':' * [r, - trfl',,,: l

r-
(qdl 7 D :zB to¤ zJ* eg r++ E^lql ¤tsoflC *4olE F zlEo il-AeI BE + u,

E +dg Eq +r 9l+. + +d ol*

^IolE H"lE +Hg 444EzI? +dHzlg
120
A
r00
611^J H"l= +461-+. 80
60 B
Efl s.+¤ql^J +E*d a oI4E Holt. 4¤- 163 E"J xl+i} A7I +q+ ,lEl= 40 I

+4U+= Ag "J + :lH,+. u}4lzfzls +d r "[49 Hol5 zt! t]t] E.J zl+ 20

xl- +B+ zl4ol4. q+^J + +d "I4E Hol9 xI"lE +E+4= + +C ^Iol

nz| o z 4 6 8 10 tz t4 t6 r(s)

e] HolE t6a +ql + zf="ilzf +qal 44el zlolE +ElU+ rqlEql^'l +EE
*olrl ++1. aB "lEl(l km/h : lffi m/s)-tr_ Ht+E q+4 ,J¤. s. g.+. reJ 16

t 0 2 4 6 I 10 12 t4 16

aA 0 10.4 16.5 20.4 23.2 25.6 21.1 28.0 29.O

aB 0 6.4 10.4 13.4 r 5.5 17 .t 18.3 19.2 19.8

ae. - 0s 0 4.0 6.1 7.0 7.7 8.5 8.8 8.8 9.2

: 47I gE+ 6l-71 j n : 49 zJ4 e +AB4¤. ol+++. +49 +?J4

Lt +16]l _o

9 ir :2,i2:6,lt: 10, lo:74o1+. 164 +ql, + zl^FxI7F +B+ 44el if"l

+s=r+ zJol +c.J4.
=
fu {oo - oil dt : Lt[4.0 + 7.0 + 8.5 + 8.8]
: 4(28.3) : Lt3.2m I

(qql 8l) :-H l7e +q ,Jgql 4+ gB 4d(pathogenesis curve)el qjol+.+

I utol4^zI s+7lql^l B+E El4l Hq4ol H= qB4 ,JEol 4qq
^l*ql4l
Bq ++.
=7IE
dHg ol-+ ++6l.41 qH +E ^IB=¤ dg^l vla,++zlE
^llEel +-ETI
¤Lzl^b
318 s8 4Es 3E

N
1500

{l-
t{
+ 000
frJ
BE
J-
NLJ

fo
500
^('
mrlj

?Lrol Hfl#ol
LI4B ,ll*o11d

lal tz ,JE +d 0
t0-ll l2 l7-t8 2t r (days)
=E
Source'. J. Heffeman et al., "An In-Host Model 1 t
of Acute tnfectioni Measles as a Case Study," Bfl#ol d¤ rlzi ag +E
Theoretical Population iolo gy 73(2008) : L34-47 . B+q
B
=q+

E$ill4lz} rJ olr}9 d$g u}9 ullzlxl dHC+ HoI llzll g+. r4'+'+gel "J'
ol .¤+ f,4]H"il Egg ollztzlb ++e 44421 ?+=+ 6*o1 44421 +16ll g
rJHe] oJg rJHE EoEq ?lr,6rfoJ 'fElg
REI "llzl-zl tsB
N _e6J
^llEel ^lrJql
Pl +del oI4 Hole+ "Jileq4.1d ¤+trxll I ar4).
(a):B l?E BB +dg fU):-t(t-zt)(t +l)-tr-EtrE4.ElE dgol r,: l0oJ
f ql rr: tg"Jo]l Ekl+$, dgg 4lsq t"E ffi$ .Jzl6l-= 4.+ +9,"J
^lzlqol
7l?
(b) dg$ ^l*el dHE= I/: /(r)e} Pt(tt, f (t,)), P2Q2, f UilE flAqL zJd ^l-ol
E Hololtr, (cells/ml).daysE +4EtrHrH l8 +4). ol +4 Elz}ql 4+ dgE
0 l0 18
(days) E 41416I+.
ral 18
Eq
(a) dHP +E7ll(10): 1210 cell/ml-9l^-l
^l4t-611,<l
/(18) :1026 cell/ml9l^l ¤
*+.
(b) p,r+ pzE fl¤f, zlde] zl¤zJE ffi: -#: -23olr. N -rzto:
-23(t - 10) <+ I'/ : -23t + 1440014. /e+ zld ^l-olel Holi cl-e=$ #+.

f.-tffO - ?23t + 1440)l o,: f;(-r'+ 20tz + 21t + 23t - 1440) dt

- f 18
J,o
(-r, + Zot2 + Mt - l#io) dt

-l-L
l-r +20r +44--l440tl
* ._,""J,0l''
4,-"1,__Z
: -6156 - (-to:: i) - tttt
EI+^l "l +L4ql ql+ dHEE o+ t877 (ce[s/ml) . daysolQ.
 5.1 +.! Fiol 319
^folol

s.t lg+e4t
1-2 13.y:rE, !:Ix,0<x<16
- 4Et
(a)

4Eg
(b)
++e.1Bq¤. 4+_q_E s.¤af4.
4l&6}q HolE +o-14.
14. y : cos.tr, y : sin2x, 0 < r S r/2

t5. y : : I cos.tr, -rt/3

sec2.tr, y < x < rrf3
1. y 2. v
y:7
16.y:y4, y:Z-lrl
y:3x-xz x:y2-l
17.y:sin(rrxfT\, y:x3
2)

y:x *: Jy
18. + EL+el :z4s= E4¤ +d ^Iolel BqE HolE e
x x
0
q +q.
(a) 0 < x 3 sg Ell +d
^Iolel Hol*
H"lqlzJ-?

3. 4A+
O) I; [/(x) - s(x)]d*9 {t.3 Eu}oJz}?
++el HolE +61-+.
v
.v y:x
Y:*t-3, f
(2,2)

x
ll
l-2,-21 0 12345-r

mle. ffi ${o + EBlre}ql ¤qg:f4r HolE +Et+.

4-5 +qd *Co + Eelal"J ¤Ee] HolE 4Ee_E -EH6I ( x(
) : cos2xsinx, y : sinx, 0 rr
+ zJ+g 4l+16}zl ?+=4.
20. EIUJE+g ol+6ll^J +AEol (0,0), (3, 1), (1,2)ql /*4
4. y: l/x,y: lli, x:2 5, y: 2 - x,y:2x- i
Bel HolE +61+.
6-e r++ +dsFE+lrrlql ¤E¤. :r.qI, x EE y, olL a 2r. trl¤- c4Bg 4l&6}r, ol4g Bqq Hole 6]]^j6tE+.

ql q4 4+6JzI 84614. 4_E +^I 4^I4Bg:14r, _fA E :7 ¤qg lHo-+ '14L11E+.

9 kol$ r{ul$ E^l* +ql ¤qel Hol= +6}+. JJ" I rtn.r - cos zxl dx
6.y:x2+2, y:-x_ 1, x:0, x:1 22-23 r4sE 0l+6ll^l trl+ +de] rdE r 4}sq *+t{t
7. y: {x - 2)', y: x g +6t+.E +dge. +4lg ¤EE -J"lg +6f+.
=*#g
8. y: $+ 3, y: (x + 3)/2 27. y:xsin(x2), ! : x4, x 2 0
9..r:l-y', x:!'-l 23. y :3xz - Zx, ! : x3 - 3x* 4

10-17 4* *d-oe EqrAlql Bqg r-?-]tr, :. $99 Hol fl z+-zs +d Hqg r4a, :1 HolE a+E oI4 trtd
^lole-l
E +6I+, a]l xle.fzlzl C+o1-41 +6I+.
10.y:12-x2, y:x2-6 24.y:i=,2
l+x !:)cz 25.y:turzx, y:./;
11. "r :2y', x: 4 * yz

12.y:!8, y:Lx 26. e+El {+ill4l= 0l+6ll^1 4d y : x' - 6x3 + 4xs.]-

 320 s8 4Eet 38

y: xt EBIAI'J Bq9 4+E H"lE +6I+. ll

,++
27.
=fl+$ 44zt +d6l= 466-xl-="x[rt ¤gdql -l
6l 914. oI4 s= A+ql^l zlg 104 +oJ 4Eo it9 ,1
^l 7
+E(km/h)E -H-q +r- glq. 6dHzlg oJ$all.! ;J$
A

z*bxlg +
10= +oJ 44zl
=4^-H-4 9"I4 EEI
trJ B

{s}e(a.: =44 z}-E" if !E, a*t 44 xl-Fr} +E).

o 2 r(E)

t 0s Uy t Uc Uy
(c) 2E +ql qtr itTl-g^JE7t? ¤86t4.
(d) + xffixlz[ ++61 9l=
0 0 0 6 110 r28 ^l4g +c6]+.
%)C4l y': x'(x + 3)ol L}r}tll= +dg il=Et+t! 3it
32 35 - r20 138
1
ffi 31.
2 5r 59 I 130 150
J 74 83 9 r38 157
4dflschirnhausen's cubic)old}I. "Je={. ol *d9 :
4 86 98 l0 144 t63 {EE r?]trl BE a4BqE trl= +rJol r}zlb Ag tr
5 99 t14 zll E dol4. oltrll :z?-lE EalriL"J ¤qE HolE +614.

32. 4d y : b7l *d y : f+ !: 4E_ +4lg ¤qg Holzt

28. rflg a}*zi BzH9 EBol4. BzH F4lE 20 cm
ol-u}{
,Je +¤qge Ll-E trI bej
{t¤. +6].+.
tjl9tr_ +4*qq 5.8, 20.3, 26.7, 29.0, 27.6, 27.3,
23.8,20.5, 15.1, 8.7, Z.g cmol4. +dHzlg ol$-o|1,<l $ 33. + g$d !: xz - ,'* Y: c2 - xz oE +Al¤ gqE

Holzl- s76ol qrll o,l+

,]]el EEE Hol= +4"I+. '9 #9 +a}4.
34. olefl :H$ *d y : 8x - 27x34 J46l+ +¤zld y: c
q ql6} rells= +4U+. 4e+ +Eel B9"l ,JrI El
200 cm E "9 {tg +o"l.+.

m 2e. ql4l 8ql^J +E gB +dg .J+ /.E Egs+6tfl+ +q -v

y:8x - Ztf
HtoleJ^ql "JzJ9 Eqdol Bl+ dEg +IzI9 gH +
dS g(r) : 0.9/(r)o1c1.
.v: c

84 zJ"l dgol
(a) glzll qlel HtolEl^ +41 +
^14¤
utl z)\t- +trlE dHol BS6Ib B+ e4.Jzt?
6IxI. rel
^lqE dol4z
(b) P3+ :14E sql^J dHol 0 x

H Pob dHol ¤t dol4. rqs sql^'l P3, P4E E

a6J 4dg qlxil aft)oll^l p,,p2= Ea+ zldg zl
gzl4 rJ+. dHol E+= B9 f,4l"Jz}? 49 Ezllb 6"*9 olul z"SoJ +dE"J E+.
(c) ol Etz}.ll rI+ dEEE 4141614. 35-36 ffi {,$oe EBl,r+"J ¤Eg f4a, -z ¤99 H"l
E +61+.
30. + zl+zt, 4zlt49l^] ++61 ¤g-dl]^l 7]-a-6J
A, Bz[
4. ot4 :1B"g F zF" rI9 +EEI+ql :a4sE +EtU.+. 35. y : tan x, !:2 sinx, -n/3 < x < nf3
(a) lE +ql qH ilTl +AJ=7I? ¤H6I4. 36.y:l/x, !:x, y:ix, x)0
16) 44+ ++e.l H"lb +fi.$ elrrl6}=z|?
 5.2 +tr| 321

s.2 I +tr;

"JAIE¤el +ElE +.1-. {+.llE HolE +B trllel rJ+ 849 Ex{q zlE6t
4l E+. *ulzl-+H.oJxl 4+4sE oJr glzl"J, +rJE 4q6l cE6l7l +l"ll^l
- trl4EEg ol$all,rJ 7l]'Jg BH6l-41 ullot"J ++.

r +4sl Esl
,J+6J Eill"J #E(cytinder)(s trl 4q6l zl4 +B)+E] Ezl. rH 1(a)
^lzl6lJ
trJElGase)ol+r 6IE
"ll^J HFol +Hg ¤Hgq 8,4 Br4 Bfloll 6JEtl ¤
9 B,E +4lgq 9l+ +EC gH"il f4"lr 8,4 B,Z "i- dE +lE E= d
sE +Cqq flq. "JHel Holzl-Aolr +EE Eol(Brollrl BrzfxlE 4A)tl h
+8, ol +HE +q y- ++r+ rJol cgg+.
V: Ah
E6l "JHol tlzl$ ,"J flolfl, +Hg flzlfol{ +El= V _ rrrzhol+[rfl
1(b)1. HEol zlil t,.qle ruoJ 4l^l4$olfl +EC ul+H4loll f p4ts y-
rwhol4lafl 1(c)1.

B.
h
I
-l h L
TL

I r
I
w

(a) fE V:Ah (b) gTlF V:nrzh (c) zl$H;ll V:Iwh -ral

JEI
{

+Eol "IH flill sql q6H^J- s= Exl s3 a4e_g'xf-e_I, 4rJ4 47+s-

fHs-e *^f^lrJ+. rqr ol +EEq +q= rlalf sfl +i4E +4*4. ol"ll
4q+ sE +El- 4?+4 += rrll ¤lzlrlTl- ++ 4-cg FEI +g + 9t+.
ss+ ¤Eol tl4
^JrJ BE¤qg sE EE!(cross-secrion)ol+r ++ ,4oll f
zlolq a{ x <b"J .JEel d .rE zl+E BH +q ilb se1 +He.l HolE
"ll
A(x)4r. EfzHrH 2 +4.d *E zl+E+ +E sE d-*g
"ll, ¤-fl 44E
,-J

.y

A(a)

#
A(h)

0 a b x
-lEI .)
JEL
322 s8 4Esl 3E

v v
Ax

s I

:/ 'j:;
\\
tt ffireI
ryffire
0 a h x 0 4 : Xo Xt X2 X3 X4 .f5 -tr6 Xt: b 'f
x,t xi

f.al 3

EoTtfJ{l tr|+
"lE 4l4}+trlr.6l^0. xz| aofl.r.l btfi\ ¤+Ee] Hol A(x)E E
tr 4"14.
S= ¤E &,, p*,,...8 "l+Ell^l Llulz| Ax-e. rJg nzflE '44o8 4hzHmJ
BqE= xr=+a C4+r+). Ef,++ l*,-,,x,191^J Egd xIE 4EFH, ,84
4;J Si(BH p,,-,4 p,, +"J SE "J+)= e{sl Holz} a(xf)olrl 't.ol'7}
^l-olql
A.r.J iHge i=,_AL^lA + il4t:-H 3 +4,).
trl-+^-l tHpql 44 s,E +4"il q+ =.*#g
"l +HE +Eli. a(xl)A.rol4,
rls=r+ *tr+.

Y(S,) - 4(;f) A.r

olfl 44EE +qE E+ qdl (zl+4 "E +q+I ^J461-L-) + +E"l 'iltr
+*{tg E=+.
n
y: E A(xI) Ax
i:1

ol n --+ @"Jd¤ q S"L+lrE ^84+tr}.) fal-lzf af

trfl(Sg 47+ol
=*{Ig
#ql -d6}4l E4 l4=e +tl= ru---+moJ ull olfl o.JE ++sE
rl+q
=
+El= 4E++. el+ 6JE ++ol 44+"Jg Er glgEe r1-" CE= E-+.

$el SE x : asl x: o1z1-. B xE xlu}-z x4

^FJq +ql Ei{r-}-1.
ol treloilAl x+oll rHalj s7l olgll tsq +trlsl b
glErlsl-= trzl7f gl,tr|.. + s= E=dEs q +zle ¤E &q] ilE sel +He] H"lzlA("r)olrATl fl+E++olE, sq +q
:d8
E olg4l L[+r]afE voll r]|6ll E"J (volume)ts-+s=+
-d'JE E4l E Aolq. 'ZJtrI.

v : Jgg i ot.rl Ax : [o et,o a*

+q +41 v: !:A(x)dx? ol+B oll a(r)= c *E xl+E^l r+ql fzl "+

g4 Eg gEe] +H"il 4+ +E4e H"l"Jg 7lq6l+ 4"1 #s6ttrl.
+tsE A+ +HE H"l- oltr- g46trl. + E-. 4 xoll 4dl A(*) : Aol4.
r4^J +qE Ae-lqlE v: !:Adx: A(b - a)71sl-2., e+ +4 v:Ahel I
zl++.
 5.2 +trt 323

{lqlrll 1 D t}zlEol rol +9l +ril= y : \rrrr"Jg +H6}4. -v

Eil +e +Cg gEsE RsH BH &E Rfl +E ¤+H+ rlzlBol<vl4.z+^ v

{?]"il tr+{) y: Ft7?l g"l E+(rH 4 +a). EI+^J +Esl HolE ++4
,J+. rl
rx
A(r): nY':n(rz-xz)
a: -r, b : roJ 4+.ll +Ee] 49= ol-a" {fl trl+¤ E=+.

v : t_,eg) dx - I:,n(r, - x,) dx

feJ 4
: dx
2n
I,t' - x2) (irl4EaJ+: +6J+)

:r,,lr* +],:zn(,, +) :!zrr,

rH 5= "JillTl- tlzlE r: r.J +g
4EE ¤H6Ir gt+. 4lzll rg "l] +Elsl
¤4E+El +E +nl4tn, + -^l-4.o_e.4.1887e+:: 4g .J + gl+. {zl,rl
e7++ flzlE E= fl+oll rfl sE ++g EEd xIE #4 i,E_ g6p n
^ll
:5, 10, 20"J Ell, r1+ 4"J dl9 z16l-+zl.J 6Jl4g -u"J 4o14.
n

),:l a(x-;) Ax : E n(1' - il Lx

i:l

+s. E4E olql ql+o-I} elEI Ele ¤xll +ul.il rl*rl +d6}4l
=^}+HE
H+.

/
NNTR
(a) flS 541, v - 4.2726 (b) fl+ 1041. Y:4.20e7 (c) S$ 20tll, V - 4.1940

fg 5 EJrl=0| l?.! +sl +trloil EH-d

=+til

r flEillsl +trl
+"1T1 gqg + zldg +C9^E cld^l7lH Elflr{l(solid of revolution)E EE
+. ++ qlzll- Eld+ql +4e trEEol g¤ol+= Ag Eq++.

{1oll4l 2l} oq1,t1 lvl^l *dy:,8 ol-4E gEg xrt$fd"+ sld^lzJ 4l r3zl
324 Erl xlrrol 9s.
JO OO
-g-

EillE +ul= +6|r+ qlE *^l-+Eg rel +Elel 4EE ¤H6I+

=
Eq Sg3 zH 6(a)4 ?Jc+. xffi +dsE fldol$ rH 6ft)ql B"J Ex-llE B.
+. d rE xl+E s+ a4-q--E zfEH tlxlt\6-".1 flsg g4l Elq, ol tEq H
oli rl-o-$ +L+.

A(*):*(g)':rtx
HiZIE

*^I +H(+4171a.rql g+)ej +q* trl+4 +L+.

A(x) A.r : T
rx Lx

"Jzll7l.r: 0r1"tr: 1 }l4 9lo o-+ +ul= +g,,r+ +t:l.

^l-olql

, : J' Ae) dx: L' ,, dx : " t)j,r: +

v t
qlEl 20ll^l ?--J 'Jol El'=JdH E0l=71? v: J*
olAE "JolEzl +la]l +GlTl EEE "J
Eol [0, l]olr. tsol7l loJ E^l.4Botr
Hl+rl. 0l tr^l4BE .rGE eCeE El
EllTlE urlEol r, tsol7l toE +tr17f
rr.t2.1 =zr?l +EE E=rl. qlrll 2oll r 0 x
ill+luf +olE gillg +tr|= olaq u
0
,r t/
^l
01trf. qa|.A] qlrll zoll^J +-d =J3 El.J
6H H?]rl.

ra6 (a) (b) tr

(q{l 3D +d y: *'4.I: 8, x:0-o t +4lg gqg v4+ +d-".P qd^lA ql

$zlE "Jillel +!l= +61+.

Efll :H +qd gqg +4'l]r Ar+E tsg EillE:zH 7(b)o1l 'I4+ 3l

?(a)E
+. ¤qol yffi +d "e qdr}7l 'llflql "J{lEy+.il tzl_oe E4oF alzyoll *
61] 4+a.1+ 4ol *¤ail tr-oJtrl-.+ol yollal xfEH uJxlEol xoJ flSg E=4. 4zl

il x : +f ol+. trl+^] yE zI4E *tsE HolE q+4 rJ+.

A(y) : n(x)' : n(i[)z - nyzl3
+^l¤ tlzl*
-f.H 7G)q rqd +EE +irl='I+4 +Et.
=^t
A(Y) AY : nY'/' LY

oJxllzly
- 0rl1; : 8 +q fleJ-E +Yl= trFq-$ rJtrl.
^Flql
 5.2 +trl 325

v v

v:8
v
:v.y
Ay (x,y)
x:0
!: x3
trL
*: ili
x 0 "ts

(a) (b) -t=j'7

JE'

,: : r[f ,',']l :
J*
AU) dy: lJ ry'/'dy
T
q+. qlxll. +Eol ++¤ql qdill$ Eol=tr|.

(qry 4l) zldy:rel 4dy:x29a_E+l,rA|.J gq ftgxffi#do+ qd^l

A *I $zl} Eillel +ElE +6I+.

Eql 4d y : rs+ +d y: x2+ E (0, 0)r+ (1, l)ql^l "JU+ +dr+ 4d ^I"lel
¤E, qd^14 Eg "Jiil, r4r"r49l +zle *Hol r+ 8q +EI'l 9fq. ¤H &
ql +q il= +E+ Hla4 *zl+"l x, oJ+ HlzlE"l l"J s+4(7q E"J)olq(rH
8(c)). 4+^l +HE H"lE Hl-++ +lel H"lql^J "J+ gE HolE uull^l +g + 9l+.

A(x) : rr(x)' - n(*')' : r(x' - *o)

\r\/
uI?+ q]+
ulzle
u tE
HI/lg
u tr

trl+^J +*¤ E=+

1^
:, T-s
t<

v: f A(x)dx : Ii nb' - x4)d)c

x' x' /.77

015

v v

(1, l)
y:x A(x)
y:i
gL

x x
(Q o)
c 0

(a) (b) (c) r rgg

326 s8 4Eq 3E

+¤. ql4l- 4+E+ol ol-H +g +dgE qd6}q qdillE qlE "ll +Eel HI
xl*$ 4l+6141 e{Ellot +tr|= 49 s-q6q.

(qdl 5|) qlzil 4el gqg 4d y:28 +cse qd^la ql ,,JzlE "JalE +E
E +6t4.

Eql "J;lle+ +Ee :H Egl +4+ 1l+ tH+ ++Bolzl"J ol 4+ql "J+ Hlzl+
* 2 - x, alf4 tlzl6g- 2 - x2ol4.

_t

.,:J y:2
U
Z -.{
/ 2-xz

y=x y:f I I
*'l "r
*
.r
0 ,rl ,I x
-ra! o
JEg

+Ee] H"lE r+-q=r+ rJtrl.

A(x) : T(2 - x')' - rr(2 - x)2

Elzlz oL_4.
U-
q}ZIE qlzlE

tlF+^J sE +"1= ++4 ?J+.

y:f Ae)dx

:,J' lQ - x')' - (2 - x)zf dx

: "'f (*n - 5x2 + 4x) dx

:rLT-
[,, x-1 ,'l'| : _8rr
4_ tr
5 ;J +
2)o 15

NorE "JHI4SE EldillE +ul= ++4 zJ* zlt4"J +4sE 4l4I+4.

u : A(x) dx Er-
!L u:loA0)dy
[u

*BE Hol A(r) E= A(y)= '++ t]JH + 6l-+E +++.

 5.2 +trt 327

. +Bol g+olE({xll I-3 *4), (x EE y.E) flS9 tlzl$$ +61-r. q+

I ol*t4.
A: rr(HlzlsJ,
. EHol SlBolHt{lxll 4*5 $4) +Be_l .J+ e}zlE r,,4 E}44 *zl+ ,*,
g ffl-e--tr.+El +6Ir.(rH 8, 9, 10 Ala), El++ A+9 Hololla] qI+ g
+E Hol$ uu|1,! +l$el HolE 4l4I++.
A: rr (ts\++ HlzlE)2 - "r(?I4 HlxlE)'

t
rin t/
fout

ral 10

++ qlzll= olfl 4cg q d-^ll6l Eol +r gl'I

{qlll 6l) q4l 4el gqg 4dx: -19+d.oE qd^lrJ trll ^Jzlb.Ji-lle-l +q
E +614

Efl :_B 119 +¤ +Eol+. EHe BE_oe. qI+ HlxlE* 1 + y, Hl-84 tl4E
* 1 +.Fol+. Et+^J +Hel H"lE q-s-4 +rI.
A(y): T(El++ elxlsJ'- rr("J4 Hlxlsl=)'
: o'(t + ,F)'- + y)'
"r(l
"Jillel +El= 'l-s=rl e+
,: I' eb)dy: ,J'[(, * Ji), - (1 + i,)ay
: n !'(zJi - y - y')dy: n f +r''' v' v'l
L 3 - z - 3l oo
TI
",

)
r+J,
l+v
I

I ) -i
*: Ji
I

y
x:y
0 x
x: -l r.g 11
328 s8 4=et 33

r EE!4= oltEt +trl

zl#+q +E4g zld 4l+g + 9l- qd;llzl ol-H .JillE +j4= +g 4o14.

(qrll 7D llxlfi'ol lql gg "JEo-+ 6l-b "J4lol+.EEql #zl"lz ¤

:H l2i
4"J +H"l 4+48"J uI "JrllE +nlE +Ef+

Eil flE %I4^lg *',+y', = 1-E +zI 'Jille+ EE, g4 " +*q r"J* ¤qd 4E
ql fl= qlE +Hol rH 13ql +4+ li+

y v
C v:Jt-f B(x, y)
C

rzJ 12 A+Ele gd"J qlrll 7sl gijl

"7 B
x
,,/- --: --l
ol
-l 7 1x
A A A B
v v

-lEJ 13 (a) "J;'ll (b) EH (c) tE

d BE ?l +lql ?Izl ollEgl y: Jt - *lolq, Ir++^J df4E ABCq 'JEglarl :

zy : zrR"lq. ¤dr-4¤oloe :H 13(c)-E*E H"l;" ,/! y : ,Erf.,
gg'J + 9t+. u++^l trE9 Holb q+4-+q.
A(x): l.zrR. fiJR: 16(l -"*2;
EillE +iil} q+4 zSJ.
,: I:,AG)
dx: l, Ji tr - x2) dx

:, [',/i ft- r') dx : rfil- +] i,r: * l-l

(qdl 8|) -J Hel ,Joltl 7o14^t+Bg EES-tr. o]-.z +oltl no144"lg9 P

vlE +6l.+.

EOI :H las] zjol vl4"lg9 EAdg Ed oql g-r. x4.+d+sE q.Jq. 4

xE zl4E^J x+ql +4e "JEel BH r,zp sl4"l.=4 "J+^J ol== 4^l4eE oJ
H9 zJolE r4z 6.l-;(t. :.H 1s9 Bg d1-48=e9q sE xE q-q-+ zJ"l strR
-A olrl
-r ,AA'1 .

x_t/2_s
hLlzL
trI+^J s: "l %Fd^lol y: Lxl?h)q
I-rlholtrl. tzld Ors-1 tJ¤tltl tlpnlolEP,
¤ olgalt grgs gt+.1 r+iF_tr *tsE Holb ++4 #q.
 5.2 +nl 329

v v
P

/
x .t L
1
o x o x- f

fal 14 fH 15

A(x) : ^L21- *z
s2- n-
ulrJol=zl *:04x:72,tlolql +ol 9l.oFtr +rl= ++4 rJ+

,:1" Ak)dx:lJ fi. dx:#+)',:+ tr

NorE qlx-ll sollrls+ ,Jol El4plgg q4dg HIE^I flBql # g-,qb H,4. ol l"f
Ag tzl ^l$- A+al ffizl +16ll :z+Al iflg Sol+. r Ell4l.ll :zH l6ollals{ zJol ,l
EEe] +dg gd.oE Eiz +}lfig .Je] y69l +sH, +s,,l} ,J+ 4# +ts +
I

?l+. I

V: Jo L' ^ : Lzh
hr th - Y)'dY
to
3 I

0 L
(q4! 9l) elxlEol 4"J flzl# F EEsE tr4 4lzl E"Fg efl+. qL gH+ fl
7l+E +q +z.loJq, +E ¤Eg flzlF9 zl# trI+^l 30" 4s_=. +q ¤Hr+ "J f.al 16

t+. 4lzl9 +r4E +61fl

Eill + BHol "J+= zl;f. xf,e_E qaIB, flAIel e{g "JA^l y : ,16 - *,,
-4 < x < 4"J Hlgol g+. gEsE+El x"JE Eqd x4oll +zl"J +Eg r+
lTqJ^JiJH dI{¤ ABColq, "JHg y:
"@oJa, +ol= lBCl : ytan 30o
: JTo - x,1.6ol+. 44^l +EE H"li ++r+ +q.
_.- - r-
A(r): i,fn-e +@
VJ
\
O\,-
\ v

16-xz
A
B v: Jt6 - *'
2.fi
+81= +s-r+ rJ+. gt+ C
4E %r-He s.2¤ fl+Exll 3eql^l E +
u: !:^AQ)dx:l:_ ff0. 300

:
ilr- t,u - *')
:#[,r, +], : #
dx
fg 17
v B
330 s8 4EE 3E

s.z I E+e{t
r-z "J4lb 4e+ ++q sq¤- +"1{l +g +d_oE Eild v
6Iq e=q-. c(0, 1 B(1, l)
fi.,
flS s= *IB fl+e rq4.
(a) "J;tIs+ q1e
v 4l; y:x
(b) "JdlE +4= +61-= 4+g 4l+14.
(c) 4# 4l4}6rq +qE +6I+.
g.l
1. x+ 2. y4
v o A(1,0) x
v
y:9
y:i+5 15. ftr: qd+ OA 16. 9t,: sld+ an
f+t 17. 9r2: qd+ OA 18. frr: eld+ ar
le. frr: qdq oa 20. 9rr: 4d+ ar
0 3x 0 x

T 21-22 4* *do"e +4E ¤q¤- 44¤ 4cg 6d"=

3-s q*- *doE +41¤ gEg +qd +r+ 4dg +/ds qd^lfl 4l ^8zlb flAIE +slE +61'= 4Eg 4l4t
^ll+l+.
-E El{,t12; 4l rJzl} "JAIE +ElE +6tb 4E+ ^ll+J{. zl EE A+EIE ol+dl^l 4+¤ 4+d oI4 trtC4 xl4nl
4l&+ 6}zl t+b+. xl 44o.1 +*tr}"
3. y: | - lfx, y:0, x:3: x! 21.y:tan)c, !:O, x:Tf4
4. 8y :7s2,y: Ji; y+ (a)x4 (b) y--1
5. ): sinx, y : O 0 <.r < rri y- -z 22. x2 * 4y2:4
(a) y:2 (b) x:2
6-t4 ++-*dge +41¤ Sqg +"ld +rl 4dg +Cg
E qd^lA 4 ^JzlE EAlq +{= +6t4. E ¤q, Ei]l, ql T 23. lqlsE.ol+"11^l q+ +dq rde-l -r +lEE
=^Hts
E g+ E= {+¤ g+g fEl+. E +6I+. E olfl 4dE=E +4lH SE¤. xrtg +ds
6, y :x * 1, y: 0, x: O, x:2: x4
E sld^lrJ trli ^JzlE "JillE +ElE 4ltzl E= 4+q
ol+4q (=.-^l-4_oE) +614.
7.y:riT-l,y:o,x:5,x4 =
y:l *xo, y:J3-*'
8.-r:2r/1, x:0, y:9i14
9. y : x', y:Lxi 14 T 24. a+El 'H+4l4lE ol+6ll^J r+¤. +do-+ +418 ¤qg
10. y :1g3, y: rE; x+ +qd 4dg +'ile-E 3rld^lA ql i}zlb EAIE +sl
E +6F4.
11. y : a2, x: !2i y: I y = sin2ff, ) :0, 0 <-r < rri Y: -l
12, y : 3,!: 1 * secr, -nl3 ( x ( rrlS; y: I
2s-27 trt¤. 4Ee qd4lE +qE Lt+4r 914. 4r+q "J
13. y :.T3, ) : 0, x: li x:2 iil.il Eiliil ¤H6I+.
14. x: !2, x: | - yzi x: j zs. rr d* 26. nlJ tr' - x6) dx
t"/' "in'*

ls-20 ol-41 :H9 H7 trl¤- ¤qg +qd 4dg +=co_e

27. n Ilr at
Eld^lrJ ull galE +rrlE +6|+.
^dzli
 5.2 +tr| 331

28. #+El EI6¤¤(CAI scan)* "J4* zJ4s-ts .Jill Lll+ +zlqj +He EHol BIH.J zl4olE$#z-l$ol4.
E EEtlg E-q#e-s,4^l ++6l.xl ?J:rE erzlgl +'* 4 35. Ssl ,JEg 4+l¤ol (0, 0), (1, 0), (0, l)"J +4Bol4, x
.BE xll="oJ4. zJ$ 1.5 cm! z]4o + t6 gB+
^t*el +"il +21.J +H+ 4,r}4¤o14.
Ql. zf{r}z}. ,JE 4ol= 15 cmolil ,Jel EEq Hol=
36. .lel ,JEg EEd !:r -fr+x4o-tr EqrAI"J ¤9ol
cm2 s$l_E +E}tr tr+l 0, 1g, 59,79,94, 106, 117,129,63,
4. x+ql +4e +Hg 'JEq ,Jolel +ol7} zJ* "lE
39, 0ol+. +flHzlg ols-" aJIAJ ,Je_l +EE +C6t+.
E+4¤ol+

ffiffiffiffi 37. "J4l SE;r4oll

y : ;(t -
fzloll-, ,44 Lit6}a, EEd
x'), -l < x < tql +dg ,*= +dq el6il +

ffiffiffiffi
4tqq il+.
E
o
q
o
@

ffiffiffiffi
t=
@
E
Q
B
@

E=
E

a= v
x
2e. (a) rHql 4+f ¤qgxfg +/ds + i4d^I4 oJillE x

EI=Htr}. n:4il +dflzlg ol$afl,r]

"Jfllsl +rl$
+46t+. 38. (a) "I4 :H4 zJol tlzl$oJ r, fioJ flS{l(torus, EH.
v E"JE "Jrll)E +sl= +61+ 4Eg
4
^ll+14.
(b) H"lE 4Eg 6H46ll^i E++illE +ul= +6l.+.

2
\
\
/ \
024 6 I 10n ft
\-- a- "q.
{
-
(b) ¤99 ya¤ 6C o-e qd^lrJ ull +ElE +46t+
ol4J n: 4oJ +fiH+lg 0l+6}+.
30-37 trl-g. oJill sE +EE +sI+ 3s. flzll eql^J - ¤4+ +Eg ole"a|{ {lzl
F ¤EE j/dql
30. $.olz} ftolI EHfl Hlzl$ol ,.J 4fl$ cl +q= +6I+.
31. $-olz} ftolr HlzlEol r"J * E"oJel s-xJ. 40. 7lgqqlelg flel 7[9ts-]qlElE fl4(Cavatieri's principle)
"ll trIsE + Eill s,r} s2oll^l + BEq Eq+ BH_o e
I, zl$ +HE Holz} es$ srq s2E +Eb .<le ,J4.
r
rH.4 zJol ztts4ql4E g4E ol+6}q qfxlgol roJ
HI+el pylzt qi4Eol roltr, +ol7} roJ flBol
^ll4¤
flzlE9 +irle+ rJ¤-¤. Eq+.
^JE

32. ul
fl ol tltr_ b,,r]le 2bQJ zlrl-4¤ ola. t-ol 7l tuoJ irl +El E

33.
^ll
Eol ^-l_tr
fzloll_^jE +zlql ^ll Hq ,Jol7l ?+7+ a

3 cm, 4 cm, 5 cmoJ l.tflill

r
34. sE EE¤- 441 +d sf + 4y, :36t1 4gol4. x+gl
332 s8 4Eel 3E

+r. HlzlEol r"J F azl gl4. * *9 fcol +E +q EE HE gqql qq= 4+6IE zlalqr{ o + +^}6J s"Jol
q] +q fle ql +F ++E +El= +6I+. 6J zlla$zllzl:H9l E^l¤ ¤9 fr,9 y49
^J^JE4.
#d_"e. qd^lzJ ,.Jzl= "J4le+ zlo'[$21_o_+ +^]6J
uli
+2. qlxlEol rol+Hg qlxlEol ,r > rt-l flzl# E46ll^-l
ql+E.El EztTl= 6J+.
T]FE +ql zl4se BHQ. grl +e oJi]le.l +r4E + s /(s000
"*')9 ^J4}6tel-7
(a) Eq ft,¤. pld^lzJ ull rJzli Ezlzl$ +El y,¤- +
4eg dl+lr+(4+e 6l.zl t*=+).
6F=
614
+r. 4l$*l+ +44 zJ* "lzi$ul9 dTxt==* es.ffi9
(b) 4lf
+'}]E 4+6lE ¤9 fr,ol s9 frz
ctr.
+EE +6h= Exlle+EJ s+g $*+. (41¤:el= 1615 ^flI"J
s H++Eg trq+.
Eql Fe] +slE +El+ %IBql E+6|]^l Kstereometria (c) ¤q ftrE Eld^lrJ trll {zl3 ExlTlE +q vrTl
dotiorum$"]* 4qg ¤+1H+.) rE.g ++ Hq E"Jg
c3v,oJg -H-q+.
EEd o +
=^I^la+.
(a) golz| holn ,roJ # trl-s EEdg r
(d) s / EztTl¤ {4}61-71 +l+ 4rll'J 4f cE +6}+.
=14 Hlzl+ol
+ +=c o _+ sld^14 E=+. (cm)
y (cm)
y:8t
v
: rR - ,*', -hlT < x < hlZ, cE oJf
) y:8
FE 4 "JHE tlxlE"l r: R _ dgg Eq+. w2
olEll d: ch2l4ol4.
(b) FE *ulzt +q=4 rJ+g Eq+. I=-t' y: l/c'
y:c
v:lnh(ar2 + r'-?d.')
0 x (cm) 0 x (cm)
44. 4lf(scaling factor) c$ o1-aorj ¤Ee] S4(dila-
^7lloJ
tion)E d (x, y)E d (cx, cy)E- tr]1+^lzJi E{*ol+. ¤

s.3 I flErEEql sl-d +tr!

g ¤E HIH " E 4*zl E= +El +zllzl- 9l+. q= E"l 4d y :Lxz - x3

"llE=
4 y : 0 o _E +4lg ¤ qg y+* +c .o _+ pld^la trll rJ zlb E illel +El= +
al3 E4l5 ^J4q] BzI(rH 1 +a). y+ql fzJ o + zftrH ¤+¤(rrl E"J)
g e-+. rflql ++¤e] ?I+ HlxlEIl Htts+ elxlE$ +6IelE +x|"J{{
!:Zx? - x3g xoll 46ll Eol yE 444"t 6tzl,J, rAg flxl *4.

v
a1
Y: /x- -
?
N'

Xf: ? xn: ?

0 Zx
-ral I
JEI
 5.3 EE'gtroll sl-'J +tr| 333

r flEEE HJEI
aH rJg {+ql B+ +grJ olH.J +l$d¤ %l-H(method of cylindrical
1r+ Ar
r
shells)ol ilrJ.. rH 2ql^J oJ+ +^lEol rF Hl++ qlzlEol rr' ae)a- golzf to

qt g+449 E + ?i+. ol fl844e-l +trI y- q+ gzlFg +vl %ql^l .+l

I
i
I
I

P flzlEE +{ v,$ mlal +EJ+.

I h
I

V:Vz-Vr
'1=
\r
)
t
: rrlh- rr?h: n(r] - ,?)h -
: rT(rz * r)(rz - ,r)h -tE,l ,
JAL

!^
-
-
2rr
Ltt " 2
" h(rz
rDYz - rr)

Ar(flE4dE +41): rr rrol-tr- (gEa4el ¤+*xlgJ -1.(r, + rr)-e-E

- F
o H, g$Adfl +Elql ql6J +^l+ trl¤$ +Ll.

tr V : Zrrrh Ll

ol +4lg +s=r+ ,Jol zlq6J + ?l+.

Y: (gEql) x (+ol) x (F4l)
ol4l +d y:f(x)lt,,f(x) > 0le+ {d y:0, r: a, x - b (8, b) a > 0).E.
+4lg gqg yffi #d o.+ 4drl,J trll ^JzlE "JSIE sqr 6fzH-r-H 3 +4).
v v
y: f(x) v: f(x)

0 a bx
,

u bx
al 'l
I

I
-,
JE !l
I

+7J la, bl= qulz[ A*E ,J* nflq +E +rJ [r,-,,x,JE ++7 t,= ,Hal]

++ ++E +dol+r x,]oll +ol7] f (7,).J zl^l-r+8¤. y4

6l.zl. =JHol [r,_,,
g +4sE EldrlzlE, ¤tHlzlEol x,, kolT} 71i), F4lzl Ar.J flE4¤ol
tr|+^J +4 trq] q+ fl84¤E +q= +s=4 +r+.
^JrJr+(rH 4 eI4).
v v }
y: y: : "f(x)
f(x) f(;r)

l-r -Llil *1
bx la bx I
a x
I

xi x;
^i- I I I

AeJ 4
334 s8 4Est 3E

Vi : (ZnI,)[/(x,)] A,

r4=E Eill sel +q vel +4t#e q+r+ zJol flE44e.l +i4E Bol ¤4.
n n

v=2 y,: E zniif(ii)L,x

i:1 ,:1

ol n --+ moJ trll +61-r.z} El-: #ql q+q E+. r4Es c4

=4I#* =do-}4l
Eq ce-lE+El q+g .J + 9irl.
n

Hm E zrit f (xt) A., : zr* f(x) dx

/l-JCo :-r tu

,rI+^J trt+ol 4'J611 E_.Jtr}.

2 a"ll^l br+Al *d y : f(x) olrllel gqg y+g +dqE qd^la q rJzlts

rH 34 rJ* "Jijle-l +rl Y= 4s=+ ++.

V:[uZrxf(x)dx,
JA
0<a1b

,JH-$ ol+ql^l +E6IE +^l

flEdA trl- 4'J6il E.J+. ol +{g Fl.llil
+H6IE+ Bl-z}(7.Itr ¤+Ex] 4l +4).
+4 EIE 7lq6L- 7I4- ==g %r-He rH 5ql^14 zJol tlzlE "r, flE4l Zrx,
Eol /(r), +41^.t E= dxtr g4u EB6.J qlE flE-a4Jg=. S4.l+ dol4.
u:to (Zrrx) [/(r)] dx
gEEl +ol +zll

r' I

l*x f(x)
T
/(x)

r .r

-rel tr

ole+,Jg +E+ y+ol olu += 4dg ¤=Cse pld^la ,Jg tr-+ql

'lle+
aJs E-f;-ol E 4.o14.

(ollHl 1l) y:2x2 -r',4y:0e-tr +zlE ¤qgy4 *cgE qd^la ql

^8zlE
EillE +ul. +sl-+.
zx- --t.I
al

2x Eill :-H fltfle+ Hlzl$ol x, flEflltl Zrrx, +olz} f(x):

6.el tr}|E zxz - xsol
tr}. trI+^J gE4¤ BBge+q +E.'l-*-4 ,JL+.
reJ 6
 5.3 flE,AEoil sl-d +tr| 335

V
f tzn*) (z*'
+q/
- x') dx
flEell +ol +41

: 2rr ff t *' - *u) dx : z,-ll*o - i.']:

:zr(B - ?) :ln

flEAE *H o e eg EI"l atJg a ++q eC B4 ,J¤¤ qep f ?1.'i. r

)

:aJ 73 qlrll l0ll^l +tr|= 4l+l-d gillE

a+Eltr 8¤-.J raJolrl-.

.T

-ral
Jat
T

NorE glxll 19 EolE ol ¤g E"J-Y9+ ullafl E trll +le+rJeE4lql^l EE4d

BBol +e ,JHts+= Ed fl+= Ag "Jril ¤+. gEea "JBe +H{tE 4}Ee
+ts g,q7| S,sq, +del 4se+q xE yE ++E g-a tr S.4. :r4+ +E qlxll
ql^J. * ¤el *Hol trtrI fg +E ij+

qlrl| 2 D y : !: y4 +:d o + Eld^lA ql ^JzlE EillE +

^}olsl Sqg
{ ,9+ x2 I
i{$ +6t4. y:x
y:*
Eql ¤E4 qltr gt4dg rH Eq +a ?14. ol :aH o ++q flt4¤q 7471
8ql^'l He.
Eol:x -.r2
Elxl$"l r, flEfllzlZnx, +ol7l-.r - x2gg "J + ?l+ "i{^l +ul= trl=q=4 'ZJr+.
0 x Y

u : I' (Zrrx)(x - *') dx : ,, li(*' - x3) dx

f.al g

: 7f
r
2rr
t+ +l o6
++ ql4lql^Jel Bol fl¤l4¤ "JH* xqg +dg.E sla^lrJ a+qlE E"J
6J %FHg 4+g + 9l+. "l4rl 9¤1449 el4E4 EolE oJol-E f ?lE :
e"J r4E gtrl.

{qH 3 |} flEd¤q IL}H$ ol-gall.r.l 0ql^l tvlTl *d y : J; "}4lE S99 x+

g +ds-tr Eld^lg uil ^Jzlts Eillsl +qE +a14

EQI ol Exll= s.2¤E {lxll 2oil,! fl+g ol-gallal EH+. gtfl¤ ,JBg ol+6}
336 s8 EEst 3E

v
4¤ *ol:l --],2
7l +J6]], s.2¤el ql4l 2el rBql^JE y: J;E rH eql^Je+ rJol 1: y2.os1 uffl
I
+ 7l
y-.*l -EEo.IxI. xffi 6C_o g$fldg elxl$ol y, flE4Jz| 2ry, $.ol
+ EldB Ell
']]s
F_
71 1 - y2gg .J + 9t+. 4+^J fapzf 6l-= +ul. trl++ ?Jtr+.
-'1,
+
x:l
, : I'
x:.}2
Qny)(t - y') dy : ," [l U - y') dy

Y'- Yt-]':n
0 ,r
'"l-z
:zn[
4J. z
ral
JI= o
g

ol $xlloll.tl= fl+ *Bol ri ,J¤61-+ n

(q4! 4l) y:x-*'4y:OeE +4lg Bqg 4d, -28 +dsE qd^lrJ trli

^BzlE EillE +sl$ +6f+.

Eil ue lOe gq4 4d x:28 +dsE qd^lrJ trll ^Jzlb gE4¤¤- Bq +

4. oj tlE4eg HlzlEol z - x, flE4lzlzrr(z -r), HolTl x - r'o14.

-v y

!:x-y'- x:2

0 X 0 _f,
3 4

f.fl 10
x
+- 2-x --r]

+qd 'JillE +i{= ++4 rJ+

,: J'
Zrr(Z - xXx - x2) dx

: ZrrlJ tr' - 3x2 + zx) dx

: *^
* ,'-l' : n
14 -r'
znl tr
Jo 2

r flEtErI +J^iE E]l flE'4tr SEI

qdillE +iil5 4l4IE ull, flzll fl+H(+lrEH) +.= gfd{ %IHg .r.ffi_ago1
ol-Ezl? {zl{lE H zl-xl _rreJaflop $ ;.pa3-o1 gl+. y: f(x) EEIE gl4 o}49
441+d E* x : s(y) ¤EIsl g+4 e_E+ 441+dql el6l]^-l qL +ol q #
4l gBq= B9ol 9lE7I? qL 4ol 4Fzltl rl fszl-? + H+ + qL +E
4+6J41= *- 4ol rl *lsz}? Hf ,E^l*no6J trll- ¤qol + 7l]E +Hq 4
+6f?ll qzl"J, H# yb aJ 419 gqsE 4Eol zl-L"dzl-? dq+ E+E 4E
g 4l4I"J f ?lEzI?
+qt 6J H+71-r+= E+tr+ q fl41 4E4l4}ol gqE, olAg qH %IBg
 5.3 flE'4Eoll qEl +tr| 337

^l-s"B
zlE A46L4l g+. E^llel trEql 4so6lt ¤qq qls
^l-4¤g
rfl
+. ^I4¤e] +41(A, Ek ay)E 4+E+eI "Jil*+ ^i4¤g sld^l7lE g+
(+14) E= gE4dol ¤4. trllE- q+ qle+ zJ"l 4E *H"_as. +.J +
oIrL
,44"1.

x:-l t
( q4 5 D r.H 11+ 4]l^ItsEql^-l +d y : *'4 4d y :ZxE +49 g qg

Bq +q.4dx: -lE+C.o-+ qd^lA ql ^Jzlb "J^llql 4ol] (a) 4EE+ y:2x

xel (b) 4EH+ yE ol+6]q .Jille-l +{= +6|+.

Efl :e 12(a)E: ¤gr+ 4d x - -18 6d o -+ gd^lrJ q eJzlE "JillE Eq=+. y:x2

(a)xE 4EH+E ol+6lq +i4E +61-zl flall zH 12(b)e+ rJol 4al4Bg +zl
o+ :ail+ zld.t: -19 6Cse qd6LH flEd4"l 9o-+ E4lel +4= + -1 0t _t

+r+ rJ+. f.al 11

V: f Zrr(x + t)(zx - *')dx: r, ff(*' + Zx - x3)dx

:znl,.-*xz- *01'- t6rr

L3 4_lo 3

(b) yE 4+H+e ol+6lq +q= 9l"ll :-H 12(c)e} zJol 4rI4E¤. +Bs
+?'1-z1
s ffl+. zld ,r: -19 *^r o -+ sld6l-H BHol ++¤ol qEe gillel +qE +
g-+ rJ+.

,: Jl*("fr + 1)' - n(Ly + 1)'] dy: * Ii\,fr - *y')ay

: nltv'/' - hr'li - 16rr
3

x:-1 YA
x:-1 Y x:-l !
I4 4 (__ 4
I
I

I
.r, - 2-r t:2x y =x2 x -L
2 v
I

I
,: Jy
I

y:x2
I

A_y
I

I
-
I

2x
i

0 -l 0 2x -l 0 ar

(a) (b) (c)

:].al 12
338 s8 4Eet 3E

s.3 | E+=xil

1. tr]¤-:H"ll u-tl H9¤y4 +ds-+. trld^lzJ 4l rJzli 8. xy: l, J:0, y: l, y:3

"Jill= s4r 6IzI. sE +El y= ar+e_tr_ +hl^J +61+ 9.y:x'/', y:8, x:o
*Hol e1] qHSxl ¤B6I+. ql* f4 10..r:1*(y-2)', x:2
=^l.gFd4g
l, flEflls+ *"lE +6Ii+. flEAe ,JHg ol$ollrj -f
ul YE +6j-+.
il. + *d y : y:
g,Es +alg ¤qg y4 6Cse
1s2,

y sld^lrJ oll ^Jzl= oJillql 4al] (a) 4EH+ Jrq G) 4E

y =x(,r Ef yE ol+o}q "Jillq +qE +6iu}.
- l)2

12.4e+ ++e.l ¤qg 4d r: -2E_ 6d"e. Eld^le

0 lr 4l rJzlb "Ji{ql ql6H ++ g+ql B6t+.
(a) oJillel qE flF449 r"l+.
2. 4e'+ ++q Bqg y4 ?dsE El{.t.123 ull xJzli g$dA =^t nl+Efl^j
fl (b) %r-Hg "Jillq +ul$ +6lE 4E
4lql qlql +s +$ql B6l-+. g rll*14.
(a) flEde ,JHg ol+qlC Eille-l +irl= +6t= zl+ oJillE +ElE
(c) 4EB 4l&5}q +'t+.
g
^ll+14.
(b) 4ts9 4l4}6lq +E= +6I+. -v Y:4x - f
"J4le-l

v
I y = cos(.f)

0 4x

0 X 13-ts gEdE %'-Hg olgallxJ, 4¤ +tgE +41¤ ¤q

J,lz
I zl4¤ + +CsE sld^lA ql ^JzlE EAIE +q= +
+dsE +41¤ gq¤" +q{ +4 4c¤. +dg
3-4 trt¤. 6l-+
E qd^le 'll ^Jzlb .Jillel +"1= +6I= 4Eg ^ll+14. 13.y:a3,;,,:8,x:0i x:3
4&e 6l-xl ?+.itrl-.
14. y : 4x - 12, y:3; x: I
3.y:4fr,y:0,x:?i y+
15. x: 2y2, y2 0, x: 2i y: 2
4.y:@, y:0,x:0i y:3
16-18
s-7 gFEe %l$g ol{-all,tl, trl+- +do + Eqr+?l gq (a) rl* 4d" + +419 qlEg zlc¤ + +d_otr sld^la
9y49+=Co_e sld^lzJ 4l rJzlE "Jiilsl +EE+6t+.
"ll CzlE E.llel +EE +6].= 4+g ^11+l+.
5.y:Ji, y:0, x:4 T (b) 4l4}zl E: A+EIE ol+q{^J 4+d o}4 4C.4ll xl{t*
zl Cqr}fll
6.y:Lfx, y:0, x:1, x:4 ^l$g 41416I+.
'5*x2, 16. y: sin x, !:0, tr: 2rr, x:3rri y+
7. y: 1l:0, r:0, x:Z
17. y: cos4x, .y: -cos4x, -rrfL < x < tlT; x: Tr

8-10 fl54e,JHg ol$6J1.<-1, q¤ +dsE +41¤ Sqg 18. -r:.[iny, 05y(z', x:0, y:4
.r4 ?d o + qdrlzJ rll ^Jzl= oJillel +q= +6i4.
 5.4 g 339

19. n:5oJ +dfl{g * #,

ol+6H^J, *d y : ,,tfr 26. Zl ,! x: -2
0 < x 5lE ol4el gqg y+ +csE sld^la ql .\'
^J
7l= flxllel +El= +C6l+.
20-21 4 4EEg .Ji-llel +rl= 4441 9I4. 4 "J4lql 4 y:f
6l] ¤H6l-+. y: x3

13 - rtv*Z
20.
Jo
Ztrx' dx 21. 2rr
), -7 a, 0 1
2
Y

T 22. r4s.E ol-$alJ,! +qd +del x4lEE +68, olE ol

+Co-e +4lg gE¤. zl4g
27-30 q-g- +g +Co_ts Eil

+6l]^J +q4l *co_e EElAf.J ¤Eg yq +ds-+

d^lrJ 4l rJzl* .J4lel +EE E4+
El
%]-H " + +614.
d^le 4l CzlE .Jfllel +!lE +46t+.
27. y - -162 * 6x - 8, y:0, y+
x
y:)c2-Zx, y: 28.y'-x2:1,!:2i xi
x2+l
T 23. A+El +qd *do-e. EBlrI"J g
'll+4l4lE
ol$a|1.! 29,x2+(y-1)':1; y+
99 xl4¤ zldg #^ro + nld^lrJ Ell dzl+ "Jillel 30. x: (y - l)', * - y: l: x: -l
+4= +6I+.
): sin2x, !: sinax,0<x<rr, x: rrl2 31-32 +lFAe %'-Hg oJ"$all.! 4+ 4 "Jillel +EE +
614
24-26 4eEl ++e-l gqg 44E 4dg +csE trld^lrJ
oI rjzlS oJillql qlol c14. g+ql B614 31. HlzlEol roJ 7
(a) fl99 %FHg ol$allal Eflle] +ul= +o.|= zl$g 32. $olz[ ftolt "JHe] t]zlE"l r.J 4fl8
^ll
+-l+.
(b) 4ts9 4l+4q oJiilE +ElE +6t+.

24. y4 25. x4
,v ,v

y: | -tJi y: ,itin ,

Y:-r-1 0 Tr
-1 "lr

s.4 lg
"Jtl tqE. ^l-sqr fl= E(work;ol4- +q- 4tHg +BELq ilq^J gs+
]EqE +%Lg 9"1'J4. Eelqql^J gg +l(force)ol4.= zl]'J¤- xlqr fl+. zl
+4se 6J E4lE "J4q Eq'&rJg ¤Hg .l Eg 44.J + tt+ ql- Eq
z4+r- +lql^J 49 +BsE "J trllE aJ, E= zl+el +qol #¤ o}4is gq'JrJ
340 sE 4=sr 3E

ollE oJg g+4sE {dg trl-+^J {-zloll 9l- Eille.l +lxl$

^J4.J + 9l+.
fE '(r)41 4++ fl(force) F(EzllTl-++61. uJ-ajg-E)- hHE
6lH, Eillql
+F 4l2Hzlql 4+ Eillel 4* *4 zl+E ael fis + Cel+t+.
d2s
1 F : ma: m----:
dt'
sr ++l4lql^l ¤=JE ++1. aErH(kg), HglE ulel(m), &(s), Eg h
^l+g
H(N: ks.m/s2;oe E7l++. 4+^l ¤=Jol I keoJ E^llql 4e"6l= gol 1N
olE Eillg zl4sts 1 m/s2ol g+. ++ ++l4lql^J= El9 zltst+l$ +
"l+
illqd}J 91tri.
+E(lb)-tr
tllutl g¤.J 4+ 6J rE oJ46Iq, + "Jg E Fe+ EAITI +zl"J ,14 dE
t.o F cE+q-.
2 W:Fd 9:E x44
19 Eglzi trioll d4 *?lzl- molE wE ++l= N. molq, olE +
=(J)ol4r
+. E6J 19 Bglzl-lb, de) Eflzl- rtolH wE ++lE rt-molq, ol4g E 1.36
Jol+.

( oil4l 1 l)

(a) uffiulqql 9l+ 1.2 kgsl 49 Eolz} 0.7 mtl 4tr- +lE Eq gg ,|| + "Je g
ultlzl-? +4 7l-+E= s :9.8 m/s2olu.1.
(b) #zllz} 20 lboJ E4l= xlflcESel 6 ft +l-+ Eq gH q o.J "Jg ts"}'Jz|?

EgI
(a) zl-sel qIe +qql E+ a]4 ,Jr %F lg HI4ol+. t++^J trql Eql
=.zlE ^l
++g e=+
: mg: (1.2X9.8) :
F 11.76 N

oltrll 4l trqt "l+ + ge q+4 ,J+

W : Fd : (1I.76 NX0.7 m) - 8.2 J

(b) {zl,<J E9 r :ZllbollrE'tL "J I4l+ r+q=4 +tr}.

W : Fd: (201bX6 ft) : 120 ft-lb

#E gsTl s.+= aql +s-l++ ql'r"IE

(a)oll.rle|5 B?-l ft)ql^l sE G)qI^JE
E^llE aeJol olu +41("lag + col4)zl-i"l#.zl rllEol4. r
4l -Jol "Jc+ a+ql +6H^l "Jg 4E6ir ?lq-. f4+ Hol E'JriH
tr=
oJ.JsE r : aoll^J x: bvl
"lBrll 4Ezl? /rl- ¤+E'-+"J "I EillTl "J9 ,4
xl +4olr gieq, oel b
^l-ole]
4 d ;rollrJ 4 f@)tl Eillql 4s"d4l 7l-461-
 s.4 g 341

zl-. gflol xs, x1,..., xnoltr Hulzl- Ar_tr zt-! nzllg ++ ++q
4l7zJ lo, b)E
E +hr, ,Hallel ++ ++ [x,_,,rr]oll^J sEE *IE q+q. rBlH fl -rfglC
el 'Jg/(xl)o14. nol 4xl{ Lxtl4lolzlg f7l fl+olzl u15ql /sl #g +
rJollil oI+ r4l H6tzl= *=+. Hl-+l gt.6tH /- ol ++.ll ?lsl
7J Lx,_r, oJ
^1
461',-tr x,-lollrl x,tlxl *4ol- E4l.ll + "J w,- 4 trql ri+r+,Jg
"I+
+t{tsE +qd+
=

- /(xf) AxWi

:ffl-oe. dill gg. ++4 zJol f,tf,tl4 + flrl.

E r\/:)/(rf)Ax
i:l

ole+rJg +_4I{Ig n9 E4 r4l 6.}E fapx} 6}. {lql +d6l-41 ¤'l-. rBlE
E a0ll^l bll^l EElol= Ei{loll =d gg ru--+mE oll "Ifl oJE *Ce-+ ¤E+tr|.
4l Eq +He E-l"J.Jolr 4+ 6Jel ++g 4tsolrl. q+^l 4¤-ol Ce++.

: 2/(xI) Ax :
TI

4 w lim
n** i:l Ilt.tr.

{qH 2]) oJzlz|fldsE$el .r(ft) trqd 4r-lql glg oll, x2 + zx(N)E Eol oJzl-

ql 4l+6}1 9l+.E4¤ x: tglal x:3421¤-4olE Ell + 9g B"I"JzI?

EUI * : I' (*' + zx) dx: + *x l' so I o-lL

_1,:T "Its"
Ed
ITL
lHl- u it:

:24 sE- .J .Jg t6 $ 1o14. (a) *fE9 +14 9lil

+g qxll"ll^J- EqqlE + Hzl"J +q E4(Hooke's Law)g ol+6JtrI. ol H f:kx

al* ¤+Ag Aqe-1 zjolE-7q xtgl"J+ ql gsEL E9 x.ll Hlql++ F+

Ag 9"1t4.
=ol-
=
f(x) : kx 0x J

{zlrJ ft- *#"14 olAg #E#*(spring constant)e}-z

"Jel 6J+. +9 Hzl G) ++ag E.J 9lil
* xzl xl+xl4l azl ?+.$ {+.il"J CBoJ+(rH 1 +a). -ral
rEt II Eot H{it
tl-i
--l

{lol!41 3 l) g4 z)olzl10 cmoJ ¤+a¤- 15 cmel ,J"lE EoJE trll gs+ r;ol 40 N
ol+. oltrll ¤+AE zJol$ 15 cmoll.r-l t8 cm_tr Eol= EJI + Hut"JTl? g*
Egl +el Hzlql qgH ++Eg g4q z3oltr_BEl .r(m)"J# EolE ql g,q¤L E
9 /("r) :
I;rol4. ol ¤*pg l0 cmollal fi cm;zlzl E.J ql zJolE 5 cm :
=qt
0.05 mol4. olae /(0.05) : 40fg eltrloJ+. trI+^J q+¤- E=+.
342 s8 EEst 38

0.05k:40 ft:#:800
rqF-E f(x):800xo14, ¤++{g 15 cm-tr$El l8 cm-E- Eolts tJl 6J 'Jg ++l}
zl-rL
'e.4.

*: F'* goo.r dx:-t +]:,

: 4oo[(0.08)' - (0.05)'?] : 1.56 J r

(ql|l 4l) zJolTl 2r moJ e0 ke9 4lolBol r+rJEel EqlTlE+q +zlg--E Eq

4 el+.
(a) zllol$g AEe=I \Qltlll\ 9"194= Ell g,qql "J* E"Iqlzl-?
(b) 4l"l+9 6 m"J Eqg4= ql g,q+ "J¤. gul-"Jzl?

EU
(a) oJ zlxl %rB*{el EE olg"l$ "I!+ 4sl Ae *Hg "l+g + 9ItrI
0
rB 2c+ zJol zJE +4zl= fldsE F-z xqg ol-4E 6.J6l-E+ 6l-x}. r?-1I. 7.ll

ol+g zjolzl-a-rq_l 4* +¤-qe +bq. *!tl,H4l +rJql il= dol4H, f +7J

qlil= EE d==g 4el ,Je '14(+ xf )"J# gqg+ 7Jq.7llol5el Fzll= t m
xII
q 30fi kgolE-tr, ,Hrll +efl +rll= GolT ke/mx9.8 m/s2xAr m) : 42Lx Nol+.
rElFtr ¤(I) ++ls +rJql^] * .Je q+4 +uL
2l 'Hrql
,{az!,x)
.
ji : 42x! A,x
x 6J olETlzl

aEJ 2
44rJ 4 ++e-l E+ q6l-r, E ++E +E =rll 6l]^l(+ ax---+0) dzll
=*atg
fllolEsl 0latl.+E EEe-e tsl. r+= +l "Jg +-J + glr+
E EfdlE+ 6l-r. 4E q¤= E fzI
r- rL
ELI
^11+E W': n'*lim \ azxf Lx: J. 42x dx
' i:l
w : l" 4z(zt - x) dx
Jtr
: zu']'^' : 18,goo J
0l ee Etscl.
^1o++ =ah=
+l+ 6 mE dEq \Q)/nlzl
(b) 4lolBe] gqg4= trll gs+ "J9 (a)s+ E"J+
"JHse 4l+6IH q-q-4 ++.
wt : t' +z* d.x : n*'fi : 756 J

4lolBel ol?-ll+ 15 mE E.J6lrll 6 mzl- olE"d4. rql aJ "Je +q=r+,J+.

w):t t
n

Wt: ft-*
lim E
i:l
(s 252 rlx :3780 J

olEzl4 6'l

(E= 4olE9 oI4+ 15 m9 #4lzl ts.3017-9.8:630Nola, +"J61-41 6 mzf

olE6tEE gqg4= 'J* 0:0. 6 - 3780I"Jg g+ 91tr+.)
 5.4 g 343

r4.o + dal "Jg ++r+ A+

}V1+Wz:756+3780:45361

(q4l kolzf r0moltr EEE nlzlEol 4mt_l ilda flgEoJel EEol gl+.
5D
ol E*lql Eol I m $.olzfzl ill+l^l ?14. ol E dxllE EE'e.l +lE trl ¤-rj^.1 E.E¤
Hl.? gl gstl "Jg +6IEkEel "JE= 1000 kg/m3olr}).
=
Efl :+ 3ql^Js+ zJol f4rls+g dC61^J E5'g +lg+q ,Jol5" q{a}4. o1
l*-+*-{
EEq E3 4ol 2 mFE 10 mzlxl il]+lri 3l o F _+, +7J 12, 10lg EEol xs, )(1, ..., -r
x,ol nzJlel ++ +rJsE ++r, iHall +E +rJq1.<-1 x,rE q++. olfl 449 F6l]
E* ruzflsi +e F +H+. ,Hxll +g H}rl+ol r.olr +ol7l arql flzlf cE"
I
xi*
2m
I

?J + gl+. rH 4ql^Je+ rJol Bg +r-r+Eg ol"$all.rJ

=^l-^l
+s=r+ ,Jol .,E 4l4lg + gI+ )Ar l0m
Ti 4 +
ri:?(lo - xf) Ji *
r.

I
0
10-xf 10'
qr+^l ,H4ll +q EE +rlql q+ -=.11#g ++4,J+ X

-rzl
JEV
2
vi-nr?Ax: *r,-x!)za,x
4
olael ¤%}e ++4 ?Jl--I.

ffii: "Jf x P4
ri
4r
- 1000 . (10 -
10
x!)2 A,x: 160rr(10 - x!)2 L,x
25 T
10 - x,*
ol +g
=qgil=
ql gs+ e+ +qg
Fi: rnig:
++6l]ot 6lE__+ 4¤."1 ^dBql+
I
-
(9.8)160rr(10 x!)z A,x :IaJ 4
: 1568rr(10 - *!), L*
ol +ql gib 4 Bxl-E e--E IIEIE +g g-IE gqg4=
ol+.El]o}trJ EL+. ol
ql gsd =^l.4
'J w,= E 4e+ 44 *!el +sE ++r+ zJol ti,t|,tle + 9I+.
W; * Fix! : 1568rrrf(10 - xf)2 A.r

EE+ Sd6l Hl ? f, d41 "Jg +6IBjE nzllE 4 +"il^l + "Jg E+ q+ +

ql
=
*"J ql ++g +la]-H E oe. ++g ts=+
oll ,,
-
IV : lim )rEi tsoerr.rf (10 - xf)' L,x: Jzf 'o 1568nx(10 - x)z dx
n+@

: 1568rr ll'troo, - zoxz * x') dx : t56ezr[ror, - ry * +

134 l,
: 1568rr(n : 3.4 x 106 J
344 sB qEq 3E

s.4 | t+=ril

r. qEd+tl 200 ks9 t.s moll.tl 2.0mrtlzl ql g +6I+.

=qgg
+ g+ E"loJzl? e. +tsI 10 kgoll z)oltl3 moJ rt$"l A+ql qlgq 9i+.
2. E4l7I fl¤ql^J , m Egd *ztxl 4dg rI4 *4olb ,l]EEj gl= oj-41+ Eg +l+ E:I kolzt ,JE+
^l+q
rll 5x-2 NE Eol pgalc|. x: I mollr-l x: l0 m-tr S;ll d1r4_"_+ Eqg4= ql + "Jg +614.
E +{ol= rll + gg 41416l.4. 10. +Hol Bfl 10 kg$ F4ulol +r.ll 0.s ke/*9 *¤ql +
s. "14 E EL+(N)fl r_$s= E9 Alol Afl<knlzl= +7l. { xlfleegq 12 m $olz}xl g4+ +EE g4zll
6J + gdo}rl #zlEr 9i+g trq +r 9tq. qH E 9I+. 4aql +illlEqlb :0 ke9 Eol El4 glflsLt, g
;il= s m *4"1E ull ol aJol oJ "J9 ts"Itlz}? d6J +E__+ Eol ¤qEq 12 m xldoll g4r*g qlqE

F (N)
FqlH_Iol Hl+141+. +dilEg +EE \rl)tlqlzl ¤qg4
+'Jg +614.
trll
=
30
tt. zJol 2m, lul 1 m, zJol t moJ f{g{l Eol 7l-= 94
+LsE BotB q1 geal 9
20 +
9l+. ol EE EHig +++
l0 1------1-------1
g +6t?+(EE gE= 1000 kglm'ol4).
0 r z. 3 4 5 6 7 B -r(m)
4. ¤+e-a- +]4 'Jolql,<l l0 cmrrl# Eol= cll 45 Nel c EFql EoI 7l-+ B4 ?ttr}. HH-1--T +r-sE E9 e+
12-13

ol peolr|. ol ¤+Bg gq ziololl,tl 15 cmuJfr !-oJ SoI4E ql g,q+ gg +614. Efl "JE= 1000 kglm'o.|4.
ql + ge gut"JTt? 12. F3rnI13' 2m
= T
zlolz| 2m
fl4 ¤+eg cm{ AolE tsolE 9l
s. 30 cmoJ
gs-6J Eol 2 Jol4r zlz$alx|.
42
t
3m
2.5 m

(a) SfEg 3s cmoll.rJ 40 cmnlxl Eol= Ell Bst "J j 8m

3 E"IoJzt? ggEil
(b) 30 N9 E
"e. E'"JtrIE, ¤+eg
g4 'Jolql^J gEl
+ ,Jz| E94Ez|? EE t+. EGExil 12e4 EFql gg + + H
ql61 4.7 x 105 JEJ+
6. ++¤sl 94 ,Jol* 20 cmol4. ¤+dg 20 cmoll,tJ 30 cm uz} ;ttr*41 zI{E trll, EEql Bot gl= E9 4olE
-e. Eo]E ql + "J W,r+ 30 cmoll,! 40 cm-tr EolE 4l EptoJz}?
+ .J wrE Hlju6}+. %eI w,9 qE +4l.JzI?
15. tlzlltl tlzlEol r?l flE +ql^l s+6ir flg ql, .JE
7-11 4u3 6-J-9._tr gS-6J eg "lBrll
=^I^lTlEzlE
trol+. e_l +"141
^l4ql.rJ
sqg +"lE ++ p: p(r4E 44
"Jg 4Ese- 4441 4141614. d4. zl;ll7} rl^Eql 4L+6t= E(fH +4)g 'Jeq
7. kolTt 35 moJ aE9 .E^l4ql ziolz| 15 moll Fzllzt Holg + F : nr?po14.tulzi yrql^l Vrlltl ++B
0.75 kg/mql +4+ *¤"1 ,]JgE gt't. ufi, zl;-llz]- t "J"l trLq-rI ,J¤¤ Eq4.
ql 6J oJg g
(a) Bt¤$ dEE lc\tlnlz"l
=qg=-]= w: lu' P
JV,
dv
"l"JzI?
(b) }I¤E Hlg AEel )rlzlrtlzl g"lg4= Ell + "J I
* E"I.Jzl_?
sl4E trlel
8. +Al 3 kelmoJ zllolE¤ "l+6lJ^J 150 m zJ"l9 +4 ,J

EE E6]], 3s0 kgel golg4r ql4.

"lo1
6J oJ
16-17 g-0il11{ gal A;} mola 4s. u-tr. .$4olb EillE +
^l+g
 5.5 --J+sl Ed,J 345

Eqlqzl(KE)= KE: lma,ee. Cg+'}. E4lq "rfg q 9 E"l +s"6Jtrl ¤^,,.sxll r0g ol*afl.rJ 60 mE ol$,il
4x,ollrJ xzvlzl S4ol41 6l-= E f@)zl4'-+++8, oJ-glq g tr]] i}+el +E= +6t+
xl {il-lql .ql6fl EJ "J arE Sf{Hxlg EEI+ *r| - i*o?+
zJ4. ¤zlrJ u,* x,ql^Jsl +Eolr. or|-x2ollrl9 4sol4. +q
18. (a) +rflel H4lql QsH, ¤=Jol ffi1, rn2oJ + Ezll=
+¤.4 a+ qJqE
16. x: s(r)i. ,t-lzJ rollrl EillE glil Bfol-r. u(r), a(r)b 4 ^JE ="lBzlr il4z *4.
Ee+ 7I+E t-rfol4. F:Gry
w : f' f @) dx:
J"/{r{r)) a(t) dt "l4l rE + Eill ^tolsl 44olz, 6= fa{}+olc}.
+ E4lrt rdElq flg qi, q= Ex.llE r: aollAl r
"J9 s-q +71 +16]] 4.s¤e-l 4rl E 44+ql ql+ il++ : bt/14 ¤-zlolE ql gs6J "Jg +61-4.
Hg ^l**6I-{ "J-gluJzl 44E +H6}+. olull +Hsl +
(b) 1000 ke9 +l^dg +4sE 1000 km +olA-xl Aol-
E x-ll2Hzl(rJ : er} x zl+E)g;,ffiap u: a(t)tr_ zl
gzl= rll peal "Jg +6I+. zl+E er*e s.e3 x
+I+ + 4Eg 4l+16l+.
1024 kgoll" +cql d+qq flqj1 7t46.J+. zl+el HI
17. 800 ke9 E4=^el xlEil-$ g^Ig ,ll dzlu| +Tl zlE+ 6.37 x 106 moltr G: 6.61 x 10-1r N.mz/kg2
^11
Hol s4¤. "I4 z,l4tl * mgl^J zl+ilqj 5.7x2 + 1.5.r N oltrt.

s.s I Et+sl Etil

+oJ4lE f y, , !2, '.., ),9 ¤##g 4l4}dl+ Ag +l+E, rdg +*,t ?J+.
tr:
yr*!z+...ty,
Javg
n

6l-+ Frl Tlgg ++c +4.J + gl+H, 6l-+ +.Jel B#zlg3 qB4l 4l+g T
f glbzl-? rH 1g gE.J+ r(r) (rg tr+lE tlzJ, r"cE r4Ee+ ++EL *+ t5
,19 r""*E Eq +r gt+ t0
'JHlzlsE Etf y : f(x), a 1 x < be-l ¤+{tg 4l+BH Exl-. +7J la, b)E ntll
E F.J6J gE TzJcE ++H 4 +E ++q ,Jol= Ax : (b _ a)lnol+. rq
5
Turr

r E+4tl +E +rJql^J d *L ..., xfE dq6IE f ,f(xn, ..., l(.rf)el E+g t)

rzrS24t
tl-s=4 rJ"l 4ltlg4. -rel r
JEI

/(rI) +...+/(;i.)
n

(q= 5q /zI ge.q.aolt n:744H, ola¤.

"l^l+ e.E- +46Ir rAq
¤+rJg 414}fl+g 9"lel4.) ffltrll Ax: (b- a)lnolF+ n_ (b_ a)lLxo)
q B+{te +*4 ++.
346 58 4lEsl 3E

/(xI) + "'+/(x,I): Llf(xf,) +...+/(xf)]Ax

b- a b-a'"
Ax
: ' [/(rI)Ax * ..- + f(xil Lx)
D-a
: D-Ai:t
, ' ir(rr)n*
ng fiilxlzlE, ,}J+ +c z]fle-tr- tsEol-r 91. +E+g ,,I=9 ¤ag 4l+61-rll
g+. (qlE gEE4E E- 4a +4611^l ¤+g 4l+I'J 4ol4.l ¤4+E
=H
4Eql qq +'Jg ++4 ?JLI.

ri-;L211*I)Ax:
n---+*b-Ai:t
+
O-AJa
lo fk)a*

r4 _e azJ la, blql^J ++ /e.l EE7"I¤. +g-4 ,Jol 496J+.

89 -*+0ll rHE]l 0l EEE tl"=4 eol "J
,A olrl
E[ T

b-a t' t{i

1
,\A-1.
= r*, o*
E!1 : B+Eot
LlHI

{lo4lr{! I l} ++ [-r, 21q1.<1 E-#/(r): 1 + "/E ¤+{tg +6}+.

Efll"--1olI&:2olEE g=+.

runc
:* !!rt.l dx :-|,J], t, * x2) dx

:!l'*4-l' -)
-rL'- {)-,-'
T(t)71 t)tJ tql^]E gE"J ull, Btzls-r+ 'ZJolzl- E¤ ^1'/+9 EE;l ll4z
ExI. rH 1E gE6J+ql^J-
^J46]] ^l4ol +
rfl
Hol ?lEql 4se+ zlc H|
E zldolr+. f-BtrtE "JtI4-"-+ EL+ /E Alol cs6l 6J+e-l ql#{t4'Jot r
xl- + cla fG):./uu*1zf $xNalfTl? Ll* cEl= E+6J+ql ql6l] ol ,t.}¤ol
+ol+= ag E"l +r. glq.

4E0ll Ell=d BEUI Bq f7l la, blql^l fl4olE, ++¤ "J+6|= c7l la, blql +
xl]++.

,f(r): fu,e:*[]rc0.
: f(c)(b - a)
+ ffrt.l dx
 5.5 -ct+"| Eil,J 347

ziBql ql6J ¤+{t c4E rg-aql ql+ ¤#{t 4Els} ol4Eer-g zlEc4 y

E * trr+ol+. Y:/(-r)

zl$ql r}]+ ¤+{t C49 zl6}E4"J E"l} 4*4 ,J+. "Jel Er-+ /ql q
6H, EEol [o, e]olr +ol7] /(c)"J 4^rr+Bq T
Hola] aolJ.r.J bnlzl /E rilllE frc) : fu,e
o}4sl gqE Holz} z;-olxJEE 6l-= + c7l la, blgl ¤xll,J+= 4ol4(:H z
iL.Z\
E+rJ.
0 tl (: b .T

-ral E-D
1A

flr1lLl tt(2xl-g)E olE tsolOt"s)oll^l 4

4 tl*¤ "J+a]-: i ctl [-1, 2]ql ¤^ll,*+. rt|Tl= Etal'J + gloq, lTio+ Il+=
oll+l tlE eJEal "=Bdl4l trJ= + ?lrl.
I_',
(, * xr)dx: f(dlz - (-1)l
olfl +E+ 4+ql= cE EEEI +B + gl4. ql4l 1s+4 f uur:2?¤- oJa glo s
E c9 #+ trI+g "J+-J+.
v
(2,5)
f(c) : f^r: 2 y:1+l
-z4.se. +94 A+
lJ_c2:2, r.l:l (-1,2)
trl+^-l ol {+qE +?Jl-t,2lql^J ++c: +rol 4tsoll .1+¤+r.tC4E"J+
^]fl+ r f
J avg
:')

-l 0 t2 J
qlxll 14 {lxll zE rH 3 s_tr ¤EE + ?l+. rH3
llo{l4l 3])
^lrJ a7J ur,
rrJgl.rl zl-Fil.E ¤+ +E7l- +4 +EE ¤ta}r} rJ+g
Bq+.

EOI s(r)E rl4 r.llc zlsoil-9 H+lqr ELH, Bqq q+ +rJ [r,, rr]gl,rJ zl-Fi]el
E+ +EE q+4'Jq.
A,: s(rz) - s(rr)
A,t tz - tt

elfl _r. +rJql^-l +EEI+el ¤+r;g +g-4 +q.

AavT
I
f" u(t) dr :- 1 f' ,'(t) dr
tz - tr Jtt t2 - t1 Jt1

: ;--I . Ls(tr) - r(r,)l (+Ec+ C4ql E6tl)

t2- tl

s(rr)
:-::I-jA!_ - s(a)
orlr ---r+ n
tZ_ h
 348 s8 4Esl 3E

s.s I t+=xil
1-4 +ol4l ++ql^l trl-g H.+E ¤+{}g +Bt+. g.
"]tr E^lql^l s-d e^l+rl ralzJ +ql +4{} 7l¤{"c)g
l. /(r) :3xz * 8r, [-1,2]
trl+- E-+E -trtr+qr .J+.
=^14_q_E
2. g{x): 3 cos ff, l-n/Z, n/21 T(t) :10 + 4 rin *
t2
f' /(r) : tz(l + ,')0, [0,2] e-d e^lql^J s+ e^1vl^19 E#zlg¤ +6t4.
a. hb) - coso.tr sin x, [0, r0. Aol B moJ EiqlE dgE= t2/,Fkglmol{. {zl
"r]
al x9 ++l= *E "J49 + Ed oE+q +4',* 4ol
5-6
+. E'ilE B+EE= +6I+.
(a) iqd +rJql^l /E B+atg +61+.
1t. 4.s¤E ¤+E4l ze4 S4E ol$all'tJ, * sgizl"llrJ
15) +qA +rJql^J .fu"s:/(c)oJ cE *oI4.
r4E qs +EE +7lE B++q= 41416I+.
(c) /9 f4EE :a41, +ol4l +rJql^l Holz} /E
ol-EllE H"l$ eg zl^t4¤g rq+. rz. :4gE "l+6ll^J ftl la, blql^l +lE e-+6fH
: llf , U, 3l .( " +4\";g Eqq.
5. /(r) ,f,r>fl\z ^ I
ffi e. f (x) :2 sin x - sin 2x, [0, ,.] v
f
t. f Y g+olr Iift.ldx:8olE, +zJ [1, 3]q1^l /= 4 ,r
qE + H +4= {tg +=E+= 4g Eq+' /
8. [0, s]ql^l /E ¤+{ig +61-7+. 0 oa*bbr
2

v
tl / b)E +7J la, blql^l /E ¤+{tg s^l*tr}.
13. ,f**la,

- t-
/ /7t E+olE ,tf$- f*rlo, a + hf : f (o) "Jg -Bq4.
0 2 4 6 x

r
lllLl +PI
ll.t\
-r l=

1. (a) + 4E *d y :,f(x)4 y: s(x) [t, "f(x) 2 g(x), 2. (a) s= +HE H"lE 'Jr 9l= oJxll4l z|{r}z}. sel
a1x selE rq+. ol +d ^Iol ¤qE HolE 4 +v]E 4"J qlsE .lBrll ¤86t4. r
=^I^lTlbzl
E rJs:E q$4l -Eoltr, ql+t{+
Elr $qrJ +Ylql ql6J E¤{g Ael.
=^|^l7l=zl= = (b) s7l-qdaHH ¤+Eq H"lE qBrll +E + glbzt?
4^lr+BEg:ari4. r4-7. A++ Hol.ll 4t s
^t
¤4g 4E" 3. zlolzl. 6 moJ 4t'- flql^J 4¤, : 0oll^"1 x: 7J 4

(b) *CEol x : ,f(y)e| , : g(y) [t, .f(y) > s(y),

'illtl
ql^l '5J .f(x)s "J4r 7}46tzl. jfrtrl dr+ *H.9 9ol
^l
c a y < dle E¤E]H r}*ol qE4l ul+lEzl ¤E 6|=7t? /(x)9 tflzl NolH 4$trr+E tfl= +H.tl
614. 7l?
trF.?lfl +{r
trl+- E4l7I &"Jxl 4A"Jzl *E6l+. #olH olf¤ ¤H6I 3. ¤q eI¤.r4 +dsE sld^lzJ 4l rJzlb E4le] +ul=
a, fl+lolE ol+= ¤8614+ HlEll= E+. :
v I: nlf G))' dx ol4.
1. a<x<boJ uI +d y:"f(x)9} y:g(*) ^tolgl
Hol= +. ¤q Eig y4 ?dsE qd^lrJ trll r8zlts EAIE +E
A : [u,lf fu) - s(x)] dxol4. +He gEA¤oI4.
2. +d y: ,Eqzldy:xs-E +41¤ Bqgx4fC oF s.¤E gtol
"J;ll s9 EEolr oJill s9 r+ql +4g +fl
sld^l{ ql l$zl= oJillel +ul* y: JJ ,|fr - *)'d* ol c^I4BolH, oJiJl sE +q= v: I:[/(r)]',dxol4.
oltr+.

3-s erg rHql^J E^lg 89"14. e. f ft*l dx: tzolH +7J lz, slql^J /q ¤+<tg 4ol+.

)'
v: f(x)

0 (i bx

qgEr{l

1-3 trl+ +dsE +4lE Eqq HolE +6I+ e. +d y: *'tl {C y: x-E. +4lE ¤qg q-S {dg +
7.y:*', y:8x-xz d oe. qd^lzJ ull ^8zl= Eale_l +EE +6I+.
x4
(a) y4 G) @) y: 2
2. y: | - 2x2, y: lrl
10. +d ]: tan(x2)+ 4d r: l, !:O-o-tr +4lE ¤qg
3, y : sin(rrxfZ), y: x2 - 2x
9iol+I BfzI. z: 4oJ +d$zlg ol$all,{ trl¤e-l t*
e +4lg Bqg zl¤E +g +dsE {}g +¤6IE+.
4-6 trl-.$ 4do iEld
(a) fte] $ol
ql aJzlE "J4le.l +ElE +6t+.
^le Etgx4 6CsE sld^lrJ 4l ^Jzl= .JillE +vl
(b)
4. y:2*, y: x?i xft
11-12 r+ 4+e .JillE +"1= Ll+4r fl+. 4 .Jalql 4
5. .tr:0, r: - y', x: -l
9 B]] ¤8614.
6. x2 - y' : a2, x: a * h(+,a)0, ft
=O); y+ fr/2fr
,r. Jo"'?trxcosxdx ,2. J; T(2 - sinx)z dx

7. trl¤ +dsE +4lg gEg 4d r: rlz* +dsE q

d^lrJ ull {zlE Eillsl +qE +El-= zjEg 4l
13. flillel EE¤. HlzlE"l 3oJ g+oltrl. "JEql +4e ¤q
^ll+14.
&+ 6tzl ?+=trI. * EHEoI "JE¤. trl-+ HE¤- z*E zl4"lEE+I4¤g
oll, ol Eille.l +ElE +614.
y: cos2.tr, l*1 . n/2, y: i
14. TlHHlE +ol7l z0 mol4. +ql7lE+El x(m)oJ 4dql
8. + 4d y : l, y: 3x2sE" +419 ¤q¤. zJd ,: -l¤. EEql $+qI tE+ oJ Hol x/a(m)oJ 4t48"14.
^J
+dsE trld^lrJ ull iJzl* .Jillql 4lall (a) 4EHf x TIHHle-l +ElE +61e|.
e+ (b) 4+H+ yE ol+6iq oJillel +tl$ +6I+
 350 s8 4Eet 3E

15. fl4 z)oltl 12 cmoJ ++Ag 15 cm zjol-tr Eol= ql 17. +7J [0, rila]oll^l Ei+ f(t): seczrel *lt{tg +6|+.
30 NE 6Jol g,q6].trI. ol ++e+ n cmoll.tl 20 cmtltl 18. Efrg4C y : f+4d y : b(b> 0)o F +418
0, x --

=ol=
ql + 99 Eul"JzI?
B qol+. frrE 4d y : *+ 4d x: 0, l, : azge *41
16. trh+ rH4 E¤ 7l+ il]+ EEol qdgEH _e_"J
zJol ¤ ¤9"14.
g 6lr. 9lq. +, EEdg.<llef$ qd^lrJ trll (a) Sq fi,r+ %r7l E"J+ HolE ?** bq aFl gliz}?
=lc-o-e
rJzlE +Eol+. (b) ¤9 fr,9 *44 y*¤ 6d oe qd^lA q E"JtJ
(a) E¤l9 molr flEel ql4+ol r.z m9 oll
+ol7l 1.2 +ul$ ?*+ bE Alol ?lbzt?
ol $=oe_E+q Eg E+ qLH= q gsoJ "J¤- + (c) ¤q ft,+ ftrE;rrtg fdo + sld^lrJ ql +"J+
EI4 +ElE ,*= bq ftol ilbzt?
ffi (b) 4000 rE 'Jg 6J +ql +Fql BoI gl5 E9 zJolE (d) $q gl,r+ %rE y+g 6C"e qd^lrJ trll E"J'J
BoloJz}? +ulE ,*= eE atol ?lbzt?

T {
l*- .2 m
f I
I
1.2 m
rl+:eI+ts +el HJHalot= E=--s! ?lffi7h= trB6t7l +16]|
^tt! =4El
STEVE GSCHMEISSNEH / SCIENCE PH0T0 LIBHABY / Getty lmases ^lfiflrl

Eil*: rF:d+, Ef.++, EE4++

Exponential, Logarithmic, and lnverse Trigonometric Functions

0l 80ll^1= Et+et :1 Efl+E Erlol E^10il EIE 40lEl. *elol4 :-9 ¤*"ll ul-44t zt^J
+sql + .J+= xlfEtf .f(x) - b.i+ EB+qJ rfl =rga s@) - logrxolrJ. ¤zlrJ ol
F *+E CEg golE-l r E++= 4j4I6Iq, ol49 ols-o6fol
^JEqL, Ep-]tr},
s+q "t
zl4 4E 4qt Eolql^J
^l+4ql dar+ +r.lE ¤H+rl Eqi +L4EI+9+ 4r-+d6J+el E
++E 4 l- ¤++trt. ufxluJ_e_tr qrl+ ++g 4l+fl+ BIH(Eqg Hzl)s- =oB6].4, ol
4g ++el rqs$ rel. ql 4e"6J+.
xlf'Jf$ Ergrfe {e.lo]-r ol a.J+Efl Ce+ EEI+E ¤86I}- cll"ll} + 7l-^l %r-

H"l gl4. r+ 6I+= xl+E:+E ^14}6]]^l rE qEL+E -+.:z$4e 4q6l+ 4o E, a

d="JHg 6.2, 6.3,o.+EollrJ ++q , 7lz:r- 4+4 e BlBol+. +E %FHg 4Be_E _tr-r.E.
4E6H^J r ++q qorfE xl+E+=- cE6L= %t-Eql'Jl, "l d=rJH* 0.2'r,6s'|-,6.4*
¤ql^J rlEtri. d{E+'l {+4o14 +xl-sl 4+ B+E ^d{g q ¤41 +EaJ f glzl oll
+ql trJ Bol rl^&*4 r+4ql q-+^l old + d= + qL 6l+"J e|#al-H ¤+.

351
352 68 9*#: ^l+:Bf+,
+r:Et+, EAf4Er+

6.1 lq:Et+glll E:BF+

r E:Et+
s. 1e. BoJEol zllqlg tsJl"J7l 491 roo"l-Elel q]-Ell4ol¤ 1-+r El]"J¤eg + xl-
_Eoltrl. EI-EllF-lolsl zfl;lla3 ull,r.ltJ tlE-4r, qr-ql4ol-9 + Ne.,r.lzJ rel 6J+s
N - ,f(/)ol+.
^J
qel ++E ,Hiil+ql Eg6L= ql ¤4=
+49 ^l+q +c
Hl-+l
^JE+X].7I
ol gltriI 6lxl-. +^l g61j ¤ Nel 6J+51 ol ,E'-+= /el EEt++ 6lq,
^J4++.
.f-,e_ +El-.flr. rel q++'E 9.1-+. 4 - f-'(IDg zflillfzl- Nql ER4. ql
r
AF]- rlzJolr*./-'el #3 s lg s$+ql^l g+etr oJ4+ E 2el A4ql ,'+
+ gg + 91trI. qlE 5E,f(6): ssgolEs/-r(ssg) - 6014.

E1Nerol d* E2 t? rusl -Bf+

4o rl0 N:"f(0 t : .f '(N)
r(^Iil) :Alil N : H+Ellalofq.i
Jr o7 r0ll^l 7Hr1l+ + Noll E=.dl=
^le
),t t4 0 100 100 0
1e t) I r68 168 1

A
f B
2 259 259 2
a
3 358 358 3
---¤ 4 445 445 4
4t .10
5 s09 s09 5
3o
c4 6 550 550 6
2t 7 573 573 7
lr t2 8 586 586 8
v
A B

f=J t /= gtHgolt-lgts oft_ltrt. E='J+zf ga;-49 '*- ae olq+. rB lql -E-ql 44 rJol q¤.8 EE
E +4U + ++ f , sZ ulloll BzI. fY 4a e* #g + H f6l-xl t+=t}.
(Aql^J 'JEE + "Jqe +qol
^JE
+s+) qlH"ll sY++ {tg + H +l6J(2
e+ 3 E+ 4E ++)ql ++o.|^I. zla-tr s(2): e(3)oltrt. rq+ x,*x241
gaJzl =qol
q"ll^J f@,) * f@)o14. ol4 ,Je ceg ,*= .J+ /E g.I"J ++4i1 +trI.
Eole E-.Jdl.E, 4
t}l36l==+el
"J+01 +g6l"E /=
=alql
oJtHgolaf
r. Elrl.
1
v g :d*(one-to-one
"J
Ell function) 4 ++
y: f(r) x, * x2"J trI fQ) * f(xz)
.f(r') f (xr)

fBdol /E rfllsc+ + H "l^J "J,J+fl, :zH zollrJ EFol "f(xr):"f(xz)E

Hl+61= x,\ xrTl +zll++. olAg /ri "J4ot olfz[ o]Hg E++. :f4=E
0 X1 x2 J

aeJZ 0l -Bt+ts/(xr) =/(xz)olE +*e-l 7l6lqr-zl.J %r-Hll-tr 6J+71- "J4"JoJxlE 44ts + 9l+.
_+ oJr[|oJ0l 0|.Llrl.
 6.1 q--J+$l"l E--J+ 353

+gfl ttEE er*zl- "J4.Jolzl glE! g,q+Eadg qH +*dE Er+g :z

t+gs+ zlflaflop p H"J rz16l+. 4o14.

{q4 r'* oJ4gelz}? !:

-))
x3
1l) ++ f(x):
EUn x,txr"J *ll *? + *tr"lEe. 8el 1 ql lq-+/(r) : x33 "J4"J"1trI.
Y

: x34 + H oltl ".lLlzl gs-EE, +¤d +

EoE :zH :ollal qE +¤d-r/(x)
CHql tt}+ /= "J4"J"14. I
3 .f(x) = x33 ErHgol+.
=aJ
ilqrfl 2 D =J+ sG) : r? "J4"J.Jzl?
v
s(1) : r : s(-1)o17, "]F+^J 1r+ _1+
ql= Eq y:*
EUI ,Jzl ullE"ll gE .J

4"Jol oLq+.
=q"l

Effi rH 4ql^J s9 .r4ge+ + Hql^j El+= f¤d"l gle [,-tr., +*ld +dB
ql 4+ sE 'J49ol oltl4. r 0 l-

=aJ
4 s(*): x'9 BrH"Jol oft-lrl-
"J4"J Er+- ++ ¤elql tr}4 Eq6I4l E6J+= *= EL+oltrE +s6l_+

2Esl f7l 499o1 aoj{ rl9ol r"J g4"J EI++r 6l-z} rBlE/q q-d
f(inverse function) f-'+ 4s.lqol Bolr. xlgol aolB,Bql gl- "Je-le.l y.ll 4
6]] q-sEr+ zJol z"lg¤ul-.

f-'(y) : * ¤> f(*): y

ol
cq= /71-rE yE ^l-+^l7lE, EsE,f-,. yE x_=. ^l-^J^l7l- ag E.+

I
x
qff?l E4"Jol olqH
"f-,= +"J61-4 ¤Eqzl t+-+). :2fl sel ffis Es-
A

"f-'= /E ¤r+¤ HitrllE d-. ag +Elutrl. '++ ^l-¤ql +=-61-xI. f Jr

-t

4elq :/E xlq

.v
/-,e.1
-ral E

/-'9 ilq :f4

JE U'

4elE

qlE E"l f@): x3el gg-ag f-t(*)

- xrl3o14. glul-"LH y - xrolfl ffiol
^JB6171 4l$ol4.

/-,(y) : f-r(*t) : (1s3)t/t : *

@+q f re.l
-l9zj+s+r-i:"|E"Jgr+.rBzl 4lEgl ,f-'(.r)ts1l./(_r)ge_lEl -f(-r)Eq+rf(,)gf(,)|es+9lEt
6F= Aol olq+.
354 68 9:d*: rl+-'J+, +-rE[+, qAl4-'J+

A B (qfl 3 |} /zl- "Jql"J ¤-+ol.Z,f(1) : 5, .f(3) :1, f (8): -109 oll ,f-'(7), ,f-'(5),
5
/-'(-10)+ +a]-+.
.7

Eq /-'E 4EE+q '++g E=+.

. -10
,f(3) : 7ol'uE f-'(l):3
f
f (t) :sol_rrg
+
,f-t(5) - t
A B
,f(8): -10olE+ ./-'(-t0;: g
lr
t H 6* ol 4+ql f-tzl /el ¤r+= q¤41 Ht+l +=zl BEEITI] Hq ++. I
Jr
$r
5xl-xE +BH+E ^l-sq= 4ol *4lolo + /E+ /-'ql +cg Tlgg 4+
f' q ftr"4 oE Ce] Eql^l ,el-y9 Egg tls=4 Aol Ht+l ++.
reJ 6
=:;*=r[=q= ^18
Hl-Erl.
tr .f-'(r):y <= f(y):*
del Eql^l yEr 4l Eqlrl;. _'E il+t6t{ q+el A7.lHJ$Al(cancellation
equation)+ E=+.

Ael EE xoil 4611 f-'(f (*)) -*

4
Bel -g.= r9l 4dl f(f-'(x)) : x

a Hat 4rl%14^1e.xtr ^l4r-6H^l f , f-'=-_ ztqlE 4s"6lH +^J "rE qEotzJg

g"laJ4(rH 7).rqtr_E ,f-'- ftlt'J 49 gtlE]]E qEq +=+.t trRll %I
44e fy f'rtl + ag +lt'-48 ElEill --b 49 "J++.
.r I f(r) I' -f,

-ral
JEI
7

f-'(f(*)): (r')t/3: x
f(f-t(*)):(aL/3)':'
olfl ,JC{E$ ++61 3zl-++e+ fl+4-o-+ 4*E trll .rJ=.4
^llxlls='el+rt
,lEl- Ag "JaJr+
ol^ll qe-+= +61+ ILlHql qla]] oJol-E7lE o.IzF. EI+ y: f (x)21 Tolxll x
E y.il qlql ol lt}d^lg E + gl'tE Cel Eql 44, - .f-,(y)= g-+. +HH
*E xE +ElqlTl g6}ts x4 yE HI+l "J441 y: "f-'(x)E gg + fl+.

5
:*+/9 Ed+= 76t='JE
gEllg
lEIl y: f (ia +=+
 6.1 E:.J+s[rol E-Ef+ 355

2trJfi! ,E y9 6Js=E (71-b6}trlg) ol ,J4^lg ++.

SEtIl "f-'E x9 .J#E Etrol7l +lall, ,4 yE Hl+4.
^Je
ol Er+E r:/-'1x;olQ.

(q4 4D/tr):i + 2el qC|¤+E|+

Eil {El trql ul+6Jf /(x)E y:f +ztr-4al ^^zroll 4a1] q-q=+rJol ol *
44g ++.
)c3:y-Z
*:ffi qirJl 4oll^l f-'71 f g ol.-E4l Hl.+
E--g--tr *4 yE ,!e u;4 r^H, y : l/* - zolE + q++= +++ ?Jq. +E6l-rf. -BI+ =rl-=
/ts '^.lllllEoll 2=
=xloll
ti6lE' +Elolg E-st+ "f-'= '2= !il17
,f-'(*):18-2 I +161.=' +410 ltl.
^llllEEE
E6J+= +6171 fla}] ,4 yE rlE Hl-+- flq* /el rflEql^J /-,el r4s
E g: %r-Hg zll^l++. f(o): bol7l +l+ gs+E4dg /-,(b): aolg + fl
(a, b)zl /g r4s"ll glzl fl* gs+EaAg 4 @, a)tl f-,4 r4soll gl=
4ol4.rfl+ 4 @, a)Y @, b)= {d y:xoll 4611 4e^lzJ_oeal E=rH.r
H s +al.
v (b, a) v

f'
(a, b)
0
J J

v v .{ f

f.=J g f.al g

rEIFE rH e.ll^l ¤HiLFol trt++ rJr|.

"f-'e-l
r4s- 4d y: r9l ql6]] /el rqls= 44 "lE^14 g=trI.

(qil /(x) : J-t - *el r4s4ol ql+E q++E r4EEE.J+4Is+

.v
5D y: f(x)
g ol+6H^J rEJ+. ), .t

Eil Hz] *d v: -l - x (EEd y2: -l - x.!tE x: -yz - 19 +l+ ¤Hl)E (- l, 0)

0

r4E= rfl4. r +g /-'el r4E= tszl *l"ll y : roll 46ll qla^lrJ+rH l0 (0, -l)
x

+4'). rq E ++q +"JqFoJ ,f-,q qlEL _Ede. ,f-,(r) : -)c, - l, x > 0.Jql +E
v:f -'(x)
+r+. r+4^J f-, E r4s= EEd !: -x2 - lel 9_=+ ¤HI ++olq, lH l0 o _tr

+El BJ44 o + _H_ql+. r :IaJ 10

356 68 fl:df : rl+Et+, +r-Bl+, qAF4-'J+

r q:'J+ol E-d+ AIttH

olxll .JrHg Etfol_r1 E+¤.++
"lzjE4E +dql^l EEI+E ++6]l Hzl-./71-
_r 7IC6I^].. ¤+++= f4_E7l-#qxlxl *g asE ^J4E + ?Itr|. (r4g
+ + 1zJg E ol+q4]q.) /-'E rfls= /el r4g= zld y : "roll 4al1 44
rl4 B "g E, f-'el r4sE #qxlzl t+=rH:H e +e). q4^J f-'s E+E+
++= 4# t)ql6J + 9ttr1.
olfl zl6tql4o3 a$ee rl-c C4= +B6l-zl= ftalz1u3 4qE {;]E ++
B + 9I4l 6J+.

6 EEI f+ qts +rJql^J 4elE .J']l"J fl+++olH r9 EEr-+.f-'E q^l

¤+ol+.

v /z| "J4"Jolq "lEzP"eL'J++ z[{a}xf. zla}${_oE ul$zH.uJ g}

olxll
y:x
L
f -l +E r4s= 4ol4+ !H+61-^I t** B*e C4g + 9t+. /-'9 r4sb /E
f r4s= 4d y: roll 46ll qla olE^I4 E-" s E 4ol4+ lH.$afxl t++ rq
Ay
la, bl Ee y-r= "lgz;e"g'g. 714ts + gltrHddol #zld"J *e 4lel). ^Id +"141
Eql^l f-,4 E++fl z"k$tl6IE4g=1gs-E ql+B+ 9l+.rH llql^l le}
(,
(b,
Ar
r q.J+.f-'e-l r4sE ts. + ?l+. f (b): aoJE f -'(o): Dolq (/-')'(a)=. E
-{
(a, &)oll.! rzfls /-'E dde-] tl#zJ, I LylL'olr}.y: xoll ql'J ql49 xq$

fal 11
y++ El-E ar+olr+. 4i+^J 'l]ae 44 t[(b, a)o]l.rJ /E r4sql qlt ddlE
zl*tl3 A-rlAyolr1. l4 =E LE 7l&71a- e 4 tl&tlel q+, + tl-s= 4 '/Jt1.
.Av I
(f -')'(o):;
1

- A,x/Ly f '(b)

7 8q /zl oJ4oJ "lEzl-L"fl 6I+olJ. EEL+ f-,= 7l^14 f'U-'@)) # 0ol

B, qoJ+r aoll^J ul$zl-!,ap 4*"1 ^dB.Jr+

2.144 4l tre+ zJol ssrfel {slql q+ q+g E.+

=B
(f -')'(o): lim f-'(*) - f-'(o)
x+a x-a
f(b) : aolfl f-'(o) : 6ola-, y - f-|(x)"l$ ,f(v) : -roltl. /7I "l$zls.6|E-tr
fl+oltr|. q-+^] 4r-l Eql E"]] f-'s. E+ol+. :a4=-e x---+ aolfl /-'(x) ---,
"F-'(r)o14. 1y -- &o14. El-+^-l q+g- B.+.
 6.1 E-Br+et-Lol E--r+ 357

(f-'\'(a): f-'(*) - f-'(o) : lim /71 oJtHoJol=+ x #aol# fA)+ f(b)

lim
x---+a x-a ,r'=- 1,
,;if(y)-f(b) goll +sl6lrl".

: lim
1

y-,a ,f(y) - f(b)

y-b
1

lllTt
f(y) - f(u)
y+b y-b

l1 E
f '(b)
- f '(f -'(o))

NorE 1 ¤q Efl *4lql^J aE "JH}4"J +r-tr HI#H r-l+g ts=tr|.

.l

I ("f-,),(r) :
f(f_\x))
y:f-l@)_tr +_q_E fA): xoltr, q+^J +oiiiq4el zlg.+ E¤61-H 4l tr+ +
+4 A+.
dy 1

dx d-
dy

NorE 2 f-tzl ul$zl#"Jg "14 .J+H *EI+ "l+Hg ol$rll.<J {*-l 7 --oo
ol zd
ql^l trtrI fl4 ra9 ra5-e 4l+e- + gt4 y : f-t(x)o]H f u) : rol4. B4

^l
l0) : xE xgl s6ll ul$olz, yzl x4 Et++E
^l-d4 flA+lHzlg
ol*6]]^J q¤.
g e*q.
f'(v) dx * : ,

4+^J q+rl ?Jtr+.

dy11
dx f '(y) dx
dy

(o{l4l 5l} Er-+ !: xeRts .J4"Jol o}r-lF+ qE}+E *zl ?*zlt}, dglE¤-
x2,
xll6Jallal .Jql"J ++E H]¤ + gtq. qlE EH /(x) : 1;2, 0 < x s 2H+Bd +¤

Hql el6ll) .Jql.J E-rfolq, 4elqg [0, 2]ola ilqg [0, +1o1r11tfl t2 +4). rq
v v
(2,4)

0 0 gx

(a) y: x', -r ¤ R (b)f(xl:x2,0<x<2 rB 12

358 68 E--J*:
^l+-Et+,
+-r'Af+. qAf4-tsf+

gE/= 4EEol [0, 4]olr. xl9"l [0, 2]ql EEL+ f-'E ?*+Ll.
(/-,),ql q+ +^lg. olgol-zl ?+i1 (/-'),(1)g. 4l4lg + gltr]. ,f(1) : loltrF /-r(t)

v
: 1ol!. f '(x):2xol+. 4q Eql el6l] trl+g e=+.
(2,4)

("f-')'(1)
11
f /'(/-'(t)) /'(l) 2
(4,2)
f-l ol A+ql ,f-'E H+"irll +61-= 4g fl+. ^l-¤ ,f-'(r) : J; ,0 < x < 4oJ+. (.JHI
+ gt+.) rElH (,f-')'(r) : t/(zrf,)"1
(1, 1)

r
zlsE 8"-l Eql el6ll +qd ,JH+
^l-soB
uE, (/-,)'(1) : lol4. olag +el 4l4I ¤{el rJ+ Et+/eI/-,el r?{-E= rH
0

reJ 13 13ql il+ r

(qq Z |} /frl - Zx * cos roJ 4l Lf-')'(l)g +6I+.
Eil "f'(r):2 - sin x > 0olEe. /= +71++ol+. "t+^l /= "Jql.J E#.14. c
4 Elg ol$alzl +l"ll^lE /-'(1)g "JoloF 6'Iq, ++ ++"ll el6l] ola¤. +B + 9t
+.
"f(o):1 + ,f-,(1):o
r4oe. q**g E=trI.
tr

6.1 | E+=xtt

1. (a) "J'11"J B++ FH.'JzI? 8./(0= gE & if+el fa +el +ol"ltrl.

G) EL+s.l -r.4F-tr+q .Jql.J aJfq]xl, otHzlE qe
,ll ¤E6l+rt? e. ftl "Jql"J ql++ 6IzI.

z-a BfzI +.q=+ zJol E.g #, :49, 4, ¤EgE +q4. (a)/(6) : 17olH.,
"f-t(17)e.
gEl-oJ7l-?

$) /-r(3) : ZolH, "f(z)5- tsul"Jzl?

4. ol Tlfz} "Jqlg Ertqlxl, oiHzlE +46[4.
: x * ,Eg ql, /,-'(6)* E"toJzI?
10. ft(x)
v I 2 J
a
4 5 6
11. +4 c:J@ - 32), F > -4s9.67¤: /sAl¤]EE 3r+rAlg
2
f (x) 1.5 2.0 3.6 5.3 2.8 2.0
F + +ElU .4o14. q'J+e] {g +61-r :z 9"lE all
3
v
4.
"v
4614 qEi+el {e]Eg +61-+.
tz-rs r+¤.6J+fl qdJ+ql 4+ {g +614.
,{
_r;
12. f(x) -- 5 - 4x 13. f(x) - | - x2, ;r > 0
ta. g(x) :2 + ,F 15, y : (z + i[I
5. f(x):2x - 3 6.r(t):f+4
af : 4x*3 ql r.1161l f -'4 EE+
7. g(r):1 - sinx ffire. /(x) ^lg +6}r
 6.2 rl+--J+el rsl E-Er+ 359

"f
a4a zld y : ,9 r4s= Eg+ ETlolEql
-,+ f 20, f(x):9 - x?, 0(r<3, a:8
rEl+./e+/-'E r4:rz| 4dql 'il6}] 44qlzl$ ar|
6I^l B¤. +q]6t4. 21=22 ff-t)'@)+ +6l.+.
17. ++ /E +qd :14E8 o1+611^i /-'"el :z|lu$ :rl 21. f(x):3x3 * 4xz * 6x * 5, a:5
+ 22. f(x):3 * xz + tan(rrx/Z), -1 <x( l, a:3

23. ulgzl-|.oJ qI+ /el qo-l+olJ. f (4): 5, f

,(4):
I "f-,=
I
I 3"14. Lf-l),(s)E +6I+.
0
f(fi : [" | *
-r
r--t- za. t3 dr"J ull, (,f-')'(O)g +6tE+.

: <, < lolz| alx|. T 2s. EL+ /(r) : * x * I E rqJtE f?-lil ol +

x3 + xz
t8. /(x) JT - f, o
oJ{"J
(a) .f-'E ,J+= /e+ qtr +4171gtbzl-?
+61-+. ol
fzt El+e "l+E ¤86|+. A+El Eil+i{l4l$
olgrll.! ql+ E++ s¤g +El-+. (cAS= 7l
(b) /E f-4sE qoJt}r (a)9 B¤ ¤H6I+. "r-'(r)ql
+oJ Edg ,$l zlzlE xll,"]a3- aol+. f+ + tlzlzl $
19-20
+tl +4¤6J ol ft ¤H6I+.)
(a) fzl'Jql"J fl9 uq4. =
26. (a) +dg g+ %I'J9_e- olEoIH y : *.ll 4dl
(b) 4?-l Elg
"l+6}q ("f-')'(")E +o-t{. 'HA.J
f-4lsE qE4l 4bzl-? ole+ eg 7l6IE4 g;lql
(c)
"f-'(r)E al4l6tr "f-'E 4Eqr+
xlqg +6in}.
(d) (c)9 4l-q-E+El (.f-')'(4)E +EtI. G)el a4el agzl 4 44 s(r) : f(x + c)9 q'J+E +6lu}. E, /= "Jql
or 6l+0l+.
^t6I+. (b) ft("r) :"f(cr)9 q'J+ql q+ E'¤g +El4 t, c *0
(e)/q"r-'el :z4sE +g.J 4Is+ +lql rq+.
ol+.
19. f(x): )(3, a:8

6.2 | r!+:d+elfsl E:*+

EF+/(x) : y+ Ef xzl- zl+ol7l o{Eql xl+E}+n+r 6}q, Efzl- "Jql ,lEzll

#'J+ sU): x.ra+ gf;'6fl^1..J g+

r rl+:d+etf ¤tr
"JHl4gE xl*:d*(exponential function)= 'JE d+ bql 4oll/(*) : b'9 E4 f,+71 6.2**6.4*89 t ;1Eo + Aq-d+
olq, EI+el 9"lE ttzl.}I _H_zl-. 16.2*6.48= ++--J =Jg= fi.t|.
"l
x: ft, + "Jel 4fo]H q-s=r+ e+.
bn:b'b'...'b
n tl#
x : gol{ a0 : 1oltr x: -n(ng "Jg d*)oltr +s=r+ +L+.
360 68 9--J*: xl+--J+, +-r--J+, EAI4--J+

I
b-"--
b"

y
r7I +fl+ (*: plq, p, qY C+, q > 0)olfl +*4 ,Jtl
b*:6n/e:W:({i),
rflql x7l +4+olts b'el 9"lE FHqIzI? qlE EE zfi E+ 5'e +H,g E
trl6}b7l?

"l E+"1 q+ 61]B9 ezl gl"]] Hxl +?]f ,o1l 4t y _ yE r4sE gq

0 x ExHrB 1 eI4). r q¤- y - vE 4EEg +r-l+e+ +4+E E-+ EB6l+ B
rB 1 y=Z'(x?+al+)el LZfls qe.e +tFdJ+.
:r.H tql^l !-Fol :z4ggl* +?-l+;oll 49"61* +Hol 9l+. .EE xeRoll
4rH /(x) :2** {elEtsEril +Bg ill+[ trl+^-l /= +71fl-= Etfzt gE+
6l-n 4r+. 561 +q+ ,E* +E^l

t.7 <JT <t.x

g El+6FrE
Zt.l <26 <--2r.a

oJ+. rql 1.7, I"8ol +4fol== 2t'7+ 218o1 tr"t"JxJE "J + ?l+. trr4}7r
zlE \Eql ql6J H =o9 q6IE 2.6ql q+ q +* E*+.
=*#g =+t{tg
1.73<rfi<t.t+ + 2r.t3 I /6 I 2r.tt

1.132*tE<1,733 + 2t.732 a 2$ I 21.733

r.t32o<Ji<t.7321 11.732OtO,/3a11.7321
L\1,\4

t.732os<JT<r.73206 + 2t.7320s < 2J3 .-\21.73206

0l Al¤oll tH-.J EEg rfe4trJl(J. Marsden)

+ fll?.l4ElloJ(A. Weinstein)9 Calculus r|¤- E5. fE_U4
=;r
Unlimited (Menlo Park, CA: Benjamin/
Cummings, 1981 )0{lAl +qfitl-. Zr., , yt.73, 91.732, 2t.7320, 21.73205 ,

v
E+ trl+ fEeq zl* fzt + 6l-+ +z16l-= ag Eg + 9l+.
Zr.r, 21.74, yr.733
, 2t.7321 , 21.73206,

of ffi
2.riolr+Z 4e1-J+. ol
=^l-r+4¤
ol*611^1 4+¤ ot4 qdall xlt)t$l

-
¤q+ 26 3.32Iss7g eg + gl+.
Hl*qL BH + .JEE +r]+ roil ql6ll 2, (E= b > 0"J trll H)g CEE +
"
-f,
9l+. :7H 2- rB lel -tr= +Bg ill+l Elf /(r) : T, "r e Rel r4sE qB
ral 2 v : 2'(.r:E t+)q u ,ll +C6l+zl Bq
-12fl
=q.
 6.2 ll+--J+9 rsl E-cf+ 361

.JHlzlg-E b7l ++4 zJol cq++

";E"el "J+olH

1 b' lim b f
r+x
rE +4 -r -.r-

7ls"t 717++ +El+E

";elel +?_l+-
=^l¤
f ?lp u+ ol 4q= 4'J6]-
+. ql= 5B ,f3c Hl++ta+ ,/, :1l320s08-.'-tr -E¤qEE ^l trg z6o1
trl-+ +gE ++"Jg =J+trI.

) | .7 t-)P
1 I .73 1 1.732 .7 L7320 .7 I .73205
11.132050 , I 1.7320s08
t

u|4lzfxlE 5'+ ++ +ge-l ++ol+.

53.1 erv)re)rrv
53.1a 53.141 53.1415 53.14159 53.141592 53.141s926

4l trg b.* +.J6}r]l 446}7 R*/(x) : b*71 ¤+ol slE+ Elg tr.J + ?l
+
rH 3ql^J E esl 44 zlxl #ql ql+ 6J+=. y - -"'.fl.r;llE$ g + 1l't.
b#Oql 46ll bo - 1ol.ps E= r4s- rJ+ d (0, 1)g
^l+q,
E*r > 0q-l

A+ql oJ btl rld"il trl+ 4+q++= q+q #4fl #zl-E.ll +Ealxl-.

v 10* 4',
(+I (+r 2',
1.5',

1',

0 .L
*st+=
ral 3 rlf-2!-f=ol

rH 3oll.q 7l+4oJ ^il a"#9 xl+6J+ y-b"ol gl#.J+ BlrI 0 < b < I
olE zlf6J++ zJ46f-a, b: rolE t}+E:+oJq, b > tolH zlf++= +71-oJ
4. "l ,r.ll zlzl 4+- _f.H 4ql^l ¤88t}. b+lolfl zlfalf y: b*+ 4EE

v v v

(0, 1)
(0, l)

0 .t 0 x 0 x

(a)y: b', 0<b<l (b) y: 1* (c) y: b', b> I -tal A

362 68 E--J*:
^l+Et+,
EIEI+, EAt4Er+

R4 ilE *)g 7I4l+. olb).: llb*: b-' o]=+

(0, y: (llb)'ql4g-y -
&'el r4EE yqoll +611 44 olf^lrJ aol+.
zl+6J+E CAE* r}* C4E sqE¤ + 9t+.

2 8al b > 0olr bt'tolE, "f(x): &'9 cEqol Rol_r.;l9ol (0, *)t_l fl
4E}+ol4. EE xoll ql6lJ D' > 0ol+. 0 < b < lolH /(x) : b,* +A.J
=61
fo'll, b > tolB /= f;zltrlfol4.o, D > 0ola x, !eRolH 4*"1 dB
*+
b'
l. b'*Y : b'bY 2. b'-v 3. (&';i : b*t 4. (ab). : a'b'
bv

zlfoJfzl- +-fl,* "lf+ ¤¤ r-4ql ?l

rl+EEloaw of exponenr)ol+ E?-l-
www.StewartCa lcu us. com
Q. x, y7l +4+g .llE Hzl.+ at {+qql^] g geirq 9l+. gelE ¤+
I

rl+H4loll r}|E! E¤rf E+= ?lo]| Review

of Algebrffi r, yql 4all ol H4Ee Elg ol+611^J xlfzl-+q+.J +E+ 4+E+El +
=zl6let. ^l
Eg + el+.
+* ++g rH 4ql BoJ r4-E-e.+El "J + 914+ +*qlql^Jel ++e-l 4
9e+El +E¤+(6.3¤ E*Exll 3l d.E).

3 b > 10JH lim b, : moltr_ tim D, : 0ol4

.r+6 J+-s
0 < b < lolE lim b* : golJ. lim b' : molr|
r+m .r---+-o

.61 b + lolH xfg zl+++ y - b* E r4EE +¤E.dol+.

ilqllll 1l)
tu) ,|g - 1)g +61+
(2-'
(b) ++ !:2-* - Iq r4s. r4+.

v Eq
Y:2-" - |
(a)
lil} (2-'- 1) : .1Ig [G)',- r]
:0 - 1 (^l Elql^l u:i.1ol!-E)
: -1
0 I
(b) (a).11,r14 ,J"l y : (+). - l-tr +trI. y : (l)*el :24Ets :zH 3gl -Elolr Blsq,
4+^l rH 5e+ ,Jol ol r4sE y+ o}4s l++l"J+ ¤EBoljEo 6l-E v : (l)' - tg
): -1
r4sE E=+(r4EE "lt-ql ql6l]^]= l.3E *al. (a).ll 941 +¤a=de 4d
:IeJ 5 y: -10]4. r
{q4 2|):r49 4l&zl EE A+qE ol*El^l zl+E+/(.r):2r9+. rlE 4l#E}
# g(*) : xzE ulnale|. xtl 4d '11 qtr q++71 Ll Er-l +7161+-71-?
 6.2 rl+--J+gl -lol E:-r'+ 363

40 250 qlll 2= y = 2*ol y = /Etl. gEU q

!: x2 _ 1I
v L v uuferll _Eq=+. f(x) = 2-ol
gnll-l =71.61.=rl ,JE6l7l flat|
uu[EZl Ei7f6]tsIl
tlfiTl ,Je /-tr¤-JE +EJoE|.. zsrtOl
y: x2 =+rlEl +4lE 601 64q.8 ^lq6HAl
5OHE HJr4l E=tlr dl-^[. rllfl 50lE
-L
a
6 0 I HJel EqE ¤olq +4|= 2sot2so0 cmtl
0
E A0l+. g4-.^ItrJ +41= grloJTl? 0l
r.H 6 -ral 7
JE, ,lE rzo4o1 ol"J0l E A0l+.

EQI :H 6+l-2,61 x [0, 40]sl Ezl+Eq reJd + E]+E trol++. F r4s

7l H "J+= 4.4* > 4oJ 41,"f(x) :y4:zfllFz| s(x)-- x2:.4u8+ +lql 9l
^ll
+= ag g + tt4. zH 7g x{lgl ql6]]^J zl+++ f(x) :2'71 4E4l=,E}+
=
s(x): x2E+ rJ #4fl 5:zlalE 4$- e_q5q. r

r rl+:d+s! 3E
zl+++- zl-Eol4 +E4 EBql^l HlH6l +4t+. 9zlrl .J+
^Fqtrtr-el
+7I E= Htol=lr- "JsI ,J4.il 4+ 7l+ql^l ol *fzl- qg4 444bzl ++ E 1 .l.ll4l oJ+
6l ¤ElE4lri. 6.s¤ql^] olH 4s"rl ri= ¤+ql qldl trl xlallol gElE 4o14.
r (le00E olF OJ+ P(EPJ)
2.7¤ql^J ull,r.lzJ + Hl]E +71-61-=. qlqlElol- z}];llt.¤. i8zJ*a, 4a zl]4lfz} ?drltr+)
rzsol$ t^l7J F9 zflzll+- /(0 : no2'"J Ag HS.+. ol zflxllgl+= xlfE$ y 0 1650
: 2'ql ^J+E #+ AolH -uE 2e+ Toll^l tsFol mI- ^d+g ++U+. ol^J4 l0 t750
oJ 4A(+a-J6J ++4 go&8, {HE
Bxll).llrJ ole+ rJg xl+4"J CzJS xl-¤
20 l 860
30 2010
+14 +"lrJ dxll4"_+ "Jol+= qlE4.J ¤tlql aol+. q+ {lxll"llrl "J++ 40 2300
7l-= +trlExl-. 50 2560
60 3040

ilqI|I 3D s 1* ql+ql 4* xle"l4. :zH 8+ olq 4tr 4ldsol

20^Jl7l
^ll4l
10
80
31

44s0
t0

4. :23 8ql^l zlE4E E4zI zl#zl"J 6zl¤ %I^l6Lq, 4a4l#Hg zl+6171 +l 90 5280
6ll xl+4e qflbqg ,*+ r4q 4l4lzl(e.= #+El)E
"l+?'l]^l +*4 eg zl 100 6080

+E¤g e=+. 110 6870

P P
!

a a

a
5X10e 5xloe
a

tt
zo 40 60 Bo too t2o t n
zo 40 60Bo 1oo tzo t
1e00LJ
"l+ 4i+'J+ teoo'J ol$ d4Ei

reJ I ?lffi7loll t|l-Ll.tttr=. rH g ?.!ffi7lotl rt|Et rl+sB

^1141
364 68 E:-Jf : Il+Et+, er:tsl+, qAt4Er+

P(t): (1.43653 x 10e).(1.01395)'

{zlrJ r:03 1e0oLJoltr+. :.H e= fl41 +q41 zl-HE=4E-=}41 ol xlfaJfs] :.;ll
trE '+4utr} zl++4o1 xl._E.ql +'&61 g Eq*= 49 "J + gt'I. qli.+zl-z| ^J
44 "e Ee+gHH zlzJ$ + i|flE ^ll4l{dr+ le30H4el 4="*¤ 49 Alzl"J
gg+9t+. r
{qlll 4l) ql+el HqeE Hl-olq^ql Hrv-lel +E4 E6ll E4 9x]xjlql aer-
-fr.2 538e1 _trrl-= x|.rllal ++u ¤+ a4zf lee5ulgl tsE.gH.+.' s. 2E ABT-538E zl

r("J) v(t) _E g rgoll I mL'* RNA txll#E +49 +xI 303e1 E* ulol+]4 "J v(r)*
^lzl
I 76.0
ol4. :H log olq 4+ &Hr"l4.
4 53.0 :rH r04 rJol 44 ++4"J Htolill4 "JE +4= rH 34 a(a)oll.<-l b7I rud_tr} 4I
I 18.0 g a+q zl+E[+ y -- b'4:z4sE Bo] ++. tr]+^J ..]+ v(/)E zl+E]+"il elql
1l 9.4
E¤e+g + 9ttr1.
15 5.2
22 3.6 y: a.b'¤4e.1 zl+H-+E tlxla s 2el ql"lqE f4q 4l+lzl+ d+qE ol
+6Iq 'l+4 rJ* eqg e=+.
: 96.39785 - (0.818656)',
v
:aH 1lg zf.Edg 0l+6}{ xlf.JfE :a4=e rfl asE il-a + +EJel
^14}
ul{4loJ$ E +4.llz 91tr|.
v V

,.t
E
60 J60
() o
*+o *+o
o
z z
il20 il20
a

otozo3n r (9) oto?o30 r( 'J)

:IaJ 10 Sxf 30301 E8 ulolalr oJ ral 11 Blol44 So{l rH-.J xl# EE

r rl+:g+ol E-d+st 4E
EEL+E ¤e-l= ol$aN,<l zl+6J+,f(x) : b'cl ra;a-= 4l4i6}z|

f(*+h)-f(x) : br+h _ bx
f '(* lim lim
h+O h h+O h

6x6n * 6x b'(bo - 1)
lim lim
h+O h h-0 h

"J+ b.* fte+ ++61-sE ++4 zJ"l ** $}e-E S4 f,$ + il'|.

1. D. Ho et al., "Rapid Turnover of Plasma Yirions and CD4 Lymphocytes in HIV-I Infection," Nature
373(1995): t23-26.
 6.2 xl+-cr+qrq E:Bf+ 365

f '(x) : b*,lSbh-lh
++e Oql^l /el EEr-+el {I.Jql +E6}xl. + ++4 rJ+
bh-1
_:
lim /'(0)
/r+0 h

r4 = + zl+6J+ f @): b.+ Oql^J ul$zJ{'a}E ol E}+- E= doll^J EIET}

b6l-I, r}g-ol CB*+
4 f'(x):7'(o)b'
ol %I44e 999 xltEI+E {ffig r ++ x}+!"ll Elql++= Ag E6tl +
4tzl¤zl- +olql Hlql++)
b : z, b : 3fl 4+.ll /'(0)E +xflCql qlal +zl4.J +rl- 9=4 E.ll + 2h-l 3h-l
h
qd+. ({te 4+¤ ol-4 t}d xlflnlzl Cq"Lq.) +6Jg +x116lq +g-4 4.+. h h

0.1 o.t 1113 1.16123

2h-l
b: 2"J 41, ,f'(0):lim
h+tJ h
-0.693 0.01 0.69556 t.10461
0.001 0.69339 t.09922

h- 39 o}], -f '(0)
: lim 3h-l : 1.099
0.0001 0.69317 1.09867
/r+0 h 0.00001 0.69315 1.09862

+dg +4]4q a+d ol4l qC.xll xl4zlzl {$a3 #+ rl-g_4 rJ*¤ +

^l-d
EB + el+

tr _d (}xl : d
:
dx
0.693147, .
{lx
(3',) 1.098612
x:0 .r:0

trI+^J al E_e+q +¤-¤. E-+.

6
* ,r', - (0.6e3)zr, * ,r.r: (r.oee)3'
+ gli zFzJ ,Jt+ trlE +4* ,f ,(0) : I g ull"l4. b
4l Eql^l "J b7l'ilB
-zq b:3oll trll6J/'(O)el +4sE+q ,f'(0): 1ol q= + bTlze+ 3 ^tol"ll
gl*ol 4+6il E"J+. dE4sE oJ += 5-xf e_E E^l6Lq r+q-r+ zJol
^"lgg
+

7 f eol Est ,=;TI +: 1oJ fol4

zlalQ{-eE E= 7l++ xl+*+ y - b* +ql^J fQ) - e,g (0, 1)ql^lE d

dol dqal 1.J t)#tl.f,(0)g r*- 6J+"J¤. e.ltrl++(rH 12e+ 13 +4). 6.J+
f (x) : e'* flEX;4--tf(natural exponential function)+f ++.
366 4,tr,t oqot.\' Tl-\.61--^ OqAt7l6t.^.
VO-ET"llEl,sEl'-E-El =-'ro-i--\

v v

v :3',
(x, tl$tl: r.
rt: rI

!: et

7l&71:1
y: e*

0 x 0 -{

ail 12 fH 13

b: eE_ --eE ^l Eql^J "f ,(0) - tol+. ol4.g q+q +g+ ulB +^lol Btrl.

8 rlErF:d+sl E:d+
d
. (e') :
dx
e*

tr14^J zl+El+ f (x): e*+ a- zl-4lol E++'J Cdg 'Z,t-+. ole+'J-* ^f¤
ql q6J 7l6l-q}4 +sCg "Jele] 4 @, e.)ql^l *d y: e*91 4EL dd9 zl9
7171 a- d9 y4e4 +trt= 4olrft:+ 13 +e).

(qldl 5 D EL+ y: etun,E ul$al4.

Eq E+llBzlg,<f$aizl glafi u: tan xtr xl$alE, y: e'olEE trl+4 ?Jq

dy dy du: ..du
gu gwx I
SgCtX
-:dx du dx -:dx

"JHI49-P qlzll se}

zJol 44 trI+ EqHzlg eB+E +-a-s e=q
ddu
9
dx'
-(eul:eu- dx

( qH 6 D y : s-4x sin 5x"J

"I Y'E +6I+.
Eq ^l
Eel #el H4g "l+6lH ++g E=+.
y' : s-4x(cos 5xX5) + (sin 5x)e-4'(-4) : e-o'(5 cos 5x - 4 sin 5x) tr

etl Zel3 qtr ++. 4.9.J?ts4, ,9 {tg Bt} 4q6}41 +Co.}71

^tolel
+l6H 4l E= olso$4. e: Z'of4E r' :2"014.f@):2'48 4l EE+EI
f'(*): k2' oll. ft-,f'(0) ^,0.693147o1trH41 tr arel. l4=-e. g4lHzlql q
 6.2
^l+-ct+el
rol s--t* 367

+ q*" s g-q.

sx :4
dx @\
: +(2.,)
fic
: kz,, +(rr) : ckz,, dx

x : 09-tr +gE 1 : cftol4. :r4 =.+ c : rikolq q-+ **{fg g-+.

e : Zt/k = 2uo.6e3ta7 * 2.71828

e : 2.7 1828 I 8284 5904523536

e* #4folzl ullEoll e9 d+Etrg Hl++I4olr+.

(oll4l 7D 2.74.q qlxll 6o11rl Edsl zlo#+ +L4q fl= qlqlEol zfl4la=
^fl.trg
^J4*+. +qn]o}el zlJxlJfz| oll^l+ + Elle +7I++E rrl& Fg zll4l+b trl-g
r+ a+.
n: iloZt

{zlrJ n*e 4a 4l4l*o14. ol4l

^l
Ee} E= "l+4^J 'l+4 zJol 6zl-&g 4l
+ts + et+.
dn
* no(o'693147)2'
i d6fEg 7Hill+sl 17loil Hlell-?trf.

qlE Eq 4ts zll4lf7l no- 1000^Jl-EolE 2^l7J F9 ¤:zl-S* q-q=rl rJtrl.

dn
dt ^, ( 1000X0.693 I 4l)2' l,:z

: (4000X0.693147) * 2773 cells/h tr

( ql4l I i) ++ f(*) : xe-'E 4H{tg +61-+

Eill ';41+- +6t71 f.l6}l Irl¤.61-E +¤¤ ts=+.

f'(x) : xe-*(- 1) + e-'(1) : e-'(1 - x)

zl+d-+= 6JtF oJE atg zlzls-E 1-"f > 0"J Ell, 4 x < l"J trll f,(x)> 0ol+.
uf{z}4Ex } 1"J f,@) < 0olr+.41H{r.41+aLq 4+ r4l Eq+++4Hql tr]-
"l]
4, : 1ql^J 4lfl#g Tlxlq r {Ifl- 'l+r}
,Jtr+.

/(1) : (1)r-' : !:e o-tt I

zl+EI+ y : e*Z rJ+aJ *zl rll+ql, xl+EI+9 4Es rl*-r+ e

=_gI+E
ol ++6I+.
368 68 9:d*: rl+-Et+, +--'J+, qAF4-EF+

10 e*dx:g'*C
J

(qd 9D I x|e*'dxE fll+Ia1+.

Efl , - x39-E- iJ+6iz}. rflH du - 3f 4aalEa x'dx: lduola,

[ *'r.' dx - il t" du : tr" + g : !e" + c

"l+. tr

(qH 10|) oql^J t7l4 4d y - e-3'oI4 gqe; tszlg- +Bt+

Eq H4
o : J' e-3'dx : -\r-t*]l: +(1 - ,-')
oltrl. .

r rF:d+ fEl|s.
zl+6J+,f(r) : erZ ul4$+4 r ¤+ql^J x}+ dal-41 q- 6J+ fr=9 a|4ol
v
IrE rE :z4E(lH 14)e+ Cd.il +l4"llzlE d,ol 6s-6I+. ol B+- {E-l tr
y: e' .ll zl¤¤ zl+6J+ + a+E u) btl b: e > 1oJ EI++= ^Id¤- "l+"H
=++
+¤.r+ zJol ol Et+E Ceg eelg + 91t}.
^-1,

11 rl$r|f*+el gE zl+EI+ f(x) : e.3 49qol RolI ;19"1 (0, *)oJ

0 ,I ¤lzlal-b E4er-#ol+. r++^J EE xql ql6l] e, ) 0ol7 ffiol cBqL+

14 rlE^l+-c+ ,[ry-
e* : o' J4g"
:*
=H
f4 = _+ xfig f(*) : r'f¤d+Col+.

(qr{I rrD
Jgg fi7e+,Js+614

Eil +e, Exl¤ euoE- ++l q-@ ts=+.

e2*11 ----------------
ltltl tllll
i\i" *, - i-; 1 + e-2* I * Iim e-2'
"z- I+m

- 1
_1
l+0
¤zlrJ x + moJ 4l r: -Zx ---+
-mo1.tr, trl+^J ffiol dB-J+= ^Idg "l+i{trI.
He-2.: ,[ry;
e' :o r
 6.2 rl+-Et+el.rol E--J+ 369

(q4 120 1, Z4l r6.;.aE ol+6lJ^l EI.+ /(*) : et/*A dtdr+ r4sE rel+"
Eill rg 4e-lE+ {, | , # 0}014. x-- 0gl tr}+ 4+ +*s 4l+Bll^J +4d+d
g 4^tql4. x + 0*.J ,ll t : tf x + oo oloE trl-+¤ ¤E.+.
st : 6
,[pr"': ,lH

"14^J
x:03 +4d+dol4.r-0-B 4J r: lfx---+ -molEr+ +gg E*+.
.[pr""
: ,!1; e' : o
x ---+ -rmS 41 l/* + Q oJug q++ +:ul.

,$I*'t/': eo: I
tr|+^J y : le +¤d=d(4++r+ ++ E+)ol+.
olxll eg.4g. 4l4Io.IxF. Hdllfl4.il trl+ r4l e.g.ag q+r+ +L+.

f'(*) : - Pr/'
,r
EE x+Oql 4fo1 ,tz'> 0oli1 x2 > 0olotr EE x+0q 4a11,f'(x) < O"l4.4ri
/= (-*,0)4 (0, m)olJal ,J4e+. "J4ldol g{or:+ +{tg H+.241
^J =gr-+=
?JL+.
'I+rt
*'"'/'(-l/*,) - ttt.(Zx) et/,(Zx + !)
f"(*):- xo xo

e'/'> 0olr x4 > 0olE-E x )

# 0)"J 4l ,f,(r) > 0oJ1, ,. -l.J el ,f"(r)
-it.
< 0ol+. trI+^J +dg (-*, -i)q.^t olqE e-+u.f7 (_i,o)+ (0, *)ql^J glE s
+61-E-tr- E+de. (-1, ,-,)"14.
/E rzlls. t\tl 9.1q1 azl 7H¤ql^J +¤E=d y: t(Ed)q d=d +=ql^J
E +d ++g ril+lrB ls(a)]. olfl +d +E+ ++ql +6J 4Ee+,fz] (-*,0)
4 (0, *)ql^J eA++= ^l¤g Hlg++. E.o.J /(0)g +xH6fzl ?tzl"J r -+ 0-"J *ll
"f(r) - 0gql +E6.txI rH ls(b)q^J s+Cql ++ dBe+ H+Eg +xllE+eie__+
al :z4sE S¤++. :f4q E+E olf-a]f.t"l rfl rH 15(c)el ullall ExI. I

_v _v

i
y: erl' 4

-- rX
r-:f
iil-zl
E

- -v: 1 y:1
-3
>- 3

0 x r) .r
-1
(a) azJ rrl= z1q (b) SCg r4s (c) d#rle 4"J
:19 15
 370 68 E:d*: rl+-Et+, +--'J+, EA4EI+

6.2 | E+eAl

t. (a) E b > 0.J ,l+*+E 4el6.l-= "Jc4g ir+. +ol= 4+ 4le km"Jg -E_q4.
(b) +l+el 4elq¤. +6t+. ffitt. Ef l(x) : x104 g(x\ : e'9 :L4sE +of* EzlslH
(c) b* t'J 41 6J+E ilEg +8t4. q1a1 ulaalz|.eel r4E7l f 4 f4EHtrl +].il 9l= tril

(a) r1g- +?+9 4+.il ql6J xl+H-+e] .JHlzi"J E* flrll"J7l?

9:244. =
12-15 trl-* +*g +614.
(i)e > 1 (ii) b--r (iii)0 <b < |
e"^-e' -r
12. lim (1.001)' 13. irrrr -,----------;
m2-3 Egt ts-Tl3rlHql +g 6J+EE :1498 reJ+. ol :1 ,tr+@ .tr+F erx + g-ix

4sEg "lE flsol ?lbz}? 14. x+^!

lim e3/(z-x) 15, (e-2'cosx)
,lgg
2. y:2', !:e', y=5*, !:}Ot
3.y:3', y:10', y:(i)', Y:(*)' r6-2s trI¤. ++E trl+6|+
16. f(t) = -Ze' 17. f(x): (3x2 - Sx)e*
4-5 +g ++E :4EE 4qzl-otr rq4. a4 3, l4el f.
18, : e*' 19. Y
: gtan?
4Eel gs6IE 1.3eE E+Lg olso44.
Y

)cze*
20.71x,;:- 2I. : *2r-3x
4' g(*) : 3' + I 5. !: -e-' ' x'* e' Y

6.y:l-trr-- 22. f (t) : satsin bt 23. F(r) - ets,^zt

: ,@ 2s.s(x):
7. !:e,9 -=qEE Q-o=$ zJol H¤+6J Aq-E Ll-+4E
2a. s(u)
"r( ,fu)
r4sE %r-4^lg 44.
(a) oizllE 2++1 olE 26. (0, l)ql^J Bf y : e'cos x * sin r ql ql+ ddE %I4
(b) -a_E.4- s-tr 2$$l ol5 49 +6fzl.
(c) x4oll 46l] 44 27. : x - l,ql glal] y'+ +61-+.
e*/Y
y4q ql4
28. Et+ y: e' I ,-trz6l IrlE%1441 2y" - y' - y:
(d)
'l]6fl 0g
(e) x49l .116ll EilA^lzJ F y4oll qE]] 'llA Eq+.
EI+6JS
8. q¤. EL+q 4elqg +6le+. 29. "lH 4| roll 4611 6J+ y-- e"6f rrl$%14^.1 y" + 6y' + 8y
: l-e" (b) l(x) :
1*,r :09
(a)
"f(r) | _ eG e"",, "J+61_=71?

e. r+s l4=-e +qzl= zl+6J+ f@):cb'+ +6tE+. 30. /(r) : e2'9 "ll "fh)(r)91 ql6J 4ls- +61-+.

y 31. (a) +?J]ok $qE ol+6ll^l %'-4^l e* * x:09 iil]7l +

(3,24 ZI]BS Hq+.
(b) hHE %IHg ol+fl.^J (a)9 B4{E 4+d
o}.4 qC4l zlelzlxl 4+o}rll +61+.
=g
(1,6

32. ql^il 4ql^l HqaE *Izt9 6t+ ,iE 4 EtzI9 tr+ Hl

0 "r
ol+14 oj$ 76.0 RNA/mLfl4. :rH 11e.1 vq qloJ r4
E-= ols-o6H^l xlE + +g ^tol ++z}9l ufolel,'- "Jel HI
10. /(.r) :xz4 : g(x) 2'el r4uE 3 cmzJ4qE g Eb
zJzlE 4ltI6I4.
+ol +lql rfl+r 6lzl. gdoll,t'l 9$a-9E I m Eol
33. qE ++4qlAj sEol ol-4 4l p(0ql ul4 s]4 Lt++.
Ti 4?-lql^l /el r4E9 tolE 15 molzlHl s9 rEllE
 6.2 Il+Ef+ef rE E-Et+ 371

p(t):Ti;, f
O3.J e*1fl * e* dx oo,
t (er * e-,)2 dx

feu - n" ,l/'

{zlrl p@Y rl4 rglal 4+g .Jr 9l= .J+e-l ul-$ol 4s'J
( - r"ydu 46. Jll':
x'"
a*
a- a, k?'J9
^J#o14.
ta) lggp(t)E +61-4. 47. ]{ :
[0, 2]ql^'l 6Jf /(*) 2xe-"4 ¤+#g +6]4.
(b) cEE ++ Hl+g +6|+.
48. +rC !:¤', y:e3'4 x: Iql Ed]] +419 Sg9 Hol
ffi (c) tzl rJzJ"l{ +CgI, a: 10, ft : 0.5?l 4*9 p(r)
4+d oI4 4lnll tlflllzl4+6141 +6I+.
el r4EE rEl4. ol f_qlE= ol$all.! "J+E =
80%otl4+g E= 4 Ar-l= 49. +d y--e';4. 1,:0, r:0, x: lql +419 gqg 9-1611

^lrJg +e6I4 xffi +dgE gd^lzJ 4 rJzlb "JillE +"1= +6I+.

34. ]z] [0, s]q1,r1 H-f /(x) : . 1,* ,E 4lH{t, 4*{tg
L+)c- s0. trl+ Ezl + a+ ag qE a"J7I? :z ol.ft
+6t4. =?
3s. El+
"f(x)
: x - e*4 4*{tg +6}+. v v
!:Zxe',
y - ,Vi
36. Et+ f(x): xe'*41 4aJ] (a) 6.zl EE rJA +rJ O) g
4 AzJ, (c) H*dg +614. 0
l.r 0 1 -rr

37-38 3.sEq 4Ag oJgall.! trl-g +dg r44. v

y : I sin 2x
38. y : l/(l * e-,)
ssin
37. y: s-t/(x+l)
0 .r
ffigg. q+ .J+ /el +s-+ d¤g Eq?= :lEllEE rBl4. 7f
)

+Erot, +*#g +46Ir trl+¤ E6]] 4q6J #g +6I sl. ++ x-l1t $azl ^lr+ r:Ogl^J elzlzl ,r.lzlall,! grdr
+. f-4r "f" E r4s= ol+ql^l E+Eg +461+. r(t): 1s6r-0.0tr Lel Hl¤iE 7l+ol B=ql^J
^l]q +gq.
f(x) : e"-' iJg l^l+ EoJ 4q 48 zlEg "J3 B"tt_lz}?
40. g=.g +tr.E d,+i + e+ "J=.g ft-E(blood alcohol 52. F4ilE= F47lE ol$dl^J trEg .J+= i{e.lE +El
rJzJ oe*l ¤tzl.9 _Q+(urea)
concentration, BAC):. S=gg
"J6H ++El4zI tltl4 "l zl4 r=EilE-g xll4,*trI.
a +zl e"+sE+q xll4qts uJflmg/min)g ++ trl+
^IE
oJ6ll ¤iI ,JA¤+.
EI+ C(r) : O.t35te-2.802, L ql
tsg ls mL(6J {IE "Jag +E)E -o4al d+{ + txlTJ ,l Ag el6ll g ¤HgtrI.
^lql
+.J ^"i.J hlzl sHE Bt BACEBoltrl-(+fl: mglml). : r gnr-rt/v
uk\
al= V
:1123 E?t 414 ¤+ BAC= Hut"Jzl-? flxll B^J6t
Y7l?
ol4lrb F4zlE zl+: trEq +¤Hlg(mllmin), v*
Source'. Adapted from P. Wilkinson et al., "Pharmacokinetics of Ethanol after
¤]zl9 B"lel Pul(ml-) r4:il cog r: Ooll^J eE $e-l
Oral Administration in the Fasting State," Journal of Pharmacokinetics and
ea{(mg)ol+.
Biopharmaceutics 5 (1977): 207 -24
"(,)arE 4lt}aE, ¤86}q.
Jio

41-46 ++ 4+g 4l4}6i-+ 53. /("r) = 3 +x * e'oj *ll f-')'(+)E +?'t4.

dx
o''.
IJ
(x' * e*) dx 42.
r eo"
ffis+. f(x):
#9 :z4g5 r4H f7l Tltg+aJg "J
+ 9t+. aa{g=- trq+
372 68 9-d*: rl+-'J+, +r-*J+, EAt4-ct+

6.3 lE-fEt+

r +-r*+s,lf dE
&> 0olr bt'oolH xlfaJf f@) -b.+ +7li,l4+ +461-r., q+^i +*ld
+4 H ql 44 oJqlg *fol4. l4 = e. /- "J b?l EftJ+(logarithmic function
with base e)+ +s- qe+ f-'= tlzl4, olAg logoE +4$Q-. 6.1¤sl
^l
+qT] q++fl +{g -H-zt.
^l ^|+6]]
f-'(*): v <= f(v): x

rqE ++g E=+

1 log6x: y 'e bY : x

,r}+^l x > 0oltr logrxTl e b"J zl+.J rll :- ¤r+= *tl F]4.

(ql{l tD q+g41416l-+.
(a) log, 81 (b) log* 5 (c) log,u 0.001

Eq
(a) 3o : 31o'lF -E log, 81 : 4014.
(b) 25tl2 : 5olF P logr, 5 : lol+.
v y:x (c) 10-3:0.001o1-o-+ Iog,o 0.001 : -3014. tr

6.1tre1 ar-lr}{^l E= f@):b'r+ .f-'(*) -log,,xql 4+6tH r|+r+ +L+.

y:b', b>l

0 x
EE x e R olJ rJlrll lo96 (b') - x
2
EE x > 0"ll 4la]l 6tos'x -- x
y: logt x, b) 1

-ral
Jt= {| -tr.raJ+ Iog6ts 4EEol (0, oo;olr xlgol Rolq, E+EL+?] zl+ql+q q
Er-+ol.E_tr ¤+ol+. ol *+fl t zllEts y: Hg y roll Qall 44 olErlvJ 4.
-
) ol+.
): logz x

y: log: x rH 1* b> t"J 4+=trq ++.(zlt}+s-+-tr.r6J+= "Jol b> loJ 4

+ol+.) y: b*of r > 0o1l ql6H "]l+ #461 *zlrl* 6J++E ^l-.gql^l y : tosu x
7l x > 1ql ql6l] ,ll+ Li-lz{l #z}alt .J+4-
^l-dg "J + 9l+.
0 1
y:
x
a4 ZY "J a > 1E +oJ* {Iql ql6ll y: logrx9 :z4e'E Hq log, 1
y: log,o x
log, x
: 0olE.g E- E:a++9 rqs= d (1, 0)g xl++ =q.
rl-g 44ts e:.J+E Ce# sqh{L 4"14.

f.H 2
 6.3 +r-Ef+ 373

3 Eq b> rolfl E'-+"f(x): togrx!.celqol (0, m;ol-r. zl9ol R"J 94

oJ, E+, f;zfalfoJ4. ,, y > OoJr. rzl pfolfl ffiol dH.J+
1. loga(x)) : logax * logay

x :
2. lo96 logax - logay
y

3. loga(x') : rloga,r

d¤ r,2,3+ =rflflol4a 6Iq 6.2¤ c4 Eql +q+l zlf.Jfql 4+qb

c4E=E+El Eqd+.

{loll4l 2 l) 44 Eq il= -+:zEzl9 ol*til]^l +-s--a- 414}6}+.

(a) logo 2 t logo32 (b) 1og, 80 - log, 5

Eq
(a) 4il] EE Hzl l4 43:648 "l+61ts'l-*+ E=+.
log+2 + loga 32 : log4(2 . 32) : log+ 64 : 3

(b) c4 EE Hzl 2e+ 2a :t6* q+¤ E=+.

ol+6-1tr

logr80 - Iogz5 : log2(+) : rogzl6:4

6.2¤ql +qd zl+,J+fl ++g 4* eu'J+E +'Jql +¤gtr|(rfl 14

HIE).

4 b > IolE ,lg logr x : rcol-tr logu x : -mol4.

,1*.

561 y+g *d y : losr,,rE +{fl-dolti.

( o{lrtl 3 |) loe,o(tan2x)E +6}+
}gg

Efl ,--) OoJ oH r: tanzx---) ran20 : 0ol4 r > 0ol+. 4+^-l b : I0 > lolEE
d4 E.| E6fl trl+g tsE+.
tog,o(tan'r) : logro / : -oo r
,gx ,tS.

I I[E=r:Et+ +r ET|E
q?Esl rl4Bqrrl rl
zllttzlggJ ol"Llal
Er++q E=- z]-r." aJ
"J b +ql^J 716r- EE-l+ gol 6.2¤ql^J 4E6J + e+L +,tlqoll,t.l rlE+r= ln xE, '88e-u'
rf ralll aE+
4g rl+ ¤ql^J EIC Aol4. "J"l eoJ e.:.= r[filer(natural togarithm)+ 6]q
log,o
-qfrl-
log x-E E7l-dtl.
rltrl^14o Ll fl+El fl ol0ll^l= e6l
I

++4 rJoj E7liltrI. r|EefE log xE E7l--Jtf.

374 68 9-**: rl+-'J+, +r-'J+, EAI4-'J+

log,x : ln x

trr+ 2 olliJ b : e+ {.I log,= qlzllal-H z}fls:E ¤Edl+ ^ddg +

^l
*4 +tr}

5 lnx:y <= er:x

ln(e') :, xER
6
glr* - 76 x)0

Eal * - lolfl tI¤¤ e-+.

lne: I

CA @"il Af x, : grn(,') : e,rn*,.{ > 0g e-+.

Cd EFI 471 EE Hzl 39 ¤¤6lE +s-r+ +L+,

*r - fln(x') : erlr*, X ) 0

r4^l rel xl+= q+. zl+EElle+ t"J6l-rll EtrB + gl+

a *r - ,rlnx

( o{!{l 4 l) r, x : 5"J *ll xE +61-E}

EE ¤4 Eg*fl In ,r : 5}. e5 : xE e-lulalE-tr x: e5ol4('1n'ol=|'-- 7ls=

^I
+aI. ql q4*ol !l+H ln 441 log,E ^l-+d+. rflH +le.l 4lg rog"x:52| ¤
q. rqEE Erg cEql 44 r'- "rol4).

EqE ln x: sE zl+EL+E 4+6}ts q*¤ E=+.

^lzt6l]^l "JHql
,lnr- - ,5

d4 trlel + E4l 44 oJ¤^lql E6ll ,tnx - rolE-tr x-e5o14. r

( q!11; 5 |) %r-B^l ,5-3x: l0¤ E+
Efl "JH.I zl-Ee---t= +16l-r de trlg ol+6LE ++g ts=+"
 6.3 +r--J+ 375

ln(es-3') : ln l0
5-3x:lnl0
3x:5 - ln10
x: +(5 - ln lo)
EI+^J 4l4}zlE ol$aN.<J 4+¤ olr]] Hxll xlalzlxJ +6l.E x - 0.8eel ol
=}t{tg
+r
ErHzl¤. 0l+614 =tl4 +q ErE _+rsl E.J4 iLtr dz]]B + ilsq, E
t -a:zq 6J4 xl= 6I+eJ Fr-E +Eltr + gl+. olfl 4Cg qlzll 6r+ 7ql^l
¤Hs+

3x* 1 = L-r'

Efl .s:zfl4 1, 2,3+ "l+619 'l-gl1. ?Jtr+.

+ z: hr x2 + tnrffii- h(3,r + l)
Sxtl
^*=:7
:Zln* + +ln(x2 + 2) - ln(3x + 1) r

( qq 7Dm + bE
" Lln "l-+e] -tr:z-=. -8tr6l.+.
Eil e:z$zl :4 19. ol+6IEq+4 ?J+.

lna * lt"U: lna + lnbt/z

: lna + ln/b
: tn(a,/i)

++ +4e gol "J9"J sz= xlEerE sEB + gt+g Eq +q.

I Eel EEJ t4l "JEel "J+ b(b + l)ql qlql ++ol ^JB++
lnx
losrx:
lnb
-

y= tagrx+ 6l-H al
tre+El b, : x7l g+. "JHql xffle:g f 6LH y tn b
=B
: ln roJrrE +*¤ g=+.
lnx
v F
lnb

^l
trg 4ltzlE ol$-ofi.tl (r}* qlrilq^l _H.J HIe+ zJol) "Jol "JE"J Er=
376 68 9-'J#:
^l+Ef+.
+r-d+, qAF4-'J+

r++E r4sE rg + ?ltrHE+Exil 8 +4).

( oll4f 8 D toe* 5E 4+d ol-El qc.4 xlq4zl 4+6trll 4l+16l-+

Eil q trql q4 q++ E=+.

loga5:=
ln8 -o'773976 tr

I l[t!=-ol fEl|rer
=7t
y xl+q++ y: e'4 r xlfleraJ+fl r4szl- rB 3ql il+. *d y:
q6J+"J
y:d
:.d
erZ tl&zl loJ y+g xltJu-E 'I4+d y - ln xi zl$tl l'J xffi zl++. "J
}
ol 1B+ - E= ErEI+eI ulafzlxlE ztEErr.J+:- (0, m)oll,<-l Celg ¤+
'J #zl-Bfolq, y+g +4d=dol+.
y:lnx d?-l Eql^J b : et -oefl +g-q +g +aJg E=+
,t
: lim : -oo
E 1im ln -{
x+6
oo
x-0+
ln,E

f.aJ3 ):lnnol la[|r=y=s''gl .L

aHs= ald r: r0ll t[|o]| tHA OlE-zl a { qH 9 D *+ y : ln(x - 2) - leJ r4EE rq+.
0ltl.
Efl :zH 3ql +ol4l y: ln x9 r4l-Etr+El 1.3¤E H+g ol$oll.{ e
^lz161-z}.
EE_ s _E 2++l "lE^lA y : ln(x - 2)= Eg tr++, ol4g "l-qe 1++l olErl4 y
: ln(x - 2) - 1el zq1-]EE E=+(rH 4 +4).

,S. [t"(, - 2) - 1] : -m

-a4 oe zld , : 2E +zl¤=d"Jql +Ealxl-.

v v ---a
-t-L
) x:2
y: ln ,t y: ln(x -2)-l
y = ln(-r - 2)

0 2 (3,0) .I r
(1,0) .T

(3, - 1)

4
=aJ

x --+ moll tr].4 ln r --+ oo"Jg Elt4 :44

L4zll 6zloJ+.
^l-d
ln "rE- ,U+
ln xi. xo]l 4+ "JelE .Jel 4$xll+trt} Lilrll +71-++. olAg ¤E6I7l +l"ll
y - ln xsl- y - x|/z : Ji E ul:l.al-{ rH se+ 6ql r r4s. rfl+.
=*{tg
x]+ql+ Hlr4 ,J* ul¤e +7I61-Lf 41 y y ln nE .gd Hqd+ - ^84 -
 6.3 +r-tsf+ 377

y y
Y: J;
v J, 20

y:lnx y: ln.r

0 x 0
1000 -x

f.g s rH6

qelE .Je-l zjEzll#pql 4tol ^JH.I= ag 6.8¤ql^J E 4,"1'i.

ql6l]
^l-¤
lnx
lim 0
x'--)6 XP
-:
,tt+^J * x"ll rflaJl ln rE ,Jg xp+ ElizaIE ,]]+ 4tr} tr

6.3 I t+e4t

l. (a) sfEJ+ y:loErx= olg4l 49slbzt? -+r{t¤. 414}6I.+.

- (b) E++el cEqg +6I+.

(c) Et#9 ilqg +'|+.
(a) log, 12 (b) log,r 6

ffi 8.
^l
trg 0l+611^l +q41 q++= E"Jt EzlitlHql :4
(d) b > l"J trI .J+ y : logars{ f-4oel .JH}21"J s :74EEg q$r| ¤*Ebzt?
ol
4.
"#g:1Bl+. y : Iogr.sx, ) : ln.T, y : logrox, ) : logsox
2-s trl+= sEE 4q=J {tg +6t+.
2. (a) tog, 81 (b) tosr(#) (c) log, 3
9. y: log, xel :tqsE I cm 4!{ o + g 4}E+ql rfl+
r. 6IzI. +dE +ol7l 25 cmgl EE.6IEJH fldq^J s
3. (a) logr 30 - log, 15
EE_ !__E H km "JE +zlolot 6l+7[?
(b) log, 10 - log, 5 - 1og, 18
10. 44sl .J+E +s_E ql+4sE rq+. a4 2,3E :a
(c) 21og, 100 - 41ogr 50
nlis= ol$a|_r, E,ua14g 1.3¤E %r-H¤.
^l**6.14.
(a) y: log,o (x + 5) (b) y: -ln x
4. E:r.Hzl9 ol$dl,tJ +g {g dzflaiu}.
11. /(.r): ln x + 2q ql"ll
(a)logro (*'y'r) ,r rr(#) (a) e|f/el 4e1q, il99 Ffr,.JzI?
(b) ql+/9 :4eglr.j x¤89 FH..JzI?
s-6 tr]-g- 6}+q -trf-tr sB6t4.
^lg (c) *f /el r4EE fal4.
5. (a) logro 20 - | logro 1000
(b)lna-Zln&*3lnc
12-13 trt+ %1449 r9l
'il4 Eq4. Cq+ rt4 +#d ol-

'l4vvl ¤q+ +]I#g +614.

4 ,il4ll
6. (a) 31n(x - 2) - ln(r2 - 5.r + 6) + 2ln(-r - 3)
12. (a) In(4x + 2) :3 (b) ,2x-3 - 12
(b)c1og,x- dlogol * log"z
13. (a) lnx * ln(x - l) : 0 (b) 5t-zx - 9

7. tr¤. ol$o]1.<J 4+d ot4 qdall zt4zlzl 4q+41

^l
378 68 qet#: Il+-Er"+. Er-Ef+, qAt4--J+

14. q-ff. %14^lg x"ll 4dl Eq+. 21. lim []n(1 + *') - ln(l + r)l
(a) eu - 3e' + 2 : 0 (b) e'. : l0
,tr+rc

ls. ++ %I44lel 6llE A+d olzll axlelTt4 4q4rll + 22. 6J+/(x) : ln (4 - r')gl cqqg +61-+.
6"I"+.

(a) ln(l * ,') - 4:0 (b) Zet/' : 42

23-24 (a) /9 4EE+ G)/-',e+ 4Eqg +6I+.
23. /(.r) : ,E - *r za. f G): ln(e' - 3)
16. q+ +E^lg.roll 4oll 8"14.
(a)lnx(0 (b) d>5
25-27 trl+ ++E q++= +614.
17. xle4x} 4dq= xlTl.el {lEE log,o(/S)_tr 4Efltr}.
25. y: 3 In (x - 2) 26. y: st-x
¤zlrl 1= dgxlql^J 100 km Bq+l xltl4l9 A+ql el
6ll+4¤ zldel zlEol-tr, s= s.=zl4]el zj=o14. (q 27. y - 32'-4
zlx-l {$$ I micron : lO-a cm) 1989uloll dg*;.14?
,J4* strt EelqlfiLoma Prieta) zl4lg qrlEl 4l 28. 6J+ f@) : rr'- r** qL +rJq,rl f;zl-apz|?
=
tr_e 7.19 7l+gH,tr}. le06Llql ds+^laa zldg +E
2e. (a) 5Jf /(x) : h(x + xzll )"1 zle}+"Jg u-q4.
zI ol49 l6EllH+. "l zl+14 4lE= el6lEl zl+l4l-+ E
(b) /el E6J+E- +6I+.
"Lflzt?
18. 4a l00E[il-]E u]Hl4o] zllx,llfz] :,tlzJu]4 F 30. ILt-4^l *tltnx : 2= 6l]E '*zl t+++ Eq+. *f ,f(x) :
^14[E.J qlql
ullE f;2ffi4H rr,1z3 +q +Ell40t9 += q-q-r+ ,J4.
,r/rn 'rq1 +flg "Jg + iltsz}?
n: f(t) : 100'2't3 31. b > 1ol4 6lzl. 3.4del 4el Er+ E9 ol¤-6fl^J q+¤
(a) ol 6J+sl q*+E +6fr :- flnlE ¤E6lEl 6E6l-+.
(b) zll;llf5 flxJl 50,000o11 s.E6]tzl-z (u) &' : 0 (b) b' : a
.E* ,lim
1e-21 +g +.Jg +6t+. 32. +E4l In(x2 - Zx - 2) < 0g ¤q+.
le.
,lg?.
tn(.,6 - t) 20.
lgx
ln(cos x)

6.4 lE--I++s,l E:EI',+

ol Eql^J= er-ga y -tosuxs+ zl#B# y - b* 4 EEL+g +.J+.

I I[fl!+r=*+ol Eg+
Hx] zI¤ErEL+ y : lnxoll ql6fl oJo|ts2f. ol ei+.} "ltszl-L" d 6Jf y - e'4
9 g]-fol = g ul gzp." ofr|.

1 rffi!tsr-tst+ol EE+
d1(ln x):
.
dxx -
 6.4 +rEt+sl _=et* 379

y : tn r+I. ErgH ev : xol4. "l 4lg xo]l +6ll -$6Jf4 o e "l$alfl

=B
++g e-+.
dv
I
" d*::
q{^J r1+4,J+.
dyll
dxeYx

ilqfil 1 Dy : 1n(x3+ t)¤ ulEol4.

Eil E+llH 49 ol$alzl glrfi a -.r3 + l-e +s E y : ln r,rolEE +*¤ e=q.

dy :dy du ldu 1
(3x"1: 3xZ
dx du dx udx x3+1 x'f l
-
g+4s.E ql4l tql^le-l aol trr+ fl4lB4g tr6J6IE ++3 E=+.
^l

d ldu tr r- d g'(x)
2
dx' u dx
+L . Lln.q(x)l -
-(lnu): ax s(x)

( ollfil ,D n)E +61-q

*ln(sin
Eq 4l trE 4s"6IH ++g ts84.
dtdl
ln(sin r) : (tin r) : cos r: cot r
,- sin r; ,i*

( qq 3D /(r) : ..ftT= ',lBd-+.

Egl .azz} 4+ql+ol=E S4lBzlql "I+q¤¤ ts=tr} ral 1g qlrll 4sl -Er"+ /gI :r s.Er* "f ,
9 :.r1=+^l Zl^t Erl-= q$str trz
ft\" i : +.
:
f'(*): l(tn x)-tiz + rk r ts + ?lrl. /7l- E45l4l #4--J rll ,f'(.;r)

==
E+oJE *sl6lri. e-d,fzl 4l+,J
rJl,f'(.r)
"J = oolcl'.
d x*L g
{qfl 4r)
4*1" um +61-4.
v
d x*1 I d x*l
Eqtr 1n
r^ f
dx \/x-/ x*1 ax./x-z
\/x-/
- J. - 2.1 - (x + t)(fX, - 2)-r1z 0 v

-J.-2
r* I x-Z f'
_x-z-Lk+t) _ x-5
(x + t)(x - 2) 2(x + lXx - 2)
-?al r
JEt
380 6E 9--J#: rl+*-J+, +r--J+, EAI4--J+

EqE flxj tr:zflzlg ol$-uN.<J +q4l EL+E dzflalfl 'l+r+ rJol "l$61717l- ¤
+
d x*l d
ilr"#:;[h(x+ 1) - ]rn1x -z))

x* I 2 (ir)
(ol R+ 4!qd +r-48 B4 +"lE +71"J, olaE EEE EEqJ^J 4461-E Eol I
E tr4e+ rJr+.) I
(q4l S fi /tx) :x2ln.rel 4l*{t¤. +6}+.

Eql 4elqe (0, m)olu1 +e] Hzlql q-+ "lEolH 'I+¤. g=+.

f'(*):. .+*Zxlnx:x(l + Zlnx)

trI+^l 21nx - -1"J oll, 4 ln *: -*."14+ x: e-ttzoJ 4l ,f'(x) : golr|. g:aJ
xle-t/24 4l ,f'(x)>oolq 0< *<r-'/'4) 44/'(x)<0ol+.414.41*#q ql
6J 141 EEL+ +4Hql q+ 4*#+ rutJ;) : -t/(\e)ol+.
r
(lollrll 6l) 3.s¤E zlag ol$ol.rJ *d y:ln(4 -x')& rEl+.
Eq A. Ee{q 4qq+.-l++ rJ+
{, Ia - x2 >o} : {, I *' <4} : {, I lrl < z} : (-z,z)
n. EE! y¤¤9 "f(0) : ln 4014. xE¤g +6lzl flall y : 1n(4 - *'): 0ol+ +
-oqf h I : log,1 :0(e0: lolE-tr")oII, trl4l.l 4 - x2:1, 1x2:3014. :.4
r:*E x¤q|$ tr5o1r1-.

c. EllB# f?x):/(r)olErE /= *,Etfoll y49l 44o14.

D. E=fl {flqE "J E¤ql^l +zld=Cg +=+ x+2-* x--+ -Z+"il trl-+
4 - x2 --+6+oltrE 6.3¤E 4l Eql elog r14g 9oo-+ zldr:2 qx: -Z

+4E=^Jol+.
=
- : -*, : -*
lim ln(4
x+/
x')
,Ig.ln(4 - x2)

tr EEr- 7l)\
u. =71
O/l+L Er =71
I'rj
_n*
./-r\
.f'(x): -:-------
+-x-
-2< x < 091^l f'(x) > Oola0 ( r< 2ql^J f'@) q SolF+,.f=(-2,O)ql^J
f;zlap (0, 2)q1^l ,JA{L+.
E +*rJ +"JqI .J41d*.r : 00]4. f,+ Oql^J oJsE+q +9-E E6Ls
=E^H?,tq
E 141 EEI+ +CHql tr}4 /(0) : rn 4ts ?Halol4.
 6.4 -er--J+ol -=.-d* 381

(l
v. o-E^l;rt rH=r{
+-o-l t-j-tE v
(0,1n 4)

: (4 - *')(-2) + 2x(-2x) -B - Zxz x: -2 2

.f"(x) *')'
(4 - *')' (4 -

E5 r9l 4all .f'(x) a solFE, (-2,z)gl^J ot4E s+6lq H+dg H.+ (-.,8 o)
0
r/ J. 0
x

H. +fl f.el7l +le_l cEE ol*all^J +dq r4sE r4H rH 2e+ +r+.

( qr{l 7 D /(*) : l, lx lql ql61 /'(x)E +6I+. l=JZy:ln(4-,/)

: Inx, x) 0
f(*) ln(-x), r ( 0
:aJ 3P ql8l 7el -** /(x) : lnlxlelr
E:Et+ .f'(x): li-r9l rzfluglrl. x7L af
rqF_e ++g e=+. olEtE },: lnl"rlol :a;is= 7l"trfEr
1 "f'(x)ts il^l= A(g+ IE= E+)oll +el
-) x)0 Elrl.
f '(*) : x
l1 _ l) : _, x(0 3

-x x
f
trI+^J .!rE xlOql 4ai] l'(*) : r/xol4. f
-5 3

ol qxll 7el ¤4. t+¤.r+ zlol zlEB

"J+ 7l^l7l gtr+.

dl
E dxrrx
-lnlxl:-
-3
-ral I't
JE

I llE+rct EIE:4 4E
4l El_qE+q ++ 4E +4g ts=tr}.

4
1

J x
dx: lnlxl + C

+]E
^l
fr 0¤. sE}dfzl 9+- "Jslel +rJql^l +'&6Iq, 4Exll#6J+ql ql6J
4+ +^lE EBld ++g ill+l++.
*]*'. +
J| *'d*: n*7 c, n+-l
m}{l 4+@: -t)71- 4l Eql E"]] xll*g+. y
y:i 1

(o{lfil 8[*: 1gl^J x:Z4z1r-d}+C )cy:1 o}q BqE HolE }+d o}4 rjlall
zlflllzl {q"l +61-+ 0 2

Eq tl99:H 4e++El.
^l Eql 4zkr2
QolF+ EH# zl_:r;- ^Jq), H"lE 'd ol: ln 2

++4 A+. .r.g 4

382 68 $Af#: rl+-Et+, +r-'J+, EAI.4-'J+

A: f Lr*: rrr]l
:ln? - ln 1 :lnz*0.693

(o{ldt etl
J ?+dxE+6}E}

Efl u: xz + lol+ EagH "l$"l du:zxdxalg+ (tl-+ "J+ 2E 4l46IH)

x dx : I duoll- tls= r+ ?J+.

I?.rdx:LI+:lr, lul+c
: lhl*'+ t|+ c:l\n1*' + l) + c
EE x{l q6ll /
+ I > 0ol.rrE ¤H<f zl_uE ^8+*.+ql +el6}zf. -tr.rH49 ol*
6ll^l +le.l Rg q-q=$ gol sTlg f glzlql q ol+7ll 6J gs= S,+.

tnrffi+c r
qlll l00ll^1 -d# /(x) = (ln.r)/xts.r ) I {qllll rcD l; Yo.=414}6t+
oll tt|6t| S#oloe 4Ee re ss1
-d +EE kiololtf.
^4E
Efl ,:In x4 +gE El+g du: (l/x) dxal4. x: 1"J *ll u:ln 1 : $oltr-, x:
.v
,"J 4l u : ln e : lol-o -+ +¤+ g-4.
Inx .-ll
0.-5
'x
Y_ lnx
_dx: fr - u' II
IJoudu:- 1

t: x 2)o -- z tr

0 ex
lqU 1l l) J tan xdx7 +o.14.

fl tan xE cos x9| sin xtr- r{,tl ;^H trP-4 ?Jq

ral tr
sln x
J
tanxdx: J _dx
COS -T

#: cos,r+ +gE du: -sin x dxolasin x dx: -dttolFE +*¤ g*+.

sln -r rl
J
tanxdx: J dx: - ) ;'"
cos "r
: -lnlrl+ C: -lnlcosxl + C tr

rflql -hIcos -rl : tr(lcos "rrl-') : ln(l/[cos rl) : lnI secxlolF-tr 91xll II
el Arl¤ trls=r+ ,Jol ¤. + 9ltrl

5
I tanxrlx:lnlsecxl+C
 6.4 +rEl+ol EEf+ 383

I gEJ4P! E-?:d+e.t rl+:d+

6.34e1
^l
trq "|4 eol btl trrEL+E trI+J} rJol zlfl-Ere.+_tr 444x1-.
logax : lnx
ln D

ln bt: {r#oloe "l+6t{ qg4 ?JLI.

d d lnx I d I
*lloetx): d. l"b: Irb [(ln x): .l"b

6
d1(losu x) :
-dx' xlnb

{loll{l 12 D /(r) : logro(2 * sin x)E ul$6}+.

Eil a: looJ 4l Er+ ¤4lE4g "IS6IH q-qs Eb+.
d
f '(x) : * logro(2 * sin x)

:- td (2 + sin x)
- (2 + rtr, -) 1, t0 d,
cos -r
|-l
(2 + sin x) ln 10

E-qe+el "l4E+ql.^J zffl.gr(orol eoJ _tr_r)71-^]-*El- +g ol+ +

^l
6l-,1¤ E+ 9t+ tne: lolE_+ b: eg trlE+4+ TLalE+6]]41+.
"ll
Eol boJ rl+:Et+ 6.2Bql^J "JHlzi"J zl+EI+ f(*): b*, b > Oe] E++=
++r+ rJol xI+19 {lfufl"Jg +Hfl+.

: f '(o)b., : bh-l
f'(*) f'(0) lim
hnD h

olx.ll ol
^J*<lol "f,(0)
: tn boJg _H_"J + gt+

d
7 . (b'):b*lnb
dx

,tnb - en+L ^l-dg +¤¤ g=+.

=B ^]-.S6IE
dd
_(bx): _ (r'"u)': L ,(rn &)x - !- fi, U\*
,(tnb)x
dx' dx dx dx
: (ern')'(ln b): b'lnb
384 68 9B*: rl+-cr+, +r:'J+, qAt'Z-l:Et+

2.74.4 ql4l 6ql^J trll^l+ + E]]E Eq+= EiEllElof zflxllfE ^J4S,1 t^17J
F9 zHxll#zl n=no}'ol Eg g?I+(+, no 4Z 7l]^ll+). Eql ,rl+ tj-q-=+ ^l
zJ* 6zl-&9 +$ + gltl

dn
: noZ'ln?
d,

ilo1l4l 13 D
^l
Er+ fl4H4g 4+6lE tr]"# e=q.

o!-oo*):
lo*'(rn rc)
*(r')
: (2 ln lo)xlo.' r-"1

4l EE+E +¤- 4E +4g E-+.

b* * c
Jl b'd*: lnb
b+t

15 z' 1t 2s 2o 31 .
( ql4l 141)
)o2'dx: r"rlo: rrr2 - nz: rnz

I +-ItrlEE
+, + E- 4Ezll+g EEL6L= +ttq} 6J+E EEL+= ErE f6ll ,J+o-l 4l
4I¤ + 91tr1-. ++ qlzllql^l ^F*¤ ,JHg Ef.ElEE(logarithmic differentiation)

"l+a ++.

{qd! 15D y :
*::q !,: ¤ e otEal-4
(3x + 2)s

Efl Hxl oJEql ErE f6.}r ErH4g ol$all.rJ +E6-l 4?-l6IEq+¤ e=+.
lny : f tn, + | h1*' + 1) - 51n(3x + 2)
.r{l 46l] ¤-H.#4 " + EIE6.}E 4+g E=E}.
L dv:3.!*!.
y dx 4 x ^r*I
2 x"+ -s. 3xt2
3

dyldx\l +6l] ol *44g EE trt+g tsE+

dy 3 )c 15\
dx 4x '*'+1 3x+zl
qlEl 150{lAJ +rrlEE= 0l8ofrl go. y9l 4il dq+ 49 "Jr ?lo o_= +l ^lql qlE6H^J ++g E=+.
E +9 Esl E^l= -"F ol8dH
=^]il"
Elfl6t|0t -dtl. olal 4hl 21"tr3 nt|+ dy *tt+J*z + I 3 x 15\ tr
^l
+Ef6ltl. dx (3x + 2)5 G x2+l 3x+2/
 6.4 trrg+"1 E-'J+ 385

PrEEElel E4l
1. Br-44 y:f(x)el "JHql x|flE:.= f6}z, ElEzlg ol¤-6]]^J ++61 .J+.
z. x4l +BI +EL+zlsE EIE*+.
3. ¤r+E g* HJ449 y'"ll Ell6l] Er, yE l(*)-E qlill*+.

/(r) < 0olH ln/(r)* 4e]Elxl t+s+ +d lyl : lf(*)le +

olH xoll 4a]]
-L E:ftrl+H¤- 4s"t +, E¤. ^l-s6.l-E E+. 2.3{ql,r1 E4_* "JH}4.J 4
^l
Erll+ +4g +BElsEal ol 449 ¤EELr+. gHI4.J 4Exil+ +4le "Je-l
el ¤+ nql 4"ll ,f(*) :,r'olH f'(x): nx,,-,"J¤- zlgalzi.

gU4oJ 4Er{lE E^lsl EB !: xnoE +r e. r"lBHg ol8*4. .r = 0E E-J+sl E"lE+El n > loll rH
ttll

= OflE 4.1tr49tr Eg + ?ltl.

lolyl : lrlrl': n lnlxl, x#0 "-tl,f'(0)

rqE e=+.
y'n
yx
trI+,rJ y' : nL: nt: n*n-lol+.
xx
@ "J"l Efoll xlfrl-^J+?l 7-lE-zll+ *4 lQt/dx)x,, : 77y,-,lr+ eol r}fol
j1 zl+7f El+"J zl+e+E EltsH 4l@/d.r)b. b*tnelg- +E6il"l.qlr+. :
"JHI4sE xlie+ eql ql.J ql TIzl A*tl ?t4.
l.
d
: o (b, n2 +r-+) A|"+ Ezl At+rt+
dx(b^)
^d -' I f(r).],
?,. : nlfk)7,-,f ,(*)
Lr \'-t- E+ "Jrl8+xl+
dX

3.d lbnr,t, : 6ti)(ln b)g,(x) ^r-+ "Jrl E+rl+

dx

4.-d ["f(r)],(')E +61-71 +16ll ++ ql4le+

'Jol Ertrl+H¤. ol+E- + gl+ E+ Ert H+rl+
dx

rg 6g -d* /(.r) :;rdzl- :

(ql4 16D y : *68 trl3.l-+. -Lafln+4 qlrll l6g tr86E1 ?lrl.
s,*ef#ol

HE "J4 xlfT} E+ Hf"lo -+ + rulflHg ols-o olB trl-+4 *E+. y

f
lny:lnx6:rfflnx
y'1l J

yr.-+(lnx)
Y x Zt/x-

,':,(#.#):..(#) 0 x

6
=aJ
386 68 E:*#: rl+-Et+, e-r-'J+, EAf4Ef+

Effi trlE %]-Hg. )cfi : ,^frr"' og

^A!.6.3¤E
4l Eg oleooJ4.

*u"l: *(,r*') : sli'\n' ft{6r".)

:*G('*lnx\ (=ol rile)
\ )
'z6

r #e
=:deEAlel
*ql^J f(x): ln xolH /'(x): l/x"Jg ggl4 tr14^l
"f'(l)
: 1014. ol
^l-dg
u|$s--E **ge..qE + eE E¤a]] HxL.
*dge.<l E++E 4qs+El ++¤. Ebtrt.
/(1 + x) -/(1)
x

ln(l +x)-lnl 1-
x+0 X x+0 -f

: lim In(l + x1'l*

x+0

f'(r): 1oltr-tr tr++s E=tr}

lim ln(l * x)t/* : 1

x+0

trl-+^l l.8Eel 4El tr4 rl+EL+E E+^.iql E6ll r]-+g e-+.

v

g : e'1: gx+o
lim^ln(t+x)r/*:
lim ,tn(t+x|/*: lim (l + "f)t/,
3 x_o x+o
y: (1 * r)rk
2

1
8 e: lim
.r-0
(l + r)'/'
0 .{

-ral ^l
trg rH
7ql fl. *+ y : (1 * x)t/'el r4se+ 49 xftoll 'l]+ +¤| tr
" sE 4+d ol-4 "J+41 zlflnlxl 4q6I+.
JdT
ql el6il ¤EEtrl ol
x (1 + 1;1/'

0.1
0.01
2.59314246
2.10481383 trqt^l n : tt:+sg, :;;T: ---+ moJ u-a eoll 4+ trl= t¤4
^t
0.00r 2.71692393 + q+q +L+.
0.0001 2.1t814593
0.00001 2.7t826824 t1

0.000001 2.11828041 I e: lim

n+6
1+-ft 1

0.0000001 2.1t828t69
0.00000001 2.7 18281 81
 6.4 +-r-Bl+ol EEt+ 387

6.4 | E+eU
1. xlfl-tr-L,Bf y : ln x7l 4E e.:.E'a y : loga x_H_r| ul 30. y : ln(x2 + y')B oll y'¤ +614.
- 4E+ql^J xl# ol*g= ol+E ¤H6l-+.
31. /(x) : ln(.r - l)g trll /(')(r)ql E1]ilJ 49- +o1-+.
z-t* rl¤ El+E trl$6}4.
32. '*+ f(x) : (h i/r[a1l '}]ql e+ ++4 H+dg +Et
2. f(x): 1n(x2 + 3x + 5) 3. f(x): sin(ln x) +.
4. f(x) : ln; :
1
S. g(*) tn(xe-z.) 33-34 3.s¤e.l zleql
"++
trl+ +d¤. rrj4.
6. F(t): (ln r)2 sin t 7. y : logs(rz + 3x) 33. y: ln(sin r) 34. y: ln(| + x')
lnu
a. f lu) : 9. f(*): x5 + 5'
1+ hr(zr) T 3s. f(x):tn(Zx * -rsinr)B 4l A+El ql+ill4l$ oJ$a|1.!
/(+{-
10. f(z) :2'logzz 11. g(r): t, f,+ f,g 4l+16l+. f , f ,,,f,el rEE= ol+6]]^J ++
i/Zt - 1

y: t, l3 - t3. y: ran[In(ax + b)]

(0, lslql^l f 4 *tt +++ E+49 +46t+.
12. Lxs I
ffi r0. :14EE. ol+611^J ,JC^l (* - 4),: lnxel 6l]= 4+d
la. G(x) : 4c/x
oI4 fl4li tlQnltl +c6I+. :a4r +a.J Ell= +H %r-

d H9 azl +^l-E olgrll,rl a+d oH qC. zlr-lzlzJ afl

15. rn(x + ,/8, + t) .J¤ u-q4.
E +6I+.
dx Jxz+l
16-17 y'4 y"9 +dI+ m37. (a) x: I +=ql^J fQ) : tn.rel dB=^I4g +61-+.

16. y: tf,rr* 17. y: ln lsec x

(b) /el dB=^I4g:41 (a)E ¤HaI4.
I
(c) 0.1 ol4el ojE,r#ql^l dE=^I44 zJ¤7l?
rl+. 6J+ 7-= ulgalz 38-43 trl+ 4Eg +6t+.
18-1e /E 4Eqg +6I+
19. /(x) : ln(xz - 2x) ,t. ,[-
1o* rr. dt
j: 8-3r

20. f (x) : * ln.r) "J trll "f '(l)g +61+.

ln(x
-,J: ("==) dx or.
J
(ln x)2
x

21. d (3, 0)oll^l *d y: ln(x2 - ix-r t)el dd r sin 2-r -dx

"J{^lg 42.
JI I + cos-x d.r or.
J;-
2'ds
+6I+.
-
ffizz.,f(*): sinx * In19,f'(x)E +61-r, fe+ /4 r4gE 44. F{ Jcot,r dx: xl + Czl ^dBtrtg (a) alg
ln lsin *
ulnfl.<] ?el Bol EI'JoJzl +.J61-+. rlEall^J, qb) ql4l ltE HlBg ol+6ll^l Eq+.
H9
23, f(x): * ln(cos"r);+ $ :6tl c9 #* *d y :
cx, f'Gr/4)
4r,,
45. ;r:ogl^J x: rt4+l oL4 ¤gg,
+H "J7I? #9
+g +d_"E sld^lrJ rJzlE "JillE +qE +sl.4.
ull

24-2e E.rEl+H¤- ol¤:"llri q+ "J+q EEI-+E +6t+. 46. zlzllzl +q 4 yz tlEIlE s+B ull ol zl
^JEllqi^J PEI
x-1 illzl t "J3 w : I{; p dv tr_ +4d4. gzlrJ sH p :
24.y:(x'*2)2(xa+4)o 25. v: xa+1 p(y)b +qel .JfolcHs.4¤ ¤+ExlJ 15 +4). Egel
26. Y : 1r* 27, Y: ;sirx H4ql el6l-E 'J4+ gEql^l g4*E zlxll= pv : c
28. y: (cos x)' 29. y - ,rnr
(c= ^J+)q ul+ *+++. a7l +4 600 cm3, a7l "J
q lsO kPaolr 714171 .J4+ gEql^l 1000 cm3-tr_ uJ+
p trll, tl{lzl + "Jg +6Ir+.
388 68 E-*#: rl+:Et+. +rEl+, EAf4-ef+

47. oJ+ fG) : 2x 't ln,rE qEt+E s+ 6J u|] s'(z)E 76t x4 ¤89 crJ a1x1. 4 @,0)el (c,0) .tfo19 44= s
+. E art.ll ql6l]^l ,J+= ag trq4.

48. zld. y: mx* *d y : x/(x'+ 1)z| gqg ¤d6l7l v

9l6J m9 #g +6Ir r Bq9 HolE +61-4. y: b'

4e. EoJ+q 4elE ol-gall.rJ

]g1
l4P: 19 +H6tr+. (a, b")

50. d (a, b';oll.rl *dy: o'-(b > 0, b ll)ql d6tg ddE

0c u _r

6.2rF lrtflEf:*+
ol ¤ql^lE ziBg ol$al.rl xI¤E:"E 4q.J +s ErE "JEI Hzlol E-F
n+7[ 6.2*6.4$el lHEo+ AgftqE cH'Jg g"l-E+. trlzlEtrlE 7lE44e zlEE:aE*+E trl+g trl fl7ll
g+
:++*g
6.2*-6.4*EE =Jg= fltf. 91tr}.

r rlEEf-d+q dErt.EH+
HzJ %r$dEt+fl 4+g ol+'l"l {-¤Era.J+q 4el6J+.

Eel rlEEf:ef+(natural logarithmic function)t ln , : rr,x > 09 F

1
J* l
cEs+.

v
ol ++E +xll^d+ fl+'EL+E 4Eg #{l++- ^Idql 9=6Jr+.x )
oJ^J 1

y:1 1 olfl zlalq}4gE ln xE: t: lqJ^J , : xnlTl ;^dl-+d y:llt o}{el -Jole ¤H
g + glr+(rfl 1 +4). x: Lql ql6l g-tr|.
'dol:ln "r

lnt:J' -dt:0
I
t
0 x

-rel {|
Jl=
o<x < lql ql"H.^l- trl-¤¤ g=+.
v
rnx:li+ dt: -!:+dt<o
Hol : -ln x
r4F-tr ln "rE rH 2ql^'l
^qe+
+EE HolE *9 Atol4
y:1I

0
x1 lloil4l 1 l)

(a) Holg ull61^l I < h 2 * i";g trq+.

-al ,
JE4
 6.2tt rlEe r-Br+ 389

(b) n : 109_l +dH49 ol*aJlal ln 2el #g +461+

Eqr
(a) In 2*t:191^J t:?nlzlel I/t ol49'Jole ¤HB+ 9l+ r*J 3
+d): v
qT^J ol HolE zl^l-48 BCDEq HolH4 il ABCDE Holtr+= li+ v
1
^l-+4# t
r*lE + q-gg e.+.
l. t .ln2 < t .|(t + i) A

l. rn z <1 E D

(b) /(0 : Llt, n : r0, Ar : 0.1 "J +d H 4¤ "l*6iH +¤¤ gb+. 0

B
2
C

-ral
JE
e

f +dt - (0.1)t/(1.0s) +/(1.ls) + ... +/(t.es)l

UI

InZ:
.(
:(0.1)l t r +...+ -r \l:0.693
' '\ 1.0sf 1.1s t.es /
I

ln 4e.l6.l-= 4Ee "lzJ+Eel Tledq lql^J

rE bE+ 4Eq ,J+ ¤El]ol
trt(4.3¤). a_ 44E ol*El^] ++g
^fd4- e-+
d
|rrl-dt-- I
dx Jrtx
trl+^l rig$ +L+.

2
d1
dx' '
-(lnx): -x

olxll ol ol-$oN.<J ErEL+E ++ ^d¤i-$ +H6J+.

"l+Bg

E EfHEI x, y ) 0olr r= +"-l+41 olH 4*ol {B++.

1. ln(ry): lnx * lny , t(i) : tnx - lny 3. ln(x'): rln.tr

=B :
r. oJsl 4-; aoll 4o]] /(x) ln(a;)ef 6lx}
^l tre+
¤$fl{$ ojSE]]^J ++
+ e.+.
td I I
f'(x):; *(ax):;'a--
qr+^J /(r)s+ ln xt sEl.fzl. As EE ++4 ,J"l ttf"J+E iiolT1 ?l+
ln(ax):Inxl C
ol Br-{4ollal *: l-E +gE tn a: ln I * C:0 * C: CE E=4. :.e]og
390 68 9-**: ^l+Et+,
+r-Bf+, qAt4-J+

.**ol ^dB.J+
ln(ax) :lnx * lna
olzll tl-f drE oJEe-l + yE Hl+H r++4 tLl.
ln(xy) : ln; * lny

2. Hzl lql^l x : l/yolel 6l-E r+s-,=4 ,Jr+.

rn!*rny:*(;.r) :h1:o

trl+^l tn ! : -tn J
v

4^l Hzl 19 4+6|E ri*ol ^.jEEi+.

,,(;) : r.(. ;) :lnx*ln-:lnx-lnv

v
1

(*' + 5)asin x
(lo{lfil 2l) E.:.H4g ln dzHat4.
"l-+aJlr'J"r3+l
Efll e:Hzl I ,2,3* ol+6ig +*¤ ts=+
(x2 + 5)asin x
ln #: x'*l ln(x2 + 5)o + ln sin;r - ln("r3 + l)
: 4ln(x2 + 5) + ln sinx - ln(x3 + l)

( qH 3 [ + &E 6]+9 -trrtr sH6l-+.

tn
" Lln
Efl e.:Hx; 3rI 19. 4+61H q--q=+ rJtrI.
lna * ltnL:lna+lnbuz
: ha + InJb
: h(416-) tr

y : ln x9 r4 s.E t4zl gloH flzl ++ +,tI+ +6Jr+

4
(d
lglnx: m (b)
,1T.
lnx: -m

(a) e-rEzl 3oll^l )c:2, r - n(,r$ fl99 'Jel 4+)+ qo-H h(2') : nlnzoltrI.
=B
ln 2 > 0olo+ n+@ql I44 ln(2") --+mol4. ln.r9l EEI+ llxal oJ+o]-E-+
ln;E: #zl*f".|4. :4gE x + *ql Irl+ ln x ---+ *olr+.
 6.2x rlE=r-'J+ 391

(b) r : l/xol4 FE x --+ O*ql q+ / --+ coolri. :f4 o-tr (a)E ol.$aN,<J ++g v
0l l-rL
cEa. y:lnx

lim ln x : tim ,rf f) : lim (-ln /) : -m r 0

x-0* t+r \r/ /+T

y : ln x, x ) 0olfl q-¤¤ g=+ rB4

dyl^d'yl
tlx ->0,
)t dx2 x2
v

-:--<0 1

qe}^-l ln xb (0, m)oll,<J +7l-EI+oIa ol-48 s+6}tr1. 4l Ee+ +l 4+ql ot4 y

- ln x9 r4sE rH 4ql^J rtr+.
0 I e x

rn I :0olr rn xt-+71-6J+ fla*f"lse 44 rn xe.l 6[ol r

+?Jak 4Elql y:lnx
ol EIE
"l¤ alol =x[6tr.(re s +a), .r {tg x: ea Csl{+
-ral
JE
tr
!,

E gq eE h e: r"J +ol+.

(ol!{l 4l) :z4q 414}zl'} e+qE ols-o6Jl.<"J eE #g +c6-}+. r.02

Eql CE Eql "++l 4d y - ln xsl y : lE :zflE$ r?.ll rdE ralse E¤+

-v:lnx

o _+Al eE {tg
+¤++. ol+41 Be_Exl e - 2.718¤- +4*+. r }:1

rJ
^Jl"J* %FH
otr. a+d ol4 20all xlqllzl et *+Hle q+=} A++ -H-
0.98
2.1 2_7 5

"J + gttrl.
:19 6
e * 23 1828 I 82845904523536

,E F4*ol=_8. eel d4lH E¤g Hl+++4ol+.

4l trE ol+"]]^J x}flEre-+= EEl+ 6J+E ulgafxf.

(]q4 5D y:1n(r3 + 1)g rrl+6}+.

Efll g4]Hzlg ol-galzl glafl ,: x3 + lE gog y: tn llolF.E q+¤ g=q.

dy_dy du:l du: I /?*2\ : 3*'
I
dx dudx udx x3+1\r4'I x3+l

"JHI4SE ql4l 5.11^14 rJ"l Ee+ fl4llBzlg ¤.J61-E +*+ e=+.

^l

d ldu Ir r-
6 +l-
dx'
-(lnui: u dx
392 68 EEt*: rl+-d+, +-r-ct+, E#?+Et+

( q4 6D
*ln(sin -t)E +El+.
Efl zl Eg 4+6tHq¤¤ e=+
dldl
. In(sinx): stn
tlx , (sinJ): sln. Jr cosx:cot;
. x dx

EOI a:71 ql+EJ+olF+ fl4lts4ql EE11

'1-g-g e=q.
11 I
f '(x): l(tn x)-trz fi U ,l x LxtM
I
zJln)c

ral 7e qlEl 8sl -Bf+ /el-l EEr+.f ' (lo{tx{r rD*h#s+6}+

ol la|{EP,(l 4l+t .+tqtr ctoJ
=rl.= rll ,f'(.r) lsoi-il
--J + qlrl. fll A?lolill ,JAE|
d x*l I d x*l
ts 8+Boil Ssidl-rl. EEt /71- El+,J _r

E
=
rll
"f'(x) =
goltl. d*"'fi-z
llt
-r*l axJ*-2.
tl-'l .L
\/^

v
: J.=
x* I
Jrz.1 - (x + l)(+X"E - Z)-vz
x-2
f
1 x - 2 - |1, + t;
(x+lXx-2)
0 .I
x-5
f 2(x+lXx-2)

-ral 7
EPtr srglg ol$-aNal +qd.J+E flzJ zJ*61 6l-E ++!+ z;ol ul$f6l7l7l
JE,
#+
r)-[rn1,
*^#:*[ln(x+ -z)]

_ I
--+1 _r/
,\
Z\r-2)
(ol Be 4q4l ^J4E B4 +qE +xlq} olAsl +EE 5+6ll^J 44alE Eol
1el A4e+ +q.) r

(qlll 9 D 3.5Bel zl4g ol$aH.! *d y : ln(4 - .r2)g rEj+.

A. EslE ¤elE+ t}+r+,J+.
{, I a - x'> o}: i, I ,'.4}: {, I lrl . 2I: ?2,2)
B.EEJ y¤¤+.f(0): ln 4ol4.x¤¤¤ +6171 glaH y: ln(4 - x\:0olz++g
E, ln 1 :0olE E4 - x2 -- l, a *',:3014. r+]F-tr x¤¤3t.\6ol4.
 6.2+ rfE+r-'J+ 393

C.tllflE f ?x):71x;olIrE /= +61+0l.IL y+ql 44o14.

D.E=C Celqel oJ gdq]Al +414=dg *Etr|. x--)2 4 x---, -2*ql "l+
4 - xz ---+ 0*olF-E 4d * :2+ x: -2Y +4{*Col+.

,$- tn{+ - x'): -co' ,I9* ln(4 - r') : -oo

D. Or I +L EJ I -e

LA
-1n
f'lx): +-x-
--
ol=_tr -2< x< 091^J f'@) > 0olr 0 ( x< 2ql^J f'G) < 0olEE.rE. (-2,
O)ql^J +7l6}ir. (0, 2)ql^J ,J4++
F.+.,{rJ4 +"JoJ "J4ldg x : 0oltr}. f
,zOqJ^l oJse+q gsE H6}E
v
=*rJ (0ha)
E l4l EBJ+ tAEql q4,f(0) : ln 4ts. lHz,iolcl. x 2

J: OE.AJ:I!
u. +rr o&l
IH=.T{
Li-r E
0 .r

f"(*) :
@ - *')(-Z) + Zx(-Zx) -B - Zxz F,E o) (f,ol
(4 - *')' (4 - *')'

E=xoll qal] f,,(x) < 0olEE (-2, 2)ql^-l o}4e s+6-lq E+d+ s.tr|
= f.HB ]=ln(4-.rt)
H. +d f.el7l +lel gH. ol+6ll^J +de.l f4s= fillH rH 84 e+. r
( qd! 10 l) /(x) : h l_r lql ql61 ,f
,(x)E
+61+. ral gts qfil
lOsl --J* /(x) = tnl.rlel
r -E-Et+ ,f'(x) = 1/r9l :aflu0lc|. x7f
4r"0lE¤ y : lnlx 19 :aflrts Tlqe
Efl /(,) :
lnx, x ) 0
ln(-*), x ( 0
r,f'(x)E flrlb A("J+ -E= E+)oll 3
sl6lrl.
r14o+ +gg. g=+.
1
) x)0 f
f '(*) : x f
_l1 (_ [) : _, x(0 -3 3
-xx
tr14^J EE x+Oql 4all/(.r): r/xol4. il
-3
ol qlxll 10E 4r+- +s=4 ztol tlq+ "J=J
tl;;ltl ?i+, lel o
JEV

d1
tr dxrrx
-lnlrl:-

I IIE=-rqt zJE:d 4E

^l
trtr+q ++ 4E+^lg ebq.
394 68 qEt+' Il+Et+,
=r-cr+,
qAt4-cr+

I Ii*:hlxl +c

+lsl 4l tr.$ 0g sEl6f^l ?+- gslE ++ql^J 4'*4q, ,l$xll+++ql q+

4E +4lE uHl-TI +Bg ifl+l=tr}.
f xn*l
JI xn dx
: -----
ntl
* C, n+-l
EBid a+ (n: -l)71 ^l trq E6lJ xll+g+.
(qfl I *Td*# 41416l-4
11h

Efl u: x'+ lol++gE ul$ol du:zxdxolgF (^J+ "J+ 2E xllzlaffl) xdx

: ssllola_ ++4 e+.
r_!_dx:+t!L:
J-r--r ., u
jrnlul+c
: i k l*' + t l + c : ltn(x2 + 1) + c
EE-roll .f + I > 0olEE ¤H<l zlsE 4+flgql +el6}zl-. -+.:Szl$ olg
4E1l
6H^l +lel Bg ++4 go1 szlp f tixl"J +
"l+41
g g-e= S.+.

qlfil l2oll^l -d#/(x) = x )

tn,ffi1 + c r
1ln ,r)/-rE 1

oll L[l6tl S*ol,=+ 4# r.eJ lool

^4tr
-d +Ee-l LJololrf. {qlll! 12 0
l: Y o.=414}6t.E}

y Efl , : lnx4 +gE EIE+ du - (tlx)dxolr]. x : 19 trll a : ln 1 : SoJtr, x : ¤

0.s y:-
'x
ln.r
'J ul u : ln e : lol o -tr- +gg g=+.

dx:Jil ,0,:+1.
1n x I
i: x 2
I
n ex
{ qq 13 1}
I tan r dx* 4l4lal-4.
f.g 10
pfl tan rE cos xe} sin x-e. Q.tl i^H +++ ztr]'.

sin x
_dx
I tanxdx: I COS J

17 : cos xel- BgE du : -sin r dxola sin x dx: -4lsolt 4. q+g ts=+.
r r sinxdx:-l-du
rI
Jf tanxdx: Jl--_
cosx Ju
: -lnlul+ c: -lnlcosxl + c I
 6.2x 395
^fE+r-El+
rflq -hlcos"rl: tn(lcos-rl-'): ln(l/lcosrl): lnlsec;lolse q1x1 13
el ¤+= rl+4,Jol g. + 9l+,

E I tanxdx: lnlsecxl + C

I F-slEEl
#, +, zlExll#g E6J6l-. E+L+ R+E E6J:+- sr. ++61 4l4I6J+l6H
+ 9l+. +* qlzllql^l
^l-*g %IHg E-IEIEH(logarithmic differentiation)olr]
r
--
6l-r]
1__: t.

{ioflrfl r4i} y : o::fiT

(3x + 2)s
g,rgo}r-}.

Efll Hzl "JHql ErE +l6}j1 Er$zlg ol+"H^J ++"1 ¤q6IE ++g E=+.
: f tn, + | tnlr' + l) -
lny 5ln(3x + 2)

.r"il qal] *EL+4se.

"lE4H +¤¤ e=q.
Ldy 3 I r_ __I _ 2x _ 3
_ lz
y dx
-: 4 -.i-:-
x 2 x2+l
T- " 3x*Z

dyldxil Sal] ol "J¤^lg EH ++9 B=+

dy a
J x15
dxr G x'll 3x+2

yq EI+ 4q.J al¤- gr gio o-=. +l rIoJ6H^J +¤=g g=+.

qlEI l4oll^l +:nlEiHE ol8dlrl Lrs
^lql E +sl 8^lrl EE E^lE EF 0l$6t|
rlEs|loF -drl. olil lltf 7ttrP EH+
,
dy ttL rT--
*tt+lxz * I 3 x 15 \ ^J
dx (3x + 2)s G x2+l
-r-__l
3x+21
r +EEl-r|..

E-rrlEHsl EII
1. %F{^l y :"f(x)fl "JHq xl¤Er$ f 6}l, ErH4g oJs-o fl.<.1 ++61 .J+
e. rgl +611 +EI+4sE
"l+tl+.
3. Arltr. Eg *4^]g y'"ll 46l] Er, yE
"f(x)e
q4lf,+.

oltr,r.ll 4a]]/(r) < 0E In/(x)t CEElzl ?+sLllyl : lt|l le +z a1 7

g
^l-s6l-H E+.
396 68 9B*: rl+-Et+, er-Bf+, qAr4Et+

6.2t+ I g++xtt

1. -E.rH49 ol+oll^] rl-¤. al¤- dzlal-4. 23. f (x): ln(r * ln -r) "J trll,f '(1)g +4t4.
@)tnJab ,rr,"(fr) ffiz+. 6Jf /(x) : sin x * ln 19 l''(r)E +614./cl/'el r4
FE Hljz6ll^l +q| Bol 4'Jelzl q.J6[4.
2-3 trl+
^l¤.
6l+q _+._f-+. _s¤atrt. 2s. 4 (1, O)ql^l *C y : sin(2 lnx)oll 4.J ddE %r-d^l¤.
2. (a) lna - Zlnb * 3ln c +6tE
(b) ln4 * tn " - lln(a + 1)
26. y : ln(xZ + y',) I 4, y'9 +61-+
3.(a)ln3*|mA (x):
27. f ln(x - 1)"J trll ,f(^)(tr)q] ql6J 4¤" +6t+.
(b) lln(x + 2)'+ |;tnx - ln(x2 + 3x + 2)27
28-2e 3.s¤el zleql q4 +g +dg rel+.

+s trl+- *+E =4gE +sE ql+4sE rE+. rH 49 28. .v: ln(sin x) 29. y: ln(l + ;t'2)
rqsel gsul{ 1.3¤el H+g ole" aJr|.
4.y:-lnx 5.y:ln("r+3) T 30. /(x) :tn(Zx +xsinx)B oI, e+q ql+ill4lg ol+6I^J
f 'i+ f.+ Al4I6t+. f , f', "f"el rqlE= ol+oll^l +rJ
(0, 15loll.<l f 4 #tl +rJq H+dg +C6I+.
6-7 trl-¤- +6Jg +6.}+
ffi31. :14s8 ol+ql^J %14^l G-aY:hx9 6]lE 4+d
6. ln(cos r)
]gx oI4 Arql xlQnl\ +C614 fq.l. +C* 4E +H %I
,. Jg[tn(t + *') - ln(l + -r)] H9 azl f,._AFe 0l+6ll^-1 4+d oI4 qd, zlr,fzlxl oll
E +6t+
B-17 trt¤.EF+E El+6I+.
32-33 +rul$$¤ olsdlrl qgEl+Eq EEI+E+El+.
s. "f(x) :x3lnx 9. /(r) :ln(x2 + 3x + 5)
: x-I
10. /(x) : sin(lnx) 11. /(r) : ,r,* 32. y : (*'+Z)z (xa + 4)4 33. y
"ra+l
12. f(x): sinx ln(5x) 13. F,(0 : (lnr)2sinr
34-38 ++ 4Eg +614.
14, y: (ln tanx)2 15. f(u): , *ffrr,
. t(t'+ 1)o
16. g\r):ln: 17.y:lnl3-zxsl
34.
t 3
x
dx 35.
J:
dt
8-3r
{2t-t 3x2+4x-l (ln -r)2
,'. J: (
1
dx 37. 'dx
x J x
'xzll "J9 -uq4. r sinZx
38.
JI I + cos'x
- d-r

19-20 )'nl y"9 +6].4.

19. y : li lnx 20. y: ln lsec x I
39. F^l Jcotx dx:xl + Ctl CH'*g (a) +19 *
lnlsin
HB "lBull^J, G) ql4l l3E EJHS ol.$all.t'J Hq4.
21-22 tr].+'Et+15 ul$ap /el 4e.lqg +6l-+.
40. -r:0oll^l x: tz4izl!.4., : olzll ¤99x+
g +d-otr
ffi9
rll ,Bzl= .JillE
Eld^lzJ +ElE +61E}.

41. TlillTI +irl y, tl4ollr] t4 yz ti4E S+g oll

"l zl
 6.3* rlErl+-sr+ 397

illzl ".J "Jg w: JJ; p dvtr- LIqUtrI. {zlrl *4 p : ru: lOql +BH49 ol*"llal ln I.sel #g
(b) +¤61-E+.
p(y)E +irlE e}+"14(5.4¤ ¤+Exll 15 +a) u_99
44. .Joj$ ulIgrgEal
Hzlql E6tE "Jdql gEql^J "J¤=6LE zlzll= PV : c
11 llt1
(c= ++)ql trlr+ dtiqlq a7l +ul 600 cm3, a7l S -2 + -3 + "' + -n < 7nn1l + -2 + -3 +.'.+ n-l
q ls0 kPaol-z t)tlltl "J4+ gEql^l 1000 cm3-tr SaL o rrJolJI
ol
$ trll, zltlltl,J gg +6i+.
Ee lr-l .

4s. 4d y: 4d y: xl(xz + 1)71- sqg E^J6t7l

mxq 9l
42. 6J+ f@):2xirnx! qdJ+E s+ 6J 4 s'(2)E 7a[
*lrt9 6}9 +6tr :r BE9 'JolE +61-+.
4
a3. (a) H"lE uJlaJs-tr.r^l < ln 1.5 . t"Jg Bq4. 46. EEL+gI ol+6H^J lijq tn(t+x)_,o,
4e_lE ,-= 6Bal-4.
+ x

6.3t+ lrErl+:d+
r rlExl+:*+sl-:1 8E
tn* 6zl+#0l=tr_ .Jql.J or#ol+. III4^I qEL+E tlxla_ "lag exp-tr {r-}
u+. q++E ¤elql qsE rl+r+ ++.

1 exp(x) :y ¤+ lny:x l'-'(*) : ,- <= ,f("v) : x

r?]r ArloJc4e ++4 +q.

: x, : :,
tr exp(ln x) ln(exp x) x "f-'(,r(,r))
/("f-'(r)) : x

5"1 +*ol ^JBrJr+.

ln I :QolrrE exp(0): I

ln e:1olFE exp(1): e
y: :z4u} y: ln 19 r4s= y - roll qlsll Qa^lzj Eg + gttl
exp "rel v
(rH 1 ele).expel {elEgln$ ilq, +(-m, oo)o14, exp9 ):
^lE*1n9 ¤9
exp -r

q (0, *)ol+. y:x

"JelE +4+- r4 6l-H ErH4 3ql q4 ++S E=+.

y: ln-r
ln(e') : rln e: r
n x
:a4 o-tr 4l trql "I?+ +¤"ol cBqL+.
exp(r) - e' -ral
JEI
r
398 68 EEt*: rl+Ef+, +rEt+, qAr4-Bf+

trl-+^l rzl- +nl+g

"I exp(-r) - e*ol+. oJgrAJ e'! x7l +tl+"J Qls- r1=o-=11 O
ol 4Eg + 91trt.

sx : exp(x)

4rl "J:otH +qd olfE e,¤. H:+ ln xel qEl+s^J 4el6l-r, 4l trg sTlH
e q+4,J41 g+

3 e' :y <= lny:x

r?-lr. i4rJ4^l tr- +¤-4 ?J];I.

E gln'_ x, x) o

5 EE xoll QloJl ln(e') : x

ll qlll 1 l) tn x : 5E E}+6}= xE *o}ts}.

Etr 4.1 Egg+rl ln .r : 5ts e5 : x* s-lulofEE, : ,'o14.

EgE %'-4^l ln x : s-E oJBql ++r+ zJol zlfsffi 4++trt.

^lzl6H^l
_
,lnx ,5

4l Eql oL4 ,'"' - rolE e ,: etol4.

flqr{| 2 |} ,Jd4 ,5-3r: l0¤ EeI.

Eil %r-44le] "JH9l x}fl-arE.+16lr

^l EE ol+6tE +*g e=+.
ln(e5-1-) : ln 10

y
5-3x:In10
3x:5 - ln l0
y: e'*
,:{(5-tn1o)

4l4}zlE ol-$all,! 4+E oI4 9l4}l tlflnlxl +61-E r: 0.8991o1+. I

=}}r.}+
I
xl+R+ f @) : e.g tll4+tr14 r ¤+qlrJ xli da}rll q- e++ 6 a}4ol
0 x
rrE lfl rz]{s(f.H 2 +4)el (ol ^J4* zl
^d¤.il r1+6flx1- Aol +s6}trl.
azJ 2 rl.Erl+-st+ flzlf"}f- ztEEr++9 E*++* q=q.)
^Idq
 6.3* rlflrl+Ei+ 399

6 xl+*+,f(x) : e'* ¤9qo1 Rolr. ;l9ol (0, *)tl

rtglr$:d+sl ¤E
#zlal} flagl+ol+ trI+^J EExgl 4all ," > 0olr 4*ol ^jH6.L+
,[ry. e'
: o' ,lgxe'
: m

r4 =e. xft$ f (x) : e'el +¤¤=dol+

o2*
{io{l4l 3,} rim
i+9 +++ +E}+.

E4 +s, E4¤ ekeE +tl^J ++¤ E=+.

lim -e'*ll :lim-:-
i-? ii; 1 + e-2* I *
e2* + I lim e-2,

: 1 :'l
I +0 '
{zlrJ r-+moJ 4l r: -2x---> -mol_tr, tr}+^J r}*ol CB6Jtr}= ^l-¤g ol+9fl+.

lim e-2' : lim e': 0 F

-r+@ ,---t-@

zl+*+ f (x) : e.ol z** C¤g ,J+61 9E6LE ++4 +Ll.

E r$g=t r, .y= ¤foll rzy #4folg ++ol ^JH6J+

l, e,*y : sxst Z. e*-y - +et 3. (e*), : sr.r

H=l rsl ErH4 14 trE+El ++¤ E=tri.

=B ^l
ln(e'eY) : ln(e') * tn(e)) : x* y: ln(e'*,)

lnol .J4"J **olE_E- e'et : e*+t ol+.

H4l 2, 3r ula+ %r-HsE +EB + glrHE+.E41 53 eI6). q+ ¤ql^J "J
EE d+ roll 4all Bzl :"1 ^JBE9 Eg Aol+. I
I EIEEI
xfflxlffl-f5:r x|.{!ol EE}++= +ra--g +'J Ce$. r*=+.

d
I . (e*) :gx
tlx

6Jf
-- y e*+ 0ol ol-U EEL+g- z*E
"ltsz;boJ y : tn xel qt-J+ol=
=B
E trl+71-b6].+. ol EE+= +l"]] E6J+= ol+61-= olH¤-
'J+E +6171
^l-S
afl :fxf. y: e*ol{ +eH ln y : -roll, x"ll Sd +EI+E ol ol{4l$
"l$al
400 68 E-*J*: ^l+:Er.+, +rEf+, qAt4Et+

v H tl-*g EErI
(x, e'\ 7l9-7l: e' ldvr _1
ydx
dv
___:_: y : g^ I
dx
zl-{tl: 1

y: e'
^l
tr9 Tdy: e*oll 4'J ddg zlgtltl t
zlalulzJ 6]14+ oJqsl dql^l
0 r d9 y4se+ rJ+= dol4(.zH 3 +4). "l C¤fl. xlffid y: s',ol 4$ BEIE
-ral
JE:t
2
!' 41 6zI'J4b Ag F++

(qdl 4l) .J+ y : e'*,¤- EJE6.I+.

Eql fl{l$zlg ol$alzl gldl , : ran rE xl$af{ y: ,'olF.F +g¤ E=+"

dy
_:
dy du _ , du _ ran.r
e sec2x I
dx du dx
--: dx

gHI4sE qlzll 4e+ rJol al tr4 ¤4lB4g ¤R6iE +* 49 E='l-.

d du
E dx
(e ) -e
ll_

dx

(lo{l8l 5 |) y : s-4x sin5xg trl] y'g +6}+.

Efl 4l Ee+ +cl H4g ol+6IE +*¤ ts++.

y' : s-4x(cos 5x)(5) + (sin 5x)e-4-(-4) : e-o'(5 cos 5x - 4 sin 5x) I

{ qrl! 6 I .J+ f@) : xe-'E 4*#g +6}+

Eil ";aldg +0171 +16l] "lE6tE +gg ts=+.
t e-''(l) : e-.'(l - -r)
f'(x) : xe-'(- 1)

zl+]*+= 6J^J "Jel roig zJ-zlo-E I - x ) 0, ! x < loJ 41"f',(r) > 0014. ot+Lz}
zltr,r> r"J 4l "f'(x) < 0ol+ 4lH.4l*#ql 4* t4l E'J++4Bql q+x:1
ql^l f= 4*rJg T}xlq r r,l+ +¤-r+ ++.

,f(1):(1)e-':l:0.37 I
e

( oilrill 7 D l, 241 EB+e+ H=dg olgrll.r'l 6Jf /(r) : et/'4 r4sE rEl4.
Eq rg ¤e.lE3 {, | , * 0}"14. r --+ OoJ
"11
4.++6Jg 414}6il^J +4B*dg
 6.3+ rlgrl+-cr+ 401

4^lel+. x * O*oJ 4l r: tf x---> molrrg +¤+ Eb+.

t/' :
,[1* '
lirn st - 6
Et+^J "r: 0* +4E+dol4.x -- 0-oJ 4l r: tf x---+ -moluE ++g gt-+.
,ry&
r ''' : ,lT* e' : o
; ---+ -roo"J rql lx --- 0olrrE q¤r+ A+

,4I*'t/x - 'o - 1

tr14^J .y
:
l+ +¤d=d(4]-=_rl ++ E_+)ol+.
olzll rflag" 4l4}6l-xl. flA+l$4ql r'|E+ lAl EEr-++'l+r+ rJ+.

ol/''
f'(*) - -: x-,
EExl0q] 4all ,t/, > 0oJtr x2 > 0olEe EE_r+Oql eaN /,(x) < Ool4. 44
/= (-*,0)4 (0, co)olJ,<l ,JAqI4 .J4ldol H.oge +rrlg "r+.241 E6J++
^J
q+r+ a+
,(x) x'e'/.(-Lf x2) - et/.(zx) et/'(Lx.+ l)
f - - x4 - Jco

0olrr+ p solFE *> -l(x # O)oJ 4l ,f"(x) > 0o1tr,* < -|g 4J,f"(x) <
tttx 7
0ol+. EI+^J +d+ (-*, -l)q^l olqE s+61r. (-1, o)ol (0, oo)ollal +lE s+
EIEE H+B+ (-1,
"-')ol+.
/el f4s$rElzl +16}| a7l 4l$ql^l +¤d+d y: l(Hd)l} A+d +*q^l
E +d ++g rfl+[rH a(a) +a]. olfl +d +++ +Eq ++ cee] f7l ?*,
0)4 (0, *)ql^l ,Ja++= E+ /(0)$ fxllafxl ?*xl"J 1* 0-g
^l¤¤. Hlg*tr}.
4l /(r)-* 0oJ"ll +el.}xf. :.H 4(b)91^J sq¤q +EL ¤Ee.l-H+Eg +4ljrl-*"
Eril rqlE= +c++. r4q E+= ol$-all,tJ :1fl rH a(c)q Hlr6ll ExI.

v v
I
y: etl' 4

rfl-LxJ
L-:A f,]

y:1
-3 3

0 x 0 J
-l
(a)
=zl :4 u zJ]¤ (b) +d¤ f4E (c) fl#rl.=. 4"J
frJ 4
4OZ 64| q-J+'^l+-Et+, er--J+, EAr4Ef+

I4E
zl+6J+ y: e*4 E6J+E ++61-71 tr|]+.il 4+ lrJ +s=4 zJol t#o14.

10 e*dx: e* * C
J

Efll , : x3-o -+ il++61-H du: 3xz dxal4. rBlF tr x2 dx : i duolr +*¤ g*+.
+ g:!e-'+ c I
[*'r.'d.x:\lr'dtt:!r"
{lq{l 91) oql^J tTrl^1*d y : s-3x9 o|4 HolE +6|+

Eq Holi c|-o=$ +L|

A : [' e-r, dx:
Jo
-!r-t*]l: it, - e-3) r

6.318 I E+=xtt
1..f(x) : e'4 r4Fzt q$4l y4¤ xl4Exl 561 +96H 8-e trI+ Et+el r4sE +qE 4+4sE rel4. a4 24
:7 r4s= +sE r44. ol+41 617l +16}1 6l+ElE r4se+ gs6}E 1.3¤E HFlg ol+6Jtr1.
^'l
oJ7f?
^Idg +E 8,y:-r-* 9.Y:l_ ir-'
2. +gg +Rq 6i+.
I 10. /(.r) : Ji -@ql ql61] (a) /9 delq, &),f-' "i aE
ta) rn G) ln r/7 (c) ln e'in*
i- Eg +6ln+.
3-4 ++ HJ44g x.ll 4dl Eq+. ¤q.J {tl} 4+d ol-4
1r-12++ B+q q*+E +61-7|.
414 x|4ztxl 44d +6i4 :
11. Y: 3 ln(x - 2)
:3=4i{ig (b) eb-3 :
12. Y st-s
3. (a) 1n(4x + 2) 12

4. (a) ln-r * ln(x - l) :0 (b) e - e-h : I

13-rs El-* +*g +6t+.
- 3.r ^-3x
s. ++ ,Jd{g x"ll *a11 Eq4. -- lim r"-
13. " ' , 14. lim ,3/(2_x)
;=; e5x + e-ix x*2*
(a) eu - 3e' t 2:0 (b) e'. : 10
15. (e-2'cosr)
,lgg
6. ++ ,J¤4lE 6ll= d+d ol-4 9l4l tlflllzl 4+.l.rll
+6t+. 16-2s trl+ EI+= tr1ts6l.?+.
(a) ln(l * x') - 4: O (b) Tet/* : 42
16. /(r) : -2e' 17. f(x): (3xz - 5x)e.
7. r+s +F^lg xoll *dll Eq4.
18.y:gax1 19.Y:gtzto
(a)lnx(0 (b) g'>5
 6.3tF rlErl+-tsr+ 403

+H{t, ++#g +4E.tr rl+g +6ll C4+ {t¤-

t-

20. /(;;): *; von^

21. Y : 762r-3x
ffi Ejil+.
x'+L
+El-+. relI. "f"sl :r4lsE ol+"H^J H+Eg +46I
72. f(t) : sat sin&r 23. f(f) : stsin2t
+.
2a. g(u) : eJ""""z 2s.e(x):rtr(#l) 39. g-7.g s=-tsE ,J+l + B6 $ag :-oE(blood alcohol
concentration, BAC)E "JE.$E .JE]] {l+q4zt +1+14
.rle oJall di} rJ4Etrl-
26. d (0, l)ql^l .Jf y: e'cosx * sin.rgl 4laH dCq Bt-
,J+ c(r): 0.135re-2'802rr- ql+g 15 mL(+ TIg g=g
C4lg ra6l-4.
+E)E #+61 d+{ + ttlzJ +.J ¤tI Bz} 8EE ¤t
e'/t' yg tr]] _v'9 7-a1-4.
21.
BACE-Bol+(E+l: mg/ml). ala:112.1 E"J Flql ¤E
28. e+ y: e'a ,-xrz6l
"IEHJ¤4] 2y" - y' - y:09 BAC= H"|9lzl? flxll $r$apzl-l
"J+.Jg Hol4. Source'. Adapted from P. Wilkinson et al., "Pharmacokinetics of Ethanol after
Oral Administration in the Fasting State," Journal of pharmacokinetics and
29. qH # r9l EI6J] .J+.y: e'-.ol trl$"J¤4] ,y,,+ 61,, * 8y B io phannace ut ic s 5(197 7) : 207 -24.

: o* $$apzfr
40-4s trl-+ 4+¤- 4l4}6i+.
30. /(x) : sL' oJ o]| f (')(.r)ql ql'J +6l.4.
^lg oo. (x' * e") dx al' Jn
l7 dx
31. (a) +?J?rk44E oj.$a]f,rJ ,J{^l
er + x: Oel 6flzl IJ en*

xHE'-g trq+.
=
(b) +HE
ur.
I e'.rf! + ,* d* or.
I (e' * e-*)z dx
"JHg ol.$a|l.r"l (a)9 *C^lel =g
^+d
"|4 "lC.xll tlfltlz) Aq6|Al +6t+ ou.[{;ry* or.!:*r.
32. qH +{ql^l A$ol o[4] 4 p(r)9] trt+ irl4 +++.

P(t): Ti;J 46. ]z] [0,2]ql^l E]f /(x):2xe-,'4 ¤.ratg+6]4.

{zlrJ p(r)= rl4 r"llrJ i$g 9r ?li ?]+el ul&ol 47. +d J: ¤', y: x:
lql sl6l{ +4lg BqE HolE
e3*4
oI4 Call zla)nlx) 4+BI4l +6t4.
a- a, kY "J9 {tf"ltl-. ^+d
fa),ltlnp(r)E +6l-+ 48, +d y : e'+ !: 0,r: 0, x: lql E6il +41¤ ¤99x
(b) +E9 q4l Hl$g +6l.+. q$ 54 o-tr. sld^lrJ rll iJzl= .Jalel +ilE +614.
ffi (c) rzl rlzJut4 +{Elr, a: 10, ft : 0.5oJ 4*9 p(r)
,Jg 4g qtr aqlz}? :- ol]?+?
4e. trl*- Hol ¤l
E r4sE r4+. :zllu5 ol tl+el ols_aN.! 8070

zl aEg 5= ql ¤4=
^lrJg +¤61+
v )
!:Zxe'
33. fz.1 [0, :jq1.<1 6J# ,f(.r) :
I
v
i?q] 4l*rt, 4+r,tg e!^

+613t. 0
1r 0 l.t
34. oJ+ fU) : x _ e,E alqr"i+ +614.
)
35. EL+ f (x) : xe"4l 4a}] (a) +7I E= +t +7J, (b) g y : gsin r sin 2r

+ +7J, H+dg +61-+.

0 x
36-37 3.5¤el zlag ol$-;ll,rl trl+ +dg 1
=61-+
36. y - ,-r/(t+t\ 3l. y: I/0 + e-*) s0. ++ xlg fl=zt ^lr+ r:0o11^l rlxlzl Er6l
^lz16ll^l
r(t): l00e-0.0rl Lq Hl-sE zlEol
Brql^J 4lq +g+.
38. B+ fG): er'-'4 +.q+ Cd$" Hq+= r4iiE r zl* r^lrJ FoJ ,+g TlEel "Jg EuF"Jzl?
^lJ"l
404 68 9B*: rl+-'J+, +-rEI+, qAr.4-Er+

sl. F4il-E= F47lE ol$oll,<J tre4el g+= Tlle.lE +El {}x}9 EEE *4(mL) r4I co+ t:0oli^l trE ?}E
oEil {}zt9 ,Qc(urea) "l zl4 Luil+g zllrl¤}tr}. ea{r(mg)ol+. Iiu r(r) drE 4lt}al-L, ¤H6t4.
^lrJ
etzf e"lqE+El 4l4EE ul&tmg/min)$ ++ tl+
ffisz. B# /(r) : #el :a4sg r4E /zf TlEI-+"Jg
+ ee ^lql E61l a ¤Eg+.
r g + gl4. :1d¤- -Hol+.
u(t\ : 5nr-'r/v
V s3. zlfgzlel + Hall H4¤. +H6i-e-Hzl#Hzl E +4).
olull y= F4zlE zl+= eEq f¤ul&(mllmin), vE

6.4{+ I "JrJ4t! Ef-Bt+sf 4+=*+

"l ¤ql^l= xl-flxl+6-J+e} zI¤Er6J+E e b > 0"J zl+E-J+e+

ol$-aIal _e

r6J+=. +ulgrl.

r gu4PI rl+:d+
e > 04 r7l oJele] +4f"lH 6.3'r'¤el 4l tre+4"-l Eql q+'l¤¤ E=+
b':(rt"o)':grtnb

l4 =e. +4+ xoll rllollalE ++r+ ,Jol 4EB + ?l+

1 6x - *xlnb

q. EE ++r+ #=-l.
26:gnEt"z*et.zo-3.32

EI* /(r) - b** Eol rtl xl*B*(exponential function with base D"+A ++. E
E xoll QlaN e,ol olfolu.si s-E roll qlql b'E "J+"Jql +E++.
4el tre ErHzl zt.+41 6t+E c4g q+g + glrll +trt +"-l+ r{ 4
a]] In(b')
- r ln e"Jg 'Jr. !lq. rE "Jelel d++ 6l-E 4E trE+El trt+r+
th) H

ln b' : ln(e'lob) : rlnb

trl-+^l "J.elel ¤f r1la11 qf.ol ^dfl+trI.

'oll
2 Inb':rlnb
,'oil 4¤L xl+H44 4e-l trE+q "J+40J zl+H4g gg + 9l+.
 6,4t* "JEJ4.J tsr-Er+el"^l+-tst+ 405

E xl+g+ x,yE ¤+olr a, b > oolg ffiol ¤H+tr1.

r. b**y : b,by z. b,-y : * 3. (b,;r : b,y 4. (ab)- : a'b*

b!

=Bl.Cel e.ql ql+ zl+Hzlg 4e"61-H r++ol ^dH++.

tr4
uL.r+l,--e -(.r+r') lnb --e -.rlnD+)lnh
: gxlnbr), lnb : btby

3. 4 tr= ols-"6l.S 4¤-"1 ¤Bilrl-.

(}r)r: grln(b')
- ,lllnb-. gxrlnb - 6xv

zl+B4 Ee] +He E+t4ls H4 E+

zl+Et+ql *d "lE +!* ¤el tr$ tr$ol+.

4
frw: b'rnb

-,tH
oo
d
, (b') : rr.^b) : e'tn' @h b) : b'tn b
ax * *

b - eolfl ln e:
lolr +41 E}. olul $I 9t* +41 (d./d.x) e)'( - e'_oE E#
+$trt. rt¤ {EzlfQffz} += xl+++84 xl-# ol+El- 4fl ol-!i nlS
+4lol TltF ++allzJzl ullE"l4.

qq{l 1l} 2.7¤el qzll 6ql^J E¤q xl.oJ ++4ql^l +qlBlolel z}zllfzf ull,r.lzJ f
uflE f;z|++H ttlTJ +9 zHzll+= ++r+ ?Jq.

fi: ftoZt

{zlrl nog 4a zf;lJfolu1. ol4l +4 E= ols-all,rJ r+q=4 rJol c^JE-g 414}6J +

qlr]

dn
: noZ'InZ
d,
ql= Eq ala zflr1a7l no: 1000^ll-ItolH 2^l7J +el ^d+Eg +¤-4 rJ+

dn
: (1000)2'ln2l,:,
,t,

:4000 ln2 - 2773 cells/h

406 68 9--J*: Il+--J+, er--J+, qAF4--J+

ilql4l 2 l) *4 Ee+ fl4lBzlg 4+6tE +¤+ e=+.

d d
(to") : 10"(ln 10) (r') : (2 ln l0)x10'-'
dx dx

I Il+tr+ 3Efls
b> lols In b> 0olI.,(d/dx)b*: b*Lnb> 0o]=_tr_ y: b'g 6zpf,$ lloJ
+(fH 1). 0 < b < tolfl ln b < 0 olFE y - b-'e- +i*+(rH 2 +e).

v v

0 x 0 J

lim b': 0, lim b'' : o lim b': co, lim &': 0

J--@ lr.*@ r+-¤ r+@

:1H1t*=b'r,b>1 reJ2 !:b*,0<b<l

rH 3-q-E+rl x > 0oll. 4 uzy zlxlfl {+E++ trl+ #4al 6tzl44b

ag "J + 9l+.
(,r (ii v l0' 4.( 2\
1.5'

lr

0
:18 3 qel Tlrl -r

^l+:'J+

: lgrl Enflf tl uuf

qlEl 33.v = 2'ol y
(o{l{l 3|) :49 4l&zl E= #+qE ol+o}.<J 214H.a f@):2'e+ 4E4lt-E}+
=11 frz[al.Erl Hq #rl.,f(x):2.'01 E
El-Lf ru|efll =3tr6171 +lat| q- s(x): x2$ ul-u6l-+. xzl 4¤ tr1] qH ++71 q B4 +7161+71-?
=71"6|=^l
Ea[ eg +=d6l-^|.. 2sn|.ol3
^lrd:dgE4e.-=. A|16IJA] s0
erlEl F7fllel E0l Ef,l :-g 4E _H_zlElH [-2, 6] x [0, 40]ql rElTl + ++= Bq +q. r4s= ^ll
H= Uul E=+r 6f^l rt|H EolE Uq H EI+E 44, > 4"J 41,,f(x) -YE rrlllzzl-s(r):x':r4str+ +lql il+=
trqE Eolq F4|= 2s0t25OO cmTf fl ag g + gl4. r+ 5= 7 x{l9l q6ll^l xl+++ f(x) : Ttl s(x): x'-E-4 q +
aolL|-. d4:dE +41ts grloJTl.? olaP
rTEU El-gol E aol+. 4al #zLa=r$ zll44-" + 8"1 +tr}"
 6.4* gHJqoJ Er-Er+sl,rl+Er+ 4Ol

40 250

y:2* y: x2 y- a.Y

y: x2

-L 6 0 I
0

ral 4 -IaJ s
E 1 ,Hlxl fl+
6.spoll,t1 zlfaJfzl
"J*fzl-e+ "J^I^d +fl$'i+E ql qBrll r(le00t-J 0lF oJ? r
^1-&9Ezl¤ AZFJ+) (E"J)
H"J AoI+. trl-g {lzllb "Ji.fzl-gl ql6ll +B6l +trJE+
0 1650
1750
(qllll 4i) -s 1g 20^ll7l .J+"il qe} zleoll -afl 63 olql 46J +Idsol 10

^ll4l 20 l 860
ul. :rH 6ql^l zlgdE ¤4zl-zl+4ql cag *^l6iq, alcxll#Hg 4+61-71 +l 30 2010
all zl+4.J slfl+qg ,*+ r4q 4ltzl(EE a+EJ)E ol$al.rJ +s-r+ rJ¤. xl 40 2300
50 2560
+EEg E=+
60 3040
P(r) : (1.43653 x 10e)' (1.01395)' t0 37r0
80 4450
{zlrJ 0olE 1e00tr"1+. :.H 7* 94 +"1+l x}edE4 6J4l ol zlf*f9
r: 90 5280
fqsE'14u4. xl++:do1 xlEql tr-'J6l g tq*= ag .J + gr4. "J+c4- 100 6080
ol tr44 o e EEIqH'J zl** + zl-qlsl
^Jl4lqld4
le30LJqlel
'I*+g 49 ^l
110 6870

7l"Jg "J + gltrl.

P P
a a

a
5xloe 5xloe
I

a t
a a
a
a
a

0 2A 40 60 80 100 tzo t 0 zo 40 60 80 1oo tzo t

le00LJ ol+ a+H+ leooH ol+ A+'J+

fal 6 rjl4l oJ"=7|_ql rH--J tltrE" =4 7 fl+67loll rllEt xl+ trE

I

{jq4 5l} tlrJsl HE eE H}olEl^"J Hrv-le-l +E¤ +6]] 3r+ gzilzlloJ asT:
s38el s.rJ¤- z|.!Jal +Elu fl+ E+z| leesHgl tsE.qs.+., s 2= ABr-s38el Zl
E
^l4L
F r99l 1 mL$ RNA 4xll#e +¤g +lx} 3039 Ctl. Hl-"1ts14 .J v(t) 4k

l. D. Ho et al., "Rapid Turnover of Plasma Virions and CD4 Lymphocytes in HIV-I Infection," Nature
373(1995): 123-26.
408 6El g-EF+ rl+--J+, +r--J+, E#4--J+

-#.2 ol+. rH 8g olq ql+ &Es"l4.

,(g) v(r) re 8+ Bol 44 ++4ql ulolEl4E ,J+b rg 2s+ 3ql^J b7l tEr+ 4g 4
I 76.O +e] zl+Et+ y: F4 rqlEE Bq ++ 4+^l ._I+ y(r)E zl+++ql el6ll EE
4 53.0 sl++ 314.y - a. b'Eqle.l 4+Et+E zlxlt- s 2e{ ElloIElE rqq 4l&zl4
I
A+qE "l+6lq q+r+ rJ* eqg ts=+.
18.0
ll 9.4
t5 5.2 v :96.39785 . (0.818656)',
22 3.6
:.H eE xf"EHg ofs-" of{ zl+q}+E :14=-+ rfl d o -+ il.f, ^lz+ + oJ g+q
ulol=1,'l- olg g +44r gl+.

V V

J60 n60
ts
a

o
40
'+ 40
B.
z z
&20 a tr20
a

otozo3ot tgll 0 lo203or ("J)

feJ I efxl-sosg E8 Hlol44 g 9 Hfolal^ oJoll rtl-d .E-EJ

=aJ ^l+

f rffi:Et+sl 4=
+4 Eql^l +g 4E +4g e=+

!u'a*:#*c, b+t

):r'dx: ,* l, :
t,\ l, lt 25 2o 3l
(q4 5D ,* - ,*: i tr

r 4ErllE E+lEt rl+EIEI

+e_1 .JEel ,15xil#ql 46I CggLsgE 2.3trq1^l E+rJ "JH}4.J 4EzilB
+4lg +Htr + ?l+. "J+4"J 4$xll$ +{e "Jelel ¤f ,oll 4all /(;) - x,,
olE l'(x) : nx"-t fl* zlq6LxI.

"JHl4?.! ZEI{IE E+.lsl y : x"e-E- +-l. ErtrlEBg ols" d4.

=B
x: OoJ ttfl -E-st+el Eeltr+E1 n > loll rH lrlyl : lrl*l': rlnlxl, x# 0
d[| l''(0) : OEE altr4e-a .H'g + ?ltl..
rfl$ ti+g e=+.
y'n
yx
 6.4* "JU{oJ +-?--J+sl rl+-Et+ 409

: nL:
trlt+,ll y'
"+ - n)cn-.o]+.
@Eol Et"ll zlfzl ^J+.J 4$zll+ Z-4 l@/dx)x,,- nx,,-,14 Eol tl-+
olr xJfTl-H+.J zl+t+.q H4l(tr//dx)b*: b,tnblg ++al]oF *q.
"lE
"JHl4sE zl+e+ eql qlql HI zfzl A*tl tl+.
(b') :
d
l. fu 0 (b, n* ^J+) 6r.+ "J4 8+rl+

,.
*[/(r)],
: nlf@))^-,f,(*) H+ grll-#+r|+

t. lbay:
dx-
6o(,)(h b)s,(*) 8+ grl"E+rl+

4. r4g, {lxllq rJol Erol+Bg ol+g + gt+. E+ "Jrl H+^l+

*[/(r)]ddE +6t71 flo11
(qq 7D y: xGZ I,l+61-El.
Eqn "J4 zlfTl E+ Hfol=e -E:zulgg¤- ol¤-alB qs=+ ,J+

lny:lnx6:Jilnx
! v'1l
5 vr ' - -r (ln x)
Y x Zt/x- ral l0g -*# /(.r) : *6 zl. : sCl*9
.La}lue4 qlrll 7E ¤B6l:r. ?lrl-.
/ I lnx\ _r( z+lnx\
-r':-r( -*'^'=l:, -v

Effi 4= "JHg. *G : ,J, t"* o a 4r ^l trg ol+6Jtr1. f'

*u"l: *(rr,".) - snEr,,

ftGn r".) 0 .r

(Eol lijH) tr
:IEJ 10

r gu4P! +-r:d+
b > 0olr b+rolH zlfet+ f@): b.+.Jql"J 'Jfol4. ol B+q EEr+E
IIJOI D?.1 erB+0ogarithmic function with base b)+
+g-tr logr-E- +4dtr1. q
4C trI+ol CH*+

log6x:y <= bY:)c

Eal 114.7-1- ?JLL

410 AFI oqolr'-' Tl-\6t.( C4/\l'7l-6tr'-
VO-El"llElt..gEl,-E-El =-ro=l-\

v logrx : ln x
v:x
q*+ log,, xe-l-b'ql A4'JC4lg 4+61-H tls=r+ +q.

y-b" b>r 6to9tx : x, Loga(b.) : x

rH
Lt+ b > loJ A+E Eq ++. (7F6r- +s+ EfE-Jf "Jol b > lql
0 .r
=
y:
4*o14.) y: b*o\ x > Oql 46fl ,}]+ #461 #ztatb El++= ^t¤ql^J y -
x, b> I
toso xtl "r ) lql qlql oH+ Lnlzll fzlalk EI++=
logh

^l¤g "J + 9l+.

f.g 11 r.H t2+b > loJ "J bel trt"f"J#ql qlql y:tolnx9:z4EEEq ++.
log, I - 0olrrE -EE ErEF+etr :.qle= d (1, 0)g xl+tr}.
y
Y: log2 x ErHzlg xl-¤erH4r+ +^ld-q 4+BzlsE+El eq4 + 9I'HE+E
y:109: x x-ll 36 +a).

++ +4g gol .Jsle erg xlflEr._+ EBoJ + gl+g Eq ++.

0 x

y: log,, x
y: log, x 6 Esl HlEt E+l gge] a*+ b(b + l)ql ql6H ++ol ^dBqL+.
lnx
logu x
lnh
aEJ 12

rl: logr,x4*sE +4 Ee+q bv :xzf 9rl. "JHql z}fle-:E-flalH v ln

=B
b : ln sol rr E E-tr}.
lnx
Y: lnb

+4 Ee 4l4}zlE ol+"ll^l (rl+ qlzll.il^lel zJol) Eol "J9tl -+:.9 4141

g + 9l+. u[4!z[xJ_tr +^] Eg ol+6]E :aqq 4l&zl+ A+Ele. fl99 e-z
EI+e] r4ls= rg + gt+(tr+Ezll 8 sa).

(011I|| 8ll rog, sE 4+d oril.il qc.all zl4zt4 4q6Frll 4l+16.l+.

+r ETIE
4l+tTlgEj ouaf q?Eel rl4E:+r+ 7l
Eil +{ @"il tr|4 +g¤ ts.+"
-+Al40ll^l rl.Etrr= ln x-E, 'AtE-=:1"'
log,o,rts logrE E7l-sltf. ral+ -aE+ logr5:+1+ -0.773976 tr
ln8
+af zlqr^l4olt-l A+El EclqlrlE
=61
rlEtrr= log xE E7l-dtf.
+{ Eg olS-alf,<l gEE _ar{l+E q+l} Sol ul{}al + ilE}. {zlrJ h b
g
^J#o14.

d d lnx I d I
. (logr,x): dx lnb :--(lnx):
d.x lnbdx xlnb
-
 6.4* gHJ4?l er-sr+e.t rl+Er+ 4l l

d1(logr,,t) :
,
dx x lnb

{iqfl 9|) /(x): logro(2 * sinx)E ul+6}4.

Eil a: 10?_1 *4 E+ fl4lBzl9 ol+"ll^J trt+g E=+.

dld
f'(x) : * logro(2 * sin r) :
(z * ,i,r r) rn ro ;e
* sin x)

: cos ,r
(2 + *, r) l" l0 r'"1

+4 EEBq "14++ql^l z|fle:{"rol eoJ tra)7|^Fsq= +¤ ol+ 6

6I+= "J+ fittrI. ln e:1olEs= b: eoJ oll
"lE +{g 7EI ++611414.

I lsl * e
=Ete.E
*ql^l f @) - tn xolH ,f '(x) : I lx9=- .Jgl+. q+^J "f '(1) : I ol4. ol ,r}dg ul-

tssE +f,:-q=e^Je] + eE E¤a]] Exf.

++s-E^J EoJ+fl {e]E+El tF¤¤ g=r1.

/'(1):;s /(r+h)-f(1) : lim f(l +x)- /(1)

h -r+0 x

ln(l+x)-lnl 1
lim
x+0
lim ln(l + x) )
x .x.-0 x

: lim ln(l + .r)'/.

x+0 3
y: (1 + x)rA

"f'(1)
: lolIrE r+¤¤ e=+.
2

lim ln(l * x)t/* : 1

0 -t

trI+^J 1.8¤g Crl tr{ zl+El-+.ql E+^dql e]6l +¤¤ e.+. fal 13

- _ e.
e: ^r :_ gx+o
^ Iim^ln(t' *x)t/, _
: jS
lim eln(l +x)t/* _
e".\.', lim (l. * X)t/* x (1 + 1;r/'
x-_+0
0.1 2.59374246

,: 2.14481383
0.01
I (1 + s;'r'
,lr$ 0.00r 2.7t692393
0"0001 2.71814593

+4 tr¤. :18 13ql fl- et+ y : (1 + r)'/'el r4se+ zl3 x#ql ql6-J +*-
0.00001 2J1826824
0.000001 ?.7182&041
Eql elEll ¤EE+. 0.0000001 2.71828169

+{ trql4 ": llxil +98 x - 0*oll 44, ---> oool=E eoll 46J qE EB 0.00000001 2.71828181
 412 68 E:*f: xl+-Et+, +r-ct+, qg4-'J+

4e +*4 +Ll.
n

I e: lim
n+@
1+-n 1

6.4rF I g+Extt

1. (a) b > 0ol7;ri. ¤f'J trll b.'g e.el6l= HJ¤^lg 4+. 10. (a).f(r) : *4 s$):2*E r4EE 3 cm zJ4 o F ¤
(b) 6J+ f(x):Ir'e-l dEE¤. +6-tq Effiol +lql raqr. 6}zl. gdql^l sE-a-,e-E
(c) b * 19 trll ol E!+9 ilqg +6l.+. 1m tr{d 4qql^l /E r4s9 kolb ts molxl
(d) ci-o ?+?+4 6+ 46ll zl+6J+E r4Eel "J+4ql ti s9 fqs kol= 4+ 41e km "Jg E.qr-}.
Eolg r4+. (b) y : logrxel r4g= 1 cm zJ4 oE ¤ atg+"ll :
(i) l, > I (ii) b: I (iii) 0 < b < I flqr 61zl-. +d9 Holzl- 25 cmgl rE-.I4H +ldql
2-3 c1-o-s- e9 AFzll#sE E¤6I+. e"E+qE B"ltH. ¤.zlq"t 6P-7F?
^J

2. 4-" 3. 10., 11-12 trl-g-+6Jg +6I+.

,r. }g(r.001)' 12.
ly*T-"
4-5 tr].+'t9 r-61,4.
4. (a) 1og. 8l (b) los,(#) (c) 1ogr 3 13-21 tr|+ Et+E
"l+6t+.
5. (a) log: l0 - log:5 - log3 18 13. /(x):x5+5' ,a. G(x) :4c/r
(b) 2logs 100 - 41og5 50
ts. L(u): tan(4") 16. y: logs(x2 + 3x)

trI¤- :14EEi reJ{. ol r4sEg 17.y:rlogasinr 18.-y:Y

ffi6. +"J+ E.zlp+Hql

"1841 ts*9Ezl?
19.y:;gsin-r 20.y:(cosx)'
:2', ! : e*, !: 5', Y :24'
Y 21 . y:;ln'
7. +4 Eg ol$all.r-l 4+d oH qd4l zlt)nl\ c+6I
4l Er{}g 4l+}6"}4" 22. 4 (1, l0)ql^J *d y: l0'oll 4.J ddel ,J{{g +6J-4.
(a) log, l0 (b) log, 12 (c) logrr 6
23-2s ++ 4Eg 4l+16|4.
ffi8. ="^l E$- ol.$afl.r.l +qrl ++E Eg.J _E_7ls+Eql :r.

44. "l ]4sE* qB4l ¤Sqbzt?

zl. Jz'As ,o. JYr.
y : logr.sx, y : ln.r, y : logror, ! : log5sx 25. fI lsino cos 0 d6

9. +.q=r+ pol :r=fl uE +qzl= zl+-*+ f (x): Cb.* +

6t+ 26. +d y:Z',y:5'II x: -l,x: loll glS]J
+4lg Sq
v
(3,24 9 HolE +614.
m27.:r-4sE ol+Ell^l tj}c^l T : | + 3-'9 t9 +44 o1
(1,6
4 A4l zlflnlzl4+6[rtl +dt{. ol +4#g hfle{ "}
Bql^J +l.t **#ge 611^'1 4+B oI4 qd,xll zl{t*
0 x zl +g 4q6}4l +ti14.
 6.4* gBJ4E +r-ef#el rF-Er+ 413

28. E++ s(x) : los4(r3 + 2)E qEI¤ +614. RNAolH4. fH esl vq 4* :4gE ol+ql
trJ 76.0

Htolel^ "Jol Hlse +46171 +16ll s+g= +zl"

2e. 4¤4z} qqEl= xl4lel dEE 4EfltrI
log,o(/s)-tr ^l ^l
,Jg +6t+.
{zlrJ r= dgxloll^l 100 km Bold xlTl4l.el d+.il el
6ll +4H xl4lel aEol-tr, sE x'+xl4lsl zlrol4. (q 34. trl¤- sb lzeo{ql^l l860LJzlzl ul;4 tl++E +ElU+.
zl,tl 4!gg 1 micron: 10-a cm) l989uJ"ll dg*r.l+E E-= ?.1++ EE. ?1"+
E ,JqtJ .etrf sqqrilLoma priera) zltlg 46lEl 4l 1790 3,929,000 1830 12,861,000
F+ 7.19 7l+fl.trt. 1e06Hql 4[][fl.^l^E z]41$ z]E I 800 5,308,000 1840 17,063,000
zI old9 t6EIlH+. ol zldE rlEb 4alEl xlrl4-e E 1 810 7,240,000 1850 23,192,000
rrl-oJzl? 1820 9,639,000 1860 31,443,000

30. zlz$Q" q"loJ aq= 1000 Hzel +EI+qJ^l 10 :

+ tl= (a) rllolqE zl+6J+ql 4+6I+. qlolEl d4 xl*eB
T
10-12 Watt/m'o]4. zlE IoJ 4.ElE ,t'llzl(dB)E I : Iog,o g fq{. H"I{ 4+a1 4.$9bz}?
(riro)o]4.++g q*etol 120 dBql^l +451= +Eql (b) ¤+ zlgzf tr. 180084 l8sOEE tl+="zt Hlgg +
.E.EI.E +zlolb &q +b 7l4l= 106 dBql^J +4ElH
4614.
+. +q qlY zl4ql ql+ q+Eel +EE HIE +6IE+. (c) (a)9 ;q+q++ -E'J¤- ol$all.<J 1800H4 18s0trel oJ

31. g#+41 30ql qldl^l

+47t s0 dBoJ trll, Aq9 rllzls+ +46I+. r4r G)el ¤r+e+ ultale{.
7=" 7l-H1¤.9
,JEE Hflgg +dtq. (d) xl+Et+ _tr'Jg ol+6}q 1s70H ql+= ql+6}4. r

32. szlg q+d-= 4({l: A+El tr}H"ll^l o}oJ+$ Ef+^ 4r. 1870H dx-ll .J++ 38,ss8,000s1 ul.n,a|4. il-
s $E qH# s4E uJuJ Hzcl s44sl 4
olE ¤Eg * ?ibzt?
=q*lb : b*(b > o, b + 1)e+ d6l+ dd
?-lDE Hlgql Eqfl+. Fitts'taw{1l el6[H, "]4* xl* 3s. d @, b')414 4d y
(index) rE trl-*rl rJol .tr.EH+. 9 x4 E¤g ca]- olzl-. 4 @,0)4 (c, 0) .tlolel 4t-lE
:rE a{loll qlaH^J ,J+= d¤ s-q4.
/ zn\
1: logr\,"/
y
ol Hzl* .J+r+ #+Ele] +IEzf+q +Eg +F+g q
"y: b''
xloJ6l-b ql
^l-Sfltrl. (a, b")
(a) wzl ++tr frzlE4E, Dql 4ol^l rE HEI¤+ ol

B4l 4bzl? ozl +71-Et trll, IE Ho]¤e 6zlal-b

7l? E+ rJ4ttl+zp L L' .f,

(b) D7t +1-+E +xlH+H, r4loll ql4^j re-l HE+g* q

Bz{l!Ez}? rE {ffiol ++?+H "l$rll !bz}? 36. xl+HzlE + H4l B4g +H6ttkxl+H{ ED
wzl ftil$ trll, Iel flffie ffzla\i-t} E= ,JA 37. zl+Bzl Elstr+El trl+ ErH4g +E6I4.
6IbzI? (a) log6(xy) : loga x * loga y
(c) (a)4 ft)sl qEl REol zl+4 olxlolf-zp (b) log,(x/y) : loga x - Iog y
rg. glxll sql^l *zl-9 Hlolel^ o3=g rl_Et 6l-+ +ql I mL (c) logb(ry) : y logt x
414 68 E--J#: rl+--J+, +r--J+, EAt4:Er.+

6.s I rl+4 E7l "J #4

B:* zIfl ¤+ql^l qH "J+ rEq rTlql Hlql6l+ HlgE +71617l+ rJaql
q. ql= EE y : f(t)tl .tl{ rollrl f;_$.ol{ H+El]4o}9 zfi;llfolfl, #zl-Sq_l
f '{t1zy 7]]^ll+ /(/)q Hlql'Jqr q+6}. A* 6J?]4ql A Aq. +, qH ^"F+ k
ql 46ll f'(t) - k/(r)ol+. ohl-4.J 4a(+^ll+E +|4, 4¤+ goJ, dHql
.Jqq=
'I+
Hq)ql^l ,J{^l f -
'(t) kf(t)tr +qd +q4"J e.Bg {xll{-9-_tr g
g 4l 4q4r.ll ql+++. += ql= qEqEqliJ Bl^l-d E¤E 4+ 4+9 +4
¤.e ¤=Jql Hlql6L= 4se +El*+. E+ql^J tE4-9 lif qlo = o E4e_l +
Eql Hlql+q ++qr-ql^l E+ +4-+ 4l4}5l- xl+al4l-e-l qlxl+e g7-lB4l"1l
Hlql6l+ ul¤=.=121+4.
"JHI49E y(t)71 .t.lz-| rollrl f* y9 ,oi"ll r"ll ** y9 Ea+&ol "JEel ^l
4tql^i =zl y(4oll Hlrll*+E rl-*ol CH+tr|.

dy
1 ky
dt

{zlrJ ftL ^J+ol+ ,}441 trg rt$l$7l El+lflaw of natural growrh)(/c > 0) E
rtg!ilA H=lflaw of natural decay)(fr < O;o1+ +tt olag t:lzlEl-+ y4 :
= EEJ+ dyldr!
E +HI6|71 tril$.il trl+%1-4^l(differential equarion)ol+r 6J+.
trE
%r-4^l 4* "IBzl 6l]= +6I= g*4. ol HIC^lql el6l-H E6J+71- a
^l
dql t1-+= ++ EI+= *- aol4. olH +q^J rfl ++E +H,trI. y(t): cek

E4E zl+E}+{qzlrJ cb ^J+)= q+g E}+6Jr+

dv
;:c(keh):k(cek'):ky
dyldt - wE "J+61-=. ggE Et+- ! : eqlqoF 6l+ 4.¤. s.+¤ql^J E"
cek'
d,ol4.d-+ CE 9"lE.Jzl glal y(0): Cek'o: CoJg..J+ gl-o=s, C=EL
+E jE?,!il(initial value)ol r|.

2 gil "l+"J{{ dyldt : tqq +g.J r]]E zl#Er-+e y(r) : y(0)e'o14.

r 7Hi{l=
=7}
Hlel^J+ ftg g"lb FH."Jzl-? THill+ +714 c+ql^J, rql^J zfl;llf$
^17+ =zl
E ++4- 6++ P(/)ql ql6H ++4 rJol ¤ + 9ttrl-.

3
d!-:w E- dPldt
P
k
dt

ot dP /dt olAg
d
P
,_ 7H^ll+E zzltr_ +i. +TFSolr+. 8EH=71-E(retarive growth
 6.5 rl+4
=71
"; #4 415

rate)olt+.J+. Eql $tl"*zFgg zl;ll{i9 azloll Hlql6J+.";{-tr "J:"lt 4

^l
4lql "r}ql+zl-g+ "J461+."4tr "J6J + 9l+ rElE C4 E= 1l4*zl-Sol
g4+ 4lill+g xlfzJ_oe. f;zlo11op ++- ag "J6H tr46zl-& ft= xl+
=+.
Bf ce'ql^i 19 4l#e Li4hlql +E--61-xI. el. rlg-r+ ?JLla a-l-xl-.
=E
dP
::dt 0.02P

/el ++lzl- HolH +4+7}-&g k : 0.02011, 4lill+g fl7J zEoq {146zl-S

E +71-+trI. 0ql^J 4lill+E azlzl poolE ,H4l+ql ql+ .EB4g trls=4
^14
aq-
P(r) : Psso'ozt

(qfl tD rqsorJe] .^ll4l tl+= zsg ooo0trJ Eoll 1e60HE oJ+E 30q
^jl4l
4000EJ Hol4. ol ol$-oll.rJ 20^)l7l pHlzlsl ?I+ E¤g "J¤.+. (+71-g
^l-dg ^i141
g "J+E r7loll Hlql+qa 7i4++.) tr4#zl-s* H"IoJzl-? ol EE¤- ol+611c
ree3gE .J+E +d6}l. z}zslHe).J+= q+"1+.
^ll4l
Eill rl4 /E ++lE LJeE EI-r. 1e50Hg r:0014 ++. "J+ p(4el *glE E"J
Hol4 6l.zl-. rqE p(0) : 2560, p(10) : 3040014. dpldt: tpols_tr_, 44 EE+
El rl+g e=+.

P(r) : f($)ek' :2560ek'

P(10) :256oerok : 3040

t, _ _l ln 3040 -
K - 10 ZSOO 0.017185

ul-+^'l ,$46z}-&9 fl+ E t.Tvoola_ r EEg'l+4 ?J+.

P(/) : 2560.-o'o11185t

lee3Hel zJol +484.

^llAl "J++'l+4
P(43) : 2560e0'0r7r85(43) : 5360 (E"J H)

6000

p - Zsffieo.ot7t9st
"J+
(E"J

t,r
20 40 feJ 1 zo^ll)l +HJ7lq oJ+
1e508 ol+ 4r+E+ ^f l- E:ol
o/t4o
^1lll
4.,16 68 9d*: rl+-'J+, +-r-'J+, EAF4-EI+

ol EE os+El 2025trE +S4 zJol 9l+B + gl+.

"J+=
P(75) :2560eo'0r7r85(75) - 9289 (E"J E)
r+ :z4g= ol EEol 2oalizl "Jztxl "l]+ 4qqlg -trol.rr +(dEg d4l oJ+
19
E ++U+) 1ee3H9 +4{tE ,l]+ 41tr.l8 + 3l+. rq+ 2025H"il 'l]t q+g
+lE6I+. r

r g^l# Eal
Er-^Lc E4g xlp{eE %}^}dg %r-¤6tE^J EeE a7l de.t
+4-J+ m(t)z
moo #El r ol+oll Hol- ?lb 4*ol+ 6IE, q--q=4 A+ +'-El+rlg* ¤
^14
Eql elE]] ^}fzl q= Ag e-+.
dm/dt
m

(dmldtz[ f4o1sE, +r]]$r]-$.- oJfol4.) trt4^J +E ++ k"il qldl ffiol

CBfltrT.
dm
dr:k*
tr|^l 'J6l-H %r-^lc Ea+ Bot tl= 4*"ll +E+trt. olag ¤=$"1
Elql6ll^J
q+4 Aol zl+zlsE +r]ul-= 49 eolTl +lull 4;1 trE ol+oJ + 3t+=
4¤ 9"]aJtrI.
*(t) : mo ek'

E4slxl-b B4g-g +qd "Jol HlgE +r]6J ullzlzl a?l= ^la"J [t#71
(half-1ife)E .trB++.

{qH 2l) +E 2264 e}zJzlE lseo6ol+.

(a) ffi 226 ,<lf,z} 100 *e il4. r'J F9l Bol- :1. t+Egl dE+ql 4'J +61+.
^lg
(b) 10008 +9
4"+(mg)9 4q6l-?il +El+
(c) 4r}ol 30 mgeE ¤"lEE ql= txllqlzl-?

H
(a) m(t)E rH F"ll H= ?+E 226E d*{mg)ol+ E}zl-. r4E dmldt : km, m(0) :
lOOoltrl. IrI+^j 44 EE+q q-g¤ eb+.

*(t) : m(fi)ek': 100eft'

ft.el <tg 461-7] glall m(1se0) : l(roo)g ol$-aflal ts=+.

100elseot : 50, ,rsto* : I
15g0fr:hl:-ytl, O:-l!7
1590
 6.5
^l+81 =71.
H #4 417

trl+^-1 *U) : l00e-(hz')t/tse0 olr}. etn2 - 2oltr-E m(t)4l ril6J {+ q-q-rI ,Jtr+.

m(t):100X 2-t/tlso

(b) loooH +E e=#+ q-q=4 rJ+.

m(1000) : 100e-(rn2)1000/rse0 - 65 m8

(c) rfg-r1 +al mU): 30oJ ,el (tg. +6IEl +trf.

100e-0r2)t/159o : 30, ,-(rnz)t/t5eo: 0.3

oJHql zLEE:zE +{61]4 ,ql ql* %r'c^lg EE q-q-4 ?Jq.

lnz
1590
/: ho.3 150

trl-+^-l r: -1590 # - zt6zLlol+. r ru : l00e-(ln 2)t/1590

ql4l ze-l 4¤g q"J6}zl +1611, 4l+Izl E= e+q= ol+"1lrl :rH zs+ rJol
+Bd m: 304 *41 m(t)E r4sE rfl+. t : zB}}ql^J + +dol "J++. 0 4000

ra-lr "lfl{- (c)9 Br+ gz'loJ+. 1tl ,

JAL
-

r +EJsl 'J4 EEI

qH E¤E tsr+Ee r gEel gEe+ #H &s9 ;l-(sr ilTl q+ rzl ?++
E).ll Hlull+ri= Ag +Hfl "84 Bal(Newton's Law of Cooting)ol+r ++.
(ol H4+ E^l +oJql 4e"6J+ glri.) rl4r"J 4 E¤E gEE r(D* 6l-r.+
H9 &s= r,4 6l-8, hHE B4 H4g trIg- "lEHJ4^l o -+ +4ls1 B + ?l+.
dT
dr:k(T-7,)
{zlrJ ftE t}+o14. ol %r-C4l+ tr{ rJg ¤4= o}qzl"J y(r) - r(r) - r,
^l
E E+HS+6IH r,}. tl+ol.pE y'(t) - z'(r)ol_:r r+¤-4 eg "J4^lg g4
E+
dvr _ rLv
l--,
dtr -

trI+^J
^l
EE olgoll.rJ yql ql*J {g +6J f ?lz, :a4. o E+El rE +E+ +
et+.

{|qq 3l) gE-z4'cql^J B^} Hg7'coJ B+a "Jq

dq BH+.308+ ts71+
16'C-+- zITI+lA+.
(a) 30Bol rJ zlt +el Bil-9 Es- g"I-tlz}?
(b) BilE sszl 10"c.tr. zPf+lzl- rll Eul4 44btl?
418 6Er q--J+' xl+-cr+. +r-Ef+, qAt4-Et+

Eq
(a) rE + Bi}fl g-E-= T@a+ 6}zl-. iB s-s= r, -- l"ColF + hHE ts4 Hzlql
4+ +"" E=+.
dT
dr:klT-7)
y : T - 7ol4 6IE y(0) : r(0) - 7: 24 - 7 --t7ol-os. y:. 4¤-¤. EI+.Jr+

ff: 'o , v(o) - 12

^l
trql qcl q-gg tsE+.
y(r) : y(O)rr' : lJ ek'

r(30) : 160lE + y(30) : 16 - 7- gola El+^l ffiol cB+4.

lle3ok : g, esok : h
E:aE +l6IH e=+.

, _ h(#)
,,: ff - ^^^.,
-o'ozl2o

trl-+^l ++4 +El.

y(r) : 17
'-o'oztaot
T(t) :7 * l7e-o'oztzot

f(60) :7 + 17r-o'ozt2o(ro) : 11.8

30+ol ,:l zlt + Hil-E gE= E 11.8oc-tr i}Tl-+l+l+.

O) r(0 : 10oJ trI ,E 4I+I6IE .++4 A+

7* 17 e-0.42ntu : l0
e^-O.O212OI --r:.3
t,(#)
t-
-0.02120
- 81.8

T ('c)
24 eI talzj 228 +ql Hz.tel Srzl- lO"C_tr_ z|7t+l4l+.

4xll :ql^J ++ol CB.J Ae.a zl'ilEl- Ae ++6lzl-.

.I

limm r(r) : lim (l + lle-0'02r20t) :'7 * 17 .0:'t

r-) t---+@

0 30 60 90
(E) olag TlqloJ utq rJol BxIg gE= B1LT .ll+9 s-Eoll d=6h= 49 9"1
++. :H 3* ¤.E 6J+9 u4e= LIr}U4.
-ral
JE
2
!,
 6.5 rl+4
=71-
"t #4 419

r E+ +al olrl
(qfll 4l) 50008+lE tr+ 44"1& Zvo* +zI¤L+E rE + g4+ B4l=
s000(l .02) :5100EEloll, 2E + g4+ *41= [s000(1.02)] (1.02) : 52028401
4, rH +ql= s000 (r.oz)t E+lolr+. "J+4eB g+ Aool fl"I¤ r(ol {l4l9lrJE r
:0.02)E +4-6lE rH +o1l gzl# +41=Ao(1 + r),ol+. rflql ¤+zi_oE olzlql
ql6J +El= ¤zJ ruole. 4 zTA .Jq,Jq. olfl 4+ zJ tlzf,ul4 ol-g* rlnola_ t$

Etql= +rl4l+ zlzlol "rH ?I4 tri+^J g4# 6J4l= 4+4 e+.
nl
A:Ao l+- fir
qlE s000g4E: flol& ZroE 3LJ,J Fzl-6IH 94+ t+41= q-g=4 ,J+
=H
:
5ooo(1.02)3 5306.0494 ¤+4.J 4+
5000(1.01;o : 5307.60E.+l tlzl+4"J 4+
5000(1.005)r2 : 5308.3984 Ezl44'J A+
/ \ 36
o.o2
:
L2/I
s0001 I+ s308.928-El ge?-l'J 4+
\ -
/ 9.62 \ros'i
5000\1 * :530e.17981 s+49 4+
36s )
{zlr] q4414} 7l?JE 9If "ol 4dql 44 zlEs olzl-ts 6ziaJ.g g+ 9l+.
n---+ @4 +E ol4= fl+ +?.ltr. 4l4igr +]4# 6J4l= trl-94 ?JI:+.

A(t) : rirn
n+@
a,(, * a)"
n/
\

l
: o.[J* (, .
;)''' ].,
:Ao[,,*
"l_nr-*
(r* r)- (q7l^-l m: nf r)
1 m / l.,
fqLt ol Etralql^l +EL+ f ,4 rJ+(6.48e-l E s* 6.4*del E +3). trl 6.4trE E It= 6,4*po; EI:
^l ^l ^l
4rl flol¤ rolr fl+ +4E r'J F9 g;]+ CI4IE +-q=r+ *L+.
^.1

e: lim +-tl
A(t) : Aoe"

oI H}dal$ +¤¤ e=+.

"lE6}E
dA
rAse't : rA(t)
;:
420 68 9--J#: ^l+--J+, =r-Bt+, EAt4-Et+

olfl+ fl+ +?]e +xI'S Ell fl"]+ q}4el {iz|S* t zzlql Hlql+g "J6ll ++.
4^l 5000BelE ¤ols Zvotr 3LJrJ Fzl6J ql.tr. EotTl-^J g?]+ Ef4lE fl+ +4
-s 4l4l6l-E 4+4 e+g E + 9l+.
A(3) : 5000 e(o'oz)3: 5309.189E1

g+4e 4l4HL E4+ Et4l s30e.l7gele+ 4E e+ql +sl6l-xl-. rel+ fl+ +4

E "l+6IE +14+ EI4l 4l4}ol q fl+. I

6.s I t+=xil
1. EoI¤ EEfl{Saccharomyces cerevisiae; t$c.= +lrsfl ,tl- NzOs -+ 2NOz + lO,
*E s-E-+)g ^lrJ'J o.4rses.l HlgE oJ4617ll 5:zl*
gtslole+fl ++Eg q-g_!+ zJol :49 L"Eoll HlHl
4. azl.ilE 3.8Eq"J +_q__+ +^dqq gl+. 2^l+ F9 zli
+trIb 4,ol elEB.4.
^ll+E +6t+.
2. Afgt ulrll4oI9 ul]"Jszlg s0zflel TIzl dtY'l :
=7loll ^llsE - o.ooos[N2os]
r 9l+. H}]o}H]]xlql +"Jfl$ 41, u}|"Ja4$:z =zloll ul dt

46ll^J ¤=7t+r+. 1.5^l+ +,

^lls+=
eTsE 6zI1H4. (a) ztl }-Ezl CoJ trll /a +oll [Nzos]E so Eoll qlE]
^l
(a) ttlzS +, Eqlr-loi .tllEfoll +'il g:¤4g +6i4. g +614.
(b) 3^lrJ +, EHlqoI
^llE+= +6I+.
(b) N2o5E bEzt g{E e1votr- ¤qE= E1*ol 'JqB
(c) 3.,tlz3 F, ?zJ-&¤ +61+. ullzlxli EoI4 e4 ¤4EzI?
(d) 250,000q1 EE6J 4ztxl trE.l= g glqr
^llE+z| ^l++ 5. t31E elzJzl-=. 30LJol+. 100 mgel .rltrzl
EtoJzt? ^ll+
7t46tzt.
3. trl¤- s= 1750H+El 2000H4x1
^ll4l "J+E
uI"J H B P tsol 9l= 4E#g +o}4.
(a) rul
+lE +C+ dol4. (b) lOoLJ +
^lEe.l B"tzt Bot ?lEzI?
LJ-= LJ=. (c) Ezl 1 mgol E rllzlzl E"I4 44}z}?
?!+ ?l+
n50 790 1900 1650 6-7 EJ^ttl EA EE]| *¤ 44xl-==9
+4 gql +4"1 BI^IC
I 800 980 1950 2560
4E "JH9E rql +Eel ¤qlE edg + 9l+. -? fdol
l 850 r260 2000 6080
d-++ 4zlQj +49 7l-6|E A^= **7lil sT30H?l Bc
(a) zlf +¤4 l7s0H4 l800Hel "J+ +E ol$aN.rJ el E+lfl+ r4c.E Hl-fl+. 4Eg +7lE F6]l ol4}p+
%r-^l.4
1e00LJl} les0EE .J+= q+6I4. dxll
"JT +d= E+6Ir t¤E golrltg +6ll 'ocE E+,il4. 4E
^'ll4l
q u1:zalr_[. olr{ f,gol +sE EAq iI.¤+ol H+r '4c dill= %r-^J-c
(b) zl+EBr+ l8s0u3$ te00LJg oJ+ +E ol+4^J BrlE E6l] EA ,Ja++. f-E^l HJ^]-Cel t= t16J xl+4
.J+= ql+6}+. {xll _o _ts ,J{f,trl.
lesOHE
^ll4l "J74 ulnafe}.
(c) zl+Ee+ le00Erl- lesoHE .J+ += olgafl.<l 6. _a=E 4Eql llE 'oC HJ^ICE 74Vo AE?l + oJslzl
2000LJE
^ll4 e+= ql+6}+" ¤z,ll tl+e} Hli6|r 47+ol gdqfr.+. .JElzlE fl48 +46I?+.
iloldg ¤H6|?+. p+49
7. +E-" ++ EAE+ **7171 trj 7J Af,q1z;.21: eI
+. dE9 FdJl 45'cql^j s+qlH}+ol ule-$ ,Jol "Jqklqr rzg sduJ LJ)4 ,Jg g4E EqlE +4'g + 9l+. ,+
6tzt. zl'* + gl= 4lAE 40r oJg 0,t voola- 40K-+. 4l+I¤ +
 6.6 EAF4-E}+ 421

e"ol-!E E4= 68uJ u3o14. oor= 0l+6ll^-l +cg + 10. SEzI "J4+ dl$ql^J ;rr aoll "I4 4zl$ pE HE+g-
il= 4ql +He HnloJzI? g Pq Hlql6J+. ls'cql^J 6ll+Hsl 7l"J* 101.3 kpaol
a_ h: 1000 mofl.{E SZ.t4 kpaol4.
8. +g eE4= 9s.21- 8s'coJ seql^J 4.ilq d4gs;r (a) .;F 3000 mollxl 4zl"J¤- EuI"Jzt?
22"coJ rJ tlE 4lqql +gI'1. 0) ;rr 7l"Jg EploJzI?
"11il4 +I 4t}el
6187 moJ
(a) 308 F9l 4Ea9 ¤.s;l 6s'colE 4s+ +ql= e-
11. (a) 40008=lE flol& t.t\votr +zldJ4. olxlz[ rt¤. 7l
E-7I gtrloJTt?
aE +E-l"J oll s^1-'3E "Jel g"{6.J4lE +6I+
(b) AE4* fl41 4o"c-tr tlEz|?
(i) fl (ii) HIH (iii)g
e. ¤.e+= Btlrql^J 4B trll sEzI s.col:Z, :zflg 20.c #
.J %l qlql 258 +olE +qlb lO.c-tr g+7t+.
(iv) (v) "J (vi) E4
(b) A(/)E fl+ +4e 4+q fl4dJ41+ 6lxt. A(/)= EI
(a) 508 +ql +E+9 g=.= Hi,[oJzt? +61_= "l+Bl¤{l atl eAg 4+.
(b) s=E+9 ¤s= flzlJ 15"CzI ul=zl?

6.6 I qg?4el+

ol{ ¤ql^J= 4fl E+r+B++ +E= 6J+sl EE:+=- +6171 +lall 6.r¤9 z}]
'lg ++++- olfl 4gql= "+rJE q4sol 9l'I. EE +4++= cEqql^-l
"J4"Jol olrloE +r+++= q++E ?*4 *71 oll+ol4. r4+ "Jql"J 'J+
7l-ElE+ ol= ++q 4elEg 4l+E-s_EAl qEJ¤¤ ++g + fltrI.

r EA[?#f+: So!e[E-Et+
rH I : sin rb "J4oJoJ olq+= 4g .J + gl+. (+Ed *C
ql^'I
^L?IEr-+
y
H9 ole"fl+.) r4+ CEE$ AzJ l-rrl2, rrlt)E 4la-J6IE, ol EI+;. gql
"Jolly: sin19 xlq qlql E= #Eol +tl+(rfl 2 +a).oJ xllaJfl ^l-.J'J
+ /e-l E.J+= +{6lq zl-u. sin-rrJ arcsinsE ++t+ ol EI+E EAt?l=d+
(inverse sine function) Et- 0t=AloJ$+(arcsine function){I +4.
qEI+E 4q= +¤¤ g"ld4.

f-'(x): y <= f(y): *

} v
y:sinr
TI
2

_TT 0 J 0
T T .r
2 2

-ral rI
rEi aeJZ y=sinx, -is*s+
422 68 q--J+' xl+-'J+, +-r*+, qAf4-'J+

4alrJ 4¤¤ e=+

TI TT
1 sin-rx:1l <= siny:xolI 2
v
2

srn 'J f .t-- -- trl+^l -l < x < 1qJ^J sin-tx;. -n124 n12
^Iolel +E ^lqlz"|ol
,rolr{.
SIN -r

(oqdl I D ta) sin-,(}), tul tan(arcsin 1)g at+at+

Egl tul sin(rrl6) : loll rrl6Y -rr12* rrl2.xl'o191 9l-"se +s=r+ ?JE|

sin-'( L) :i
(b) 0 : arcsin : l"l+. rqE rB 3r+ rJol 4 0E += zl4+4¤9:.
l, + sin 0
3 g + gltrl- yl4r44 {rlE+q Hrql H9 zJolzl-.f_T :zJiil Ag ffi
^fl
qL4. ol zl4+4BsE+q +gg eE+
o. lt
-ral Q
tan(arcsinf) :turr r:+ I
JEV

ol 4+ qfi+ql 4eL Az]rlC4$ trt+$ ?JL+.

2- *s+ql
Tj qtdl sin-l(sinr) - x
2

-l< x<rql ql6[ sin(sin-lx) = x

E^|"JEL+ sin-r9 4elqg [-1, 1]oll zlgS [-rr 12, rrl2]o14, ol =rf9 :r
v
4E= rH 4e+ ,Jol xllflE .z4g(rfl 2)E 4d y - roJl qlql ql
;/ ^LqlEL+9
a^]4 "ErAl g-q.
^i.J++/- ¤+olo_e 6.1¤fl 4r.l Eq Eql q^l"J=J+E flao]tr|. E+
-1
0 _rr
2.44-E.+q 6.l¤el 4El Eql E6ll S,(l-oJg+r ul
ul-$zlS.6}F-e.
^Iql6J+zl-
T Ezl#a}4. 6.1¤9 4;l Eql el6ll sin-r9 EuJfE +g + glxlq} sin-1'3. u1g
2
zfi:afe-E ++r+ zJ"l *e+4se. ul$aN.tJ flrll EEI+= +6J + ?14.
feJ 4 I = sin-r.r = arcsin,r
y: sin-rr+ dlE sin y:xol-tr, -rrl2 S y S rrl2o14. sin y - xE xql +6ll *
6Jf4 " e
"lE6lE
q+¤ e=+.
dy :1, dv1
COS V
dx dx cos y

-rrl2 a y 5 nl24,\ cosy > 0olrrE q+r+ +Ll.

cosy: 1 - sinzy : JR (coszy * sinzy: 1;

trl4Al q++ e-+.

 6.6 qAr?_+-Er+ 423

dv1 I
dx cosy ffi

d ,\ I
tr dx
'rl :
---r -1 < x ( 1
-(srn JI-*,

(qIl| 2D f@: sin-r(*'- l)"J trll (a) /g 4s-lq, G),f,(x), (c),f,9 C9qg +
6I+

Eq
(a) HrI"J++fl ¤Eqol [-1, l]olu.e /E $EEg trl+r+ A+.

{, I -t 1 xz- 1 < l}:{, l 0 s n, < Z}

:{*|lrl< ,E}:l-'E,,El 4

f
(b) 4l tr4 ¤4lH4g AR4E trl+g Eb+.
_L
L

f'(*) : I d
, (x'- 1)
f
1-(x2-l {lx

1
1-
2x -4
_

1-
L-L
-
-2x2*l) ,fzaz - *+ -ral
JE
tr
!r

(c).f '9 {e]q+ +++ ?JLI. rB sE qllll 2el -st+e}:. _a-el'#9 r

aHs= LlElL.ltl, /= rIEETlEaf
00ll^"l
{*l -t1x2 - 1 < 1}:{*lo< xr<z} q, 0l7ie /'ol le|{ETl a= 001h1 arl
gil-JE +el6l.rl.
: {, lo < lxl < Ji}:(-,8,0) u (0,.u6) 7l EEur-r[=
^1¤rl
v

E=AtP.l-d+(inverse cosine function)- E^fqlEt+e.l- Hl+6J ILIH "E Eg- +

?l+. 4l+¤ =.,<[ola;-a,f(x) cos,tr, 0 < x s zr} "Jq]oJ aJfolr(:H 6 e]
-
a). :z+1-p_tr ol q++- $.Jfzl- zlE cos-ru| arccos"s +ElU+. 0 7f
7f x
=x]]6Lq 2

4 COS
_1
'x: ! <+ cosy:xoltr 0<y<r,
fEJ 6 y:cosJ, o<x<r

++4 e+. v
^4"J44e 7T

0<x<rrql qafl cos-l(cos x) : x

E :
-l<x<lofl {alf cos(cos-l x) x

Ea^I"J++ cos-iE {Eqol [-1, t]olr xlgol [0, r1o1q, ]{gtl tH 7 _l 0 ,t

,l rJg ¤+EI+o14. ol 6J+g +¤-r} zJ"l i"i4l+. fal 7 .) : cos-lx: arccosJ

=.sL+=
424 68 E-'J#: Il+-Ei+, +rFj+. qAt{Er+

v
d. ,.
--{i :
1
<x(
E dx' ---:. -l 1

-tcos - xz
'/l

2
0 2
x el
--l 6 e ^.1
Eg +tr uIeI ,Jg oJH o_e. gg + ilsq, ¤6E4l eql hla
+. +{EEI-+- atf, (n12, l,rl})tr- z,lla.JaJsEr(l "J4oJ ot-#zl EIE+ R
+ 9ttrt. :f 4 = -E qE{lEil+(inverse tangent function)t: *f /(x) : tan -r,
-T12 ( x ( nlz(t4 8)E q*+e. CEEI4 zlst tan-ruf arctan-e. +4ttri
fgB Y:tanx'-i-<x<$
7f 7f
7 tan-rx:y <= tany:lol-tr 2'2

(ql4l 3ll cos(tan-rx)E -E¤6I+'

'ZJ*61

Eqn y: tan-rr+ dtfl tan y - xoltr -T/2 1y < n/2o14. tan y$ "j-I. 9l"s
.E cos yE +sl7l +l6tl +++'Jol Hzl sec y$ +61= 4."1 rl ¤4.
sec2Y:1+lanzY:l*xz
secy : r/t + *' (-nlz< y ( rrll? nll secv > Oolp+)
tr++^l
'l+¤ e=+.
cos(tan-rx):cosr:# :#

EqE Eol loil^J4'Jol +4.J+el 6JE^l¤- ^l=+6I= 441 rHg ole"6|fl q d

4. y: tan-rxolfl tan y - rolFF :-B 9(y > OqJ e+)E+El tl# ts=4.
1*x2
.{

v
cos(tan-lx) : cos I
Jl*xz
-ral
JEV O

E+dlEaJ+ tan-l - arctanel Ce-lqg RolI ^lEg ?r12, rrlzlolq r4E

v
rH 10l} ++. r4l. q-+g "Jr 9l+.
=
7t

.]ffirr-tanx:
m' *-l)ff1ry*tanx: -oo
0
J trt+^l Eld x : +rr/2E tang fqlse] +zld=doltrl. tan-19 r4s= x]l6J
¤ E{leqI+E r4EEy -.xql ql4 ']]4^14 Hoge 4d y - rrl24y:
-zllY tan-r9 rqEe] +$4=Col g+. "]fl q+ ++e--tr EB
^t¤=e
f=J 10 ) = tan-lx = arctan.r s+
7T
8 lim tan-rx - -L , lim tan-rx:
r--->-co 2 f+co 2
 6.6 q84g+ 425

ilq4 4D Hm arctan(+)g 41416l-+.

x-Zi \x-Z/

EOI r :
r/(* - Z)al+sfl x
- 2*oil o|4 r+molt:r E trE F H4 +4-lql E
^l
6]] q+¤ Bb+.

lim
x+2*
'1\ t :
arctanf - lim
r+B
a.rctan l: -,2 r
\*-2/

tanol ul$zl-i:afE-E ran-rE ul$zl-u"afrJ. olAel EE.J+= +61-zl gldl y:

tan-lxt| +gE tan y - xol4. xoll +6ll *.J+49s trl-+g E-+.
"lE6l-H
dy
sec'y 1
dx
dy 1 I I
dx sec2y l+tanzy l*x2

d I
9 ( tan I
x)
dx l*xZ

+E q+4'J+Eg x|? ol*flxl ?*e+ &E6IE q*q_$ ++.

l0 y : (lrl > l)
csc-r, csc : y ,r, y E (0, T/2) U (rr, 3n/21
1,: sec-r, (lrl > l) sec y : .r, y E [0, T/2) U [rr, 3rr/Z)
): cot-r.r (x E R) <+ coty:x) y E (0, rr)

'|]6J ++E dqg "JHI4eE "Jxlqxl

csc-re| sec-re.l CEqlrJ y"ll g+.3+.
J
qlE EE qtr ;<]xl+ sec-ref Cslql^J y E [0, T/2) u (r/2, ?r]E,r.f-goJQ. (:z
B r4rEE+El +le-l de4 d?-l 10 e-l dqol E+ #+b
l1e.l ,t1flEql+el
a¤. g + 9l+.) cq EEqlrlg +zJ dq"l E-;14"J ol fr L EIE +^lEol rn 0 TI Ztr x
rt ++61-trt= 4ol'H¤+Exll 42 +4).
EEL+s E+4++89 "lE+^l"l
11qJ E-= ?l+.csc-r, sec-relcot-rel -E
fg 11 y:secx
E++ +^le.l +Ee ¤#Ex{ 10, ll"ll gl+.

11 Eg4*+9 EEt+s

dx'--- --/ - *rF

9(.r.-'*): 1

4 I
1r..-tx) :
dx''--'-l *rF
d (cot-,r):- I
dx'-"-'-/ I*x2
426 68 HE#: rl+Er+, +r:'J+, qAt4-'J+

+lel +4 +?+g g+IB44 aBg + 9t+. elE Eq u7l xel "lBzl-b+ El

+48 ffiol CB++.
d ldu
tan '
llt: -
dx 1, lu'dx-

( qd 5 D (a) y : +, '-r G) ,f(x) : .r arctan .6 trlE6}4.

sln =
Efl tul
dvd
*! a(sin-tx)-': d _1 \
(srn 'x)
dx - dx' -(sin-t4-z dx
1

(sin-tx)2,gffi

arctan x9f tan-lxts Hl+l ¤ # flts S.zl (b) f'(*) : (l*-"'1+ arctanl,li
oJ= df7ldl-rf. I + (y'x)-
: -.f , + arctanJi tr
2(t + x)

( ql$ 6 l) 6JF^l ran-l x * cot-l x : rr lZE +H6t+

Eo{9+H6I7l 9l"ll
"l4$4"l q gs+ 4* ol-HzloJ, "14+o+g
Eill ol+
"1
6l-E +H+ ot+ ,J+"I+. f (*) : tan-lx f cot-r.r + 6lE, EE xoll q16ll ++"1 C
BoJ+
f'(*) r*xz - -f-
L+*{:a
++ cel aI+ a46l7l +16ll x : 1¤ 4E6IE
rrl4^-l f(x) -- col4.
'l-# gEq.
tEl+6IH /(1)g 4+61 4l4I6J + 9ltrl.l

C:.f(1) : tan-r1 * cot-I I:

+ +
+
:;
le]F+ tan-rx* cot-l x-rrl?ol4. I

r qg?_f:d+et+el:d4E
se}*e 1lE 4 +4ss+q 4+ +4g +EB + 9l+. ,Le'- +++ F +4
e ++4 +tr]-.

12 l'+
J r/l-vz
dx:sin-rr* c

I
13 dx:tan-l.x*C
J x2+l
 6.6 qA'4-cr+ 427

ft/4 1

r/u Jl - 4x'
Eil sl4+6J+¤ trl+$ zJ"l *4.
ft/4 | rt/4

ffio*:)o
1
dx
J, Jr - 1zg,
rBlH ol 4Eg Eel ulfolltr u: ZxE_ zl+++. du: Zdxolgs dx -
^l
d.ullo1q. g.uJx:09 4l u:ooJtr, x:i"J trll u:LoloF ++4rJ+

tr

(q4 8D
I *#dx=+++.
Eil +",T1 &+g ^r 13 4 ++ EqE ut1zl +16ll ++r+ zJol *4.
dx dt
l?+a:l
1

a2
#.')
a
I
J
x)' .,
olxlf r.r -- xlaE zl{Idlfl du: dxf a, dx - a duoloE ++g g=+.

I xL+az
dx
az
r adu
) i-+ |
:; lr) fr:du I
ltan-'u r c

rz4= + +*-+ g+ ul^lg E=+

14
I?.Fd)c:*,*-'(, +C I Dl4E+oll^1 qAr4Er+= ftal:Er+
4E-g rll 6sol-/l
=¤
= ^l8Ecl..

(qIlI e|}
I?.rdx?+6i+
Efl , : x2 o E- +gE du:2x dxollE- a:3"J 4l E= olf-a|,tl ++g g=+.

g: z'5tan '(f) .'

rxl du11
irEo,.:;i "\
:
Itun-'(+) .' F
 428 68 E-d*:
^l+-'J+,
Er-B[+, q#4-Er+

6.6 I E+=xil

l-5 q+. Cq.J 6}9 +6I+. 23. lim sin-'x

;--1*
24. lim arctan(et)
^lE x+e

1. (a) sin-'10.5) (b) cos-t(-l)

2s. r+g rHql^l + 0= 4ql.E 6IBIE 4 pE d+ AB +lE
2. (a) csc-'r,E @) cos-t(t5tz)
ol- d o e *o}"F albzl?
3. (a) tan(arctan l0) (b) arcsin(sin(5rr/4))
Bz
*. tan(sin-'(!)) s. cos(2 sin-'(fi))

6. cos(sin-'r) : |- xz 'Jg +E6l+

i"
J

trt#
7. sin(tan-'r)E rJ+61 6l-4.
I
EE 8. trIS E++9 :4gE Eg'J tr7lg+Hq :aEr qBrll A 5

fl*q=z) ar1a14 rl44zt +zlqql zl4q 9l+. al-44 oI

26. z)ol7l- s mtJ
y: sin x, -nfT 1 x1 T/2; y: sin-rxi y : x 4 ¤ol qel Hlqlstr+El t m/s9 +qsE ulz*lzl{
qql^j ol.fl1 pzlzlE 4alz| 3 m
e. E+ ,Jg *H o -+ cos-r9 EB+q Ell+
^l EIg
+ ^l EolTltrIE, ^Itrl-7-l
^l 7I El.= ++q1 H ^Iolel 4¤ EuI4 mt-Ezll H
8614. ^I+4e+
ElEl}-TI?
,o.*(cot-lx) : -#g +EBt4. 27-28 3.5¤E zleg qE q+ +cg rq+.
d ! I /
,r.;(csc-'-r)
-t, o
y: +)
Y \
: x-
ffig+8614. 27. sin-r(
\r r- r/
Ze. y tan-,x

12-1e +g ++e.1 E*+= +6|+ 7ls"d zJ$oJ alef.

T 29. f (x): arctan(cos(3 arcsin x))oJ 4l A+El 4f;ll4lE "l*
12. /("r) : sin-1(5*) 13. y : (tan-'x)2
"ll^J/'!+/"¤- al4I6L+. f, f" f*9
r4EE ol+6ll^J /el
14. y : 1*t-r48-- 1 5. y : arctan(coso) 4lqlB, 44Erl H+EE x+lEE +461-4.

16. f (z): 1-2+\

/(x) 9 zI^J gH]4oJ qE6J+E
earcsin(Z2)
30. +6].+.
17. h(t): cot-l(/) + cot-t(l/t)
31-37 trl-+ 4+g +++
18.Y:xsin-lx+R r-tr 8 l1/2 sin-lx
l'
./,\ t-
19.y:tar-'\;/+ln! _+,
31.
Jt/Ji I * x'
r 1*x-
dx
"'Jo ,tFFd.
r (arctan x)2
33. I 34. )#dx
J 7*x' ^dx J x'*l
: cos-'(3 - 2x)4 -EBJ+E +61+. "l ¤.+e+ I narcsin
x
rtz
20. BJ+ sk)
J| \/l - x"
85. ,ix 3G. | ,_dt
J ll - 1o
EEL+E 4Eqg +6I+. ldx
3'' J - +,*)
21. g(x): xsin-l(xla) + $6 -7 g ql, g'(z)E +6i+. l,(r
ffi22.-J+ /(x) : | - xz arcsinxel EEt+ "f '(x)E +6i+ 38. {lzll 8E H}Hg ol$all,tJ d > 0g trI 4+g _Hoi+.
f q f 'E r4sE uJlall.! Bol 4B-aJzl +ql"I+.
r1 dx:
23-24 4+ +aJg +6I+. |" ,-
A'- .,1 X'
sin-r (;) +C
 6.7 S+C-E}+ 429

3e. 4ts¤ HolE 611416}r,r 4dql yq +611 4tsH.sErq 41. ql4l 6e-l %r-ts$ oJ$afi.<J tr.I¤.6JE4lg +H6t+
fi sin-lx dx$ z{{!a}e}. 2sin-r-r : cos-'(l - 2x'), x>0
40, -rr/2 ( arctanx * arctan ! < rrl}alfl ,y + lql tflEil
qH zJxl+ y : sss-ry <+ secy :.r, y e.lO rr/2)
42.
ffiol dB+4 u (n/2, ?'lE Celf,4. ol {EE 0l+619 trl+-4 ,J¤-
* arctany: *'
arctanx afctan
|: - xY g trq+.
orag or+6}q q# +H6t4. tr
\--- '-/
dx
1r."-'ri
lxlJxz - 1 ' lrl> t
(a) arctan | + arctan I: n/4
(b) 2 arctan + + arctan i : n/+

6.7 l$+fl:Bt+

r Ef+,utrF+stE-d+
zl+E]+ er4 e-'4
"]tr tr=Jg fqtol+ ¤+Eolql^l xl^i ol+Elq, =EBJ H
ag +q++. olS Sfg +4Et+e+ E+C dql^J Hl+6I+. tzJoJfz} 94 +
4l7I il= axlH olEg *zJ"l t1-+d4 +flol gltri. olfl ol]gollal ol= dill
E g+fl g+(hyperbolic function) el- ap zfl p { _q__s= S+d lte.let+(hyperbotic
sine function), g+C A$glet+(hyperbolic cosine function) FgE- $fltr}.

8+fl-J+sl Bsl
sinh -r : e' - e-'
csch x
2 sinh x

cosh -r : -e'* e-* sech x

2 cosh r
sinh r cosh x
tanhx:-- coth x
cosh x sinh x

rd}+d
^l-.J4 %r+c
T }oJel r4st" lB 1, zq ?Jq.
v v

y: cosh x v
I
v- ^ e" y:sinhx y

y: -ie1 -r y:ieI _, l"

y: re n x

y: -1
0 x

:1=J t ): sinh x : Le' - lr-' =aJ

2 y: cosh x : Lze. + ir-. f.H 3 y: tanh"x
 430 68 EB*:
^l+-Bt+,
+-r-Bf+, qd4Ef+

sinhel CEqr+ zlqg tr+ Rol+.+Eql cosh9 {elqe Roll. ilqg [1,
*)o14. ranhg r4s. re 3r+ Asq, +¤d=d y - tlg *-tr}(E#E4
14 +6).
%I+C++fl H zizl fel4tl ¤+g Ttlql^l g 4ol+. 4qL4 ="qtqlE *
¤+ H, 4E, 4zl, %r-^Lb 'Jg ¤illz} E4lzlsE *+E144 atrE]- 4+ql
y
"J"lt+. r ol,ft = +4 ¤tlg r^J+dEt+tr t.¤6J f glzl ollEol4. 7IxJ +
E+ ¤-+g a4 il- ddq BqlE ¤H6l7l +16}l t}+d i^l-oJg ^l*8-6Fb a
olr+.+4r +E6l-41 +lqd dd(dcl-dol+ dqd E")ol ,Jg *olE + d
^I
olql AA ilqfl, r +dg ,J{^l y : c r a cosh(xla)tr- -E¤El= +d E"J"J
ol E+g + flsq r +dg ¤#c(catenary)ol+ ql+(rH 4 ela). (+aq
0 -t'

fal 4 E+d _Y = c * a cosh("r/n) catenaY'^I^= g 9 "l gL4. )

.t|+dEL+E E tri= +¤+ Hl-+sl EIE= 7l+ts 4 +4+ri. +col doJ E
e7l= zi_a44 s4olt z3ol rtJ EIEE +E- ++ Et+E EEtrLB+.
L
u.I u: LaL tanh (ry)
2n
I
fal S 0l84oJ Hlrf trl-E {zlrl e=+qz}4ro141re s, ¤+E4l 2e +4\
tL+dEr+Eg ¤.Jrl4l +4EI+EE 6JE44 HI+E.J =J¤-4g r*=+. fE
I .J++ q+4 Asq ql+Eel +Ee EA=E4]E E+.
"r-4

#=flEt+sl
:d#!
sinh(-x) : -sinh r cosh(-x) : cosh r
cosh2x-sinh2x:1 1-tanhzx:sech2x
sinh(.t * y) : sinhx coshy * coshx sinhy

cosh(x * y) : cosh x cosh y * sinh.r sinh y

6o
G

{q{! - sinh2,r: l, (b) 1 - tanh2x: sech2xE +86}+

E
o

E
1D fai cosh2r
o
T
o
? EgI
^lloJ_E+o1^0il
+C iAloJ-Et+E
?i= 1l0l_=.qlol
0186t|^l
0lxl= 8l
¤fllfltl.
(a) coshzx - sinh2x : ('+)'-( et - g-'
2
2

e2*+Z+e-2* e2*-Z+e-2*
4 4

4
-1
4

(b) (a)91.<l +HE +g 6}+4ss ^l4l-J+.

cosh2x-sinh2x:l
 6.7 ts+d=J+ 43'.a

"JHg cosh2x-E. ++H, +¤¤ e=+. v

P(cos t, sin r)
. sinh2x
:- 1

' cosh2.tr cosh2x

7 0x
--1 1-tanhzx:sech2x tr
x'+y2:1
qlxll t(a)9lrJ +B+ 6J¤-4g %l+d'J++= HaE 4'ecql 4+ ¤ol-4E
-zrL .
E1 :IH 6

,7I .JEE ¤folts, ¤ p(cos /, sin r)ts cos2r + sin2, - 19 Hl+6'lE=E ++l
fl. x'* y' :1 +jql +q ilq. /- rH 6ql^J Lpog\ +q.J ++lE + ) P(cosh t, sinh r)
^Id+
c¤ <tol+. rfl ol+E +4.J+= olltrllE gq+++nE
oJ+.
nf{zfzJE gEfl ¤+ ,ql ql6ll E p(cosh /, sinh r)i. coshz t - sinh2 r: 14
coshr > 19 trJ+oIEE 6t+d *'- y, - lel s_E-+ Exlql +q flq. ol A+ql 0 ir
r- 49 qElrllzl g+-rl. rel+ /= rH Tel 4e,*.tl+d gE Holel + Ell
EoloJ+. uf{zfzltr +4,J+"J {+qlE /- rH 6el 4e+ fl ¤q HolE
=
+ H}]E 9"1=J4, *'-y':L
%r-+dEt+el Eq++- fl41 4l+Its + ?ttri. q= Eq q-q=4 +q. -tEl
JE,
-r

d ,. d / r'- e-'\ e* * e-*

:coshx
;(srnnx): dr\ 2 ): ,
f+d++9 "lE +{g El} rJ+ +4'=r+"ll
olql 4t "lB +^14 +^l-o.1_zl

"J +Eql flq^l E +E+= 49 +el6l-zl.

1 8+CEt+sl E:*+

fr tt *,) : cosh r fr {rr"nx) : -csch x coth r

fr {"ornx) : sinh x
{ t *nx) : -sech x tanh x

fr ftunnx) : sechzx kornx) :

{ -csch2x

+le.l +41=e g4l]H44 ¤B'J + gir+. qlE.E ++4 +Ll.

(qHI 2D y: cosh.E"J 4 dyldx? +6f+

Eil *e tr$ fl^llflzlg ^I-S6IE +g+,J+

dY d (.o't
ff: f r/;): :, r d /- sinh',-f
t . / \ sinhfi.;J.:ff
LV*
E
432 68 9-d*: rl+:"J+, +-r-'J+' qd4Ef+

r Euqdil+slEE+
rH EFol sinh$ tanhts 94"J alfolug sinh-'$ tanh-r-E +44
1r+ 3ql^-l

- qe+zL *zll*4, rH 2oll^l cosh* oJ4oJ Elfzl- olHg E + gi4. :4

+ 4Eqg [0, oo)E z]loJa]fl Bf y: coshx] "J49 E]foltr, E. A]5ol
zlq tl, oo)el ?JE+.q#dr-+d a^hoJ6J+b .l xll6.J¤ ++E q6J+E 4q¤+.

Y: srnh 'x
I

<+ sinhy: x

tr y: cosh-lx coshy:xoJtr.y>0
): tanh-lx <= tanhy: x

4"lxl qtL+d'J+E Hl*6}rll 4qg+.

rB 1,2,3* ol$all,! :aH 8,9, l0oll^J -H-= AilH sinh-r, cosh-r, tanh-r9l
r4s= rg + ?t'1.
I .v

"v

0
0 _rr

0 -{

lE 10 ) = tanh-r x
fBB y=sinh-rx =H 9 ):
cosh-r x

EqE = R, ilq = R ¤gl$ = [], *), xlE = [0, oo) ¤9q = (_r, l), xlfl =p

,idr-+dB+= zlfolftr 499ee, E%r-+d'JfzI trl6L+E E.¤E + 9l

rl= ojol olLl+.
^Id+ Eg
uJuJ

3 .tffiT),
sinh-tx: h(x + rER
qlfil 3oll^1 E^l E=
=E-drl.
a^l trql 4 cosh-'x:h(x + rffi), x 21
E6Er1l 160P 'J7lEtl.
=Eg *'\,
5 tanh-,x: +rn(
' I -1 < x ( 1

\l-*/

(o{l{l 3l) sinh-'x : h(r + J*, + t)gg Eq+.

Egl y: sinh-r,r+ +-sE q+4 A+.

x:sinh r:4 /.

l*l-o_+ ev - 2x - e-v: gol-tr

"JHql eig E6ttL r', - Zxev - 1 :0ol+. olA
 6.7 S+d-Et+ 433

3 q+r} z;-ol evgl 96 olifg4+lol4.

(er),-Zx(et)-l:0
*q +4lql uI+ trl+g E=+.
2x+ ^@Z
t :V-rL -f l
-T--,1 2

{zlrJ e-'} < rF + tolr=F) x -

oolxJ"J(x ffi < 0ol+. tr1.+^J *g pA
6l+Elxl ?+r q+g eE+.
=
e!:x+rffr+t
r4F-=- y : ln(ev) : h(x + ,m)ol+. oJi" sinh-,.r: h(x + \F+ t)"lg
Eq ++.
(+= E"l %r-Hg E+E4l 15ql fl+.)

E Eg+til+et EEr+

tanh-'g|. coth-rxol S-945 ,Jrl :aJ

Ll 0l -Br+=E trslfi= E.$o-+ s-Jol.
,Jol H,rl. +
-E
ranh-rxts lxl < tg rfl,
coth-rxts lrl > loJ 4, 44 EslEtl".

4r-+d'J+7I E+ ul$zli.olE_e qt}+d++E ul.gzft.a|+ Eq +4g

EEL+,,1+H E= +4 E, E, E= "l+Ell^J +Eg + gl+.

(qq oD
*(sinh-',): #g+Ha.4.
Eotr ): sinh-'14 ts9H sinh y : nol+. xgJ *al *Bf4 " + E]+,I-H trl-gg
e=+.
dv
coshy;;: 1

ql¤ cosh2y - sinh'y : lol-tr. coshy > 0olEg cosh y : 1 * sinh2y ol+. q{^J
q_.q=q. ?JI;+.

dy_ I 1

dx cosh y 1 f sinh2y JR
Effi qlzll 3ql^J +¤g +41 EeE+El +¤+ E=trI.
434 68 E--J#:
^l+Ef+.
+r-El+, E.g4-cf+

dd
*dx (rint -'r) : fdx tr(* + ,ff + t)

x*.,fxl*ld^x'
4G+',ffi1)
t/)c\
_ 11-r:l
-
x+Jxz+l \ Jx2+tl
_ J*'+t+*
(x + J-*\ t),p * t
1

,F
{ qq ,D *[tanh-l(sin r)]E +61-E+.

Eil +e El} fl+IB4g ol+61-H +*g e=+.

L* fr"*-r (sin .r)l :
l -+rn rf ft {rin *l
1 cosx
: --------------- - COS r : ------- : Sca .{
I - sin'x cosa

(qtd.D
l, #=+6I+
Eil +4 E ts= qlxll 4)¤- "l+Ell^l r/,FFE EEq++z| sinh-rr"rg "Jtrt. r
qEF
'l+¤ ts3tr1.
I[r *--
dx : sinh-lx]f : sintr-' t
Jo,M
: h(l + ,E) (41 lrl-q-E+El) I

6.7 I E+=xil

1-r q4- {tg 4h}6}+. 6-12 trI+'JF l¤. +H6t+

l. (a) sinh 0 (b) cosh 0 6. sinh(-x) : -sinhx (oJ ,tl-!E+El sinhE: zl+f"l4.)
2. (a) cosh(ln 5) (b) cosh 5 7. coshx*sinhx:e*

3, (a) sech 0 (b) cosh-'l 8. sinh(x * y) : sinhx coshy * coshx sinhy

9.coth2x-1-csch2x
4. 8 sinhx * 5 coshxE e', e-*4l+6ll E¤61-4.
10, sinh 2x:2 sinhx coshx
5. sinh(lnx)E x9 +4Ei+E E¤6I+.
11. tanh(tnx):
?-
 6.7 g+d-tsf+ 435

12. (cosh x * sinh x)n : cosh nx * sinh nx(n! "JglE ¤+) {zlrl s+ +47t4sol'Hrfl s +E). ffi $ftol
,Jg Eq^J zl'*+ ol+E ¤H6Iq.
13. cosh"r : ;, .r > OoJ 4l ;gJrl q-= %L+d"J+el {tg +
6i+. u: t,,
\;
14. ,**+d*+E ¤EE ol+ql^J +* ++g +8I4.
30. d+Col 14m Eq4l dt+,tPlql,<J tr+d
(a) x
tanh (b) tanh x
,Igg ,\ry; y:20cosh(x/20) - 15E gojg-tr_
"]]BEJ tl4. {zlxl
(c),lgg sinh.r (d) sinh -r r,yE +fl= mol4.
,qL
(e),1g1" sech x (t) coth -r (a) dsld+ e_E+ d+lizt EI+= *ql^-l *d9 zlg
,t1x
7lE +614.
(g) tim coth r (h) lim coth.r
x-0+ x+0- (b) dp+dr+ d4l+ rlolg ,+ e= +6I+.
(i),r,]qcschx (j) Jgg+ v

15. y: sinh-rx-tr- *:-Z E++{l Z4 {lzll l(a)oll,tJ xe} yE

HI+q^i {lxll :9 trl= 6]]E +"I4.
16. (a) {lxll :9 %fB O) rl#H: e}gl^J x4 yE ut1 1 0 7x

"l ^.1 trE +H6I+. 31. (a) y: A sinhrzx * Bcosh*,849 "JEE Elfb "lE
17. trI-g +q+] .J+q E+++ql 4'* s 6ql^J +q4l +^lg :
%l¤41 y" mzy! EI+Elg Eq{.
+H6I+. (b) y" :9!, y(0) : -4, y'(0) : 6g "J+dl-= y: y(r)E
(a) cosh-r (b) tanh-' (c) coth-r
+61-+.
++ ++E E6J+E +6I+. 7l!" * ,* ,J+61 6I+.
18-27 32. +d y: cosh/sl slL ¤ql^l dCE zl$zlzl r"Jzt?
18. /(x) : cosh 3x 19. h(x): sinh(.f) 33-37 4+ 4+g +o.14.
20. G(r)

22. y:
: sinh(ln

sechx tanhx
r) 21. f(x) : tanh.6
23. g(r) : tcothJt' + I
,,.J sinh x coshZ-r dx 34.
IY*
2a. f@): sinh-t(-2x)
cosh x
,t.J cosh'x
____________:_

- 1
dx 36. f'-La,
l+Jp-9
25. y : cosh-r(sec g), O < 0 < qrlT e'
G(u):
=r.! l-e"
26. cosh-r l*u2, u)0 -^dx
21. y: xsinh-r(x/3) - J9 + f Ess. (a) :z4s Eb hHE "JHg olgafl.rJ %'-A4l
: 1 * sinh xel +^tElE +El+.
cosh 2x
d
,r, * arctan(tanhx) : sech 2x?9 Hq+. (b) +41 y : cosh 2x9{- y: I + sinh",roll el6fl +41¤ ¤
qel H.lE +461+.
2e. f{ol d.J g=7lql ,Jol 1ol u}Ezl- 4s y-tr. +zl"J+
E trl+4 rJ+. 39. a+0, b l0ol4. ae'* be-"tl 4%I+ f a, Bzt ez|]6|]
r.'l asinh(x + B) E= acosh(x + B)e+ g+g Hq{. +

a: LaL
?rr
tanh (r) ^l "J5H^J f@): ae,+ be-, Bq]E 'ls-l E= eI+=
+6I.4+ +qlg ,.J+C rl"J"l4 Adr-+d Eal-qlo14.
ol
436 68 q-Et+' rl+-cf+, erEr+, qAf4-'J+

6.8 I +EEal'EtrlEJ HEI

El# r(r) : #g zL7lE E4611 Ezl. lc':. x : loll^-l dslElzl tJ:xltrJ r7l-

I ++ql^J r7L q$4l +zlol=zl "J ¤szl- 914 tl-$- +6Jg'Jr d+.
=61
lim_lnx
1
x-lx-l
ol +6Jg 4l4I6J trll tsEq ++oJ 0ol-EE +6J Hzl s(+el +E.Jg *oJ9 #ol
tr+. 1.6¤ eLa)E 4+'J + flr+. trel ++ol +zll6lq+E EE$ ExI
^Id ^l
7l-E+ O"il d=6}r 3g 4gq4 $s-:.8 +q}{}e EEdIzl ?++

r +EEr8,*el
x-aH 4 /(x)--+flo]tr s(x)_-goJE ++r+ rJg B{fl +'Jg
oJHlzl_oe.

+4g. +E ¤zlldtzl t*¤] *.5r flsq, "Ifl EqlE 8Eq FEB(indererminare

form of type 3l.l+ +tr}.

lim
f (*)
-Y+A s(x)

16r-ql^-l olfl ¤E]]E ++ H zlzlE gq*4 +il++ql ql6ll t+q-4 zJol *.E-
.J+= 446}]^l +6J-g +6J + 9t+.

x'-x : lt x(x- l) x I

,-tx,-l
Itm ---;-------:-
.Il 1r*1X, 1:JTl x* 1 2

2.4¤ql^J ++5 -E-olzl +16l] 7l6l-+4'J tHg ol¤-8H4.

stn x
lim _: I
x---+0 X

rq4 olfl ,JHe

^l
tr+ rJg +.Jql= 4e"6J + fl'l
+*ol HEEIzl ?+e +E 4+b rel +¤E=dg +6171 9la1 qg- ++g
4l+IB E,q-zi 9l+ *IoltrI.

lnx
2 lim
x-*X-l
-
x--+moJ trll EEel Ezltl EF +S,ol 4zlII-E ++g 41416l-= "JH+ HEo]-
xl t+trt. tsEel $xf .r.1o1ql 4Bol li4. +zl-71- olzlE +++ mzf EII (Ezl-7h
EEE+ rJ uufezll +71++.) EezI olzlH +** 0ol g+. E- qtr 4Elol
ol+q4 +E glErll, ol a+ ++* +6-J6J "JfzI E 4o14.
"JHI4_" e x + aH 4l /(*)
+ m(E_i -co)ol-tr, g(x) -- * (E= -*)olH ++
 6.8 +tr:drl trtrl=J E4l 437

r+ ,Jg B4 el +6Je +zHg +E ¤4l6Fxl ?+g f tr gl ola EE}J= ffiq

" E,
FEfl(indeterminate form of type H)oli+ tJtrl.

/(r)
.g e(.)

saJ+ ++Eql 4all Esq 4l.r-il"+E +E, Exl-= 44

3.4poflal +FI6J+.=
u]+.ceal olfl ¤qlE ++g +61. %FHg tr}fl't. qE trl+g e-+.
=E
,- I
turl
x2- I -. ' x'
.l-llll
l-o I
,-*2X'*l - ir+oo
nr- I 2+O 2
L')c'

-
ol %r-Hg
^l
tre+ eC ++"ll{- 4*4xl ?+=+.

r E4EJ EEI
olr] 3B E= HBel +4Bq +*g 4141617l +ldl Eqg B4sE .Jel4l xll4l
4"J ,JH¤ +zgo34.
v
f
Etrl=J ElEl ag .g*afi tHlzJ{aE 419 zl^L" )ql^l E}+ f * szl ulgzJ-=-o 6p., g
s'(x) * 0oJ+I 6rzt.

,lg1 /(x) : o, *l!X e(r)

: o 0 a x

rr
Jt;'
r- lim /(x) : t@n *-a
lim g(x) : *m v
x-a Y:mr(x-a)

(+^l g6IH 8, H +C¤ol+.) rqts trl-.s ++9 *Hol molzl4

=zl]6l-E(Ei
-m) ffiol ^dB6J+ Y: mr{x - al
0 x

ral I
JEI

:aJ l3 -e.trl= HElol dgg 7|Al{o+

NorE 1Hzlg +qd 44+ El+6]+ a+ E++el +E +oJe- EEL+E rE oJ^l-dtl. fl flq r4sE ElE7l.=El +
-tr-vlB
el ++4 ,J+b 4,9 9"laJ4. ol Hzlg 0l+6171 d"fl f * s4 ++ql 4+ adg --J+,t 971 x ---+ aoJ [}|, OoP tr=-Et=
+"Jo]-= 43,11* +s6l+. Eq Er-[. E (a,0) +=E qEHo-}| 7lE,
ralsts Tlsl rldse EoJ A0l+. :4
NorE EqB B4e 6J+ +oJr+ +.Jq+ *el ++4q1^lq +.Jql 46ll^lE q
2 Ll drllE t 4dolalE F Erll
aJ#71
raJql^lilH r?i=el Hl= E-*+q HlTr
B"l-+. 1,'x---d+ xla+, xla-, x--+m,.r+ -oo + qL 4g++ qil,{lrJ E ?iolrl..
+ il+. mlx-al:*,
mz(x - a) ntu
NOTE3 f(o): s(a):0olr f'4 s'ol ¤+ol4 s'(a) t Oql 5E.J 4+qlE E4 olaP q"=g g^l--Jrt.
g H4ol 4*EgflrI E+'J + gl+.^Id 2.144 EEr-+q 4Eel EtrIsBE}l tr
.. ---:--:-:
llm
l(x) Ilm f'(x)
E ol+6l]^J +¤¤ e=+. *-" g(x) *-" g'(x)
-
438 68 E--J#: Il+-Er+. +r-Er+, qAl4-Ef+

EEIE lirl f(*) - f(")

EtrlB E4lg EaJ49 +l+ El_ts+|4 rrrrr
f '(x): f '(o) x+a X-A

= gulEj(1661-1704)9 O|EE t4,l'1 i;i g'(x) g'(a) s(x) - g(a)

lllTr
EBfl^l.J rri= 4+14 ++rl Ell - -: )(+a X-A
=
=+01(1667*1748)7|. "JA-.J AOlq. - .f(") f (*)
qe= l'Hospital rH+loll I'HopitalE E
: lim- x-a
7la 4= E ,ioltrl. ral+ Etrl== -
rl+lE olEg I'Hospital-tr ETlqfl=Ell
;';; s(x) - s(a)
I7,q17l01l= -EE 0l=l4l E# x-a
^|t8:",Itl.
sooil4 trt_E+147f rl-cE E4E f(x) -
:lim-:lim f(a) f (x)
: g(a) :0olE
=ril
¤8617l +ldH qlE E Aol+. x-a glx) - gla) x+u s(x)
v@) _+l

^l-E-Ll

+A¤ 8ql ql+ E"lB HzlE "J+4ql He+ q qBJ+q +Hg olt ¤el
¤.il +qd+. +48 ffiql ql=J +He rF+Eql^J *g + 91trt.

(ql4l 1D
Jryfr.+6I+
Efll ],:l ln x : ln I : 0, JT] (, - l) : solus ol +6Jg 3gg +4qol+. u++
^J
Er4g Hzl_g- olS-all.! ++g g=+.
d
_flnx)
@ eol= HEI= Erfef EE
A|.B--J rrtl
ln x dx '-----' : l/*
E q.eqE E|E6|4, +el H4E ol8dl lim
x*| I-
lim
x+l
Iim
x+[
rl ?J=Et.
1 d
, (x-1) -I
-: ax

:lim--l1
x+l -f

ri* $* +6I+.
ilqIll 2l) x+@ X

g ol*"l]^l q+¤ E=+.

aA 2= qllll 2oll ?l= *Bf+"| re||irE d
- (e-\'
LlElL.! rl. r l+6J+= TlErllE-Bf+_E rl +r e* dx' :lim- ex
lim
i-o X'^:lim
U uul-_e7jl Il-¤= 0lEl gtr ?l i-* d x-n 2X
=71-.Jtl=
qlfil 2ol ql8El= \x')
7l nHE0il, *
=zl-=
olrl-. E+Erll 38= Eaf.
=rl
x--+ mE rll e'--+ ffi, 2x+ ooolF-tr- +Hql fl= +6JE +4$ol+. trl-^l t H gul
20
E+
E
Hiil
tl'--
o zl_Q-*Ird
--1 O "l L-l rI-Q--a- olLr}
EL-l .
=, -l E =

e' e* e*
lim
,:lim-:lim
x+* XL x-* 2X x-n 2-::c
e
-t

0 l0 (ql4l 3 |) ri* 9. 41416l-+

*-n 4x
-ral t
Jd C-

Efl , --) cooJ ull ln r ---) co, 6 - molss Eslg B4g 4+6IE ++g eb+.
 6.8 +tre4 eq=J E4l 439

ln x l/x l/* reJ 33 qlfil 30ll 9l= -Er+o; tafl=E

;:a lim , r* : ;;;
lim - : i-i lim -------
LfEfL.ltf. Pr-El+E SAJ tsqEt ailH
i; l*-tr, tt(zrf)
-- x *oJ rfl 6o
EEEI ETldlT l ttl|.Eoll,
-
+Eq +oJg 3gg +48"14. :44 {lzll 2e} z}o1 sqB Bzl¤. + H 4eo6l- E E=-ettl= At¤E q|Alg + ?,ltl..

E qltq {g ++fl 6|E trl-.q=$ g+. F Hall sElB Bzle 4+'J Eszl-fl4. 7

ln-r l/x 2 y: lnx

lim -:lim-:lim-:0
,-* x-* *-* ,/* r'"1
J*
Jx I /lTr/* )
0 10,000

{lxll z4 3ql^J ffiE9 ++g +}}zl"J EHr}. qlxll zql^l E

^-ls +-q ¤r+= -1
Eel l-H-4 Ex|9 e',ol El #+61 f;zl-Efl.,r1 Hl¤-ol zlxl=p ++ +qlE trrl¤
: rg3
eflq. ¤xllE y -- e*+ E= ,lEzll+ EL+ y x'-H-+ q Bq #ztaJ'HE+E
zll 38).
"le.l-+qlE
qlxll 3* Es.zl Ezl-ts4.]E_E_:" ul$ol e+ Oql
=d6.I
trE +6J#ol [olr].

(qltt4D
Jgi.,lry.=+++
EOI ,-*OoJ ull tan x - x+0, gol.pE r+s=J+ zJol g.4E Bzlg- 4s"6J4
x3
-
tanx-x :[im------:-
sec2x-1 :aJ 4oll 9,13 :aflgb qlll 4q
lim
,-o " ;=o 7illo+ EfoJ,(l4 raJLl 0l=rlE
rall
xt 3x2
=rl.x7f
s= '=U tl +tHEJtlE 4f01E0ll ttl
+HE ++ol 3¤olt]_=. Eqg H4g +^l 4+++ a[ tan .rE -rCIl trEalz I tttlEoll +Eq-Lr
reHE= EAI =J A0l+.
sec2x- I: Zseczxtanx
lim
x *o 3x'- lim
x+o I
6x

lim sec2x : I olEe qs_4 zJol zJt6l *tr|.

Zseczx tanx I -. . -. tanx: I -. tanx

lim-:
;+0 -limsec'-tr' lim -lim tan x-'l x
6X J r+0 x+0 X J x-0 X v x-
-1
ErlB H4g Ha|] tan xElr;r olul gr gl= +4
(sin x)/(cos x)E 0
^ll ^l-*6|44 ral
EL+ ++g ol-gall.! ulxl"+ ++g 4l+g + il+. rBlH ++g e=+. 4

lim tanx-x
x+0
seczx- 1
- :lim-:lim
x-0 -r-0
Zseczxtanx
X' 3X' 6X

I tanx I sec2x 1
lim_:_lim_:_
x+o r"1
J x J-r+o I 3

(qfll 5D,q-ffi-E+61+
Eil "J44
0 -+ ErlB Ezlg 'l+r+ *L+.
^l-+6|E

J:*_ H+: -c.

x --+ zr-91 EI+ Ezl= sin x --+ Oolzl"J +E(1 - cosr)= Qg_tr d=6}zl *:e-Etr
44O 68 9B*: rl+-ct+, +-r-Bt+, EAt4-Er+

@ eflg Hzlg 4+ts + H+. q4^J +tE 4l+e Efl 414I.14.

^l¤
q|+z| zoll.{ fl4ol1 BE7} soJ ofLl.E-E ++4 zJol flzll +6.Jg +g +
el+.
sin x sin rr o
,q*- l -cosr: I -c; ffi:o r

qlzll sql^l Etrlg H4g

^J4 S.ol
g*g + ?1r}- 4g ggl4. q
^l**6IH
E ++C EqB Hzlg oJ$a]f.! ++ + ?lxJ"J +- BIHsE q fl41 4l+g
+E 9t+.(1.6¤el {lzll 3, se} 3.449 {lzll 3, olfl ¤fl Efl+ql^lsl +e]-
H4.) ++g 44I+ "ll EER Ezl¤- ol$alzl dql += "JBg ^J46llot +trI-.

r +8Bsl Ei(O'*E)
|g,/(r)
: soltr *(E= -*)olE, lim lfk)s(x)lel #g Hq6}xl ?*
!yp@:
+. .lzlql= f * s4 4Bol 9l+ f7l ol7lfl Rg 0011, s7l olTl{ B+ *(E
E -*)ol+. E= 0ol otu +++s EIE6J + ?l+. qlE Eq q¤-r+ ?JI:+.

lim x2 : 0. tim !: mol!. lim x2 .I- lim x : 0

x---+0* x-0+ _f x*0+ X -r-04

lim x :
I
x-0*
0, lim +:
x-}t Xt
mol-tr. lim x . +:
x-0+ Xt
lim
x-0* -:co
x
I I
lim
x+0+
x:0. ' lim
x.+0* -:coo
tr, limx'-:
x---+0+
liml:1
-r-0*
x X

olfl ++g 0.*Eol F$E(indeterminate form of type 0.*)ol4 il+.

EE}]eI
6J+# fs= q-S+ rJol #sE HE6}]^] trl-= + ?i'l

fg:+ *- tn:#
+"141 +r1g 3 s= H¤s-+ EE6H^I E4B H4g 4eodJ + ?t+.
:19 s= qllll 60ll ?,1= -Bt+g raHEE
Ll.ElL.UEl". -Et+= .r = 00lAJ trslErl ?Jr|
( oilfil 6 |) x ln "rg +6I+.
trJ l{s= 0o-= d=-.Jtl= Al+0ll f, ,!lB_
o16l.rl.
EOI x--*O*olH A H4l tlzkx)= 0s-E d=61-zl,,J + Hall oJxHlnx)E -*E d
v +{4l +f,$ +C¤o14. x -- r/(tlx)E 4rE x --+ 0*'J ,ll t/x ---> mol.E-E
y:xlnx ei{B Hzlg 4+6IE tr|# ts=+.
=-6t-E-tr

lim x ln.r : lim

ltr,r : li* l4 = : lim (-x) : o
x+0* *-O* l/X *-O* -|./Xz x-0*'

0 x
NorE ql4l 69 c}+r+ Aol 44'}]^l g +E 9l+.
feJ s
 6.8 +EE+ Etrlg gEl 441

x
lim lim
xlnx: x-o+ .

r+01 l/ln x

"lag 3eE +4eol+. rq+ trqg H4g zl+61-E xJ¤- E"lHq +d.f, e
q
H¤. B+4. "Jqlzise" +4EE 3H s-ts E¤tr *ll E] ++El ++ql ols= ILI-H9
cq++.

( qlfl 7 D e:ilg Hzlg ol$all.t] f(*) : xe* 4 rfls= rq+.

Efl ,--+mg rll xe| e:'o1 E+ zlz'ls+ lqrr': molr{. r*lq r-> -molql
e'-+ 0oll trl-+^J +Ce9 +olt: + q--q=r+ rJ"l evl$ Hzlg ol+eltl.
x1
:,[q ;:,qT*;: :o
*\**"- ,[T*(-e*)
rq.rr+ r+ol +¤e=d"ltrl.
r4sq +6J += 4-u-= tszl *loll 3+E ltr'Hg ol+E+. E*+*4+4 rJ+.

f'(*):asx I e*: (x* 1)e'

e,ol 6J.d- oJ+ol E + x * I > OoJ trll >

"f'(r) 0011, x
* I < 0g 4l /(x) < 0ol+.
r4=-s /E (-1, *)ql^l +71-6t_r. (-*, -l)q^J ,J4+tr1 "f '(-1) : gol-tr f '* x: y
!:xe'
-tql^l +ql^J oJs_E H4EE /(-l) : -e-'- -0.379 **<Ifolxt rl*ftlol4. z
4l EEI++ q++ e+.
f'(*): (x * 1)e- * e' : (x t 2)e.
-2 -1
x> -29 trll ,f'(r) > Oolax < -29 oll ,f"(*) < oolu.+ f+(-2, *)ql^l +lE g .{
(-1, -lle)
olfl $-trE ol+611^J rg 64 ++ +d9 :4EE g=4. r rg6

r +Ee9 il.(*-*E)
,lg/(*)
: mola
]gXr(r)
: moJ ql q+ ++* *-*E9 $Sfl(indeterminate
form of type m-m)ol4l $4.

lim
x+a
[/(x) - g(x)]

{zl{lE f 4 s r}ololl 4Bol 9t+. Rg (/7t ol4^l) *"J4? kzl- ol4^l) -moj
7+? Ei ++#sl {+.il= 4Eol ol+qHnl? olfl {+ql-'J+E i|= +s

_E EI+r(qE +E+EE ^l-+614+ +qp+El4+ E- +F.J+= .J++

=E
6llE e_e,i.q) 3, BBE +4¤_o + HE+rl.

(qlll 8il lim

t-(n/2)-
(sec x - tan r)E 7o14.
442 68 9--J*: Il+-cr+, e:.-ct#, qAt4Et+

Efl , ---> (n/2)- 'J trll sec .r ---> oooltr tan r+ oo olF -+ ++.$ +CE.l+. ++r+
,Jol +r-¤+EE olso f,4.

lim x x) :
/ 1
(--=) sinx\
(sec - tan lim
a+(tr/2)- x-(n/21- \ cos ,r cos ,T /

: I- sinx -cos x
Iim
y+(r/2)-
lim
x+k/2)-
COS -r - sln -r
x --> (rr/2)- g .I 1 - sin .r --+ 04 cos r ---+-:QolF -t Eirl$ Elg-:0zl+6J + il+. I

( oll{l 9l} (e' - x)= 4l+}6}+.

Jgg

Eq e,e|"r E+ +.J48 ,I= +4¤olu|.

+lE
^i3
Et .r + mE+ e* + *el +
E7l-¤d Enl-E7l ullEql, +l ++#e +qlqj"J aol4 q+g 4,o14. r+1+ +lsl 4l
9 xE +qH q--q=r+ +El.
et
g*-X:X I
--x
Evlg B4ql 9oJ] x--+ oooJ 4, e*/* + molo-+ ,5=zl-ol-b + "J+fl #-o + trl+g
E + et4.

.rH(,'-x):]=*[,,(+-,)] :." r

r +EE9 4ErllE(oo, *', 1*)

r+¤. +6JsE+El {4 z}xl +4¤ol +E}tr+.
t,11 [/(x)Jd'

1.]g1 f(x):0olr Jr11a(r):0: ooB

2.
I!*.f(x)
: mol-tr Jgi o(r) : o : *o¤
3.]g f(x):1olr Jgxo(r): tm: l*¤

00, *0, 1-e3 +trEolrl'J 0-E= +E olfl tlxl 4? Y q-q=r+ ,Jol xlEB:f= f6ll^J ilq'J+. y : lf\)1,(')+ 6F

E tn y : s(x) ln/(x)ol+.
^.ll
Bol ol-Llrf.

E- 6J+E q+4 rJol xl#R#E +48 + gl+.

H(,)]dd - ,o(x)rn'f(x)

(olfl \tr-H _EF B+= EIE6J *ll F %r-H E+ql^l +cBq E

^l-+s+.)
s(x) ln/(x)oll ol ==tr]], ol= 0 .*Boltrl.
 6.8 +EBrleq=J E4l 443

(qr{l 100 ,t& (1 + sin4x)*''E +6I+.

Ef,l , -* 0*91 trl+ I * sin 4x --> loll. cot x -+ moltr P +q41 +6J+ 1-EE +
cBol4. 'I*.4 zJol tz}.
y : (1 * sin 4x).o,*

zl-EEr=,f 6|E rlg4. BL,_+.

ln(1 + sin4x)
lny: tn[(l * sin4r)'o'']: cotxtn(l * sin 4x):
tan x

EqE B4g 4+61-E ++4 rJ+

4 cos 4x

,.* ln(l tansin

+ 4x)
lim ln y : - n',,
x-o*
-ljj*ia : +
x-04 x-0* x sec'x

zl]-nlzl tn y9 +oJg 4l+Ifle+ g6I= 4* y9 +Elol+. olAg +o}zl +lE]]

y: ern,E ol+6tg ++9 tsE+
,lg3.
(t * sin 4x)"o" : ,ryp_y
: ,t61
etn, : eo r
:H 7P E|* y = x'', x > Oql raHEE
LlElL.lrl Oofl 6o;Elrl grlu -Bt*rJa
(qril 1l D Hm x'¤ +6I+
0*B nll ltr tr=Etrl.= ,rl+oll +
x+0* -
.r

0':oola gEq x#091 4o}l ,o: lollrg ol +++

sl6f^f 0lAg qlrll llq ,Jal-= trJoJ^l
Eil "JE9 x> oql qldl 4 +rl.
+dEolr{. c99zl
(00o1 g++g .!-7l6tzi.) qlxll l0qlrJe} ,Jol dq6}4+ Et+E
q=q=r+ rJ"l xlfE +Et'11"1 dB++. 2

ax: (r'n*)': gxLnx

ql4 6ql^J Ei4B BElg "l+6ll^l ,Et,.rln.r:0.J9 HH+. 4a}^J

+.
lim x' : lim e'ln' : : I -l 2

;*0t x-0*
go r 0

-tal'7
JE'

I EtrlE EElsl
=B
EEIR H4g +H6l-71 +16l] .JHIEE B+# 44zl-g,q6}+. 'l-+ ¤4= s+
I f$xl- 7,t1(Augustin-Louis Cauchy, 1789*1857)q olfi$ q^J EHE 4o14.

3 i.r;o; gfi?il 84 ,J+ /el g7l la, bl"ll^J E4oll, (a, b)oll,tl ul$zl-|.al. l.7tro]l ?lE
=,t';o;
TalE Eal.
4, (r, b)ql 9I= E-E xoll 4dl g'(x) * oolfl, tr}¤¤ "J+6.|+ c7l (a, b) ,tlol
9l ¤xllt4.
f'(r) f(b) - f(")
s'(c) s(b) - s(a)
444 6E 9E#: rl+g+, er:Et+. Ed4-'J+

+E+ 4+E s(x): r= qo.|E s'(c): lol-l- 4"J Eg EEel ¤t# 44tl
g+. H$ol 4q tr+ +^foJ olfl "E +Hts + ?l+. 3.2¤el Eql +q4l
^l
er¤ ++"4 rJ"l u}#r *oililq rJol EE C4= 4+6rH E+.

EtrlE HEle-l=B lim /(x) : soltr lim s(x) : 0ol4 z|{a}a +s-r+ zJol Bxf.

,:*ry *-" g,(x)

tim f(x)/s(x)
x+a
: t"Jg Bq"t 6JtrI. q-q-r+ zJol rs+ c= 4el6}z}.
x*a : g(x), x*a
F(x):fi,,r, x a
G(x)
0, x a

relfl f7l {x E / I x* al{1l,rl fl+olr' }ryrtrl : },1x f(x):0: F(a)o1u

E r- /"ll^J E4ol4. uJ"{zfxJE GE /ql^J ¤+.Jg E"J + gt+. x e /oltr
x > a4 6IE re+ CE la, xlollrj ¤+olr (a, x)oll,<-l ulgzl=." a[4, G' * o(F' -
,f'olz G': s'oJE_E_)ol+. :.ef p + z^lel S+Ai {?]ql 44 o < y < xoltr
++g E]+6].= yzl-5z}]t4.
F'(y) F(x) - F(a) F(x)
G'(y) G(*) - G(") G(*)

{zlrl- {elql 44 F(") - 0r} G(a) - O.Jg ol+'il.tr}. ol4l , + a*4 6F+. r
4E y --, a*(a < y l rolrrE)ol+. uI+^] ++¤. e-+.
..
llm
f G) llm F(x) [m F'(y) llIII f '(y)
x'-a+ g(x) *-"* Glx) !+a* G'(y) J+a* g'(y)
-: -: -: --:L
HI++ %}Ho+ 4--Ss q^l roJ Ag Eg + gl+" r4=e +g ++g g
1- rI
'=T.
f(x)
lim*:I
*-o g\x)
ol4g azl ++"J 4+ EEIR H4g +E+tI.
a7l +*"J 4+ t - llxE +gH,.x+co"J tll r-0*oltrt.trl+^J t+# E

=+.
..
lllTl-:
f G) ..
llfll-
f$lt)
x--* glx) no+ gll/t)

: * f'(1/t)(-t/t') (+Elql aoll 48J etlg Ezlo,il el8il)

,--o\ffi
: E^f',\l/,!), : lim f'k) I
t---o+ g'{l/t) ,-* g]t
 6.8 +EErt eq= g=l 445

6.8 | g+Enl

r-z oI44 zJol *'J{}ol f"l4 ?14.

sm r- cos.ts e?'-l
7 lim
x-tt/ 8. lim
tanx- I r+0 ,
]gX/(.r)
: o,lq,1e(x) : 0,li3Xft(,r) : 1
Sfn
r-
- sin(x l)
:* 9. lim li* Vr
4(x) : *
10,
x-l .t'*x-Z x-*1*e'
]q1 r(*) ,h3X
lnx In(x/3)
olrll ffi + qL 4ol B4¤qlz}? E.6J +a¤"1
+Eh= 11. lim
I_\J .r
12. limr
x-3 3-x
ol{ 4ql 46]] z}+ai$ +.J#g 4141o-1r}.
l*2x- Jr-4x
1 3. lim
f(x\ .r-0 x
1. (a)
. lim*
*_" g\x)
14. lim
e'**e-*-2 15. lim
tanh x
h(x\ r-o er-x-I x+0 tan x
(c)
' lim x_a p\x) .t
sln '.x x3'
n(xl 17. Iim
(e) lim 1-i . x+0 X x-03'-l
'' x-a qlx)
ln(l + .r) Nctan2x
18. lim 19. x-o*
lim
]gi t/tr) - p(x)l
2. (a) (b) lim [p(*) - q(x)] r+ocosx*e'-l ln .t

(c lim t p{x) + q(x) x"-l cosx - I * lx2

x-a 20. Iim ____;_. b * 0 21. lim#
-
x-l xo l' - x*0 x*

22. lim xsin(r/x) 23. lim sin 5x csc 3x

3./e+ sq r4E sl (2,0)q^J ddg ol+6ll^J
x-2 44fj-
ri- x+@ x+0
{l\x)
+Br+. 24. lim x3e-"
r+m
25. fiq\ ln x tan(rrx/Z)
y
y:1.8(x-2)
/
/
/1 26. lim
.r- I
(r-, #) 27 Iim
-r+u' (+ r=)
2
ll
28. lim
0+
(: #) 29. lim
r+0*
rf
0 x
):
4.
r ('r -2) 30. lim
x+0
( | - zxy/' 1i* rtl(r-x)
31. .r+l*

32. lim xt/* 33. r-0*

lim (4.r + l)"o''
4. q++ /E rqse+ oq^l /9 ddol rgq ,Jtrt. ,r+@ '

34. lim, (l * sin 3x)t/* tirp,.*

35. x-O+hX*X-l
ITB#qars+dI+ ---rIg+t^ '

v
y:x ro. -r-{EE "l+El^J q*- +6J{tg. +CB}+. EqE
EE H4g
y: f(x) ol+4^l 4++ {t¤- +6t+.
0 x , 2\,
ri*(t+-lx/
,_*\

q-* *+ql 4"]] , : 0 -+*91lq fb)/s(x)* f'(x)/s'(x)

s-3sq+ ++g 41416}+. gs6IE EvlB B4g "l+6t+. ffirr.
E r{s$ rq^J "r --+ OoJ rll olE9 +6Jol ,J¤¤ u
H+ zlE4tl IL'-Eol glsH r4g 0l+6.}+. EqB Hzlg
"J F,r{,I EslB Hzlg ¤Ho.t{. E 4+* ++{fg 4l
o
z1+6J + HtrIE r ol+= ¤H6I4.
41614.
xz-zx-B x7-7
x+4 X-4 .x-l;'-l f(*): ¤" - l, g(x) : x3 + 4x
 446 68 q-cr+' rl+--J+, Fr--J+, Eg4:Ef+

38. oJE lim +: *oJg +EEt+. ol4* xl k+ t].+oJE, E44q RI44lolE+ +E-q. q
oltrll M, A,
4a m{l r]]aJl x+@ X"
tltl My E.Ef u;54 6l.J, p0+ a7l.J++ Et trl 4lql .J
*ElfzixE 4$xll+ 6J+Eq q nx|s4 ++qlE d= M-P""EEE6J+.
B9 l-q 54. ++sA- po

3e. +* ++g +6PJ +ltll E'lB Bzlg oleotlS q$r]l (a)

lg*r(r)= 4l4i6}r, I olf¤ ¤H6I+.
slEzl? +E ,JHg ola" aJl.! ++g Al4IEt4. el6l] celEg +16|
Iry_p(/)E 4l+6I"+(4= Mql
(b)
x
lim -----: +). trr+: qE 4.+e-l *f"Jzt?
x+&
JxT+l
48. _EirlB H49 ol$-aN.rl ++ +6Jg 4lt}6l-4.
40-42 -trtr18 H4g 0l+6ll^1 3.s¤el zleq El+ +dE r
1f* 2t
4EE rq+. ]ry,;J, 't3+l dt

40. y : xe-* 41. y: as-x2

1
4e. 4.3Eql^j "J'lE ol¤g+qAJ +++= sqltsB+
42.Y:-*1nx
s(x) : ji sin(jm'1) atEa tgq+. IE, Ye 4141614.

43-44 s0. _trrlB: Bzlol 7l+g 4lae-l 4*

t6s6Hq EllBol +
(a) EI*9 rqlsE:14+. (++A al)fi Analyse des Infiniment PetitslolrJ. ol 4g
(b).r + 0* E= x---+ moJ *I ++g 4l+I4q lflEE EoJ "J4"1 g.zJ¤ 4lael "14++ r.4H!_q rE H4g
g ¤H6I+. ¤H6t7l +16]] qtlgol I 4ql^l ^l-+* {lE a > goJ
(c) alq{t4 4ltd}g +46E,
"l4tsqg ol$all.t'l 4++ 4 xzl o.ll d7Elq q4 q+ ++E ++g +6I= Aol
{tg +6}+. HtrH:a Brl o'9 aa-E *14). ol +xJlE E+.
T (d) a+q 4+81418 ol+ql^J
"f"g 4l4l6IEI."f'el
rglE=
alsE +C6I+. J2"t. - .- - "d"o*
"l+El^J H+Bel x
v-

a - {o*'
43. /(x) : x-x aa. f(x) : *1/x

+d+ fb):
,,. Jgg [,
-.,,,(t=)]= 4+]6]+
ffi+s. er - cx* 4^l-6t4. Eol x-+ +moJ 4l
++g +6Ir frl ¤4aI4. ctl 4
4*4k9=_ 7l-¤ trll cE 52.
]s f k) :,19x a(,r) : mol-tr +¤¤ "J+61+ F}f /, g

flql "+4 al+d+ q$rll 9iz].?

E +8t4.
46. g;. A0g fl+ nH9 +4 olg r-tr sxlolE, rE + gq
+ 6J4l= trl+4 rJ+.
(a) liq f!,n, :,
x+D fi\X)
(b) rrq l.f G) - s(x)f : 7

A:Ao 1+-nr 53. /(x) :

¤-1/xz x*0 ola| olx|.
)' 0 x:0
n -+ molE olae- ¤+ +q olzl-= zllE"oJ4. EqB H (a) E-$fe] {fl$ ol+"ll^-l
"f'(O)g +61+"
4g ol*rH,rl olzlz| g+ +4E 4ltlElE rH 4 E"l# (b) /7t Rql^J 4Eq= E= Tldg Eq
4l+e.l EEi+E
6J4l= A: Aoe" 99 eq4. 4. [-d=: Hx] flBHql tr]+ x l0oll rJlaJl /'r1x; :
47. EIl,\4 HJE+I ti+b Azl"ll 7l6F"f4.o-+ +7l6IzlEI p,(x)f{x)/xu"g oJ+fl+ 4+^l p,(x)* *ol o}H ¤

EE HFol #.trI. olBl+ A+= Eq6J +q_+ e+. f ft,ol +4]BJg tr_"Jtrt.l
^lg
: M
P(r)
'\"t l+Ae-k'
 68 ++ 447

lJ./\
6 -r l=

]llE +PI
1. (a) .J'il"J 6J+= +E"J7l? r4sE _ul E4oJ H-+= (g)y:tan-rx (h) y:sinhr
q$ril +46J f glbzt? (i) y: coshx (i) y: tanhx
(b) /7t g4"J o}+olE :a qEI+
"f-'b qB4l 4e.lEl= (k) y: sinh-r x (l) y : cosh-rx
7l? f E:.=]]eeflEl /-'E :arllEE (m) Y: tanh-r -r
"iBrll ?bz}?
(c) ftl "Jr]]g E^Jfoll f,(f-t(a))+0"J 4l (/-,)'(o)oll
4. (a) xlts+z} Hzlg ++LH= "l+%t-c^lg. e4.
ql6.J jr+.
^l¤. G) qE ++4.11^l olaol "J;L?7Lql 46J+ *+ E¤
z. (a) q^I"JEI+ f(x): sin*rrt qB4l CgslEzi? qf, "J7l?
{elqq z.lEg +6I+. al]i FH.JzI?
(c) ol %I4+lE
0) E3. t'J'*+ f(x): cos-lx! q$rll $9EbzI? s s. q¤ +f,q ¤4zl +48 olzl,!$a|4. zl-L" alH ++g
+ 49q4 4Eg +6I+ 4l+'l-=}.
(c) HEflEEI+ f (x) : tan-r.rE qBrll 499bz}? s
+ Ce.lq4 4qg +'I4. :a4s=:ael+. (-)* G)= <"r*
r. 4* ++E EEi+¤ +l+6I+. (d); (e)co+oo (0*-*
(a) y: e* (b) y: b. (g)*.* (h)*.0 (i)00
(c) y: lnx (d) y: logrx
(j) 0* (k) *o (l) 1*
(e)y:sin-rx (0 y:cos-rx

ilEl . 'Hr!
tlJL ErI-
I l-

trl-+ E4lrt &tlzl z]4tlxl +E6I4. +olE olf¤ ¤H6I ) 0olH (ln.r)6 :
5. x 6 ln,rol4.
r 44.olE HI4- Eq+. d .1
G. (lnlo): 7. cos-rj - _
I

r. ftl c99ol R.J .JqloJ"lE f-,(f(6)): 60.14. dx' l0 cos -r

( x ( rllY 949o14. 8. E.E x"ll 46H coshx > 1oltrt

2. f (x): cos x, -rrl2
dx
3. 0 < a < bolE lna < lnbol4. 9.
!: x
3ln?

4. 6J^J e* 9 E_ rl-E + glr}. 10. lim f (x) : lim s(x) : *olfl

l, -x+m lim [/(.r)] sG) : loltr]
x+m ,tr+@

+gErll

1. +q rqs= +E EL+ /= "Jqlp Etf.Jzl? ¤E6Ir+. 2. f tl gqlg E++olr ,f(7) : 3, f '(7) : 8oJ 4l
v (a)/-r(3)4 (b) ("f-')'(3)g +6t+.
3-5 4ltzJE ^Ie"
6}xl t+r +s tr'-+E fEls= Efi+4s
.tr-:1EJ+.

3. y:5'- I 4. y: -lnx
448 68 9-d#: rl+*'J+, +-r-'J+, EAf4:Br+

5. y: 2 arctan x
34. ln(cosh "r) 35. lim
t+2'
Jgx *-*l-2'
6. trl*ssl4q+ ah¤. +614. e'-l e---e-"
1t -)t

36. lim 37 .lim-'-

x*o tan x *-o ln(x * l)
(u) ,""t (b) toge 4 * logo 54 (c) tan(arcsin !)

7-10 q+ %l¤^l¤. "rql +6l] +q4. 4++ At4 afd ofq 38.
,lim
(*'- x3)e'* 39. lim
-r-
1* (=, #)
call zl4ztzl 4++ xfl;.lalz|.
=+t#g
7, e2' :3 8. e"*: 10 40-42 3.sEel 4eql IrI+ trl+ +dq :14s= :IBJ+.
g. tan-r(3*') -T 10. ln x - l: 1n(5 + r) - 4 40.y:g'sinx,-T1x1r
41.y:xlnx 42. y:(x-2)e-'
11-24 trl+g "lB614.
11. /(r) : tzlnt 12. h(0) : etanzo a3. f(x): )ce-cxos +q{ +d++ a ]-dh4. q7l^l c=
13. y: lnlsec5x + tan5xl 14. y : ln(secl) d+oltrI. Hxl x --+ +mg '}| ++g 44}6}+. zl$ B4
zt H6l-= dql^l cel HpHlg +.J61+. c7I Eqlql q-4
et /'
15. y:
x2
16. y:5arctan(Ux) 4l4d E= 4aA r4a E+Be qB41 9EzI? *C
17. y - 3'rlnx +E *+E r4s= H zl]"J rEJ^J ¤E6I+.
18. Y : -rtan-r.r
- |tn1t * *') 44. -g$%l4{ s: Ae-"cos(arr + S)= EAlel ,J4141f,$

: Ll4H4. EAIE +Es+ 7l&__E= +6I+.

19. Y : ,r sinh(x2) 20. y ln(arcsin -r2)
48 ulql4ote Ellolg al$op +71-gg 4l
21.y:ln(
/r\ r, r
22, y :
45. 200EI4el
-f
\x/ In,r
In(cosh 3.r)
Al+E aTlql Hlqlql^] ="7td4. 308 + zflillfz| 360
oE
23. y : cosh-r(sinh "r) 24. y: tot(u@) +7l-iltrI.
(a) t;.lzJ+E EEil4oI fE +at{.
(b) 4^l+ +E Eq4ol #E +6|+.
zs-26 eg 0l+6ll^J
"f
'g 41416I+.
(c) a;.lzJ *9 6z|&9 +6t4.
25. f (x) - se?) 26. /(x) : ln ls(x) (d) zflzll45 flxll -=.tsaltztz
|

10,000o11

46. rjg$z| z}$i(G. F. Gause)E. lg30HEllql fld#.J

27. f(x): 2'oll 4oll ,f(')(r)= +8t4.
44]Bqltr dEg qH4. :fl xl-Eel E¤ o.e q+. 4ill
28. ++4 flBHg ol+"ll^l "f(r) : re'g trll
: (x * n)e'H* Bq+. +el 6J+E ol+1}.4.
"fft)(r)
64
ze. 4 (0, z)oll^l *d y : (2 + x)e-.ojl ql+ ddsl %l-C4l
P(t): l+3le-0.7r44,
g +614.
{zlrl rE ++l= "Jol4. ol E¤g ol+"11^l zllxllfz} z}
30. +d y: [ln(x + 4)]'+lE q¤ dql.AJ +E'J ddg 'Z* 6r- untETll +716J trI= a46l-4.
r- -zLO
-/l! trl+ 4Eg +6I+.
47-s3
31. (a) 4d x - 4y: lql Bflol q= +d Y: e'E ddE
%r-4419 +6t4. or.
lJ ye-zt'dy or. IJ
T#*
(b) gdg
^lLt+ 9C
y: e*4 dde] ,J{^lg +61-+. ,16 r x*l
oe.J /:dx s0.J*4udx
32-3e trl-¤. +6J+ 41416I+. "lx
32. 1iq-e-3' 33. lir1r_ ,2/(x-3t tr. I tan x [n(co s x) dx tr. j 2*o sec20 d0
 68 449
=+
5e. zlll^IEEg + +g F Hqe *r, +rd 1l : e-,9 Ed
".J-;To, g +qzI + Eo.e.6lE 716r-= +4Be] Hol* E"l-"J
7l?
s+. 489 {eg ol.$a|.r-l +g +E^lg +H6i+. > 0"J 4l r(x) :
6o. a, & IIr- droJ$ ElaJ+$E 7l${?]ql
q+ q-q-4 a+.
fr."orxdxle-I
: I:irrn r(x) : u'*' .. :'*' x # -l
ss. .r(x) ull,f'(x)E +6i+. x*l
F(-1) : lnb - lna
s6. (a) +7J lr, slql,q 6Jf /(r) : (r" *)/*4 B+Alg +EI
+ Eirl$ 4zl= ol+El^.| rtl -r"ll^.1 tr+.Jg trq+.
(b) ++ [t, s]q1.,r1 *# /(r): (h *)/*E 4lHAt 4l* 61. f7l fl4El#o]tr, E= xolJ rflall.<J
{tg +B}+.
57. x:09.|^l x: lt{z'l4d y: l/(l + i) ol{e-l Bgg-y [ittl dt : (x - r)e" * I: ,''f (t) dt
g trll, /(x)oll ql6J C++
+g +d o.a fldrlzJ 4l rJzl= "Jillel +q= +614. ^lg
+614.

58./(x) : lnx * tan-txoJ 4l (,f-')'(r''r/4)E +6t4.

 I
t
j

,'.r

1-
I
l

-*.-'\
-"-!
d
qi8

oltE E"J .trfllsl EEI"JE Efl6E Eal4 0l# rl+sl +lltrE "J^l'El= ?TCol St^ldl=oll HIJIE EEEtrl-.
+el= rl+sl tsolrlrlE*!= -H.LH7| +latl Es:et E-eq gE E{#^lg 4+lg + 9ttrt.
Ben Cooper / =E
Science Faction / 6etty lmages; inset: Basvan ILIESCU / Alamy Stock Photo ^|t6H

4ESE
Techniques of lntegration

7lfldil {floll EE++, + +C4Eg gE 6J+. 4Eg + 9l+. zlfrzfxl utl

El4$-+sl
+ A + 7l1$ +soJ 4E+ 'I+r+ ?Jr+.
)kdx:kx*C Jsinrdx: -cos x*C j tanxdx: tnlsecxl + C
J"o, xdx:sinx*C I cotxdx: trlsinxl + C
I Xn+l
Jlx^dx: nll-
+C(n#-l)
+C
J."*'rdx:tanx*C J
Ilo.: rnlxl + c
I
=#dx:**'(;)
t"""'*dx:-cotx*C I ---:ax:sin
Jaz - az
(;) *C,a)0
e'dx: e' l C
J.*"x tan xdx: secx * C
J
sinhxdx:coshx*C
J

JI b'd*
: .b', + c xdx: -cscx *C coshxdx: sinhx* C
lnb Jcr*.rrcot J

ol t1-ql^-1. +le+ rJg zlt4"J zlB +4g olg-all.<-l + q +S+ Er+E

+A4Bg +
afzx[ qL+. 4.s¤ql^] olul z[x] +s+ 4ErJH"J zl++H¤ ullfl.4. 7.1¤ql^-1. E r+.

451
452 7E qE"JH

oJHI4e ,JHql ++4Eg ullg 4o14. rElH AI4R++ +flEl+e+ rJe +

++ q++ql +61] 4Ee +E + el+.
4E+ "lBx]H ++Bl-zl t++. +, qH R+9 +44+g e= ql ¤ql4s
E Htlq= +zl"l S.4. r4=E 7.5¤ql^J 4$ql ++ d+g Efl'J d.14.

7.1 lH4E
e= "lEE.il= r.ll ql+q- zltsHol 9l+. ql= 5q 4Ee-l zl+lHg "lE
E E4lH4+ q+E+. "lE9 +C +4lql ql+g= 4+ Hzlg f E4+ol+
oJ+.

r ?=4E: FE4E
f 4 stl "lBzl-bel ot-folH /e+ s9 EC +4e q+4 +L+.

: s'(r) + (*)
*L fr ul.q(r)l .f(;r) s(*) f '

+44+ T]EE ol+6.1-H ol 4le. +q=4 zJol ¤4.

J rrtrle'(r) + s(*)/'(r)l dx:/(*)g(r)

+ : f(*)s(*)
+.
Ir]- Ift.ls'Q) dx J a(*)/'(x)
dx

ol {g +s=r+ rJol Cflg + 91tr1.

Jrtrl s'g) dx: f(*)s(*) -

I dx
J sb)f'(x)

+4 trg +E4E E^lol4 ++. u: f(x), u: s(x)4'fH ol ++=q olEol

du: f'(x) dx, du: s'(x) 6oJI:E 4+E z.l¤+Eql irl4 q+4 zJ"l # rl zl9
6l-71 fl+ ++48 +4lol g+.

tr I udu: un - J
adu

{qIll ID jx sin x dx! +EL+

E4 tr= OltrE Eol ,f(x) - x, g'(x): sinxr{ a}21, relH f'@): l, g(x): -cosir
zl ¤4. G"il 44 g'9 oJggl EEE+E qoJ + 9l+) rqH Et41 trql "I q+
4 Ae ¤48 e.4.
 7.1 +8418 453

jr sin r dx : f(x)g(x) - I s(x)f'(x) dx

: x(-cos x) - *
I (-cos x) dx - -x cos x
I cos x dx
:-xcos-r*sinx-lC
ol pffi ul$allal Elg q"J6l-= aol EI+lzl6I+. ql^Jqle x sin rE g=+.

8^l E= ol$al-Eol u: x, da: sinx dxel a.lzl r4E du: dx, u: -cos x"14. 4
+^l q¤-4 e+.
u dt, ut) udu ola]|"l Ellgol8olE Eeloltl.
^-- ^-- 4

u:E do:Z
I xsinxdx: J ,r sin x dx : x (-cos x) - J (-cos x) dx
du: l) a: E
: -x cosx * cos x dx
J

--xcos.r*sinx*C

NorE +¤48+ "l+61. +4+ +q4l 4Es-4 q ++qL 4Eg E= ql il+

glzll lql^J -E-E Jx sin.r d*oll.{ d*E {-H.4. :
tr+ q ,J++ 4E J cos -r
^14}6ll^J
44 u: sin x, du: x dx! dq6IE du: cos .r dx, ts: x2 /zolPe q+4 ,J"l 84.

:(sin.r)
Jxsin xd)c
+-i I *cos x dx
ol 4eol "*zlE 6Ixl"J Jx'cos xdx$ xl+ ^l+al rflq 4+tr+ q qH+ "JHI4
o+ uel daE dq.J 4E a:"f(x)b
"lEe ql q ++6J.++{4qE q +d,6fx]
t+¤- ++)E dq6lr, du: s'(x)dxi ugl 4dl +flrll zlEElE+ dq.Jq.

{qH 2l)
J
ln x dx$ +El-+

Efl uelduE d4alzl fla3 {zlzl- t*xl S4. u:rnx, do-- dx+ offl dru: dxfx,
a -- x7l g+

+E4Eql ul-+ r+# e.+.

J
lnxdx:xlnx- j x'-x
1
dx

:xln"r- j dx nJ4l4o.E J t a.r5 J a,re +cl-.

:-trlnx-x]_C DIEE}|AI 'JE

qjflafxl

ol {lxll"llC e}*/(x) : ln xel se'-fz} /B+ +*a.|zl q$ql i E4Eol 844

"l+. r
454 78 4EHJE

(qdl 3l) J fe'dtg+61+.

Eil ,'¤ "l+ol-71+ E= 4ts6l]E H6I7.l ?*zlq} 12$ ul$alE rJ zJSollzl u -+ u :

t2, da - e'dt* 6F.I. rq H- au - 2t dt, u - e'o| E+. 5+4+"il ,tI+ q¤g E=+.

3 j tze'dt : t2e' - 2
J
te'dt

gg 4E j te',dtl fl4 zlEs4 rl zJSolzluJ o|{ $E}afxl S+ r}e$-1 4:

^Ile
t, du: e, dt* ap 5g-zlBg +^l + H du: dt, s : glolgE_ trH+ e
I-trI
^l-&*4.
I-

: -
J
te'dt te'
I e'dt
:tet-e'+C

4t Eql ol {ffi 4E6tHq+g E=+.

t2e'dt:tze'-2 I te'dt
J
: tze' - - e' * C)
Z(te'

: t2e' - Zte' * 2e'* Cr

"lzJrJ Cr: -zco)r+ tr

ilqlll 4D
J
e'sin x dx$ +6I+.

Eil e'oluf sin ,r= trl+dQ-L a1,t-1 q ++6llzlzl ?*zl"J q{R= Lt: e', du: sin x dx
dqfll^J (ol qlzllql<f u: sinx, da: e*dx-s dqEJ+ 9l+.) rBlH du:
= ^14'-6J+
ol$al],<J tr]¤¤ g=+.
e* dx, ?/: -cos -roltr, +84+¤-
4
J
e'sin xdx: -e'cosx * J
er cos x dx

^lle E+ 4E
je'cos xdx* g4l 48tr+ q ,J+6Izl 9*xl"J 4qE rJ $Salzl
fal lP,f(x) = e'' sin -r9l F(x) = (erlT) ?++. *g qlxilql,<l 4g4gg + { olgafl,rj c*Etfol ^IE Ee 4gg tr+
=
(sin - cos x)ol ra[|:== -Hgo-trU ql
x 6Ir + H q ++4Bg +tl. ol4l u : sx, du: cos x dxtr- += Aol +-9-6l+.
Ill 4= ¤8617 ?ltl. rgql^l rTl Eltrj ^l-s"
: goJE +
rElE du - er dx, u: sin xoltr-E. +e¤ g=+.
'Jolt-l fl+'J= fl-Br r]| ,f(-r)
"Jg + gtrl.
12
5
I e'cos x dx: e'sin x - J
e* sin x dx

F
flE HH 4+ ^l4}g rl.J je'sin xdxE =lEol ,^tzl ollE.ll ol+dE HoJ 4.?J^l
f ?+s+, 4 Ee.l J e'cos x dx41q.J sEg 4l Eql 4E6l-E 'l+¤ e=+.

-3 6 Ir'ri,
JJ xdx: -¤'cos x i e*sinx - ie.sin xdx
\\
-4 ol4g Elxlel 4Eg += %r-{{sE 44$ + 9t+. oJ$ql Je'sin xdx! q6LE
rel I
JEI
q+¤ eb+.
 7.1 +E4E 455

, I *'sin r dx : -e'cos x * e* sin x

"JEg 2-E Ll+r. 4+tI+= qtilg tr1'¤¤ Eb+.

J
e'sin x dx : f e'(sin .r - cos x) + C

rff!{E: ¤4E
++48 +^1lt "I4EEE 71ts44 2= ¤ql6IE ++48-etr 44Sg 4l4IB
+ gl+. f,4 s,g fl+ol4 zl-^d6]-a +4 trE "JEg a+ b ^iolql^i 4l&6H^l
zlt44= ^l-+6IE +*+
H-rl

dx : f(x)s(x)l'"-
6
tu ftio'tx) f s!)f'(x) dx

(oll4! 5 |) ran-rx dxE 4]4]6]+.

,[
Eil ,: tan-r x, du: dx+o,lx|. rflE du: #, a: xTlg+.
r4=E. +{ tr"il "I4 rl-g¤ g=+.
rl
Jo
tan-rr dx : x tan-'x]j - I, t# O-

: 1. ran-l1 - 0. ran-10 - f 1170. .r > 0"J trfl tan-rx > Oole + qlll 5gl 4
EB :E 2oll^l -Eo|= Eqel 'JolE 6|{
:+-J, lfto'
A16l
-i
=
,^ olrl
-T-
^ri-l
.

v
ol 4ts{tg +61-zl *l4l r: I + f pe. il++6pg (ol ql4l"llrl u= +E elElE-7}xl .Y
: tan Ix

E +) dt
-- 2x *colq. !, xdx : Lar"|q. "r : OoJ ol] r: 1011, x: l"J "ll t: 2ol
= _+ ul*:I ?Jtr+. 0
"r

fiTl* dx:+l: +:+tl'lli

:l(trz-tnt):ltnz
ral
JA
.J
E-

r40 e +*¤ E=4.

Jo*'*tu:1 Jo r*x, 4 z

r EEEIAI
+lel qlzll=
+E4Eg ol+61-q ++ ++6ll+1 4EeEo-+ Hl¤ + il+= ag
Bq++. zl${l#$ _EoJfl+ nl4+EL+- +84+g oJs-"6l.o1 45zll+ ++.
456 78 4Egrg

( ql4 6ll +g Csl+4lg +E4+

Il# - - 2e. eA,=71 tt|]E 1 n-l
I sin'x dx: --cos
rz0l ,r ltr|. rr
7 r sin'-'x +
0ll E= EEE^.lol+-drl. nn J
^l
-
{zla] n> 2"J 4fol4.
Efl , : sinn-l xo da: sin x dxl+ Elxl-. fe]E du: (n - l)sin'-2 x cos x fu, a:
-cos n7I gtrI. :a4.=-=" +E4Eq q+ q-g-r+ +q.
sinnx dx : -cos x sin'-lx + (n - 1) sin'-2x coszx dx
J J

cosz x - I - sin2 rolEE ++g gEq.

J
sin".tr dx : -cos x sin'-Ix + (n - 1)
I sin'
2x
dx - (n - 1) j sin'x dx
4ql^l4H +H9 "txlut.Jg 4l-Hog olo]6ll^l Bt*E 4Ee-_E ol Hlc4lg
qlall
sH ++g EE+.
n
J
sin"x dx : -cos -r sin'-lx + (n - 1) j sinn-zx dx

1 n-l
7 sin'x dx: -:cos x sin'-tx +
.-o
stn" 'x dx n
---I
J nn J
-
flEl+^l Eg ++6ll^l ol+6IE J sin'r dx$ 4+ (nol
g+g A++)
J sin x dx, (nol 4+.J 4++) J (sin x)o dx
: I d*tr .E¤.J * gizl trij+ql ++
6l-+.

7.1 | g+=nl

1-2 +qd u* du= ol+611,q q+ zJ+g ++4EsE al 13.

t "e'd' ,0.
I (l + .r2) e,'dx
+16l-+.
15. * 3'd* , a. v sinh v dy
: t' ,|;;
1.
t xe" dx; H : x, d.u e2* dx r: lnfi
17. IdR ,r.
Jr R" L xsinxcosxdx
,. I.cos4xdx; il:r, du: coslxdx rsM
,o.
19.
),vd* t:'' sin.r In(co s x) dx

3-21 +*- ztE¤. al4i6tr+. 21. x sinh x dx

J" "o,
3.j tez' dt 4.J x sin 10;r dx
22-24 il+lg + tr++ ++4Ee-E ++g 4lt}6l+.
s.j wlnw dw 6.J (*' + 2x) cos x dx
22. ,fi d* ,r. lho3 cos(o2) do
?. 8.J t4\n t dt J
cos-rx dx
T
24. x ln(l * x) dx
e.J t csczt dt ,r. j (ln x)? dx J

,,. I e3* cos x dx ,,. I e2o sin 30 d0 EEzs-ze q-g +4zlEg +6E, B+c+ r qE.L+9 .24.9
 7.1 +E4E 457

E:aeJ^J fa.J B"l {BrJzl ¤E6ia q.J6l-+. (8, C:0) 35. y : g-r, ) : 0, x: -1, n:0i x: I

,t. xe-,'d,x ,u. *r,fL + *, d*

J J 36. +4J y : ln x, !:0, r: 2E +AlBgqg 49 +¤ +
qrjl 6el Esl+^lg ol$ali,! +g dsE trld^lzJ 4l szl= "Jrllel +rl= +61+.
27. (a) CB+¤. H
^lol (a) y4 (b) xG
q4
x sinZx 37. 4.34 ql4l 3ql^J +9g =rllB++s(r) : Ji sin(| r*) dt
I sin'.r dx:
J24 - *, ol+g+. j
%I+ olEql +"J".lrll s(r) dx? +6t+.
=
G) (a)el ¤++{g "l+dl^J J sina.r dx$ +6t+. tBqi= s(x)z1 -EBJE+.1

28. (a) ql4l 6e.l dtrl+4lg ol-$all,tj ffi alol dB'Et$ s 38. zldgtrl-$+{ol= "Jzlsl t4+4sz} u(t): tze-,mfs
q+. ol+. z]* /a +oJ +zltl 4t]= BoloJzI?
n-l /(l) : f(4) : l, f'(l)
ff sin"x dx: n
I'
Jo
sinn-'x dx 39. 2,

4l J,o x/"("r) dx? +6|+.

: 5, f'(4) : 3ol-tr
"f'ol E+oJ
4zlrJ n> ZoJ
^dfol4.
-
(b) (a)E ol-gall,! I[/' ,rn'* d*, I;'' dxg +B]+.
sins.r
a0, (a) ++4+ +4g +d +4sE+El Eqdq. ,Jg g
r-lE +E +|-4lsE+El trI+ +4g +E6t4.
(c) (a)E ol-$afl.!
^l-.JE++el
¤+ 4Ezll#ql q+ q+
| lau
alol CB6J$ Hq+.
|
Ju- 4ar: -Ha * Ja
fo/2. 1-1r 2.4.6. "'.2n
Jo
I Slll * alr\
-
3.5.7."'.{2n+l) (b) (a)9 +{g ol+6}q |yd;rE 4l4IaI4

2e-30 ++4Eg ol$o|1,! ++ dtrHl.4g +H6l-+. 41. s.3EE +^l E v: l:Znxf(x) dx* gF44 *HB ol

,r. I(h x)' dx :.r(ln x)' - " [ (tn x)"-t dx e" dlrJ
+1H+./rl "J4or t.J+olr q++ gE zlxli C
+, s.2¤E +Eg ol++ %tBge ol 49 +H6Izl +l
,0. : Y+ - ! an^-'x dx (n+r)
"l+6J + iltrI. f Hg
tannx dx ql ++4Eg
J g-r.o11a1

q+.
31. flAtcEzll 2eE ol$aN.! j (rn.r)3 dx* +6t4.
V : rbzd - rra'c - I' nlg(y)|'dy
32. +d !: x2ln -re| !: 41n r.tr +4lE BqE HolE *
614. y: "f(x)E zl+++ + eg 4+ql +E4Eg zl+6ll^l
ffirr. :a4EE ol--$afl,tJ + +d y: arcsin(lr), !:Z - )c24
v: ):Znxf(x)
fb
dxoJ$ trq+.

izdE "r=lEql ql6J ++t#g +6}l, olE +dsE +41 v

g SqE HolE (*rl-4 oe) +Et+. x:g(v) y:f(x)
d
34-3saEa¤ "JHg ol$all.<l trl+. +doE +4lg ¤q
x:
I xl{¤ +g +,il oE qd^la ql Czlb "Jillel +rl$ C
b
Y o
+61-+. 0 o h -l;

34, y: cos(rxfZ),y:0, 0< x<liyl

458 7tr 4EgE

7.2 I tF44E
ol ¤ql^J= +4EL+E .JE{$ ols."ll^l qEl eE]]e-l dt4E}+E zl+'J+.

I At?lrt
=,r.t9lsl
4EIllEi:Et+=sl 4E
Hz-l El4tsEfzl-^t.Jr+ 7^l-"Jel zlE}jzll#olrl+ rEE #tl 4EgE+q ^l
4I++.

(lqHI 1l} cos3x dxE 414}El-+.

J

EOI o: cosxtr- ilifal-$.au: -sinxdroltrE *+o.1 "J4,J"l xl+61+ 4.g- s

¤."1 gzl g:=4. z^ltlel ,lEz{+g 4¤.6}71 +161{^J. EEq sin r tl#zf $E_a}
4. "I*zlzIE ^IoJel zlExll#* HEE cos -r "Jfzl- ¤s-414. trI+^l "l ql4lql^l
E^Itl "J+ 6l-+= EaJB}l", cos2 x .J+ a,lf4l sin2 x + cosz x : 19 ol$offal a[
qlol eB¤ EHo_+ +s_r+ zJ"l EEd4.
cos3x : coszr . cos _r : (l - sin2.r) cos r
rElE a: sin"r-tr xl{}c1^l zi+Et + tt+ du: cos;rdxol-EF t}*r+ zJ"l 4l+}
ts + et+.

I[ "or'*
dx: II ror'r. cos -r dx: II' tr - sinz.r) cosxdx

:J(, -u')du:u-\o'+c
:sin*-lsin3.rtC r

"JHI4SE ^l-.Jr+ r^lqlel zlExll+¤. EEI6I-= El4+6J+- 6}+e.l ^f.J "J

4{:-41 +"1;{= ?.r}oJ_o + $:¤)e} a^l-oJ "J+{rflr L}"lzl- ^l-"Je-tr- -s
¤)el BE}JE +tl rflI'Jt^l sin2 x + cos2 x: 19 ol$rN.r-l ^tql4 =.^IoJE
elf 45xil+$ qE flse HS+6J+.
rg lg qlll 29.| trl4EEr+ sins x cos2;r
st r +tr4E9 :a6o0ltl(1, C: 0).
q E
:Er+7
l. ol E refl EoJT l.?
( qd 2 i) J sinsx cos2r dxE +614.

0.2 pf,l xE 1 - sin2 x-tr H¤lE + 9lg+, ol 4+"ll cos.r t+= 7*xl t*E sin,
cos2

+e-l EEol E+. ElH"il .J+ 6LrrE Eel6}r B3 sina xE rl-s=4 +ol cos.r
AK s +^l ++.
^l.J

V\L
-Tr 7r

sin5x cos,x : (sinA), cos2x sin x

: (1 - cosh)z cos2x sin r
-o.2
-ral
JEI
't u : cos .rtr" ilifol-$ du: -sin x fixo1a, EI+^] trI+g E=+
 7.2 AF44E 459

J
sin,x c.szx * o
_i :;,i:;;J *. n.
=
J
(, - o')'u'(-du): -J (u'- zua + u')du

lr' tt5 rt1

A
, +C
-_ 3 57
-+-
: -+cos3x + lcostx - |cos7r * C

*9 qlxllql^le+ rJol rloJ E- =^l'JE g+ 4Exll#* 6l+9 e+e+ +"1

,14+ 4E4l+sE +EIg + gt't. EI4ER+7I ^l-oJr]. i^I"J E+ 4t+ ,J
E4l+g E$6|H ol oJEg + + Hrt. ol {+ql ++ Hlz,I+^lg ^l-+alfl s.
*ol ¤4.
sin2x : l(t - cos 2x), coszx : l(t * cos 2x)

(qxll 3l) dxE 4l+61+

l, sin2x

pfll sinz x : I - cos2 x-tr +AE 4Eg 41416l+ 4,"1 tt6l-zl t++. rel+ sin2 xoll ql{l 3E :B 20il^1 E= EEsl HolTf
rI+ HI4+{g q¤¤ ts=+. *tnola
,tILEi= Oll-{Er-[ .
=LlELl
^l-+6IH

f sin'x dx : II tr - cos 2x) dx

t.5

Y : sinzx

: l+b - | sin zil:

:*(n -|sinzn)- l(o-|sino) :ln 0 7T

cos2x$ 4+g uJl uff,a--e-E u:zxE rl$Si+. +lel 4Eg 41416l-= += "JHg -0.5

7.1¤el fl#Ezll 27oll 9l+. r -t='l')

JEA

( o{!ff 4 |)
I sinar dx! +ri}+.

H Isin"xdxel flffi^J(7.l¤el 4l Els oleoofzl4 {lxll 3(7.1¤E E+Ezll27)

oll^JzJH ol 4+g 4l&E + tl+. rill+ q +3 HJH+ sina x 1sin2;sy2 og ap :
HI4+4lg ols-o ol-!. 4o14,

J
sinox dx - t {rin'*)'a*
: I [lt, - cos Zx)f'dx
: [ U - zcos 2r + cos2(lfl]dx
+

coszlzxlzl gl o =-E ,J+ E +E Hl4+4g. olg-Ellop oJtrl.

'l+4
460 78 4E'JE

cos2(z-r) : l[t * cos(2 . ?*)]: ](t * cos 4,x)

rflts'l-e¤ E=+.

Jsinox
dx:iJ[r - 2cos 2x* ](r * cos+x)]dx
: i J G - z caszx+ |cos +x) dx

- i(l* - sin 2x t I sin a.r) + C tr

ol^Jg gaIdIE m7 0, n > 0ol 4+.J 4l J sin-x cos""tr dxil. E4el z{+g
q_s'=4 zJol rll zlxl d*s ++q +tr + 9l+.

sin"'x cos"x d.x 9l4EEl

J
(a) a;.|oJe.f 4E4lE"l ¤4{" : 2k *
l)olH, a^l-fl ql+ 6}Ll*= +"]6}r
cos, r - 1 - sin2.rE ol+6ll^1 4olxl ql+E rlqlge Hl-E+.
:
sin-x x dx
I sin-x (cosh)k cos x dx
|
cos2ft*
J

sin-x (1 - sinzx)k cos x dx

J

r q+- a: sin xtr. il$Sr11ql4l 1 +r).

0) ^IqlE 4E4l+ol ¤4{"r :2k + l)olH, r}ql .J+ 6}'l¤ +q6}r sin2x:
1 - cos2xE ol*6l]rJ 4"lzl .J+E rrt?lo + Hl-E+.

t
sinze*rx cos*r dx : sin x dr
J J {rin})o"os'x
:
I f, - cosh)&cos"x sinxdx
r q¤. #: cos x-+ il{!{r11{lxll 2 +r). t^}ql4 u^}"Jq 4Ezll=-"l E+
gfolH, (a)4 0), qL d"lE "l+E+ + ?l+l
(c) a^l"Jel zlE=xll+ol E+ atfolE, HI4+4g "l¤:+4.
^l-"J4
sin2x : ltt - cos 2x), cos2r : l(t * cos 2-r)

(qlxll 3+ 4 +a)
ral.a q-tr.E +¤. E+=.4¤
"l*al-b 4oI s*ol E+.
sinxcos x:+sin2x

r EJEIEeI Alfleo.l T{ErilE:d+Esl 4E

ole+ Hl*+ "JHsEltan*x sec',r dx ¤'}|E 4Eg 4l4I6J + 9l+. @ldx) tan x
: sec2rol=E seczx "J+E Btsl6l-i1 rl-*lzl (4I+) 4E4l+g.JE4
^laEel
 7.2 Ar.44E 461

sec2x- 1 + tanz xE ols-ooll,rJ E{l=-+ H++6J+ 9t+. EY@ldx)secx: sec,r

tanxolgE secx tanr oJ+E tsEl6lr 4"lzl EdleE (4t+) 4Ezll#g rld
Etr EF+g + glri.

(o{14! 5 |) ran6x seca.tr dxE 414}6}E+

I
fl sec2"r oJ+E- EE-]6II 4"lzl seczxt- 6J+{ sec2 x - I + tan2xE ol$all.<l S
+48 + 9l+. r
4lg-e q+- u: tan x-+ zl{}a}H au: sec2.tr dxoltr, 4q=4 zJ"l
4Eg 4l4I6J + 91tr1.
t*u, secax dx : *h sec'x seczx dx
J I
: t*u* (1 + tan'zr) seczx dx
J

J
r,(, t u,)du: It", + us)du
q
It7 I
u'
7 -+c
9
:l:rrn7x + |tane.r + C

( o{lr{l 6 l) i t*'e
J
sec,o do= +El-+.

Etrl qlxil silH sec20 "J+E tsn]a.]-H sec50 tl*zl *=ql, "lag B4le_+ flrll H
++ + S,+. rel4 sec 0 tan 0 ql+E +El6lE 4"lxl Edc.e] 4Exll*¤ '.t+41
tan20: sec20 - 1+ oJ.s-o aJl.rJ EB6]*}. .S¤ o ECg + gltrl :r ffi 4 :
^lflErrJ =
sec 0E il¤+6lH du: sec 0 tan9 dlola, q+r+ rJol 4ee} + il+

J
tun'o sec'O d0 : ! rrroe sec60 sec 0 tan 0 d0
: J {r**'o - l)'sec66 sec o tano do
:tfu'-l)zu6du
: +
I (rn - 2us u6)du

s
rtlr - u' lt1
11
L

-+
9 -+c
7

: fi secl'g - lseceo + | sec'0 + C

*9 {lzll=g ttan*x sec'} d** eg EEIIE 4++ ol-4e+ rJol F A+E +

il 4l+Ig + 9l+g trq ++. olAg,qgEEl-H q-q=4 ?JLI.
462 78 4E"JE

i tan'x secnr dx944EH

J

(a) rlaEel 4ExllE.ol 4f(, :2k, ft > z;o19, sec2-r .J+= +461-I. 4"lzl
ql+E tan x-E Ef,dl-7] -flaN sec2x
- I + tanzxE ol+q14.

tafl^x sec'o-r dx : tafl*x (sec2.r)&-1 seczx dx

J J

taln^x (1 + tan2x)k-t seczx dx

J

r q-g- u:
il{lt-3+(gl4l s +r).
tan xtr-
(b) +41E9 zlExll*ol ¤r4{* :2k + l)olfl, sec.r tan xE oJfE 846}r +
"lxl
.JfE sec x-E- S.¤6171 flaJl tan2x : sec'r - lg ol+++.

ttan'o*'x
secn.r dx: J (tun'r)o sec'-r.r sec -r tan x dx
: (r*r'n - l)u sec'-r.x sec .r tan x dx
J
r q+- #: sec xtr il$oJtrl-(qlxll 6 +r).

r el += 4+- xlaol Eq.6lxl t+trt. +4.JE^rolLt Y E4+, trllE- E

7J9 zllzl- perl.7lE E}+. E.+ 6AI-ql^J +|-^lsE qBaJ tan xel 4+ol 9s
g trllE 9l+.

Jtun
xdx:lnlsecxl + c

gs6l-r+.
^laEE B44Es
EEL

4l trg 1668LJ f.a1l-Lal(James Cregory)

:ln
7l gaiflq. (2.str011 -Lallralol qt+g
1
J
**. xdx lsecx * tan xl + C

dza1a1.) r= 0l 0lE6HAl Bfo-tlE=

^.lE
E utl 'J8o1-= EBI= 6H,J=*t1".
+^l trg +Hg "l+o}4+ ul-q=4 A"l -H-"J +E 9l+. Hx] tse$ Ezl-"ll
sec x * tan xE *al$ q+4 ?JL+.

sec,r*tanx,
dx :
J
sec "r
I SeC -t
sec "r * tan x
AX

. sec2x * sec x tan x

|
J secx*tanx
-
u: sec x * tan-rE ililal.4 du: (secx tanx f sec2x) dxolue +qd 4E+
I \ld du : ln I u | + ctl EtrI. trt+^l E-+
[**. xdx:lnlsecx
I -ui * tanxl + C
 7.2 Arr-+4E 463

( ollril 7 l)
I tarf x dxE +o-I+
Eq ezl{ tanxe} 4449-tr- Q*o=a1-Bol tan2x: sec2.tr - 19 oJ-$all,tj tan2x oJf
$ sec2x-E trI^l ++.

!t*rt*dx: Jrun xtanzxrlx:Jtunx(sec2r - l)dx

:Jta" xseczxdx-
[arrxax
: tlnnzx - l, lsec "rl + c
A Hnll zj+q^l uffi6-9_tr u: tanxE zlglql,<l du: sec2.{ dxE EHtr}

Edl=E 4L+ 4$zll+r+ ^ldEE g+ ,l5xllgol 6J4l L+q+E qzlgq+

E. E+ sec xE +El4b 4ol ¤ri. sec xel zlExll#S q-s ql4lql^J E=. 4xl
H +Ezltso] psolzlE 6l-+

(qIlI 8D
I sec3x dx! +d|+.
Eil ++zl+g ol$olzf.
Il: SECT, du: seczxdx
du : sec "r tan x dx, u:tartx
tr|4^l +-q=+ ?Jq.

J
,.r', dx - sec -7r tan x - J
rrc x tanzx dx

: sec x tan, - sec -r (sec2x - l) dx

J
: secrtan .- dx*
[sec3x tsecxax

+41 trg ol$a|,<-l +6}rz| fl+ 4$ql 46]] EE +*¤ ts=+.

Jr*.', dx: |(r*.-xtanx * Inlsecx * tanxl) + C

,J* E=]]E 4E+ 5E+ Az.lH _H_ol+ B*ql^l -H_41 g

glel {lxll.llrlpt
4+E ++ql^l ,I+ +El$rl. J cot*xcscnxd*\ rJC BE]]eI 4Eg +E4l
1 * cot2x : csc2xE ol$all,<-l Hl*+ BIH E +.J + ?l+.
"

r Eisl -dEAl ol8

q*4 AC +r+++E a;r-E4lg q¤ +4++ 4Eg 4ltlEt "ll ++6I+
464 7E e=oJE

2 (a) J sin mx cos nx dx, ft) J sin mx sin nx dx, (c) J cos mx cos nx dx$ +61-71

+1611 4r+ql ql+61+ q+-

r.Jfal¤ ols" d4.

olq eg EE ErE4le ++ Boil^J tssl

(a) sinA cosr: - B) + sin(A + B)]
|[sin(A
Erl. (b) sinA sinB: |[cos(A - B) - cos(A + B)]
(c) cosA cosB: |[cos(A - B) * cos(A + B)]

{qlll I D J sin 4-r cos 5r dxE 4l+}o"1-+.

Efl ol 4Ee #4+g ol+Bll^J 414}ts + ?ts+ r+g=r+ rJol +l 2 (a)9 eLE{
¤- "l¤:alE 4,"1 rJ flq.
sir 4x cos 5x dx: ltrtn(-x) + sin 9xl dx
J J

: +
I(-sin x * sin 9x) dx

: |(cos* - |cos9x) + C

7.2 | E+=*il

1-28 r+¤. 4Eg 4141614 25

ff'' 1 * cos 2x dx 26. j t dtsinzt

t. ,. !:''
J
sin'x coszx dx cosex sinsx dx
27 jx lan2x dx 28. j cosx - dx
1
3. t) cosz(lt) dt o.
J
sins(2
ff'' coszo do

t. F" cosa(zt) dt u. sin2x cos2x dx EEzg-lo +S +44+g +6tr, Ezl+q}+e+ qEq++q r

I:'' r4EE fBl^l +t Bol ¤H6IJ. q"JBt+. (t,
,.! .,6o-- o sin3o do s. J sin x secsx dx C: 0014.)
e.j cot x coszx dx ,0. J sin2x sin 2x dx ,r. I x sinz(xz) dx ,0. J sin 3-r sin 6x dx

tr.J tan x sec3x dx ,r. I tmzxdx

31. "J.J Jf/'Hn6x sec x dx: I+E /E ol+6lq
,,. J tanax sec6x dx to. J tan3x secxdx
l{o anrx sec x dx9 +a}+.
,t.J tan3x sec6xdx ,u. J tansxdx 32. AzJ l-n, ??'lql^l B* /(r) : sin I cos3xel Bt{tg +
|- 6I+.
tanzx rnt+ Sitt3x
,r. ! 18. I'.
J0 x
sec'-f, cos 33. trIg +oi4l *do_+ +4lg ¤qel -JolE +6I+.
f n/2 -dx : : ( x(
19.
)*,u
cot'x dx ,r. f;cots$ csc',P dp y sin2"{, y sin3.r, 0 rr
-dx
,r. J cscxdx ,,. J sin 8r cos 5x dx ffis+. slxlE++E :zflfeE ol.$alleJ 4E ff" cos3x dx+ lk+J

sinz(l/t)
+C+ r-l¤, ol Eql^J ^l-.$-".J %IHg ol+ql^l +4+ At
,r. f 'cos 5t cos l0r dr ,0. J
t""dt ol {E}rJzl trq{.
 7.3 AF4^|EJ 465

35-36 rl-s +tgE +41¤ gEg zl4¤ i+g +=c o + Fl _gzl.JtrI.

"f(0)
:09 trll +lzl6J+ s:,f(r)E +6i+.
d^la "I r$zlb oJillE +sl$ +6I+. 38-3e m, nol "Je] 4+"J rI q-gg +H6l+.
35. y : sin x, !: O, rrl21 x 1 rr, x4 ,*.J; sin mx cos n-r dx : 0
36. y: sin x,!: cosr, 0 <.r <rrl4i y-- |
3s' : 0, m*n
I:- cos mx cos /r-r dx TT m n
37. qB "Jztz} +Eq}+ a(t) : sin o.rr cos2arrE 4dg Irlr+

73|AF4rlEJ

flol4 +ge-l HolE +g rll J az - x2 dx, a > 0I+ +g EE{e-l 4E"l +e|t
4 J, az - xz dxe+ +e- B4n+8, u: az - f o e. il+6l]^J fl41 +E f glzl
+J a 2 - x2 dx! +61-71- flxl ?*4. rfl+ x: a sinoE il+6ll^l H#5x.ll
.<-l g_tr" HI+E, .JE4l I - sinzg - cosrogl el6]] ++4 rJol =sE H"J + 1l+.
a 2_-2-JL az - az sin20 : a I- sin20 a 2 cos20 : alcos 0 |

4 E+ xz[ {E$ E+ 09 Bfzl- E)e] il-oldql +=-6}z}.

"JHl4sE zl++B¤" EsE ol-$allal *: s(t) Bqe il¤}g + gl+. 4l4}¤-
rj ++E.1 6l-71 916l] s7l- E++E +.+r 6l-,q-. 1, stl .J4"J +++ 6IxI, :r.
flH 4.s¤9 il+Ezl 4 q1,t'1 rzE x-E, x$ r-e. ul-#E 4+g g-+

!rt.l dx - I lnons'u) dt
ole+ ,Jg E" F9 il+]-g 9il*ol4 ++.

"J4"J e}*zl 5lH Eil+Ig ^l-++ + glo =E 0el +?J+ l_rr12, rrlz.)E 41
+6|H q il+l x : a sin 0E 6J + 9l+
^le"
4s -E- +r-r+6J+el .J¤-4g oJ$-afl.rJ +qd 4lql ql+ E44ql +4
=s
^l++g
EoJ +tri. ,+ 4+ql oql 4t xllf,* zl++61+ Elfzl- "J4"Jol E-lE+ 6I
. aol+. (ol4g 6.6¤ql^J q'J+E 4el6l-. rll ^l-+g ++4 rJtrl.)

H4il*E
AI IlcJ 6lEAl
-1 do -1

r-
\/A- - x- x: asin0, -n22-o=L 1-sin?g:cos20

rf TT TT
\/A- -f X- x:atan0, 1 + tan2g: sec'g
22
3rr
Jx! - qt x: a sec 0, 0<0<- 2- Etsrra0<
TT

2
sec2o- I:tanze

-
466 78 4E'JE

^ tU--t

Efl , : 3 sin 0, -rrfL < 0 < rrl}{a-Elzh :zel$ - 3 cos 0 d?ol+.

rlx

tF, :@
:# - gsinre : 3lcosol : 3coso
(-nlT < 0 < lnlzolt:=_ cos0 > 0oltrI.) l4o+ qil+Hzl'il EEII tl-fi¤Ee,_{.

'rx :6J gsin'o 3 cos o do

3 cos-g
) "ffi.'
1

r coszo
:l-do:l-cot'odo
J sin'0 J

: J {rro'o - l) do

:-cot0-e+C
ollEgl gt{ H+ xe lEH Fot"} aJ+ t}r+6}E^19 ol*a[
"14+ P=d4$olzl
3
J 0E sin 0: xlSE E.¤61714, :-H 14 zJol 0= zl4ar-r+¤9 4ol qE+
.rJ cor r
0 H9:z4rl Ei}l H+ rE qE.E + 9l'+ sin 0 : x/3olee 'ilH4 BIHE 'Jol= '+
Je -? 4re} 3qE E+.r4E rilElr+4 44ql 44 ol*al-E H9 zJolb Je -.'4
+ trI{^J rH o -++4 cot ael &g- ++4 ziol zJftol +g + 9l+
1 sing:{
=aJ

cotO: ^ffix
(rHql^J B > OolzltrJ cot Oel 4e 0 < -- A+"ilE
OoJ CfltJq) sin 0 : xfSolae g
-
sin-'(x/3)olg trl-+^J ++g ts=+.

I Js4
)
Lr,'LI'0 _
dx:_cot
(t'r"- e* c: _Je=T
x
_ sin-,(o\
Drrr *I a
L7 r
r
x, \l/

(q4 2D 4fl Iaz * I:1-+

6z
r.-t E4r1'J ¤qel HolE +dI+,

Eq 4gE 'JC4g v9l 4o1] EH trl-gg g=+.

y2 . )c2 a'-x2
,:-r 5A
b /-a'- x'
-T:L-
b" a- a-
Y -+
a
\/
.y

(0, b) +fle + 3|s+ql 44oloe, dill H"l aE x.ll1r.f$flql fl= gqe.l H"l9
46l]
4tsllol+(r4 2 +4). x{l^l-+Eql il= +flE +++ rl-,9 ++tr +qd+.
(a, o)
x h
y:LlaT-x2, 01x<a
a

trI+^J 4*ol CB.J+

-a
j;+
-z v"
F-i--------i
aE,JZ
a' -:l
b' |a: t:* \/a'- x' dx
,
 7.3 At4xlE 467

ol zl+g 41416lz1 flnll x: dx: a cos 0 d?al+. zl$ qL4lE HI

a sin 0_E_ il++614.

+zl +lafl x: 0ol4 +gE sin 0: 0, + g: 0ol 4-l r: o4 +gH sin 0: l, + e

- nlLtl E+. E+ 0 < 0 < nlzolFE q+4 rJtrL.
t-
ia'- xL : a2 _ a2 sin20 : a 2 cos20 : a I cos 0l: a cos 0

"l+^l ffioJ CHtJTI

A : 4 * l: ffi dx : o*
!:''a cos o, a o do cos

: 4ab ["'' ,or'o do : +ou t*/' ](r * coszo) do

: zaule+ | sin ro):'' : r"u(T+ o - o) : rou

+9 Hlol a, boJ ++lE Holzl- rrabdJ* EH+. 5d a:b: rE E 4* HlzlE t

'J flE H"lE nr'o1+= +H+ +^lol +H¤+. r
NorE ql4l 2= c4Eolgs 4E *41"J EI+r, g4 H+ xE qEB gs= Hr+.

(q430 Jl'+dxE+6t-+.
xzJxz + 4

Eil , :2tan0, -rrf| < 0 < nl24a-6lz}. relp dx- 2sec20 dlalaffiol ,r.J

B++.
Jx?+4: tan20 + 1) : !@o:2lsecol: zseco

q+^J +¤¤ eE+.

r
r __ dx rr __ 2sec?0 d0 I r sec 6
I
J x'Jx'+4
_
J 4tan20'2seco--l 4J
r
_d0
tan'A

ol +44+g 41416l-71 +.16}l q-e-r+ 'Jol sin 64 cos g_E. +4.J4

sec0 1 cos2g cos g
tan20 cos 0 sin20 sin20

trI+^J u: sin otr- il{+6IE +Sg e.+.

dx rcos0 1 rdu
I xztfxz a 4 4 J rrrt do: +)A
|
-t\-;J'rL: -L{a_ - 4rine-"
-L(-1\ -n .,1" + +
x
csc 0 t/1
----r[. 4
2

:zH 39 ol+61-E csc 0 : xz + a /*H* "J + ?lz, 44rJ ffioJ CH++. 3 tuno=t
=aJ
468 78 4E'JE

t dx
l-----------:-
tF+4 , ^ |L,
J x'J*'+ 4 4x

Efll qlal 3^lH +l4zl+ x:ztangE^]-+allE Elzl"J u:* +4-E- zld xl{+6}H
r=l ,J+6l-4. :24 4. au
-/a flyolEE trI+g E=+.
r x )-.:
|
lr du
_l :tl;+C:r@+c
_
J Jx2+4 2J Ju

NorE zffialxl"J:-4ol 7l-+ fl+ "l]Hol olH +tr ?l+=

qlzll 4= A'.4;l¤Lol
^I
¤g "J6H ++. relo -+ + q ,J++ %|Hg +E+ qI+.
dx
(qIll sl) J 'x2 _ ,a)0941+614.
a2

Effi x : asec 0, 0 < T/}E}. rr < 0 < 3nl24a-6lz|

< 0
rqfl dx : a sec 0 tan 0 d|ola q+g g=+.

,Fo': a 2(sec20 - | : Jo\an'} : a ltan e I : atanT

4+^'l ffiol ^dge+.

r dx /'csec0tan9
Jl-:: Jlj# atanO Jrrr odo: lnlseco * tanel+ c
d.o:
Jfu,
rH 4E +4eolJ.rJ tan 0 : - a2 f aols-E q-s- " E=+.
x ft t
,,1 X- - A' r-
d*: x \/xL - aL
+C
ln
0
a
I x'-a'
'on
aa
feJ 4 secg:* hlx+Jli41 -tna*c
ct: c - ln aE 4H +gg ts=+
rdx
I J l+:lnir*
J76z - a2
_a2
l*c,

Effi r > oql 46ll %l+Cil+L x: a cosh rE "l+g + ?l+

'J+{ cosh2y - sinh2y : 1++q +gg g=+.
,m: 'a2
cosh2r - I
'a2
sinh2r : a sinh f

dx- a sinh r dtolgE trl+¤ EE+.

r dx rasinhtdt t
.-----:
I _-
J Jxz-az J asinhr
I _-
J
I
dt:t-lC
 7.3 g4xl# 469

cosh, : xlatr.flel r - cosh-r(x/a)olF + El-¤¤ E=+.

tr l+:cosh-,(o)
J Jxz_a2 \"/
..
4l tr$ tr+ E4 e-olzl"J 6.2¤9 4l Eql q4 + al$ ¤zlle ?JLI.

NorE ql4l sql^l EFol Al4zl+l Eil+l tl+dil+Ig 6J f gll,

^l-ro "lls= rAol
tr+ ++6|111 6]]Elg ¤ +E gl4. :4+ +46}Falol aJ*d o#qo {H+ q+6lzl
*ll$ql oJql4." E dl{il+|g ole" d4.

qlrll 63 5a rH6|l 4E oJoll

"Jelel "oll
1.1 + azytzol Ll,= q rfl-E= ar+^lEol
=
Efl Hx-l (4x2 + s)3/2: (,W)rof =* ar-4zl+"l 4¤Elql +rF-_16}zf. ul 3 ollHolal= ,i= Eq Erl. (a2 - lYrz
+ @, + e7I +4il+Eql gt= ^lr+ +d6l gil6}zl= g+xl"J ExJ , : 2xE olLi (t' - o21nt2ot qlE E1CTlrJolq.

zl¤+61-H E oJql ili. 4 6ql^J

"}+?l ,fr + st|
g+ rflE u:3 ran 0, E=
x : +,tan o-tr- dx : ]sec,o daolr tr14.4 ,JLI.
^l+6IH
,F.r+g:@e+g:3seco
.r:OoJ tan0:0olt:+ 0:0ola x: jrFtZ"J
ull ql 1gn0: rfolu+ 0: nf3
"l+."14^j +¤¤ E=q.
1t,fi1z x3 : Jo n
d* _ folt {
arfl
@fu
J;'-'- ,.ro I sec'o de

:t!:''# do:+[:''$ae
:ftJo
_3lilt7 -cos'O sinfld0
*#0
of xlJ u: cos 0-E il++61-4 au: -sin e d0o1q.0:[oJ 4 ,: 1oItr, g : rl3"J q
a : |olp + rl+4 ,J+.

-*J, - S
pt{t1z x3 . a frlzl-uz
Jo Wi$dx: du

: t!,"'(r - u-')d.u: * *:):,,''

[,
,+[(++z)-1r+11]:fi r
x
(qr{ 7l)
J
dx * 4l+1614.
-Zx-x2
EUI ++4 zJ.l ul4+Er*g qlg sd4l# g-s "J=q dr4il+|ql 4El6lE
=a
+.J+= HBi+.
470 78 qEUE

ral s= qlrll 7e_l trl4E-Et+sl r +EE 3 - 2x - )c2 :3 - (*' + 2x): 3 + I - (*' + 2x + l)

Esl :lrflEoltl(ft, C : 0). qEE -Er+7|.
oltcJ:allug.lz1r
:4- (x+ 1)2
J tt: x + l-tr" zl++61-E du: dxolAx_ Lt - 1oltr|.
"l+^] +q-r+
?J+.

x r u-7
-4 2
I dt: JI _
3-Zx-xz ,/+ uz

u: 2 sin 0-E il++6IE du :2 cos 0 dlola ,m -du: 2 cos 0ol E E trI+g E=+.
-5
e- |
-rzl tr
J
x
dx:J' 2sin
z""ro
zcosodo
-2x-

I (2sine-l)d0
:-zcos0-e+C
u
: -iE - uz - sin-l +C
,

- 2x - x2 - sin-l (+) .'

7.3 | t+eu

t-2 (a) AF4^l+|g trd6}4. (b) ilfl¤ {+4q +I4

4¤+ ,,. l; *',fo'- *'d* 12.
r[-La*
Jxz_j
4Bs-E. EzilE d:+61+. 4Eg 4l4I6J gs= H+.
,^f,+*
B.J-dx 10.6
I :d-r_
x2

1
I-#,. z.J _-- x'
J*'-?
dX

,t.J dx
14.

16.
Jo Jg
x'
Zsx,

*2x-xzdx
*2x*5 J
3-4 +q4l +4z]+lg ol$o]|.r'l 4+g 4l+16I+. fe+ +fl
g zl4+4¤9:4r, 4 Eql EAg Eq+. ,r.J rl*,+ua* r*.J *,ft-*a*
ex3
3. t1 x: sin0
4l _ xt le. (a) +4il+|g ol$-rlla-l +¤¤ trqq
4x 2-25
-dx, dx
4. dx, ,:Jsec0 J 'x2
In(x+,/-'+il) +C
J x * a2

(b) ,t}+dil¤t r: a sinh rE ol-$41.q trl'¤¤ Bq+.

q+ 4$g -:
5-18 al4}6l-+.
..
s.
t *'Jffi a*
6.
!F*
pdx
l-+:sinh-'(+)
J Jx?+a] \,/
F 4* 6.TAE +4 tr4 +flol 9ItrI.
ol
,.J;@tr,
ta dx
alo 8.
), fu' -
20. I 1 x17.J ql fG) : J*, -11*E ¤+{rg +614.
l)t/z

t. il''
*'rlt - +*t a* to. lF,'*
Jx" zr. HlxlEol rolr. fd4ol 0"J +i}]gE Holql ql,* +4
 7.4 ?EE+oil st-d +alEr+sl 4E 47'l

A : +H6l+. [-d=: 0 < 6 < rrlzolt flg +

Lr20g v
t1
dg gdq +sH %I4{ xz + y2 : r'* E=trI. rqg Y: a'- t'
a
a 11

Ab rBql^l /s4E poQel Hols+ ¤q poR9 H"l9

Qlol4.l
0 x
v P

24. fl *'+(y-RF:rz$ xftg +dgE qd^lrJ 4 r3zl

g{iflsE Eelr+"J Eillel +"1= +6I+.
=
o OR)c zs. ot{ :lfll} ?ol qlzlEol zltl ft4 rgl + flE E+ +

r:0, 4lE a5g E?I($E)E Bqq H"lE +614.

22. +d y:91(p2 + 9), 1,,:0, x:3.o.F EB]J4I.J ¤
99 rfg +csE qd^lrJ ull xJzl+ gillE +EE +
61r+.

23. (a) +4il+g ol+ql^l q-+g Hq+.

[rW il: Lorsin-r(.r/a) + l*r/a, - x,

(b) (a)H +Hql fl= + rJ$:H-$- +rql4 +4H_"
E dH6[4.

7.4 I ?E=+oll sl,E!+aFBF+sl 4E

ol¤ql^l= "JEel +plEr+{r}'}^lEel Hl)= ol"l 48"}== o}Hg gr gl- +

gg4z]-l. fl+ +++ E+EE 6Js_tr ++qlq 4E6I- golg+. ol
"JH.$
%}Hg ¤E6l-71 flal E+ 2l@ _ 1)e+ l@ + 2)el +E+E- +lrlE ++g +
1

Bg+ et+.

2 I 2(x+2)-(x-1) x*5
x-l x*2 (x-l)("r+2) x2+x-Z
ol 449 EsE 6lE o}¤^lfl +H.il 9t= B+= 4+fl+ rtr-Hg tI+.

I?i=":l( .r-2_11 x*2 dx

:Zlnlr-11-trlx+21 +C

I HE+ EJEI
+E++ %FEg .JHI49E zl+61-= %r-Hg 9zl glafl +.JEL+ p, gql'16I trl
*4 +* +r-l$+= ^J46Ix|.
472 7E 4E'JE

*sH, /E ++'J E+e-l E e=e ++E # ?14. "1e}

pel ;<l*71 gE xl-+Etri
,Jg +4'*+E d+++r" ql+ +.JEI+ p(x)tl q-q=4 rJe a+ Pel iffi ru

olI- deg(P): nP E ++.

P(x) : anxn * an-txn-r + "' * a1x * ao @r*0)

f7l +++olE, 4 > dee(o)olE +"lzl ft(x)zl-deg(R) < deg(0)71-¤ trll

dee(P)
44 qlul{zJlEr.-l (t}xilHsE) p= 0e +tlot +r}. rqH +kc ar+= ++
4 rJrI.
P( x\ R(x)
1 J\I
QU) QIX)

q7l^l se+ 9rl 4.JEr#ol+.

RE
q-8. qlxllTl Eq +"Fol trlls- ole+ eg qlHl+4]"J gs+ 4+E 91tr1.

^u3J
ilqfl 1l)
i= dx=+61-+.

J
x2+x +2
J3 *x
Efl Exle] ,F+7I Ese-l ilfe+ a7l ql${l Hxl +rllflg +4. fflfl
xu-x2 ts=+
xz+x
xz' x
rx3+x 2 \ d./
f (,"tx*
2x
2x-2 I#dx:.| 2+;=)
:T*'-***zx*zrnlx-tl+c
2

2
r

tr"ll^l EE C("r)zl- A+, q+ +41= EE- Q@)E TkEL Ezlxl oJ

ffi*
^l
+ts6ll6l+ 4.o14. "Jelel +6JB+ 0= 1xl- oJf(a; + b ¤ql)q zlE.J 2il- "J
noi * bx + c ¤r\, b'- 4ac < 0)sl +sE q1++6l]B + 9t¤¤ -B'J + 9l
f
+. qlg Eol O(x): -t6olH rl-g+ ,Jol "JfE6llB + 9l+
8k) : (*' - 4)(*'+ 4) : (x - 2)(x + 2)(x2 + 4)

HBll +41=trE+q) (41 +18+4 R(x)lQ(x)E r+¤- eEllel #E+(partial

^ll
fraction)9 uJg -tr +4'H= 4,"14.

A Ir l-
Ax*B
(ax + b)i (axz + bx -t c)i
olag q+qlql +sE 44E+El flzll4 7ls"d a"Jrll ql Ttzl 4+E ++q
+I^116l ¤E6ll ExI.
 7.4 ?EE+oll sl-d +alEJ+e-l 4E 473

89 t EE 0(x)71 clE tit g!+sl Ee! A+

^1E
HI+g= tlfzl- H,z 4e "J+E tl.fu]Iql ql+E S* 4+ql ++4 rJol ¤
+ ei+.
8G) : (atx * bt)(azx + br).. .(oo* + br)

ol 4+ ++E+ C4.il trleH "J+^l7lE. 4-+ AuAz,...,Ar,zl_='xH

++

tr
olfl 4$3 ffi flxll.I^Jx-lH ¤Cg + 9I+.

(q4l - --' -
Ir x'*2x-l
2D
J z*t+ixz-zx dxz 411116}+
Efl Ezle] il+71-EEE zl^+E+ *zl ollEql Ll-ts ¤sz} fl4. Es= trls,=4 e
ol q-lfE6llr-J+.

2x3 + 3xz * 2x : x(Zxz t 3x - Z) : x(Zx- lXr + 2)

Eezl ^JE r+-E rll zl19 li} "J+= zlxly + vlzl+q++e-l ++++ E6ll E= rl-+
4 eg H4zl B+.

3
xl+zx-l A B c
,:;- zx-l- x+z
A, B, Cel #g A4617l +16]| 414 #FEs x(Zx - 1)(x + 2)E ol oJflql Eti]] A, B, C= +61.= tlE HJEB 0l ql4l E
^-lE NorEoll glrl
trl+¤ E=tr}.
^J
4 x2 + 2x - 1 - A(Zx - 1)(x + z) + Bx(x + z) + Cx(Zx - t)

Eel +Hg flzflo'|-::. 46*^1el E#¤ o_a &E q-s.g e=+.

^l
5 xz + zx - I - (zA + B + zc)x'?+ (3A + zB - c)x - zA
E-JE.^lolFE ql+6}= 6JE 4l+Eol aJE
^l tre] +6J4g
6J+. trI+^J +
'J"IoF
H9,'9 4+2A + B+ 2C+ 4l-EE,r9 4lf 14zJoloF6J+ ulalzfzl_tr rg 4l
+e+ tr-+6#r aolol ++. 4+^i A, B, cql +qI ++ EB%}44g e.+.

2A+ BtZC:l
3A+28- C:2
-24 - -1
ol= EE A: +, B : I,C : -#"1+. trI+^l rl+E E=+.
474 78 4EHJE

EHE= +l5lr tl6HA'l "J=rl +oJ-=r r xz*zx-t rll l I I \

1 I
.\
T OlrL
^{Ll.
JF6dx: J \r;+E r._r
- 10 _*r)0.

: fh lrl + #tn lzx - 1l - *rh lx + zl + K

4+ql^l zl.SrJJ -Jg "lH+"11^l u-- Zx - t-tr il+6ta du- zdx, + dx:ldu=
ol+fl4. I
NorE qlzll 2ql^l Al+ A, B, cE +61-= += HJHoI 9l+. EE 6}+^lol= -+ E-
^l
E rgl qldll +oltrt trl-+^l {g ,Jto}4l 6l+ 19 #9 dqdlfl B+. al Eglal ,
:00E -a9H +Hq E4l, czll 6}0l s."lxll "J44lg -2A: -1, + A : tol E
+ e+ HIHsE x:LE+gH 5B/4: loll x: -2E- +E lOC- -1oltrI.trl+
4 B:t,c: _+g E=+(^l E+r:0, I s= -2"J 'il CBoIzl ?*b'll, al 4
ql^"1= 4 olE alql 4EI]^JE cH"l-= d"J?+? f : 0, 112, -z#oJ oI
^td ^l E=
q+ E= xgl 4611 ^dB+tr}. fl++zll 38 +4).

(qH 3|} J
h,a*o&+d}+.
Eil ++g4 HlHsE rl+¤ eE+.
rl AB -]-- I

x2-oz (x-a)(x+a) x-a x*a

Ir|+^l q-q-4 a+.
A(x+a)+B(x-a):l
fl-"* "JEg ol$-all.<l ol ^l"ll x: aE 4"Jo.IH A(Za):1,4 A-
+l NoTEoll^J
tlQa)* Sz, x: -aE ql"J6IH B(-Za): 1, 4 B: -ll(La)* E=+, trl+^l rt
+r+ +q.
dx : 1 t( t _ , \r,
I x'z-a'?-
J ZaJ x+aJ*^
\r-o
: 1

;(tn l, - al -lnlx + al) + c

ln -r - ln y : ln (.r/y;o1E-e. ol 4+g +s=r+ zJol ¤ + 9t+
rdxl
r-ln x-a +C
6
) x'z-a'z- z, xla

^l
Eg ol+d rJH+ ¤+Ezll 319 +ae+

4?z g@7|HJ+El= 1it fl+q

a+ EPI

A Hall 1rl- ql+ (a,x -t &,)ol .H HI$¤QI a1zi. * @fi + b)'ol O(r)9 oJf
 7.4 +H+oll elEl +al-J+q qE 475

tsqlql +4,+H 4l trql^J A,/(afi + b,) 4cgl +¤¤ olf;-allo|,tl+.

At Az A,
7
arx * br (arx t bt)' (atx * b)'
ql. +t!+'Jol ¤ + 9t+
=q
x3-"r*1 :- A B C D E
xz(x-l)3 x x2 x-l (*-1)' (r-l)'
rel+ q +Etl ql$ xf.rllal ¤ulBzl-.
=q
rx4-zxz+4x*l
( o{lrll 4l) r-t,.^=--;-rl.
J x"-x-- x+l

Eql A +4lE'l-kdg aI+ +txllHE tr4 trl-+¤ E=+.

xo-2x2+4x+l:yr 4*
* ' r_
r'
x3-x' -x*l Jc'-x2-.r*1
rl-* +4lb Ee 0(.r) : rc3 - x2 - x+ lel oJ+tl6llol+. 0(1) : 0olEE r - 1g tl
fz} 99 trl¤g eb+.
)c3 - x'- x t 1 : (x - l)(,r, - l) : (x - lX, - lXr + l)
: (x - 1)2(x + l)
ril ql+ x - rol + H Hl+qEE ? EEt E6]]= ++4 ?J+.

4xABC
(.r-l)'z(x+l) x-l (x-l)' .r*l

I 4x: A(x - 1)(x + l) + B(x + 1) + C(x - l)z

: (A -t C)x2 + (B - ZC)x + (-A + B + C)

4l#zl r.le zl-op} 6tE_tr q¤¤. P=+.

+ C:0
A
B-2C:4
-A+B+ C:0
ol %Ie4E EE, A : I , B:2, C: -lg eE+. trl+Al r]-q=$ ,J+

I #dx:J ['+
I+
i, . #T-,.,] *
::-x'2* x * ln Ilx - 1lI - - ln l.r * 1l + f
2 ---
x_l
---r--

xz z l*-r
2 x-r
I

lx+tl
476 78 4EgE

NorE flzll 4ofl.tJ 4l+ A, B, C+ ql4l 2 Fle-l NoTEel ,Jg HIHsE tsg + 9l+.
4l Eql^l x: lE +gH 4 : 28, I B:28 gE+. ,Je ltl$gtr. x : -1E *9
E -4 :4c, + c: -19 eE+ 4l trE +Hql fl= + H4le+ ^ll Hall 6J9 oo
tr EIE= 19 {lol Hzl 4lEql Aq #g +61-71= flzl gh+. rEl+ A, B, cE +41
ql EEH^J Hr{l xE d4tr + ?l+ qlE^J "r:0olH 0: -A+ B + c, fr A: 1
^ll
g E=tr}.

89 s Q@)tl UE+Elrl ?J= 7lE 2il e.!¤ E:4515 B+

Qk)tl "J# of + bx + c, bz - 4ac < 0g TlxlH R(x)lQb)- ^l tre+ E9 +
E++ql q-q=r+ eg ¤qe-l o:}g +7I6J+.
Ax-lB
I axz+bx-fc
{zlrJ B- tr4dlot Et ^Jf"l+. qlE Eol /(x) : *llir" - DG + lxl + 4)l
A,
++4 Ae Eulle S544 EE]IE+.
=
x : A - Bx*C - Dx*E
(r - r',;(x': + lxr'] + 4) x - ? r: -r' 1 *: + +
41 g"il +"lTI r}g (gs6IE) $dztl#sE H¤dlr +g +^-19 nl*ull^J 4

EB+ ?t+.

E +C

rZx2-xi4
{ o{tdt s l} l*dxZ
J x'* 4x 41416I+.

Efl *' + 4x: x(xz + 4)= tJ ol{t- olffiall9xl g:s-EE +94 ,Jol ++
2x2-x*4 A Bx*C
-\,(++) -;- r++
x(xz + 4)= "JHql #61¤ gE+.
Zxz - x * 4 : A(xz + 4) + (Bx + C)r
:(AtB)xz*Cx+4A
4la5i$ aril +sB, r+# E=+.
A*B:2, C:-1, 4A:4
El+,tl A : l, B: l, C: -lolt=.+ q-q-r+ +tr+.
 7.4 +EE+o1l sl:d +alAr+sl 4E 477

Eall 6Jg 4$617l +16]] ++4 zJol F zfl_e E4EL4.

Ir-
J x'*4
x- I
dx:l Jr x'*4
.'x dx-lJr x'*4
^
I
dx

a Hall 4Eg u--x2 +4-tr il¤+61-B du:2x d.rol+. + flBll 4E+ +4 10 ql^.1

a: ZoJ 4*o14. l4
o + +-,94 ,J"l 4l+IB + 9l+

rZxz-x-f 4 Lo* *
IJ
x(x' -f 4)
dx: J JC l?.^dx- [ oio.
- : tn lrl + ltnl*'+ 4) - ltun-t(x/Z) + K

.-- --- - dx?

r4x2-3x*2
ilqfl 6l} Jr 4*'-4xt3 4l4i6l-+.

Eil ExI9 ;Ifzl- tsEE il-+Htrl 4rxl ge_e.E HxJ ++H +gg g=+.
4x2-3x*2 x-1,
4*+c{3 4f _ 4x+3
olil-4] 4x2 - 4.r + 39 :r *Ealol bz - Aac = -32 < 0olo + zl"J"l4. c-1
"14.*
ol+ "JtEfl slzl ?++g elulafE-tr ++++ %IHg Bez| H4.
^I-.SoJ
+"141 qr+E 4EEl-71 +16]l BE= +¤-+ rJol sdxllfi_e__tr. 444x1-.

4x2-4x*3:(2x-l)2+z
u:2x - lE il++6IE du:2dx+#4 x: (u + 1)/2olu-E q-g=4 zJol 414}ts f
el+.

r4x2-3x-l 2 t/ x-l \
) rl-+-+ldx: J ['- +*'-o**r)a.
:x--;),rlfu+l)-l du:r+t), r uara"
u_ l
.r*,
:x* tl7+du-tl7i*
: l1 u
x-r [tn(u2 + z1
4a tan-l
/; +C
:x*$tn1+r' -4x+3) - +c r
#tan-r(?)
NorE qr4r 6e rr+4 ae ¤49 *++fE 4+61= gH}4rl 4dg ¤E++.
Ax+B
,,'-'z+hc+c' b'-4ac1o
EEE $dxll#es ++'llr zl¤I6]l^J 4E¤- trIg=r+ ae ¤ql.E E+++.
478 7Xt
, o xltlEtr+l
--Ed tr

rCu-lD r u r I
JI u'* a' J u'+ a' J u'+ a'
r4E A Ha}l 4++-du:Cl
el, F Hall
-du-lDl
zl¤+ -du
tan-r_E. +EI*+

4? + Qtu)tl HJqqts Tlqt 2il El¤ E=*6;= E+

g?)zl "J# fu-x'* bx + c)" b2 - 4ac < 0g TIzlE E6J Y-EEf "J E rll4l
^l
.ll R(x)/0(r)9 ++++ E6l]- ++ 6JsE +Elt+.

Arx*Bt , Azx*Bz -r, A,xiB,

11 '-
ax'?+bx+c- (o*t+b*+rY @x'+bx+c)'
AI
--1 11 ql^l z,I 6Jg gsal-E HzJ $dxll#s_tr Hl-+r il+6]]^l zlEg + ?t+

qlrll 7q IH= EIE +dl*= ag !|l+ rl ( q4! 7 l) EL+ g ++++ E6llsl ¤qE +El']l+.
+-.J g0lrl.. 6-lrlu z+El rH+ill4lE 0l
E6l.E rll+ Eal 4l+E *= + 3lrl.
A:-t, B:*, c:D--1, x3+x'+l
E:+, F:-+, G:H:1, x(x-l)(*' *x* lXr'+ 1)'
t
t--r1 I r- I
r-,
- A r-r-r-r-r-B CxtD Ex*F Gx*H Ix*J
x x-1 'x2+x*l'x'+l '(x2+1)2 (r'+l)'

r *
) - aary-IdxE4l4I6l-+
q8! 7 x Zxz
{ 8l)

EOI ol EI+E +SE+ +6}|E HEI= rlg4 rJ+.

l-x+2x2-x3 :; A Bx*C Dx*E

,(r'+lf = r'+t - (r'+1)'
oJEq x(xz+ lFgE6l-H'l-*g g=q.

-x3 + 2x2 - x* 1: A(xz + r)'+ (Bx + C)x(xz + 1) + (Dx + E)x

: A(xo * Zxz + 1) + B(xa + "r') + c(x3 + x) + Dxz * Ex

: (A * B)xa t Cx3 + (2A+ B + D)*' + (c + E)x + A

4l+E rJr1 +sE tr1-g flHrJ44g ts=+

A*B:0, C:-1, 2A+BtD-2, C+E--I, A-l

rl-x*2x2-x3 dx:Jrlt x*1 x \

J ,1rnry, \;-xr+r*t*r*ry1o*
F fln]lsl Ljl flru -Br.0ll^l 01fl+e-"
rdx r x
:J;-Jr,+ld*-) r dx r xdx
l_
u: x2 + le xl+-Lltl- x2+l )(*, + l),
-+
 7 A ?EEtoll ol-d +al-Et+ql 4E 479

:ln lxl - ltnl*' + 1) - tan-rx + r rl

Zlx'+ 7)
--l-
NorE {xll soll;.J 4l# ntl0olol^J 4+g +g6l-rll fl+. "JH}4sE rl@2 + t)z
¤4E aJg zL¤ + gloFF olfl 6Jg 4ts6}= 6l-+el %LHgr: tand_E il+a}
aol+.
=
+4+t+E 4+ts trll trlls. *++fE ol-oo 6|zl ?+¤- +E il+ qlE Eq trl.g
4B+ 4+ 3el %IHe + 414I,* + gl+
r x2+l
I;dx
J r(x'* 3)

:Bxlq} u = x(xz + 3) : x3 + 3xE- +gE du: (3x2 + 3)dn7l qq q++ zJol 4E

g + el+.
r x2+l
Jffidx-|tnl''t3xl +c

I f,EIET rI+E
#4EI#zf ol-H R+p$ 4¤fl il+6f$ +r-lEJ+E Hl¤ + 9l+. +61 Elzl$
.JfzF ffiq ag E4q _rr6J6fr. ilsE u: <[s\x)_tr xJg[o]5 4o1
^l-g
844"J + 31tr1. += q= ¤#Ezil"il 9t+
, ^E + r.
( oll4l eil dx=
J tr 41416I+

Efll , :
tE + 4tr. +gE, Lt2:x*4,* x:u2-4o11- dx:2uduol4.lfflo+
+q=+ rJ+

,F++
J x
l
tt,.L
- I7 __Zudu:21 .. *
:z! (,. h)*
oJ 4ts+ u' - 4= (u - + 2)-E .J+E6H+ ul*. FE¤-+= olgal-fzl,
2)(u a: zE
+r +4 Eg ol$-all.! +q=+ zJol 4l+l,B + gl+.

J
.m
Y S__4
ali
-
L
du
I du-l 8 J u2-4
)c

:2u+8. t ,, l"-zl
l- + 2 I + c
2-2 lu |

:zr|+4-tzln ,p-z +C
,m +z
480 7E 4E'JE

7.4 | t+=rtt

r-g +* H-+E qlxll 74 zJol Y EEf +6He.l 84tr +4 27

,
1
seczt ao
dx
,-ll+. 41+E {tg tr46tzl ?+E4. J tan't +3tant+2 J l*e'

1' (a)
I 2x*5
tb)
k- 3)k + s) G - z)\x\ z) 2e. +84ts4 "l eql^J H|]e %lflg ol$rll.<J trIg 4Eg
x3+x 4l416l-r+.
x2+4
2. (a)
xl - 3x'* 2x
(b)
M -J,
Jm{*'-x* z)dx
3. (a)
xs+1 (b) ,- )cz ffiro. f (x) : 1l(f - zx - 3)A r4s= 0l+6ll^-1 Jlft*l arE
(r'-r)(ro+2x2+l) "r-+.r-o {tol oJoJzl *.Jzl e46}4. r f.fluE 0l+611^1 4+
4"J 4${tg +¤6lr *++fE ol..$oNal 4++ 4+
,t-20 tri¤-4Eg 4141614 #g +61+.
5 c 5-r*
-'- 1
+.J 5. | .t-
(x-lXx+a) dx J (2x + lXx- 1) rt. $dzllfi$ +4 Eg ol$oll,tJ I7%E4l+l6rq
') 32. Hl0l0{#=a1,t ilE +"JE f4xl- H}olol+E4^(Karl
e.f dx 7. | ,l ,d.
Jx(x-a)
2x2+3x*1 Weierstrass, 1815*1897)= t: tan(xlT)E zlS+6'IH sin x
-r2 olFold +4.J+zI roll 4t u5E +r,l++
e.J '-
r2 ll 4 ef cos.re
dx 9. dy
x-l J, y(y+zXy-3) E H+}Eg "J9ttrl-.
''0.L x'+x+I dx ,,.J@% (a) r : tan(x/Z), -n < x l rre {4t}4¤9 :44
(x+ l)z(x+Z)
q +I4.J.+4¤ ol¤-al]^J trl+g tr"14.
10 ,nx3-4x-ll
,,. T (x-1)(x'?+9) dx 13.1 ^
J-rx'-3x*2 dx
xl)ct
'/.: ---:.
COS; Slrr; : ----:
.x3+4x*3 Jt+tz z Jl+t2
4x
,0. J dx 15. Jl-dx
x*+5x'*4
x3+x'*x*l l-tz 2t

,u.l x*4 dx
x2+2x+5
,r.!;\0. lTl l-Tl

dx: s-q4.
,r. x3+2x
dx
r5xa+':x2*x*2
a.
(c)
fi*,fl9
iJ x4+4x2+3
19.
) *6a ty
flfEx'll 32q 9I= il+Ig ol+Bll^j ul4EE!#E
33-34 r"ll
x2-3x+J
,o.J (*'-4x*6)2 dx 4+ +"-l6J+_+ E+l+ trI+ zl$g al+l6i+.
rl a; sin 2-r
33
Jl_JSlnx-+COS"rr 34.
ff'' 2 * cosx
21-28 El4+6J+= zl+6ll^J +46J+s1 +F+U't+ 4Eg
4l&6I+. -dx
21.
dx rdx
22. l-_
35, x: tgl^J zllzl *d y : #+ ot4 ¤¤9 HolE
J *tl*
-t J xr+xJx
+61gt.
1
x-
,,.J __:dx 36. $5:x1lE Aal ?+r *+el ,]]^ll+el #tl3 qxll^l7l=
ifxz +|
6J zt^l HJH+ H{ +qol 9l=
"J4+ AdzlE 6|El ^J
+\/x -!x^- dx lalel a: +fe rl++l
r I zt-
24. l' +qol H= trl+el +Ag flliJ+ql F"J6l+ tsH"l
" ^l
4. ("1 HJBsE oJ zlqql^l a.44o-a zllzl9 A H4l
6H+.J o}4l4zt ElE]
---J x-2.,8+z J e"-f 3e-*? ^lAol4.)
 7.s 4Eg +lEl E+ 481

r) :
4x3 - 2'lx2 + 5x - 32
rff\'-t 30xs - l3xa + 50-13 - 2g6xz - zggx - i0
(b) (a)E ol-$rill.! Jf(rl dxE zld +6tr A+El ql+
4lfll= 0l+6ll^l +6J A$e+ ulaoJ.-7 ;<loldg ¤H
6I+.
@
=
sa. Qrjfl-a F, G, oql qla]] Qk) :09 ullE xlle.l+ EE x
PE +, ,s= 4 rll4.ll FoJg ^J^l *.qol H= +
%l-Ael ql q6il ffiol {B'J+.
Ael ++ rlzf. r$ H{ bqol 9l= ffl,ol flg trI S
F(x) G(x)
aql E6l] "JAol H4g ulgol+ 6IzI. :aBlE %}fl9 z]]
ill+e+ rlzJ r
8b) QG)
^|olql= +g_4 e+ +41^lol ^dB+trI.
EE x9l 4dl F(x) : G(x)oJ9 +B6I+. [-d=: fl+^d
r P*S
t- J g"-r1 dP ¤.1**4.1
"1r- 3e. a + 0olr n9 oJ9 4+"J q, rJ+ q++E ffigf-e E
r: r.19 uJSs ¤i7}6fr. gl= g.fl 10,000tr1E]7l- glE
6l]6I+.
++d+q1 eoool4E H4 b4ol S.= +fl¤- F"JBI+
1

r. ofxf. 4E¤. 4lt6IAJ "J4e] Zlr]l+e+ f(x): va4

^lrJ4E +41
+$Lll= rJ{^lg +6I+. (ol EJ$4lg pql 46]] H+
=
at4l E4xl= *=+.)
[-d=: $zJ t/(x - a)q 4l+E ++ + :r +*lxl oJg mn
r B44l ++g rJ+61 6J4.1
T 37. (a) e+El {+ill4lE ols-" ollal r}g EI+E +EE+E
E6]]614.

7.s l4EE+Fdd+
zllllzl ¤irlB ulq rJol ulEE+ 4+ol Ed6l] E El6I+ EL+E E¤:+
=ld
+.J ql. qH "lE +{g 4+"ll"F al-bzl Egol-x1"3, +q4l EL+E zJEB
= qH
"I= %LHg 4+6ll"F o.l-xl H+61-xl *+
I4EE +Fdrlfl
zlfritlzl zl ¤"|4 ,HE4ql %r-Hol 4+Htr1. q- Eq ¤$E{l$ Eolef ql
4.sEql^J- il++, 7. r ¤oll^J- +848, :z4l 7.4¤oll^l- +EE+ Br-H¤- +
_E ol+iHq. rq4 ol ¤ql^l=
R++ 4EE¤ ScqL +^l g[ol azfl6]a, q
H %IE4 +^lg 6-l-xl "JoI4i 4"1 f¤ 4zllol4. +q4l Ezllql 4
^l-8-6l]ot
+El= flr uu1-= 4EHg += S,xl"J, +e" 6l-41 gl- d+ql ql6l]
= ^l-*g +
H zfzl aflg 6l.ax[ +rl-
d+g 4+617lql g-^J 7lE4.J 4E +4E+ g"I"F +'i. ++ Eql= ol 4-
ql^J H]]+ {4 zl-zl +41==r+ oldql EE xil.r.16J AgrJol 4"1 +glrt.
482 78 4EgE

4E E+lE 4E*+= ^J+11'l

xn+l I
xndx::_ (n# -l) 2. dx :\n x
1.
J n*l I -x
b*
e'dx : e' 4.I b* dx:
3.
I -
lnb

J
sin x dx : -cos .tr 6.J cos Jr dx : sin x

7.
I seczx dx : tan x s.J csc2x dx - -cot -r

9.
J
secrtanrdx:sec.r ,o.l csc "r cot r dx : -csc .r

11.
I sec-r dx: lnlsec.r * tanxl ,,. 7
csc.x dx: hlcscx - cotxl
13. j tanxdx-lnlsecxl ,o.j cotxdx:tnlsinxl
15.
J
sinh x dx : cosh x ,u.l cosh x dx : sinh r
dx1 I

,t.I +:sin-,(o\, a)o

17.
I x2+a' a
tan
;) yz
Jaz -\4/
rL9. dx 1

ln t_
l*-o .20.J dx
h lx + J-+41
J x2-az 2a lx+ a *2 -+ O2

-:
'H+EE +4+ E+ "JH ,l]+ +¤-6IzlEJ EEE
oJTl"llo} +tI. -E-. +4g

'J a=g fl7ll +Eqps "Jzl6J

gsb H+ +4 te= .YEEf 86118, +4
zo+ +4il++g ol+6lE Eg + 9l+.
oJzlalrE +qd 4$ql qtr Ag 4e"Bxl *4
"Ifl zlts4"J 4+ +{g
uJeexl ?+sH rl-g'll +41 d+g BE 4ol ++.
^lE6ll

trl4Eg+E zJEal tcl. 'H+4"J fl+Iol+ +4'JE4l¤- A,l^l q4E

1. 7l-=Et

B+= ++61 6l-E 4E.JHg E+"1 E + 9t+. q= EE +s=4 'Jq-

I ,O (r * Ji) a*: I(fi + x) dx

r tan0 r sin0
Jl+d0:l-cos'fld0
sec',0
: iJ ::Jcos
--- 0 d0 :r I sin 20 de
' J

J trtnx
* cos x)zdx: J {*io', * 2sin.rcos x * coszx)dx

:ltr*2sinrcosx)dx

2. EE=d ilfl EI|SE *=tr}. El4E++ 'Jql^] u: s(x)tr ++ trll ul$ du -

s'(x) dxtl-EI4+++fl "J+s +4+= ++= *=+. "14 tr-+ tl+= -r.q
 7.s EEE +l-d E+ 493

614 ?+=r+. ql= q+ 4Eql^J u: x2 - 1o14., du- 2x dxtl E+

=q
fx
) *'- ra*
'++^l +EE+ "JH ']]+loll a: * -tsl xl++g
ol+6J+

3. trl4EEJ+E BEiloil Etet E+:itEl.. 1, 2+4ql^l dlHg *xl EalE q4EEr+

/(x)9 B4= +g+
(a) s46Jf f @)zl sin x9| cos .rr, tan xe| sec .r Ets cor xs| csc x9 4$xllt
9 *olE, z.zgql^l flEoJ zl++g ol+oJtri,
(b) +4++ /rI +BIEI+ol{ 7.aEE ++E+ ,%r-Bg ol+6J+.
(c) *B4E /(x)zl- 19 zl$xll#(Eb +6J{)q ag++(41-4EI+, zl+6J+,
e:aJf)9 #olH, 7.1¤"ll^l H]]g 4ilH u4 du? dq6H^l +E4Eg
7.1¤el fl++xilq]^-l qI+= EE ql++ rfl ++e.l AEgg
^l-s"+{.
oL -f
^..
olrl
= ^A-.
(d) +E *Eel a" FolJ trl+ zlEJ+ xl+Ig 6J4.
^l-s"
(i) x 2+a ,",Filgy a 2 - x r+ ,Jg E4olg z.:gql il= eql
q+ +rr+zl++g
^l-+=Jtr}.
Qi ("* + belrJ+ B4olE u: @bE il++e+. "JEI4e F ffii
q ol %r-Hg
^i++4.
'|]E]]^IE.

4. El^l xl+^ll +4lFF 6]]Elg Exl f;!o.18, zlE4"J + Tlzl 4EH,

^lEEttrl.
+ zl++4 +B4Eg +^l 4r+6J+.
(a) ;ls il+ 4*ol EE6r^l ?+q+E(2+40, HEoli
^J4.ILI fJ-l ¤ql
(E- xfezlzl6}r 9lg olla;<l) 4¤+ il+Ig EA$ + glr+.
(b) .y E4E ++48* :(c)+41q^J ¤H+ BE}IgI #ql ql++ olggxl"J
ollE- +"J EI+qlE Er+4o14. 7.1{ofl,r1 E-Fol tan-r, sin-rx, ln x4 E
e qEl+ql ql611^JE E44"Jg E4l g+
(c) 4zlEE++E
=4 (+Eq +4sI+ +r+Bt^l¤ olso*) 4+4"J g41s
e 4+ol + El +l+ ¤4E Hl-Tl7lE ++. olfl 44r-g l+41ts+ {r-R6l
t*zls dl-r e}gcg s+61715. BJ+. eE EH q++ ?JLI.
rdxr I I* cosx 1* cosx
J t-"orr-J I
I - cosx I * cosx
dx: J I- ^dx
cos'x

:J=#t dx:J(",,o* cos

.,
-{
sln-"r
dx

(d) E4l= old.el E4le+ +¤{+ 4E.ll^J {Eol +"1+ EE +qd

4+s. B
tr]]
"J^l ^l-s" * A+ +^I+ ,JBg
^l-sog
+ gt+. E= +q4j 4+¤- *^]
++u oJ+E E.HE + 9t+. ql= Eq ttan'x sec,r dx* "J"Jzl ?+¤- 4
Eolzl"J tan2x : sec2x - 1¤. "l+61-E ++r+ zJ"l ¤ + gl+
484 7Xt
r O xltrElr+1
-[otl

:
t
tanzx sec -rr dx
I sec3.t dx - J
sec x dx

J sec3x dx= old.ll 4l++ 4ol 9I4E(7.2¤E qrll I +E), r 4l4I A+

E +"1+l Exll"ll 4e"6J + !t't.
(e) qel zlxl *B
^l-+
4Eg 4l+16l+ trJl +^ll zlxl %tBol g
trllollE 6l-+E

-s+ A+-E ?l+. ol 4+ ^]s r+-a ¤EIel z.l$Lg q+l H fl449e al-4
+ +E4E ,JHr+ qq Hel xl++g A6J6ll^l 4l4IB +E 9l+.
ffi {lxllql^]= 4Eg +Etb %r-He xll^lulxlEJ zl$4l+}e Et44 6}z1 9+

-r-
L
r]

(osq! 111
I:ela,
ltr4lql^l 4Eg +s=r+ zJ"l 4rl ++.
dx : J t*'* secsx dx
i*
ol zJE+ Jtan'r seco.tr dx4 Eqlql^l nol Ef"J 4+olE.+ 7.z¤oll^J 4l^l+ %lH

9oleoR+9t+.
+E %r-H_oE l+4lql^l 4¤-r+ zJol *4.
rtan3x I
J
dx: Jrsin3x
*-:, ."t', dx -
rsin3x
J .*n*
o'
""r:,
il: cos x.e iJSap. r+-q=4 zJol 4l*ts + 9l+.

J#dx:l#sinxdx:!+?du)
-- , uu-J\w
_l t,u2-1 n
).,_1t,,-+_u-6)du I
-J
"t

(q!4| 2D sin,fidx
J
3(d)+4lg (ii)ql 44 u : ,fi e- il+61ts x: u2, rlx - 2u duTl ¤+. tr++C tI+
r+ ,JtrI

Jsin Jia*:zlusinudw
vl4+++= u4 c:4+f sin a9 #olo + +84+g ols"¤ + ?l+. r
(qq3Df ;jfiax
ql+4s-+ ,J+6-1 617l qBr il+ 4+E +H6-tzl t*:-q-Es 1,2+4lE 4s"E +
S.q. rflEll El4E++71- +E]++olo F A +flle 'lkCg 6'}l ?.4¤E Eil-= 4
e" d4. I
 7.s trEg 9-.J E+ 485

(q44r- rl+
xt/lnx
{zlrl= 2+4lE ++61-+ 4+ql^J +4+ t:l$ol du: dxlxoly e u: tnx-tr zl$}
++. r
1-x
_dx
{q4l sl)
J 1*x
qs=q rJol +4s+ z.l{+g ts += 9l+[3(d)+4lE (ii)].
l-x
u:
1*x
rfl+ a 4+,{]+ ++t+ +El++zl- E+. + El f+ ,JBe t1+41+ a(c)tr414
el ql+4 o_e fl+I6;= dol4. +z1e;-tsEql ,F= #61-H B.+.
1,-x dx: Ir l-x
J 1*-r Jrfl-x2
t+c.r-l-La'
-dx
Jll-xz JJI-xz
: sin-r-r + ,F x' + C tr

r E+Ef EF 4E-g * ?lEztZ

=
+g_4 ,JC trEol xllzlflrl. tlfillzl
4+ %rH_o e. E= g+++ql ql"H
Hl]+
4Eg +g + ?t$zl-? ql$ d+g ol$-oll.tJ ! e.'dxg 4l4}g + 9l-$
^JE =q
,/l? +* 'ol-.-]+'oJql, 4qE a+q} 6J+E'i{'J f S,zl rll+o14.
ol 4ql^-l +s} R+=+ zlE-d*(elementary funcrions)i+-I. +s- flE"l
4. olE ++EL+, +;]EL+, zlExll#Eff(J'), zlioJ+{b.), El6J+, d}r+E+
--1 Il--1 E l: l^L-I-,(-l6l--\"OL
OL cC,(l-71-61--A..
-'1 cdl l-Eii6I-A..
O--lL-l E l---l --lO--1 t-:ij lsJl+-=l,r -l=-- ol Eldll
dlE AtrI;
EBI,rll
EIlr -z,HI r JY
H Irr -l A

C, R^JE +d zlzl E+I$ E6ll E{zl- uJ+=olr+. e]$ zltgl

folri.
=q
x'-l
f(*) : - "-
x'*2x-l
* ln(cosh x) - *rsinzx

/7I TlEEr+olB.f'E zlgaJfolxltl Jr(r) dxy HIE^I zlgolf;p Et +=

HtrI. ,f(r) : e*'+ ^J46Il Bzr. f7l fl+oloE r 4+g E-+ F- +
=xll6}r.
*-4 zJol CEF+ + ?t'l
F(x) : t. "" dt

"14+Eel 7le4q lE+q "J+.

F'(x) - e*'
486 78 4E'JE

qr+^] f(*) : ,*'* EE++ rE ,*zl"J ln'= zltseLfzl- olHg +HB + gltri.
olA+ o}+n] rrq6l]E *4zl- gl. gl- ++E- 4E j e,' dxfl 414IE+ + Htrl
- goloJ4(rq+ 106Lql^J te.'dxg
^l¤g +ffi+E +4ql= olB* "J"l-
E Aol+). ++ 4+ql 46]]^JE uft|zl-zloltrt,
fe'
| -d*
Jx i sin(x2 ) dx
J
cos(e.) dx

!,ffia. _dx
I lnx
1

J
sin x
_dx
x

^ld E9 zlEJtsl EE6J+= zltsEr*z} oI44. :t_44 4* ¤#Exll"ll

qlH

9t= ZJEC E+ Tlge++ol+.

7.s I g+Enl

1-4 +^tat7l= ufzltrJ ^lE +s 4+ %IHg s+61-= rll zl]

11.
cos3x
_dx ,r. tanxdx
J csc "r J.rsecr
9 4tsol +"14 9l+. ,+ 4Eg 4l+6.1+.
' =d* 1 ,r. l, t coszt dt
J| la'x',d.
1. (a) (b) 14.
J l*x" Ie'*"'dx

(c)
I
1
,t. arctan Ji a* r..J;l+,/i)rax
l-x" ^dx J

lnx nl*l2t rdx

2. (a) _dx (b) ln(Zx) dx 17. I
Jo l+3t
dt 18. t-
J l*e'
J x J

(c) xln x dx 1*-r

_dx
J ,r. I h(x + J*, - r) a* ,o.J 1-x
--j-a*
1
3. (a)
I x2-4x+3 dx (b) I
J x'-4x-l fn/2X
4 21.
J -2x-xzdx 22. 1
J-r/z 1 * cos'x
dr
I
(c) dx
J x?-4x+5 tt! 0 tu'0
JI sec'0 - sec 0
,r. 24.
t:" tan30 sec20 d0 ao

4. (a) xz e*' dx (b) j x2 e' dx

J
,t.I 0 tanz? d0 6
(c) x3 e" dx
26.
J11*x' ,0*
J
x
,,, 28. l'L'(* - 1\-a dx
q+ {$g
T r+ Jx
s-47 41416I+.
cos x
_dx
,,. I -dx dx ,o.j x 2+l dx
5
I I - sinx 6. JIl^ J; tny dv x +1

ln(ln y) 31. [.r2 sinh mx dx ,,.J x -fdxx.,r/x

7
J v
dy 8.t,*
J x"*9
d* t

14 x*2
9.1Jz ^ dx 10. l-,La, ,t. J
*iffi a* ,o.J dx
xo-16
x'*3x-4 r xtlxz - |
rd0
35.1_
J 1+cos0 ,u.J ,rf; a*
"6
 7.6 4Es.q s.+E ol8-d 4E 487

r sinZx I
37. l-tf,t ,t.J 45.
I |- sinx dx ou.
I:',',
I* sin 20de
J I + cos'-r ,/x + I + lx
-uL

-/-
r.lz :Jl + x' e2*
39. l'
Jt x'"
dx oo.J dx
l*e'
r x * arcsinx
41.1
J J1 -xz Cr or.J -dxdx
xlnx-x 48. E$ y = s*'J] y: xze*'4 qEEI+= zlEgL*zI olrl
43.ff xe*
-
l '1/l * e'
oo.
I x sin2x cos x dx + rBl+ y: (zxz + t)e" 9 qEBJ+= zltsJfol4.
I e*' + t)e"dx5 4l+161+.
-dx

7.6 l4E=slE+E ol8-d4E

ol ¤ql^JE 4$ee+ +r-lzJ aEF+llol$ ol$ol.<J 7le EEaJ+= *= Er-+E
4E6l+ %l$g ¤$il+.r*l+ 7l7$ +qEJ A+El aEE+llo]4 tJxl4E **'
E- 7.s¤ "Izl"+ql 4zl]E ++EE EEoJ+ql q16H^J. Eq6J +4g. *"IB
+ H+g HC"lloF +trI.

I 4EE
+84+E= zld 4l+6}zl qqg zl+ql +HHg "l ,11+ ++61trf. A+ql q
4^J- zl+ d4zL A+qe+q E+ ¤+Etrr +e6L+ ol 4el E ++q= +
EHE E+g * rzozt]g.l 4E +4lol 9l+. q qelg +E E- fd zl]9 4E
4+E= rr= ¤+E"l+
¤. E6J6l-- .JElglg F6}]^l e¤- + gtr}. rBl+ 4E
e 4EEql fl- e4E"J 444xlb ?+=+. +q+I 4Eg 4+Eql ¤4fl.
E Hl+71 +16ll^l= zl+H"l+ ql+4 ¤tlg ol.$ollof 6l-= A+E 9l+.

(ql4 1D +d y: arctan x, !:0, r: le. +4lE Sqg y+g 6Cp + qd^JrJ

"ll {zl} Ei-llel +y.l$ +6I+.

Efll fl+48 %lflg olsoalfl, r +Elz]-ffi4 rJ+g.JrI.

,: I' Zrx arctan x dx
ol 4+g ++"I 91. 4Ese] q+4++ BEllqI fl= +4 e2$ ole" 4311.
4EE= ol E4sl fl+Eoll ?,Its rll^lE +
$(Reference) 6-10011 9ltl-.
r atan-'udu:u'+ I tan-'a u =HlFlol
J Z - i* C

trl-+^l +{- ++4 +q.

488 78 41E"JE

v : zrrJ', tur-', dx: *lt#Lan-,.tr ;],

: nlt*'+ 1) tan-,, - ,; : n(ltan-r1 - l)
: nlz(n/4) - 1l : lrr2 - n tr

(qlrll 2D 4EsE ol+6tl

^l I#dxE+61+.
E9l zt+gqlq ffi¤ sq1a1g Eqql fl= +g=4 Ae +4 34e+ tlg zlt\
+ag"J+9t+
a
(4,
= Lr(=, x = ulz)E- iltrJalfl du: 2 dx
dx = dul2)71EE 7lq6frl..
,u2u
l---.:-)"---
llttn
" \/a 'L
a 2-lr2 . +,*-,(;) .'
rEILI ol {g E^lle+ {qal gilatzl t+=+ 6[z]u3 u: LxE xl++6]E +s=+ ,J
ol rFs"B+ ?lrl

,
I
x2 J__ _
rI (u/2\2 du 1 Ir u2
) r5-4*'"^ ) n/i-7 2
r-E
J5-uz 8J

rqH +^l 34ql a2:S(trI+^l a.- Ji )E HsH q+4 -du

A+

+C

|| qH 3 |) 4+sE 0l+611^l
J
,' sin x dx$ +61fl.

Etrl +4++ ++g gq-H-E, "Jf u'9 Hq6.]rll E+61-= 6]+9 *g +

BEt H,
cl. :44 n: 3oJ dFE4 84E q+4 zJol rl-Sts + ?l+.

Jx'sin
xdx: -x3cosx* 3
tx'cosxdx
85.
I u" cos u dtt
ol41 Jx'cos xdxs 4l4}Ell BzI. n:ZoJ flirl+^l 8sE
^]-¤-6}l,
trl-+ql *{ Sz-=

:unsinu-n ol+++.
i u"-r sin u du

Ir'ro, xdx :x2sin x - 2 I x sin x dx

JJ
: .ir2sin x - 2(sin x - xcos x) + K

4l4I+ 4# +6J6IE eE+.

)
Ix'sin xdx: -x3cos x l3xzsinx * 6xcos x - 6sinx f C

{zlrl C: 3rol4. I
 7.6 4Es$ E?= olE-.J 4E 489

il q4l 4D 4Es= ol+EH^J x -t 2x + 4 dx! +6|+

J

a,
-a
Eil 4+Eql= * x2, (f, 2_-2Jl ,
10
x'- a'¤ s:%I6l= ¤q= glxlq}
-t bx + cE E+6I= B4= S.zl qEql flxl ++4 rJol $C4l#E eele
ra+.
x2 + Zx + 4: (x + 1)2 + 3

Lt: x + 1(trI+^J x: Lt - 1)51 ilq+6l.8, yl4EE}++ G

z * uz ¤rll$ sEI6}4] q
I +-a-g g=+

-l 2x+4dx:
I .r It"-r)^l-u'+tau
:t"@+zdu-lWn
+H9 d Hall 4+g t: Lt2 + 3o -tr ilq+E}]^J +¤¤ ts=tr}.
:, I { d, : L. lPn : ifu, i
+ z du
I "J-", 3ltrz

F Hzll 4+q 4+, +41 zr41 a : ,F* HeE ++q ,Jq 21

'az+u?du- u 'az
+ u2
J T
n2

IWdu:iW +]rn(r, + @) + iln(rr + J", + .,) +

2
C

trI+^J +gg ts=+.

jx x 2*2x*4dx

:trG,*Zx+4)3/2-+ x 2*2x*4 - ]tr(, + 1 + x z+2x+4 )*c

n

I .E+E OITE} 4=
zl+trtlzl 4Es= +q4i El4+=J+el Bqe+ gil6l-= rlzlEEl+el
ol$-all.<l

BEIIE Eql^] *"1-*+. e+El= olfl ¤4e]- "Jil^171. ql ql+"] ++6}trt. 4

EEql *+l xl++g ^l-s"6J AzlH A+El 'I+rll4l(cAs) Ei. E"#E +E-14 a
ueillolE +qC 4Eg 4*g +4q 9I- 4+se H+.J + 9l+. tr14^J i
_EE+llolTl-4+¤- ¤.6-Jtr1= 4ol Eel_s "Jol ol..l4. :Hxl"J +sE zld 6l-=
4tsol ^l{ql yltrqzl- Ag olq+. El+"iH zld 4l+16l-- 4."1 tl4lsl BE
rl gd ¤tlEL EEe +44.$9 4l^16|. A*tl glzl "ll$oltrt.
E4 Hln4 ,J+6J Etf y : tl(3x - 2)+ zl+6IE+ e+Elql HB6I-H qE
trt}"l 444Exl ¤.ulEzl-. u: 3x - 2E il+611^l zld 4l4}o|fl ffi$ pol
fl41 ar+. eg + 9l+.
490 78 4EgE

f1
) t* - zd*: Ihls'- zl + c
HlH"il qH +EE9ll"l ullzlzl= o}4e+ +c Bg ¤ dol4.

|rn1:; - z)
a4lE ol ¤rl. zlBtr-+= ^J+6J+= ^Idql +qql"t +rl-. +^l "J-"IH zl-+t
.J+zl"J Aol ol-H ++f, 9ra;4"= xll;.lap 4o14. r4=_e. 7l4lil 4Eg
q= 4Etr-+=. H"l]oh ELtr|. EallE zl4l9 Bql^l- ¤E{,h tlatl ^Jqlg"l ?t
¤¤ E + gltrI. *448q- r7l+ +sE Exilzl qxl ?*s+ +8.r9 #9 z4
il+E ¤H{I TlsE EqoF ++.
4fl. {lxtl.ll^l- {xll +9 4Eg +^l reJ.J+. rq+ oltrql= 7l4ls Rg
e=+.

il q41 s 11 a+qE ot+61d

J' * 2x + 4 dxfl 4l4}6i+.

Efll +sE+Jqql q"+ aJe 4e Bg ¤ 4."14. "lH e+El ql+xil4l. +-q=r+ ,J

e Elg +4.
l{r'12x*4)trz-iQx+z) x 2-l 2x*4
3
arcsinh
Ji (1 +.r)
ola8 6.7Eel Eolrl- 2 3
^.1

"lA* EHH RI} B+ BolzllrJ Eilol+. ^ll tr4

o{lxll 4oll.rl +g +* *}E-4g
ol$ollal q^l + f glzl rllEol4.

arcsinhx: h(x + ,-n'+ t)

r4o + trl-gg ts=4.

arcsinh tr* x) : (r + x) + (l+"r)2+l

f "[f
I
+x)z+31
,fr ft+x+./(t
ln

: *f + h(x + r + ,T
2*2x-f 4 )

44E iJzJ +zlE 6J -3rt"(ttJi)* e+++ql s'J^la + il'I.

E +E A-EE+llq fllzlxl} trI++ rJg Rg
=+.
(*. +.+) x 2*2x+4-
frirr,-'(#)
q7l^l 4zI 49 a+ + 6Jg oJ+Eql6H^l 6t+sl 6Jss ¤q+^1fl+.

qr{| 5 |) 4+q. dxg

( 0l¤-61^l
I "r(x2 + s)B 4l4I6It+.
 7.6 EEs.el"E?E olE--J 4E 491

Eil a+Elt tr+++ rJe Bg ¤ 4ol+.

# r'* + tr*r6 + 50xra + f xtz + 4375xn + 2l875xa + 218150 x6 + 156250xa + ff x'
+sE+lq} ol-J{4E ol*dlrl (x2 + sfg dflxlrJ +* 4$gfl*ol EH6I+.
B¤ r.r :f + str il+61*l zld 41+I6IH +*g- E=tl.

I *k' + 5)' dx: #(r' + 5)e + c

'H++q +zlg +1611^J= ol Rol q ¤461-+. I
ql{
{ 7 ]) e+ElE ol¤-6H^l
I sinsx cos2-r dx! +oI+
H 7.2eq qlz] 2ql^l ++g +9I+.
t I sin', cos'x dx : -] cos'x + ! cos'x - | cosTx * C
J

+FE.f{qq] q+'}+r+ A+ Bg +r+.

-f sinox cos3x - fi sin'x cos3x - # cos3x

4E ege+J"lE #g
-fr "o*
* - ficos 3x + fi cos 5x - hcos 7x
+l zlxl $o1 cE +xl"J¤. E|-q +E A'-46JE-^]ol il¤-zl eld^Bl.g + il+.
^,ll ^l-
{ +s=+JqE ^F8:6H^J +lasl eI+= +*EI o-}q (+4.}Eal* ol*6}q) ^l tr
4^l E+ B4 rJg BelE ts¤. + 91tr1. r

_ 7.6 | E+=xtt

1-3 +4lql^l zll^lE ++el 4Es +4g ol$atfxJ trl+ 4 atct*tE coth(l/y)
s.J -----------dx e. I dy
Eg 4l&6t+. Jx v'
f r/2
l. J" cos 5x cos 2x dx; *4 80 ,o.l v 6+4y-4y'dy tr.J sin2x cos -r ln(sin x) dx
2.
I .arcsin(x2) dxi *4 8't sin 20
,,. T _d0 ,,. x3e'* dx
.r/cosoo +4 J
3.
v' dy ;-,rl 26
o --'i
J ,14 +V ,o.J cossy dy ru.l cos-1 '{x -1\'l
/

xt
-_#dx
+17 4E ¤ ++ql il= 4BE= ol$r]l.r"l +S ^J+g 4l4I r.. J ,Fa* ,r. I xo
x 10-2
dx
"I4.
o.t"'r arcran zxdx s.Jffia* 18. -r: 09lil x: rrnl^l4d y: sin2:r o}4el ¤Eg xfrS-
- )#a*
o.
rJi?++ ?.
f cos6odo
+csE s.ldrlzJ ull ..Jzl= "Jx.lle.l +q= +E.Ir+.
 492 7* 4EHJE

re. 4+_eq fl=+^-l s3g(a) trlEql 9ollrJ, (b) ilsr:a T 24. (a) *i ftl ++4 eg "}] 4Es= ol+41^l
+ bu! "l+6ll^l +H6I+. F(x) : jff*l dx! +a.I+

all.{ +Sg 4EE}I, 4+EE ole" E} I

T 20-23 A+El= oJs-"
f(xl:
4l4I 44e+ ulnalrJ. Bol ,Jxl *+H, z BEol Eilq¤. *Jt - *'
Hq+. /e+rel cqqe FH,tlzI?
*'"@ (b) +E+4 +sE+JqE 0l+6ll^j r(x)E 41416I+. +li
20.
I secax dx 21.
J
d*
c$llolzt ++ ++ FE 4EES Ffl"JzI? (a)ollrJ
22.
J
cosax dx 23.
I tansx dx ++ trI+ rE CEq4 ol C9qE 4olfiol llbz}?

7.7 l= l'4E
44Bql^-1 4q.6J AIg +61-zl $zl-=."aJ 4*zl + TLzl gl+.
a H4Il a++ "l4Etrrs_l 71t44. ol+E}]^.1 J:/(x)dx= +g *I /g gr
EL+= got"I ++= ^l-doll^-l l$4+tr}. EEE}+E +'Jtr}. Aol qltr- qB
_r. cxl"l EzlL"B +E il+(754 +4) ql= trl-+ 4+¤. cq+41 4l4I
q-= 4e Ezkol-4. =H

IJ
et dx
J],
l*x3dx

F Ha]l 4+- oJ#zl-4q14 ¤EsE+q tl4lzl"J +xl,+ +dE zlEE E

dl qg rlol4. B+"]| ']{+ H,g +E glr+(ql4l s +4).
^lol
+"lloh ++. +B6l rfl %IB + 6l-'l¤
v
F ztzl a+ E+ 44Be-l
=,*rtg
olul oj_r. gl+. 44Ec 4"J RE ?tse 4qqsE 6Jg rfl 4+E
"l"J
++t#sE oJso E + 9lr+. la, bl= zfoltl Lx : (b - a)lnE ,Je. n41E ++ +
+sE ++E, xftl,H4l ++ ++ [r,-,,x;]oll +61== gelE d'J trll q+g g
-r-r]
l--

xo x1 x2 x3
!!t.l dx: i r(,r) o,
0 x4 x

(a) S4 EE
=*#
y
xftl ++E g+ EE *! : x;-rol{ trl# E-+.

1
I! ral dx - L, : E /(r,-, ) a,

f(x)>-Oolfl 4+e HolE 444s tl g rH l(a)91 -H-ol= zl^14q=ql 1

e-l+ Hole-l -*Alg'tqB+. *!tl ++9 e-=+ Ed ;I : x;olH ++g g

0 Xs .{1 X? X j )t4 ,{
E4t:H 1(b) +El.
$) ge-q' Ed
=*#
n
fb
-ral I
JEI
2 )"f@dx- ft,: E/(x,)A"r
 7.7 493
=^t.4E

^l tr4 Eql E6ll 4elg .+tal L,+ ft,g 4r+ E+ EE =*t,J, e=+ EE = v

ltilol+ EL+

I EEEEIUI E l
^]ElaE
4.2¤ql^J. ElqI oJql^-l xIS ++++ [r,-,,.ri]9 6d ,,e ddEL 4+= C4
0 xtxzx3r-4x
fl,+. :-H 2}. rH lel uJolql qlr]] +d M,+ Eq+q, Mnol r,ol4 n,
=^loJ (>E _f^l7
D ^Xl
-ral 4
Eq q +g -^l-ql asE E.J+. rE l.
L__^H

Tr{tf,lil
oEll-r

lll.l dx - Mn :Ax [/(ir) + f(i) + . . . +/(x1)]

b-a
{zl,rJ Ax -
_a'1

n
ll, a : l(*,-, + xi)E [r,-,, x;]9 *dol4.

E trl-s d-ge +s=4 zJol al tr4 trsl =*{tg E#6ll^J E= ^l-qelg

+4lol ?tq.

!' rt,,t dx *+ [i rG,-,) ax + i rr*,1 ^,] : + [i (rr,,-,) * /(,,))]

: A'
2 [(rtr,l + /(r,)) + (/(r,) + /(r,)) + --- + (11r,-,) + /(r,))]

: a' ;7(xo) + zf(x) + zf(xz) + ... + zf(x,-,) +,f(x,)l

2

E+{
^tEtelE
!!ft.l flss - r,: f17(xo) + 2f(x) + zf(xz) + -.- + zf(x,-r) +.f(r,)l
q7l^J Ax : (b - a)/noltr, xi : a + iAxol4.

+^lol4 +s= ol++ f(x)>_0olr n:4oJ 4+- ¤H6I= rH

^l-+ElE
3 v

E+El "J + 9t+ ,Hall +e ++ql il-

^l-+4-e-l H"lt +s=4
rJ+.

Ax ('-+,') :+ tr(x*'l) + /(x')l

olfl .JolE E+ q6IE ^l-+r]g +{E +Hg e=+.

^I+rlEE 0 ,To Xt X2 X3 X4 J

lqfl t l)
" - 59 q l,',trlrl d*9
=*#g
(a) rI44E +44 G) +dH4g ol ral 3
^l+alE =*t,J
+6H^J +614.
494 78 4E'JE

Eq
I
n:5, a: l, b:2"J Ax:
^l+illE +4g "l+6I
"x (a) trl] (2-l)15:0.201tr|. tr14^l
E ++g E=trI. oi 4oll.rl ¤Hg+.
=^I=:.H
r+ dx - rr: Ttf(l) + zf(r.z) + zf(1.4) + zf(16) + 2/(1.s) +/(2)l
lt + z + z I z + z r r\|
:0.11-
\ 1 -1.2 -1.4 -1.6 -1.8 -2 /
I 2
: 0.695635
fH4
(b) 5zH9 +E +rJq +d+ 1.1, 1.3, I.s, I.J,1..901+. u|4^J +dHzlg ol*alts
I trl+g tsEr}. ol so|rl ¤E¤trt.
'x =^I=:.8
rzl
..-l= J, ; dx : Ax [/(1.1) + /(1.3) + /(1.s) + f(I-7) + /(l.e)]
r/1
:-t-T-T-T-T-t
l r l r\
5 \ r.l 1.3 r.5 t.t t.9 /
- 0.591908

I 2

ral s
I E+lsl c.itH+l
=EEElEl ^ltrtElE
qlzll lql^J=
^I+tlg +44 +dH^rE 4+E= golEzl +16ll 9E4sE H
q6F4l 4l+IEl* 4eg qflq
"l4BEq 7lE4"lql sldl +# E=+.
rzl : ln,rl, : [n2 :
12
dx 0.693147 ...
J, ;
6lt trll^-] s7l= git(error)} +}f{tol 4qq} {tol EIE+ rl"lloF
=*{t¤. ^Fs"
6I= "Je-e 4elErt. q4l lql^-l ++ #se+q n: 5?1 4+q
fftrl dx = Z*z,J+ cil ^I+48 +4
4 +dflzle] sil+ 44 q-q=4 ?Jt:l.

Er - -0.002488, Eu * 0.001239

oJ+4
"E 4*ol CBEL+.

Er: Ill.l dx - rn, En : Ill.l dx - Mn

++ s= ql4l lql^J +"-J 4l+I+ Hl+.t41 n:5, 10, 20ql 4+ql qlql ^I+4
E +44 +dH4E *+t{I+"J "}u14 g+, -e-E+ Edg ^l-S+ -*#E 4l
+l ¤+olr|.
I
[' -x dx}ll tt|Et n Ln R,, 7,, Mu
JI =ltZI
5 0.74563s 0.645635 0.695635 0.691908
10 o.1t87t I 0.668711 0.693771 0.692835
20 0.70s803 0.680803 0.693303 0.693069
 7.7 495
=^t4E
tl D
rtlBEIE 9xl
EL ER ET LM

5 -0.052488 0.041512 -0.002488 0.001239

10 -0.025624 0.024316 -0.000624 0.000312
20 -0.012656 0.012344 -0.000156 0.000078

ol E_tr+El ++rI *ol H zlxJ ;.f{g ++B + gitr}. olal +g= rflffio; e+ Etolel= 101
E+A{.!rl-
t.E. ,JBql^J "9 *ol ?zl-Bf= rJ+ C+d e-+. (_r_El+ n
=*Atg
9 rlol oI+ TlzlH fr** ++ts4}e] a+, ElgH etltl +zig+- ^l-¤
g +E61loF 6J+.) C

2. g+, e-E.$ Ed -+t{Iql^-l szl+ T azl aJe rJ_=.fi ,9 4fol 2ufl_tr ts

P
q+E E tl?tr ¤q=+.
rJ
^I+rlg- +^]r+ +dHzlol Ed +,}L#tr+ 4q4+.
3. B
4.
^l+qE. +414 +dBzlql^lE
sil-. FszI .!e QEq ,g #ol 2El]tr
tsqqE E rl4a ¤q=+.
s.+dHzl.ll^J szl-el a-71+
^l-'lelg +{ql^l
silE a71E ef r7zo14. A D
xi-t Xi X;

:.H 63 FJ4SE +dBzl"l

^l-+48 +4B4 4q*
rJ ol+E Eq
+ +dBzlql^l dB4.J ^I4Eel Hol= d pql^-] r4lEql qlql ddg flE= C

eE 6l+ ABCDq Holq ,Jq.ol

R

^l-r+?-lE ^I+r-lEel Hol= ^ItrI4E +4lql P

ol+q= A?RDq Hole4 r4E ol4el Holgl 4 tl*4. [ 4
^l ^t+49
ex($z;^qsE A+ ++).
^l+elg
sr[ir}+4sE A+ ++)ts+ q 4L+.1 B

olfl +Ag +zl6ll4ql ++ 4ql^J +H6Ir 9IE e-21 +4ql^J "J+gq +

o
(2n)2 : 4nzalas *s
EEql^l n2q1 qleo aj+. 241EEI+E a7l.ll Ir|+
4= 7+

s7L +4ol R+41tr1=

^l-¤g
rg 69 BE Eqe oJol ot.Jr}. ell+6|H /"(x) A D

- r4Eel .fl aEE +46171 ullEol4. lf"(*)* y :/(x)9 zl#zlzl E"iui ts f.eJ 6
4 H4=zl¤ +4Ei+.1

9it :d1l a 1 x < bql^l l"f "(r) I < r+

^l+48 +44 +
3 EFf. Ef+ Erol
dBzlql^Jg sil+H ffiol ^dB++

l,rl s +#, I EMls

x(b - a)3
24n2

ole+ A+ sil- #4g qzll le-l ^l+?-lg +4 **#.il 4+6l] Bxl-. f(x): rl
.rol$., f'(*): -ll*oll ,f"(r) : Zlx3ol4. l <x < 2olrrE Ux< lo]I ++g
e=q.

l"r'(*) I : 2
x
2
1:
2
496 78 4EgE

tr++^l gx| +4 trql^l K: a: l, b : 2, n:5E qdlfl ++S g + Bt+

2,

< 2,2-t)3 I :0.006667

Kts l"f'(x) lel s= ,JErl "Jelsl +
= L1E--3
' '' + l2(5)'. 150
lE,l
7l-E + ?lrlu, Etrl Etg K7l e.
il--dzlE sii +C 0.0066679 dxll sil- E 0.0024884 Hlr6l-H, ¤41 exfz[ ^] Eql^'l
=rl
+q+l szlE +4lE+ gd zi*+ "J + 9I+.

0.000r olqiE C
^l-+Elg +44 +dH4el
ilq!rll 2 D Ji 0/x) dxql ql6J
=*#ol
qd-71 ?lafl E"I+ $dloF al+7|?
= "9
Eil $E 4l+lql^j t<x <2"J 4l l/'(r)l<zolc|. ufzlC ^l Eql^J K:2,a--1,
b:28 eB + 9I+. 0.0001 oIL}Je. 4q44= 4+ si}9 =zlz| 0.0001-H+ q 4
* 4olo + +¤¤ "J+6i= n$ Qollot .J+
+2(1)3
12n'
< 0.0001

n9l sd +E4g EE trI-g¤ e=q.

2
n
12(0.0001)

4lEtf tl ItP n-E 5E:-J + ?l+. ral I

L[ 4le sil.-d4l E^]01 0.0001 OlLHq + n) ----: -.10.8
v0.0006
E+EE -EBdl-= El+ilo|tl.
r4o.e. n:4tE- q6IE s+El= 4+E= E4-*g 4,"1'|.
+¤Bzls-tr rJ.g cqEE gsElE ,9 ++4 ziol {allot EL+.
2fi\3
---
24n'
< 0.0001

r+lfl'I¤¤ e=q
I
ti)::29 tr
v0.0012

v
{q{! 3l)
(a) n: looJ ol+"ll^l 4+ [L'.' dr9 =.-*{tE
"ll +4H49 +61-+.
I (b) ol ++ sz.tel tlril$ +614.
!:
-?
e^ f =*{}ql
Efl tul e: A, b: l, n: l0olE + +E${ql "i4 r+g+ g-+.
[t
Jo
e"dx- Axtl(0.0s) +/(0.1s) +...+/(0.85) +/(0.9s)]
: 0.1[e0,m2s + eo.ozzs + e0.0625 q ro.Lzzs + e0.2a2s + eo3o25

0 1.r a ,o.a22s I ,0.s625 a ,0;1225 1 ,o.lozsl

-tzl
JE,
7 - 1.460393
 7.7 497
=^l4E
ol **<t+:zH 7ql +r}+ tl+.
(b) /(x) : rxzol=_+ f,(*):Zxe*'ofA- f,,(*): (Z+ 4xz)e*'"1+.E.+ 0<x<lql

^l
,' < 1oltr + ffiol ^dB++.
0 <,f"(r) : (2 + xz)e" < 6e

4l EE gxl.+¤ql^1 ,(:6¤,a:0,b:t, n: loo_H qgql gzl-el tF4lbtrI 9x[ 45o+ siMl rH-.J ,sfl|= Erl"J,
g',4 olag 0lE40J 40+ ElEsl
++. ^lLfaleol
+. 0l a+ grll silts E 0.002301rl..
6e(t)3
- o'oo7 r
e
z4(toy: 4oo

r flE+sl g^.!
E trl= zJE +4e +dg -^l-6I- ql 4d EEd-$ ol$aN.! e=
=^I 'H4j

"E +k4. :flrll olfl.ll= r9 4f4a zl-4++. rH soll ,+4+ fl- AiJ
H ¤++ + +rJ.ll^l +d y: f(x) > 0¤. EEd_e_tr vJq.yi :,f(xr)4
=^l-^l
E 4 (x,,y,)Ex, +lql fl*+d +lel 4ol4.d¤4ql EEdg ¤olg^ll d p,,
P,*r, P,*r= x]LlrJ+.

v v
P1
Po Po(-ft' yn) (0, y')
Ps P6

0 a:xo
\

xl
P2

X2
w P3

x3
P,

x4 -tr5 xa: b x
-h 0
I

h
Pz@, yz)

,t

f.g I -ral
JEV o

4l+Ig ,J+6] o-L7l +ldl, H4 r0 : -h,

xt: 0, rr : hoJ A+E ^8r+61-zHrfl
9 +4). Ps, P1, PrE zl+- sEdE
"J44g y: A* * Bx + cE Srlloll, x -
-/,ql^l x - httlxl EEd "tqE Hol* q-s=r+ ++.
h

: x"
l!r@*' * Bx+ c) dx: z Jo {e*'+ c) o. ,l A ^ *Cx 3 0 q7l^1 Efl 4.stre] trel E=
ei ^l-$"^Itl.
+ c= +Er-+olz n;rts Tlct+oJrl..
: r(o +. ,r):
!rror,+ 6c)
rflql ol E$dol po(-lr, 1lo),
pr(0, yr), p?(h, yJE xl4=E +¤+ g-q.
498 78 EESE

1,o
: A(-h)' + B(-h) * C : Ahz - Bh + C

lt: C
!z:Ahz+Bh+C
trl-n+^] +¤¤ g-+.
yo * 4yr * yr: LAhz + 6C

:a4=_e EEd oF4el -Jolk +-q=4 zJol 4rl # + 1l+.

h
1fuo
* 4y, + yr)

EEdg +¤sE ¤B ol+^l4E r oI4E H"lE H6Ixl ?+b+. ol-|:2fl I

ps, p1, pr= zl+- -trEd ot?+el Holzl {{o'1 r1"g-
"llrJ x:,r6ollil x- xrfll\
4 A¤¤ 9"1*4.
h
(ro * 4Y, + Yr)
,
u|4!zlzl-E x
-.rrofl.rJ x - xotfil P2, P3, PrE
zl+- EEd o}{el $oli ffi
4 rJ+.
*Or*4yr+y+)
J

olfl "JH oE. EEd

"I4el -JolE 4l4}"ll^-1 E+ q6lE +¤+ g-tr}.
rbhhh
+ 4yr+ y+) + "'+
.,\IE4
Et-L )itt.l dx: , (1, + 4yr + yz) +
5(y, lU"-r+ 4vn-t
+v,)
AlE,^o
E-LL
xl='ololOr f -EAFOe -AElg
I
h
t
-ovla-el -d

4, + 4yz i +...
--+

E+-sr ls^llTl E= al:zsl+-qfrl -.J (yo + 4y, + Tyu + Tyn-z + 4y*-r y,)
=
cE+sl 3410lalr. +e= J
^t*olE[.
349 trllE l7^llTlsl Ttgelqalet
lzllralE "Jr 9,lfltr|-. Lal+
=JAl Ell 4zlrJts /(x) > OoJ 4+ql qldl ++t{}g #=fl4"j, olE 'JelE fl+*
u!_E¤e1HtrJ ds+sl
(Mathematical
+/q 4all^lE dH6L- =^l-ol+. ol= ¤+9 fqrxl dE+{Thomas simpson,
Dissertations, 1743)E Eo=Jl LJal oJal
1710*1761)sl ol+g trI^l dE+e.l +4ol4 ++. 4l+= 7, 4, 2, 4, 2, 4, 2, ...,
fltr1.
4,2, 4, lel EllHgql +++tr}.

AIII4.O!
E-r_-l =.AI
ct -t

os,: + ...
+;y(xo) + 4f(xr) zf(x) 4/(rr)
ffrt.l dx
+ +

+ Zf(x"_z) + 4f(x"-,) + "f(r,)l

{zlr"1 n-9 4foJr Ar : (b - a)/nolr}.

{Lqfl 4D ":10oJ trll ds+q +4¤. ol$aH.rJ

I? trt.l dx4 4l+61-+.
=}t#g
 7.7 499
=^t4E
Eil /f*l : 7lx, n: 70, Ar: 0.19 Cs+E +^lql .ll"J6|E ++g g=+
I
r- x
dx - ,Sro

. + 2f(r.8) + 4f(t.e) + f(Z)l

:- otlr 4 2 4 z 4 z 4 z 4 l\
3 \I LI 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2 /
: 0.693150 tr

qlrll 4oll^J C=+fl +^lse EC ^}+ElE +

*4l{t(s,o:0.6e3150)g
(rro : a.6e3771) E-
+dB 4(M,o: 0.692835) _H-+ 4gq *#(rn z :
^l
0.6e3147...)ql ¤d zl-z|8 +*atoltrl. ds+el +4ql e]+
=+t{t+ ^f+r-lE
+^lr+ +dB4ql E+ 4s=+ zJg tl#E+"J"I E}-d+14(fl+lEzll
26 +4).
=*{t=q
S2n: \r.+lu^
(EE E*? *szl. El4oll, lz'rlg lr.l9 a714 "+ HI"J¤ {rzl;fzf.)
Erq.
olzJBqLsl Brg ¤+ollrl *g 6J+E^J y"ll 4,* al"l Eqalzl t+q+E 4E
g 4l4lE}]oF 6J 4*zl gt+. qE EH er+z} :a4uE
'l+H fE glr E= +
4aJ zftrE -trF-q ++g + 9t+ alol #46141 Ho]-^l g|g 4ol $d.I+E
d=+el +4(E= +dHzl, ^l-qqg +4)g r"ll **yg 4E IIya*E +*
,,Ig +6I- ql qd6l + 9l+. ^I-+.J

(qHI 5D :H ulfql^l swITCH(4fl^9 Academic & Research

109 6I+ EoJ
Network)-tr. d+E zlEel "J9 -eq D(/)- aB ollzl-ul=(Mb/s)_tr +49 zle
=+.
xl4-6}o14. ds+E +4g ol$-all.<l qL g B rz.,.14el 4s_zfxl d+¤- ¤'6fl d
t¤ {eE ++g +46I+
D
I
6

0 3 6 I t2 15 18 21 24t (h) fal to

Eql s+l7| oJzl6[o| 6J.-:L, D(t)+ =B ullzlHlee. +4921 ullE.ll 19 EglrlzJ

g a_+ Et+lqoF
++. A(/)E raoll d+E zlEel "JGvru;o1+ 6iE A,(t):
^l+ql^l
D(0oltrI. rll+c +Esl44(4.4¤ +a)ql
"l-+ 4sQ: t2
x 602 : 432002)rl^l
d+E zl-EE +=}e qtr-r+ ?Jtr+.
5OO 78 4EEJE

4(43,200) : t43.200
D(t) dt
Jo
r4Eql^J r,rlzJu}4 D(oel alg +46ll^j oi4 s.. "J=+.
r(h) t (s) D(t) r(h) r (s) D(r)

0 0 3.2 7 25200 1.3

I 3600 2.7 I 28800 2.8

2 7200 1.9 I 32400 5.7
3 10800 1.1 l0 36000 7.1

4 14400 1.3 1l 39600 7.7

5 r8000 1"0 12 43200 1.9
6 21600 1.1

n: tz, Lt:3600oJ trll Cs+E +4g olS-oll.{ 4E<tg +C6}H ++4 rJ+

Au) dt ,=-L,t [D(0) + 4D(3600) + 2D(7200) + .. . + 4D(3e600) + D(43200)]

J43'2oo 3

3600 _
-;13.2 + 4(2.7) + 2(t e) + 4{1.7) + 2(1.3) + 4(1.0)

+ 2(1 1) + 4(r.3) + Z(2.5) + +(S.7) + 2(7.r) + 4(7.7) + ?.el

: 143,880

El-4^J z}4+q d9'llytl d+g xtEel +%Fe. E 144000 h{b, + 144 Gb(18 gigabyte)

oltrI. I

r fls+ EAloil EH-d e.it -d4l

g+ s- 4E Ji 0/i dx41 4dl cs+E +44 +dBzlg Hlr* col4. 4
n Mn s,
4 0.69121989 0.69315453
Ee-l +#g eI 0.6e314718o1+.olq -tr= d=+E +^lgl szt E,7l nolzEHTl
g o+ 1/16tr ag Bq 14oll^l tr|= 4Eql ql6]l ola
8 0.69266055 0.69314765 "I =qE- =trHfl*zll
g +E'J+). ol ql+ +* sxl-+4a19 Ee.il +++
^t¤g ds+q +^lql
16 0.69302521 0.69314121

E roel "Jzl*+. ol= ^I+n-lg +44 +dH4q q61 ^l Eql xll^l6J si1 +
n EM ES
4le.l-Hl*aIxlEL qTl^l- f 4 4Al EEI+E ol+++.
4 0.00192729 -0.00000735
8 0.00048663 -0.00000047
16 0.00012197 -0.00000003 4 ds+ E+loll Ell=d .git Et4l
a1x s bql^J ,rt+r(x) I < r+ 6FzI. ds+el +^lq] r11a; e;ffi Es+ 6lE trl¤-

"l {HrJtr}.
*9==
lr,l s 180n4:)'

(qrfl 6l) ds+g +4g ol+611^J Iitrt*ldx4 0.0001 "lqlE 4+6IE

=+t{}ol
+ 6l-ElE B,,l-4 7 "2 dq"llot al-bzl-?
Efl/t l: t/rolE+ 1+t@):Z4lxsol4. x >1oltr+ |x< lolrffiol CB++.
 7.7 lElE 501
=
.rJg ZlttTls[ 3gq,= trtrE
l/(r)(r) I :
24
<24 ^req;q
sl zl+lg + ?,Its gfral=o|
--
LH
x" =}t,J=
trrElol ?,lrl. EF Tlzl== cs*g E .l

g+= 4AE +ilqEolal-

:aeloe- 4E Eql^J n:248 qg + gt'I. e-z}7t 0.0001_H_+ 4tril 4qH = + ^[E6l-r,
"I+c q ,tllEE 7l+= Al'E-drl. -sl
q=q=4 rJol rug qEIoI 6Jtri. =
+CI|^J EEO| d-d +Ee rl Dd3 +E
=,
+ils-+ Ll+ts A0l+ 0lB4l 6lE +Gl
# < o'ooor Tl trqE= E= rll =Js-Lf 71l+iE Eg
-\ olrl_ .
--r-
l4=_e q+g
^,/iLl
E=trI.

no>180(0.0001)
'o ,

v0.0oo7s

n: 8 (n* Hlgrl 4folo-t)g fl61-= 4+E= ++. (ol E4e+ ql4l zql^l Eg
^I
+r"lg +^lql 4fl n : 41, +EH4"ll {oJ n: Z9E Hl.il.oll Ezl-.) r
ilqlll 7|}
(a) n:10"J trll Cs+E +^lg ol$-ollal lle"dxe) +6t+.
=,ft#-$
(b) ol 4+ s^l-= +¤614.
=}t{lql
Eil (") n: l0olH ar:0.1olp + /dq+ +^lq El+ +sg E=trI-.

rl ,Ar
)o
e.'dx -;t/(0) + 4/(0.1) + 2/(0.2) +... + 2f(0.s) + 4/(0.e) +/(1)l ral I r= qlll 7sl 4l+tg ql^lEl aol+.
gECq E7l y: e"9:faflrc; ?Edf
: 0.1
p 7l flE E++ Etrqq fl=oll +sl6|r[.
+ 4t0.ot + Zet.M * 4e0.@ 210.16 a 410.25 a 210.36
t[ro
a 4"o.+e + Zeo.& I 4*0.8r t v
"r7
* 1.462681

/
(b) /(x) : "x2
sl 441
=.$t= +s-4
rJtrI.
l:
_2
e^
/
,fs)(r) : tlT * 4Bx2 + l6xa)e,'

o<x<1olF-E+*ggb+.
o < /(4)(r) < (12 + 48 + l6)et :'l6e
rElF-tr. 431 Eql K : 76e, a : O, b : t,n : 109 l-+gfl gil-= zl{a}op r}+4 0
IJ
,J¤¤ "J + ilHqlxll 3+ Hln6IzD. fal tl
16e(l)s
- o'ooo115
"'(6r
q+^l 4+d oI4 4nll xlflfllzl4+Elrll
'l-E¤ E=trI.
f' ," d* * 1.463
Jo
r
 7Xl x] HBlr+l
502 t o -iEci H

7.7 | u+=xil

4+¤ {d.zt4 gil.

^J9 fl+E4]ql^J +E+ adol H.qH
ol 6}b 87, Ey, E 4l+I.l.+.
=
sil¤¤
zlzl ?,*4. (b) (a)91.<l 7t
¤xll (3)r+ (4)ql^l e¤. +¤
r. r : Jl ftrl dxala E++ /9 r4s= ++4 ,J'1. sile+ ullalal-.
(c) n9 ts"Iq q6J 41, (a)ollrJE 4Eql ql6J
(a) :z4liE ol+6H^l L2, R2,MrE +-l+. =41 =+t
(b) +lE AlEol /tr+ oiLlH 43zI? 4k 7,,, Mn, 5,,o10.00001 "lL+]qlAJ cq¤.zl?
=7t
(c) r4sEol+BH^l r2E +6}J, lel {tr} ulj/a}e}. Erz. s;(t +¤q Ez]lde ** 44I s_aJf 4lt}"1 qHr
tal tJ99 n.il 4dl Ln,'Rn, M,,7,, rg {Ig 4zl= #rj lql 4+ +e tI41 KE 4d 4l,tl61l^J gzlzl *l
l"f(u)(r)
E +E6I+. B+= ql ilq. rElLl-+zl4 +eegJolE ol+6IE,f(o)
v T- 4:-4gE ¤b rJl AE E4l7I 9zl ?*"t zl4lql^l ^Jc
3
J
S ]4=e+El ,(e.l #g fl4 4l+lg + 9l+. ol Exll
2
E /(x) - ecos,oJ trll, zlB I : I',o" fk) d*4 z*#g +
Etrl. (b), (d), (e)E 4+d l07t;l4xl +6I+.
1_ (a) _14 EE- ol+6H^l I f 'G) lE +e dr-4lE +61+.
/
(b) Mlog olg-all,! IE +d6i-q.
-
i

0 I 2 3 4x (c) (a)E ol+El^l ft)e.l e-zl¤ +4"I+.

(d) +z]zJ$ +qol 9l= 4ltlzl E= e+ElE
ffi 2. n: 4oJ 4l (a) +4+ (b) +EH4g ol+dll^J "l+6ll^J
^Itrl4E rE +46I+.
Jj cos(x')d;$ i{a}r}. sl4$*+el r4sE+El 4
(e) (c)olJ,! gg szlsl {zll exl_= ulza}a}.
4zt *rlB4 zl¤zl E= trC6I4. ¤E4ss
(0 r4s= olgall,<J l"f(o)(r) lg =** +418 +6t4.
=4=
4Ee-l +#ql 'll6fl +H.g "JB + iltsz}?
1= +¤61+.
(e) s,og ol--$all.r-l
3. n:6"J ¤:dHzl+ (b) ds+q +4g ol$all,rl
trll (a) (h) (DE ol$rll.<J (g)9 s;l-E +461-+.

Jlx sin x dx\ +8I4. Ee e+= +{F+ Hljr (i) (h)E +8 sile+ d4l sil-= ulrolaf.
=*#g
6H^l e-il¤-e4q-4. fi) s,,g ^l-&B trll siiE =zltl0.0001-H+ 4is4B g
a-e (a) +^1, (b) +dHzl, (c) ds*9 *rl9 ol-$ "t+ r¤ fldl"F alizf?
=
^I'l7lg
6ll^J +ol4l ,r9lr.l 4+e-l +6l.r+. 13. n: 5, 10, 20ql,{l llxe.dxa) L,, Rn,7,, M,et +61
=+t{ig =+t#
-L, ololl rll+"1+ g^l EL, Ep, E7, E*& +dlr+(A+El 4
+.
J' ,lt+f a*, n:4 s.
J' Jr-t a*, n = to
+iil4lql^'l .JE EBq= + glrl). +Hg +eE}
^F+g
u. e'*"o"' dx, n : 6 t. ! ,f, cosy dy, n: 8 f ?lbzt? $61 nol 2HH7I g trll s,.l-= "lgAI qEzl?
I_',
14. n:6, 12oll.! 4+ Ji xa dx\ Tn, Mn, s,,g +6}J.,
n:10 ,. J" h(t + e*) dx, n: B =*{t
olql q+6t: e-i| E.' E*, ErZ +6F+(A+Ei Eil+ill4l
ql^l
'Jq EBqE ^l-+6J + 9l+). +qg +ag + 9l
10. (a) 4E dx9 =.-}t{l r*4 Mr=^ +61-+.
J;cos(x2) Y7l? $aJ nol 2EH7L g Ell s4+ qB4 sl=zl?
(b) (a)ollrJ +6J-='*{tE sil¤ +46}+.
(c) n9 tsut4 rrll qB 41, (a)ollrle.l 4Bql qluJ +,t l5,. n: 6oJ 4l (a) (b)
^1r}48 +41, +EHzl,
(c) dE*9
+^lg ol-$all.! q* :Hql^J :14s o[4e] -JolE 4
4x Tn,la,ol 0.0001 oltl]q^l 4+Bztr
4 +4.t+.
11. (a) Jfl sin x dxe) 7,,, Ms1, S,og +6ir olq] ql+
=4tt
 7.7 503
=^t4E
v dE+el =o 0l+6]]^l a- E"J ^l-n" H qlLJ z.lg +
l

! ^lg ^l7J
I
C6l+ (CqE "lluJzl9 EtJ+4L ^I¤g ol++trt.)
t P t P

0t00 1814 3:30 161 1

0:30 1135 4:00 t62t

0 r 2 3 4 5 6x
l:00 1686 4:30 1666
1:30 1646 5:00 1745
16. (a) +¤H44 olzfl xf-EE ol$all.<l 4E j,'ffr) d*4 ?t 2:00 t63l 5 t30 r 886
g +46t-+. 2:30 1609 6:00 2052
3:00 1604
x f (x) x f {x}
1.0 2.4 3.5 4.0 2o. n:8"J Cs+E +4g ol.$all.<J rHql il= ¤qg
tr]]
1.5 2.9 4.0 4.t (a) x4r-l (b) yf;$ +csE 3rld^la ,ll
2.0 J.J 4.5 3.9
^JzlE "J4lel
2.5 3.6 5.0 3.5
+ElE 44 +614.
_T
3.0 3.8 v
4

E=x{l {a]] -2 < f'(x) < 3ol "Jelzl gl4fl (a).ll

(b)
\
2

^l ++ *+t{t4 +flE
sil¤ +C6}4. \

17. El+- rHg qE qEB9 E_^H rlg zlgg 44H : 0 2468 l0.x

{solr+. n: tZE trll ds+sl +{g ol-gr|l,r-l rg ¤

21. +d y : l/(l + e--)4 *1, yfl, x:
l0o-E +4lg Bq
+ Tlgg +461+.
I x$g +CsE Eld^l#.4. ololl ^Jzlts .JAlel +El-=
T fc)
z5
n: 10oJ Ell cs+e_l +4g ol+6}lc +46-14.
20
22. 1vzfleJ Eol il+ irl¤4x|= 4 0E "l+q dfl6l= +
:
^Jol roJ Hq ^ll7l= r(0) (N2 sin2k) lkzolL+. {zlrJ
1, : (nNd sin 0)/,\oll d= ol*+ E
t5 -+J
zl4 ol4. ut
^t"ls.l
1}ol r : 632.8 x lo-e moJ ¤E-ql.$ ql"l4tl r}-a m
0 4 84s 4 8 t
zJ4o e- Eq4 9i= 10,000zlleJ 5o1 glb al¤4zl-E
18. trl+- fH+ ftls2.og +4¤ zl^Fzlel 7l+E d(/) r4E ¤i611
_10-6 < 0 < t0-6oJ Eqlqg
Hg %l¤6}r gl+.
"l+6]]iJ 6a E"J z|Eo it +Eq n: 10oJ *l +¤Bzlg ol+ql^J 4xlepel +s-= Hq
ol+. ds+E +{g
a"Eg +c614. d4l ,JE Il',J, r(ol doE +¤61-4.
a 23. n:29 ^itrl"lp +4ol +d$zlE+
Ell q d+6[xl=
t2
[0, z]q1,<1E ¤+Et+q r4EE rq4.
I I t
/ t
-l 24. f7l *9 orfolj,_ o ( x ( bql^J f,tx) < 0g trll
I \
4
r, * tu
ftx) dx < M,"Jg Hq+.
0 2 4 6 /(=) :
zs. +(7, + Mn) Tr,oi9 Eq+.
re. trl-* s= (4[qgl-L z]4s+ dzl z-ll=") ;(l-c+El sd 6^l
26. +7, + trtt^: sr,oJ¤ Hq+.
ztxl d4ollz zl$el9 dq^Is" + r uilzlslE$ Eq++.
504 7e trE'JE

7.8 I olS4E

¤48 I'"tf.l dx7 4e]6J trll /= +.J ++ [a, b]ofl.t1 4Eg Elfola, +q] E
E+g ,*zl 9*b4a 449I+(4.2¤ +4). ol ¤qlrJ. 44+eJ zl]'Eg CEq
ol FEol44 fzl [a, b]oll.<J ++ E¤+g +- 4*44 qt]+4. olfl E}f9
4Eg "la}4+(improper inregral)ol+ +rI. olfl zH'J9 8*ol zI^J ¤:S* +
+ + al-4zi qEEsoJ'Jl, ol43 a.s¤ql^J +Eti

I EEll 1: +-d +7J

v
I
4dy -
rlxz4 ol-4e+rG 91, r4I
4d*- 19 -q-=+ql tsolb+6J Bq s
Ll-71-71 rll+ql HolE +oJoJ 4ol4
^J46tzI. s7l-++61 Eq ^J4g + ?l+.
)
_rr-

=
rElLi+ rJ x|,{lal +qEzL.zldx: r9 g+ql fl=sg-l g+ Hol(rg 1.11^l
Hol:1- l
x:l 44+ ++)*'l+r+ rJtI.
t, x

-ral
JEI
{ A(t):f,+dx:-+]':1- +
1, ttl B"l-4 zExl aJ*s.ol A(t) < 1o]tr, ffiol cHEl¤. g + 9l+.

4Af, +EE Hol- r--* *oJ trll lE d=6Jtr+(:LH 2 +a). "I+^J +,il BE S
el Hol- 1ol+r 6L7 ++r+ rJol *4.
fo1 1

J:;dX:,,gI, x'"dx:l
v y .v _v

H"I: ; ,-Jol:
r-l o
-d
2
3 I Hol= I

0 12x 0 3 t' 0 5x 0 .{

-tel ,
JEL

"l ql= xlfle--tr dlo} FE +rJql 'I+ /el 4Eg +EI ++ql^lel 4$el +
+ss 4el++( f7l "&E =J+'J gs= Htrl).

1 EEillq olsElEsl Esl

(a) -EE f r > aoll 4dl Jlftrl dxtl4'zJl6p-, trl-S +*ol (+++E^J)
='7}lol-
H q-q=r+ rJol ,J9oJ4.
:,tgx fk)
l, rt.l dx
l"
dx
 7.8 01848 505

(b) -tr= f
r ( bql ql6ll I!tt*l dxzl
=416-1-r.,
trl+ +eol (+++E^J)
=xl]6}
H q+4 rJol 49.J4.

['__ rt.l dx :,Iq !! l.l a-

4+s]+ +dol +211ts oll ol^J.4E l;/(r) dx* jl_/(r) dx.E *H:Etct(conver_
gent)-tr o}tr, ++ol +all6lzJ *g trI g+!=dtrl(divergenr)tr 6Jq
(c) ff/(x) d** f-/(r) dxtl E+ +HB oll trl--q=r+ zJol 49i4.
I__x-l dx: I__l*l dx * !) l.l o.

{zlaJ aE olE d++E.'.1$ zl-=-oa}Q(fl+E^ll 48 A:a).

cE trq ol^J4tsg sF /zI "J9 Et+"J "il H"le 6ll4.J + gl+. ql

- .q (a)9 A+ "f(x)>0olI 4E l,fk)dxzl +H48, :.H 3ql^i ¤E
S: {(r,y) l, 7 a,0 a y 5/(r)}9 'Joj. t}-*4 rJol CE++.
A(s) : l* f{i a*
ol {el= ff/(x) dxtl /---+ oo"J ,I oollrJ ttlzl /el r{s ol{E Holg ++ol
,l ql$ql zl¤6}tr1.
y

v : f(x)

0 u x -ra.! r,2
JEi

(o{lq 1|) zlg J, trl*) dxzl +H6}=zl g4}61+xl +¤6}+.

Eq Ce-l tre; (a)il u14'l+¤ Hb+

dx :,,g L a*: ,rg rn l,r l];
J: + l,
: Iim (lnr - ln 1) : lim ln t : oo
t+@ l+fi

+oJol +++E +zfl6}zl t*o =_tr "l^J4E Ji 0/i dxY g4l++

"l ¤el Efl+ql^l fl#6J {1e} {lzll lE Aq¤.+g=4 zjol ullal-x}

rol
I +dx:fE,
Jl x' f+ dx: B4I
zlal-40s olagx > O0llr.J *d y:11x24 *d y - rlx=" ql$ -fr;.fafxl"J,
506 78 4EHJH

v v

I
'x' ,x

** Hol
*oJ'd"l

0 x 0 Y

f.al 4 ii{t/x,)dx: fz; reJ 5 l:ulnd-r: Hj{J

x:19 s-=+ql fl- y: rlxzE oI4 ¤qel 'Jol(rfl 4"ll^'l 4e+ +4.)- +
B-J6I-2, y
- t/r9 Hol(:rg sql^J 4a+ +E)= ++E]-g F++. tlx24 tlx
EF x --+ m"J trll Oql d-6}zltl I lf "l tlxH4 Ed tsHle4 Oql d=d+-
^|
d"ll +E_eq.rbq {t*:4Bol ++oJ alol E 4F+ ++61 Hs4 rJ46l-
xl g+-rt.

(qq 2l) J:- xe'dxg4l4}al+.

EU Cel trE 0).ll I'r4 +Sg E=+

fo **r, r*: ,$; lo *r, d*

u: x, du: e,d.x+ rtfl ar: dx, a- e,o!a, ++4$ql 9161] +gg E=+.

to
*r-d*: *r*fo, - l,o r'd*
:-te'-l*e'
/--+ -moJ 4 e'- 0011, svlts c?-lql slafl qgg E=+.

Iim te' : nm a: Ii* -!

t+-6 t+-6 ¤ ' l--* -e '

: lim (-e') : 0
,+-B

trI+^l +*r+ ++.

it xer dx : lim (-te'- I * e')

J-* ,+-@

: -0 - 1 + 0: -l tr

(qH 3|) I: #dxaa4l++

Egl 4q trE (c).llrl a:0oE qflH ¤4o-t4.

J:#dx:Jl"#dx*!l]7r.
 7.8 0l8qE 507

+Hq 4E¤. +g=r+ zJ"l E4oll^J 41416l-2,1.

l:+
Jo llx"
dx:tim [ +-:
r-*Jol1.x'
tim"r-'r];
r+6

: (tan-Ir - tan-'0) : :
,H1x ,lgxtan-l, +
ro I ro dx 0
I
J-* I * x'
dx: r--* I
lim Jr lim
r+-@
tan-'-rl
-'J t
I I x'
- : -: : TI
,Iq (tan-l0 - tan-lr) 0 - 2 ):+
F 4+ E+ +H6lzl rql+ql +qTl 4Eg- +H6Ij1 +-q=4 ,Jol S4.
v
r@lrrrt 1
I ------------;
J-*7*x' Ci'L:
-2
T
-:2
Tl
' r+r' Hol :,-

Ilfl + xz)> 0olt:s +"141 ol^J4gg *d y: tl(l + r2)s-l ol4slxa 9l9l F.J 0 .E

++ ¤qE Hole al]4g+rH 6 +4). r f.al 6

Eil qal lql^J p: r.J oJ 4++ ts4I6J+ q+^J p+r"l+r zl.{a}x}. :+l
"ll
fl ffiol ^dB.J+.

f + dx :,,1g l, x-p dx:,tg #]:,

I
: lim
t-*l-p [+-']
p> lolflp - I > 0ol_o+,r-**oJ 4l ro-, --) @, ll1so-, -r0ol4.trI+,rJ p> I
olfl ffiol 4Ee +H++.
^dH6E
1l
I; -dx:
xP p-l

rBl+ p<lolH, p- | <0olEEr---*B -rll 4*ol CHtr+

I
tt-P + oa
tP-,

rq=-tr 4++ g+++

*sE 4t_Lal-21 +l"]] qlxjl 4e] ¤q-=,qqr6lH 'l+4 e+

rql
2
J, 7d*+
p > lolE +H611, pstolH g4IC+.
 s08 'r7(l
, e,
r{tlHl-r}1
f [otl

I EEtl 2: Eig!+?J trI4E:d+

-v
/7I +++zJ 4EE "Jel ¤+++olzluJ bql^'l +zld-dg ,*.+
la, b).11^l
-r. ztr86l-zl. s. /el rqls ol-4e| o* b rl-ol9 x4 f ql fl= +4lqzl ?+g g
y:f(x) x:b 9ol46l-zl-.(¤E}] le.l 4+ql^l- q9ol f$s-tr +6Jq Eq il+,q7l^l- q
g"l #4 o_e #aJ6l+.) o* t,r.|ol Sel "J+ Hol(re Tql^l 4A,* ++)= q
tb x +r+ e.+.
-ral
J,=I
? A(t) : t,ft*) o*
t---b-E "ll A(/)el alol St#Aql d..tH, Eq sel Hol.=A+ 6rr +¤.
4 rJol +tr}.
llrt.l dx:,ry L rk) dx
ol 4l¤- ol$-afl,<J EE}] 2E o]{r-4+¤- 4E++. olull /zi .Jel EL+7I oLq= eoll
qH B4g EE+ol= ^J+fl+.
^l f7l

"f(.r)
z 00lI f7l ael collll 44 +4tr 3 EEll 2sl 0l84Eol 8el
e+, :=J 84 e7l8el trsl
=dE'J=
(b)sl (c)E g$--Jtr|",
(a) ftl +7J lq., b)ql^J E+"lz bql^l Efl+"J oll, 'l*^ +eol (+++e^-l) +
zll6.l-E +g=+ rJol 49aJ4.
_v

Ilrt.l dx:,ry l, fk) dx

(b) f7l (a, &lollal fl4oll aglr'I Efl+"J oll,
'l-+- ++ol
(+*+E^l) +zll5l-
H +q=4 rJol 49+4.
:,ry.
0 at bx Ill.l dx
l,'rt
x) dx

ral g ql+"lc ++"1 +xllB oll ol4-4B \Itt*l dx! *plEct(conversenr;-L op, q
.y
flol ¤{la}zl ?+g trll g+lfittr[(divergenr)r d+.
(c) a < c < boJ 4 ftl c{lrj Efl4olz I",ft*l dxfl litt*l dxtl E+ +H6l-E
trl-s_r+ zJol 4q6J+

I' tt.l dx : f rt.t dx * Ilrt.l o.

0 u L bx
f.al g
i'+
(qtt! s) J2 dxE+6I+.
'/x-2
Eil /(r) : UJFT* x: 2ql^J +4d*d* ?*71 trllEql +qA 4+g ol^J4
Eol4. [2, s]el g+ EHql^J +e EE+"IEE cel E9 ru)E- 0l+611^l
grI
L

l'-+:
Jz J*-Z
ri+ f ,/*-Z
t-2+Jt +: t [T. z.Fz]'.
: ,[+ 2(,8 - rn): zr5
 7.8 Olar4E 509

tri+^l +qd
"l^J4ts+ +86E, u]zJ+E++7I
oJolFE zJE#g rB 10q^J q v

e6J ++fl HolE "114ts + 1t+. I _v-

,lx_Z

(qrll 6D
[:/' sec.r dxtl+H6l+zl g4]q+zl +C6]4.
Hol: zr,6

Egly+\r/Z) ._sec
lim ,r : ooolo -+ +"ld 4Eg oltr4+ol4 ¤el trg (a)4 4EeE 0
2 5x
+41 14E 0l+618, s+(n/2)-.J "ll secr->mol-tr tant---> rcolu_+ +gg ts=+. f.H 10

t"''r""xdx: ,]Mr{'**" x,dx: ,Jffirln lsecx + tanxl]i

: lim [ln(sec
- r * tan , - In 1] : m
t+(n/Z\-

u++^J +q4i "l^J4E+ g4lqlq

ilqu ?D
I; fr++xrt+E 4t4l6l+
Efll at x: rol 44+q++fl +{d=doltrI.ol4,"l +zJ [0,3]E +rJql ?loo
-E" c: l"J trll ¤E EE (c)E ol+EL+.

I='.-'z:;*.r*
{zl.^.J t + l-olE 1 - t---+ fl+ol-u + q+g E-+.
rl dx
l; ft:'[r- rtJi,#:'[rt'l'- dx
1l];

: tim_0nlr-11-rnl-rl)
t---+l

:,1T_ ln(l - /) : -m

trl+^l l| ax/@ - 1)* g4I.J+. 44zi " e ll axlfu - l)E g+I.J4tli ax/1x _ t1

=4l+IggaF
S,tril. r
@+gl {lxll Toll,tJ d-d x:
19 "J4l6l-zl .ft6}:z ol 4Eg Ft4.J 4+s_tr .9
Eo 6l-H,
+-,qr+ zJ"l E-*E 4l4lg +BJEJ + tt+
r3
ffa*11*- t)
: ln lr - I l]i :,n z - tnl : ln2

ol zJ+g ol^J-{$eE +6J¤. olf-rN.<J 414}Ellot 617l trllEql +l 4Ec #xl t*'-}.
ol4l+El= ?lE [:f(x) dx+
',f+e 4]"]4 [a, b]olJ.r-f ++ /E. ¤.q-u-r., o14
ol fti4"J 4+qlxl ol^J4+"Jzl A4ElloI +trI.

H ,l$.ln
x : -moJF-tr *f /(x) : [n xE "r: 09liJ +4H=d¤- *=+ "I+
510 78 4E'JE

^J
+0141 4Ee "l/J"4E"lr q+4 rJ+.

J'
m , dx :,L+. ,[' tn x dx

u: ln x, du: dx! al$ du -- dxlx, p - loltrr-E ++zl$"il 96I +*+ +Ll.

J'
m, dx :, rn r]l - !,' ,*

r tll
-'
::i:-,u
v A H4l =JE +# +BI7l +16ll evlg C;lE ^l-S++.

rln' :,m :,U8. (-r) :o

0 I
f,
lirp-
* +:,1S.
Hol: I ol=+ J'm-*
dx:,IgB. (-rlnr - 1 + r): -0 - I + 0: -1
ol4. rH 11* ol E+= zlalo]{ o p 6il4611^J Hq +q. +d y : ln 19 +le} x4
y:ln x
"tq ++E Holzl l"Jg *oJtrl. I
^q¤.J
reJ 11

r ol84Eoll EH:d HIE.IIJEE

trllE= ¤++ #g 41416l+ 4ol Ezl^b6l+ raE +H g4I q+

"l^J4lEE
z} f,qaj A*tl ?l+ "Ifl a+ ++ ¤El= fi+6l.tr1-. ol 4r-1- ¤El] le-l 4E
g +{q]zltrJ +^l6J 44tl Bql 2el 4tsql^lE ^dH++.

HIE ¤El f * stl fl+-J+oJr. ,2 aE oll flr) > s(r) > 0g EI+6Jr+J El-zl.
tul l, /(r) dxtl +H6l-ts l, s(r) dxE +HEL+.
G) J; sk) dxtl g4I6l-E Ii rt*l dxE g4l++

y +Eg SqolzluJ :fl lz= -E-E +'JEll _B"J+. +lE +d y: f(x)

Hljil Cqel
o}4el H"lzt +6Jolql, -l_ "Jql fl= *d y: s(x) of49 Hol 9rl *,*ol+.
f e.uJy : s(x) of4e.l H"lzI +6JolE, y:f(x) oh4E HolE +,*gg zlBdttrl
tq+ er"l olH + 9l+. [i sG) dxtl +Hd[H II tt*l dxE +HB f= gir oi
g

.rr
H +E 9ttr1. rflr Ii ff*l dxzl +&EtE Ii s@ dx\ +eB +E 9lr olH +
u
E glrt.l
12
=aJ
(q{l 9D J; e-"dxzl+Hq+gEq+.
Efl tz.s¤ql^l ¤E9flEol) e-.'9 EEEL+= zlE*fz} "l',-lo
+ 4E{}g zld
4l4I6J + H,+. +s=r+'Jol 4 Ezl.

e-"dx + e-"dx
tl "-"a*: 11 J-
 7.8 o lAr4E 51 1

+Hq a 4+g
Eitr-4ql c4Eol+. + Hxll 4EollrJ x > 19 4l *, > rol
Hall v

+.EI+^J -x2 1-soJ.r:+ e-,'1e-, oltrt(lH t3 +A). e-*guJ+++-1-zl ¤+. y=e _,

2

li ,-.ax: ,1g t,r-.a*: ,l!g k-' - e-t) : e-l !: e-*

l4o_+ Hlr ¤qql^l ,f(x): ,-*, g(*): s-,tzol+ 6l-H li e-*,dxzl- +BElg "J + 0
9l+. ¤r+zisE ti e-"dxt +H+tr|. r -rel
lE
{trJa

{f xlJ eofl.r,J dxll a}9 +61-xl girE e-,'dxrl- +HE+g *+. fl#Exll 4eql
li
olael 0.8862.J9 _u_q++. E+EEoll^l= ol ol^J4Eq 4++ {t E1
^l =^HtoJ
g ol-= 4ol +soJrll, 8.s¤ql^-1 ¤qE 4o14. +H+ "l4$qle] BHg ol* t l'o'-.' dx
6l-H Cq=J Ji/2"J9 H"J + gt+. 8 19 t7l Adql q+ (d+ElE 4l I 0.146824132&
"k"l #ol qB4l
+g) l'oe-.'dx9 ,Ftzql d-61-:.zh= trg seri] ol+4BE Cel 2 0.8820813908
3 0.8862073483
E ¤E6Ir 9l+.^l-{ x--+moJ ,ll+ m}s4l e-*',+,solr+ ol {}g q]+ EE}
"}l 4 0.8862269118
E4 +HoJ+. 5 0.88622692ss
6 0.88622692ss

{qlil l0D 4E f +dxy Hln d?-lql

"}E} ts4}ql+
ell+61g 4*.1 {B E2
6I.l. f (r/x) dxtl qlxll t ql E6ll(E. A 4 2 :
"llrJ p 1oJ 4+)
g41617l ullE"l4. t Iittt + e-')/xf dx

2 0.8636306042
l*e-' I
1.8216135512
xx 5

10 2.52t9648704
100 4.8?4554t204
E 2- qlxll 10el 4$ol B4I+g Hq +q. :r #Eol "lL rdg +E d+ 1000 t.r211392t34
6l-zl *=+ 10000 9.4297243064

_ 7.8 | E++r1I

t. 4Eol ol+48.J ol+E ¤H6l-+ 8'J,r*x2*x*l

trl+-
14 dx dx
,. to *G* ,r n. x4 dx
(a)Jr
x_3 (b)
t, x'-4 ,.F-ffi*. ,0. I: xe-" drc
f -r e*
(") tan rrx dx (d) | -d*
J; J-@X ,r. J: cosztdt ,r. j; sinza da
2. x: lqJ^l x: tt4^1*d y: rlx3 "l-flE Hol= +61a, I
,,.J, __=_ dx 14. zez'dz
r: 10, 100, 1000q1 ql4 4141614.x > lql 4611 ol +d x'*x J:-
ot4sl dill Hol$ +o.Ir+. ,u.l; lnx
x
16.
[_ jAo,
-dx
3-24 4g zlEol +H6l-=zl g+I6IEzl +46t4. +H6-tH n. l* e-Ji ay 18.
rr I
r {tg +6}4" Jo -dx
rr4 dx t3
19. I -----:
1

t. t* zx-' dx 20. d*
+.J e-'^ dx J-z t/* t .t
y.^, t L J_, -
|
5. J-zxl4
f@1
u. l; (x -
I
dx l'Ldx
2r. to ,r. t:'' .*rre do
27'r' {x_l
-dx
 5"12 78 4EEJE

ro ¤t/t 37. zlB J*rtrl d.re.l gq {,rg tr]p-=4 zJ.l ¤9t4.

=.aJsl
J_, jdx
,r. IJ rtnrdr 2a.
:,tgg
J*rtrl dx
[, f G) dx
25-27 ¤qg rE]r, Holz| +6JolE
trt+ -z at¤- +6I+ tl*xdxL- $4!6|xl"J ol 4Bq 7^l gt-lel {tg O'Jg
25, S: {(r, y) lx } 1, 0 < y S e-'} Eq+.
ffi26. S:{(r,y)lx}1,0< y<1/(x3 +r)} 38. {lxll lql^-l 9t:{(*,y)lx>1,0<y<1/x}9 Holz} F
: oJol+=
^Idg "Jflt+.
rfl+ fr¤ x4" +dss qd
ffiZt. S {(r, y) I 0 S x 1 rrl2, 0 S y < seczx}
tr+l ,.Jzl= ol;ll1z|-H{99 Bolrt EH)q +q= +
^14
ffi 28. (a) g(x) : (sin2x)/x'"J trll 4l4}zl4 fl+q5 ol-$all.t'l r:
+.Je -Hq+.
2,5, 10, 100, 1000, 10000q1 ql+i; s(x)dx\ 3e. pelol uolr" HlzlEol nql Eql^J ¤=*."J -afl$ toi
=1t# gE +q+g HqLt= cll S,ao.J olB+-s usE TEI4.
I -s-a "JE+. J, sk) dxTl +ed+ 4xlH -Hol=
7p s.4¤E E++xil l;ql *E ttH9 +qH44 "Jq g,q
(b) /(x) : rl/"9=_ zlxl-r. Hli/ 448 ol8"lltl li s$) dx
zt +BElg 5-q4. 40. d+ x{aflr}oll^l +Hol E 700^l+ xl+q: d+¤ S
(c) 1< x < l0"J /e+ eel :14s8 E"J6J tr7] slflql
trll
4}6l"lrcJ+. EE:r.¤= oJ+= tr}= ABq q E4 #
r4l G)= ¤E6t+. :a{sE ol+6ll^l li sQ) dx
"ld'}" F(r)E ttlzJ dql #q4= d+fl
ul$ol=|r a|
7t +HEI= ol+E
{+4sE ¤BEt4. zt. rflH r(,)= q1t 04 1 gltr+.
^Iolql
2s-32 Hljz 44E ol¤."ll^'l ++ 4Eol +H6l+71 gtI6I (a) 19 :r.EE= qtr s"JoJ4 qiq4sE rEl+.

+46t+. (b) E++ r(t): F'(/)= T* 9"loJzl-?

=^l
,r'J;fi* 30.
r x-lnx 1

41.
f.) I, r(t) dt4 #* H"l"J7l? a olfi-E-?
C4+ $$ziql4l^l NEE ,Hx,l+q141 EB ut"Jol
uloJ
f@ -r*l rl sec2x
q4IEl= ¤+ql^j, zlzl-==3 q-q=r+ rJe- rJC^l og.t'lltr
I -Zdr
rt. Jr I -dx
32. Jo
*J*-dx
J*o_* # oloJ t$zlel += ql+6|= EE+ 4l^l+4.
33-34 HEll 1!+ EEll 20J 01848 ,: I e-^'dt
[a, *):. -faJfzJolzl ul]E"ll ztB ff/(r) dx$
o1,t3-48"14.
{zlrJ TE c, N, fr, r\ql gE6}71
/zl-aollal ++ Bfl+ol+E zlE+ E4 2'J ol^J4Bol4.
c, /c,.trE "}fol4. +611

,Jol E4 zel ¤el lel ol^J4+E tlsE +161 4+g 414I6t4.

"l zlEg oir-Is+ Source'. F. Hoppensteadt et al., "Threshold Analysis of a Drug Use Epidemic
EH6I.7 r #g 4l+614. Model," Mathemarical Biosciences 53 (1981): 79-87.

l, rtrl
dx: I"ral dx -t
L rt.l a- c ) a a2. {$ol CflE}ei9 atl B"}4 = #{ot 61+zl ¤4ot4.
fol
1o'oo1
zlE #"1 +B6J+E 4141614. J, r, + l dx
fa1
33. I 34. l- -)-(1 + x) a* 43-44 ElEia[A EEt r > Oql^l f(t)zl fl+olts, ,fE ?-]¤+4
Jo x'^dx Jo r/x
H+t r= q+ri aol 4el+tr}.
F(s) : l, ft,l e-" dt
35-36 ffi {$!ol +H6}71 ?16Jp9 {tg +6}r,p7l:r at
* zl4 tr]]e-l zt$*g 4l+1614. 4zlrl FE 4q9¤ ol^Jzl$"l #Hal-b EE sg dBol4.
rl 1 rr
,l¤+4 Hfl¤ +614.
35. dx 36. xP ln x dx 43. trl+ 6J+E
Jo - Jo
(a) /(t) : I (b) /(r) : e' (c) : r
"f(r)
 78 513
=+
u. f'+ E+olr / > Oql Eil6}] 0
= f(t)
1 Meo,, 42. ,*+ f7ll0, *)ql^-l ts4oll
l4gf(rl
: lolH, liyfu) ax
0< f '(t) < Keo'ol4 zi{6lz}. r(s)E /(r)el fl-=+4 H 7I +Hg zl-b¤"] tlEz}?
Elol4 olr G(s)E f,Q)4 E+=44 E+ol4r 6IH + 48. ae} bzl- {folr j:_ f(x) dxzl +H6.}E q+g Eq+.
*ol CH+g trq+.
dx * tt.l dx : a. *
G(s):sF(s)-/(0), sla. !__ tt*t ff Ij_ rr*l [l te) dx
:
49. ffe-"aE Ite-"dxs\ t;e-"dxe.l 6Jg olga|{ fxl
45. J; x2e-*'d,x lt; e-" axgg B.lq. 6]]el {tg +E}4. n : BB 4l ds+ +4g ol+6iq
46. trf¤.4+oI +H6l-= t4 cE {lg E46tr, a4¤ c a 4Ee-l +^HIg +6}r + H4 4+e lie-a,axer]
E #ql ql6}] 4Eg 4l4}6t+ 0.0000001 B+lql^J 4*g Eq4.
1_ C\
f( J-t+4 x + 2/
-ldx

ll,.\
7 -t l=

]1lE +PI

1. 5 E4BHg
^l+61-4.
dzlle qE4l ^j-g-61+7p
41416l+7I?

2. !6, - x, ol 4Eql^J ++LlH qBrll il+6Hot {+z|? 4. tr+¤- 7+?+E 4* ol*zl + !,"t@ dxg {elo}=}
,/a, + *.1 Ll+LlE? ,,F "rol +ElLlH?
(a) ftl aoll^J FeI EE4ol4.
3. +¤H4, ^I+r]g +^1, dE+q +4g olgrN.rJ {zJ (b) f7l eqi^J #* E¤4"14.
E I', f @ dxe1 +*#g +61-= +zlg ¤H61.4. qL a (c) ftl a I c< DoJ cgJ^J +* Ets4ol4.
"l zl-xJ ++r 4r+?'1+7lr? ?+ +4lql ql+ sil_= qB41

*[
Et f l-^, EII-
. alEl f l-

ffi $xllz| +"Jxl zl+lflzl +gat{. *"lH ol+E ¤E6t

i-
5. Jo
f4x
,^ - d.x:|tntS
l, zlTl"lH ol.,?E ¤86.14+ HIEE E-q. x'-l

1. Jtan-'x dx! ++4+g ol+6}q 4Eg + gltrI. o.

J:ftrl dxtl fflxlU l, ft.l a** #H84.
2. x: 7. (a) -E.E TlEEl+el EeI+= zlEE+ol4"
tI Jzs+x,
-9.E 4141u}7l +l+ +4il++g 5 sin 0ol
(b) E.E ,lEq++el Hrg,ag zlEql#olq.
+
8. f7l [], m)ofl,<] ts4oll +A6.J+olq ,l4,f(r) :0olH
x(xz + 4) AB +
3
x2-4 _
xt/, x-,L ^e+rJg¤4E¤+gl+ J, ffrl drE #H,*4.

x2+4 B,4AgEqlE¤+91+. e. I: fQ) dxel lIs(r) tuc7l E-+ E+l6tE

4.
xz(x
- 4)
)*
x' x-4 j, tft*l + g(*)l dxb B4IEltrl.
 514 78 EE"JE

tl ,A E TJI
=EiE^ll

4-r.: 7.s¤ fl#Ex{.ll 4E H}Hq] ++ +7}4"J g+"1 914. ffirz. E}i /(x): r4sE rBJ+. :zfllsg
cos2.tr sin3x9 o1

1-2s q¤ 4Eg 41416l+.

+6ll^j aiE J3"/(x) dxfl 419 ffiat+ :1 trl-+ 4Bg
(x + 1)2 ,sinx
4l4}E1l^l ++ol "*=4 q"fl6}+.
1
i: x
tDc 2,
I sec -r 33-34 4EsE ol$oll,tJ q+ 4Eg al4}6t+.
dt
-dx '4x?-4x-3dx 34, cos.{ 4 *
3.J - 4.
ff/'rir'o cos'o de 33.
J J
sinzx dx
zt'?+3t+r
sin(ln r)
5.J 'dt
t
6.
J
x (ln x)? dx 35. 4+Eq 9l= +4 339 (a) trltsr+ $) +4il+g ol+
6ll^J +B6I+.
J.'- l
7
r x
tlx 8.
J
,w d* 36. ffi x" dxTl +Edl'= f n9 +6J + ilbzt?
x- 1 dx
____^- tt. n: 10"J 4l (a) ^Ir+4E- +^.1, (b) +EHzl, (c) d.g*9
,. [ *'tan-tx
- dx 10.
J x'*2x
+^lg ot+6lt^J 4E I; #r,, *41#s +6t+. Hlg
,'t. Jxcoshxdx 12. j -_--:
dx
Jxz - 4x
H6ll^J 4+d oH qdall zlQllzl +++.

38. g+E4l 379 (a)s[ G)ql +flt s-z1g +46t4. s-it

r x* x 2-2x*2dx
13'J
1
dx 14.
z| 0.00001!-trI a+eAH 44E 4*
9r,+6x+5 J;
"* B"l-4 arll
611

of 6I=7l.?
rdx "r sin(Jr + xz)
15'J 16.
I dx
-#-.r+l Jt +? 3e. r++ _s= ilE +Erjl(a)E l+Bf]-s +++ 4o]4.
zlEio

dE+q +4g ol$a]1.! xffielz| +zl"J ,le-lE +4

tt' )r3x3-x2+6x-4 dx18' .or', sin2x dx
,-u
,11.4 21 Jd' 6t+.

19. [' *, d* 20. S

ro r'Jr'- 7 r* r(min) a(km/h) r(min) u(km/h)
J-: I + lxl Jo e'* 8
0 64 6 90

2r.J
,x2
@_xrydx
22.
J
t-La*
* x3/z
1

7
67
12
7
I
9l
9r
^/*
,t. (cos x * sin -r)2 cos 2x dx
J 78 I 88
J 4 83 10 90

24. I
rttz
Jo ll *
-
- xe2'
2x)'
:;dr 25. tLa*
J Je'-4
5 86

E +0. (a) /(x) : sin(sin r)"J trll fl+El ql+Al4lE ol++q,f(o)(r)

26-30 4Eg 41416l-71+ B4I6JS Bq4. E 4l+6}r fqJE= olgull,rl l"f(o)(r)lql ql+ tlal=
dx +614.
,a. 27
t; xlnx
J: (b) n: l0oJ trll dE+ J;rtrl dx9 *}t
+4g ol+611^J

,t.l; ln x dx 29. Irrx-1

4-dx
Jo ,/x
atg +6Ir (a)E 0l+61].! sit= +46t+.
J; (c) s,¤: 0l+6ll^l szlel r7l= 0.00001-E-+ zlrll 6IEE
d*
30. f*
)-*4x/*4x*5
,r¤ 9oI4
=41
allot 6l+71?

41. HIE 4E= ol+4^l ffi {$ol +H6l-b4 ${loJizl

m 31. +448 [n{*' * 2x + 2) tuc* 4ru6}+. E}fq 9E- +46I+.
EI+tc: oo e q+q)q :z4EE rq gg Bol 4B
o*
6}zl ¤861?+. "Jr[* '* /x!*
(u) (b) l" -La*
Jr,M
 7.Il r=A
td
-rl 515

42. x: 0+ x: n Al-olql,dJ 4d y : cos ,91y : cos2-rE .11

44. f 'o1[0, oo)o]lal E4olz r+6'
Jiu/(r)' : OoJ uI +gg Bq+.
4lE SEel Hol= +6I+.
( fflt.l dx : -/(o)
43. 0 ( x rt?4l4 *d y: cos2"r ol-4E
¤qg x4g -
dsE i4d^lrJ 4 iJzlb EiIE +ElE +61-+. 4s. il+ u: t/x$ ol+4^l +gg Eq+.
ln -r
t; -,----:-dx:0
l*x'
 5

'ffi''
dru r
,:r,f#!rt*
r:ITtrry

:,:;.lL,f
tllll

F--+!:.- .:
t

*.=t

El+el + #loJ"E+ol^ol g+ otxl(+q]E)E HolTl 192ElE'loEl 19658011+Efltrt. otil= o|lE.t le1g1Eero Saarinen)o| S*fl
ol8all^1 qrlflqflEl.
=,'..}?lB+E
iStock.com / gnagel

trlg:d oa
4=Eel oo
Fu rther Applications of lnteg rati0n

580ll^1 'J01, +tr|, g, BE'J4'JE H 7l.rl 4E9 8EE gElHtrt. ol Alql^l= trJ 4ol-zl-*d
9 ,Jol, +Efl Hoipt eg 484 zl6l-+4"J ¤++"J ol-Ll4 Eqq, +qL, {xil ^JEqL,
E, E4lE Fql^l ol4 zl-xl +"1 gl= 'l]¤¤ =^l-+r+. el. EE BE+el +41+d, +"J
o1 Hql 7L6l-= oJ, ql+el d=JeegEl gq+s. eEq sE r4r r7_Iol cF+=.eq
E"
46IE ql +.4 El- ¤t 4zlrlzJ f,$ +6|- ql 4EH9 ol**rl.

517
519 8g ElEEst trt$-d8¤

8.1 I Esl eol

+cE ,Jol+ +Hg fl- +dq =+ q *+ +¤_ q^J
s_lulafizl? :zH lql
zlE xlfl Eqr cz-lBxl E=flzltrJ, $fl-aj +dq 4* olf 4q6l xllzl= I
49 4ol+ +El9 zl]'J$ {elg ull dzllgHfl "J^14 nf{zfzl_E +Cel
-Jole+
Eel zjolql ql6fl Cq6l {e-l+ Eszl- 9t+.

f.al 1
r +{t Eq ,Jol
+dol +4t$ol+H, -r 4olE flrll +g + 9l+. *zl 44¤9 ol-FL dE=
el ,Jol= rl rlal$ g+(4 dEE gE ,Je] ,lr-l$ +6t= rll 44 +{g
^l-&
* + 9l+). H4 *dg r+4BsE =d^lrJ +"ll trt4Bq dEq ,ll+= =ej
4zl-4 ++g +laJe_s,t{l .JH}4.J +dE A"l= 4e]6|*Jr ++. olfl 449
ge-l a+ql a++ql, gEgll= .Id6l+ +489
'Jolel +dJoltrt(re 2 *4).
olxll +d C7l al xl bql^J ¤+t tJf y:"f(*)91 E6]] C9¤41 6Ix]-.+
zJ la, bl$ Edol xo, xt, ..., x,oltr ululzf Ax-tr 4* nt[A 59 7z.le-E ++l C

"ll +4Bg g-+.

yi:f@)+ +H 4 P,(xu yi)* c +lq g[-4, rH 3
=dEI-
ql +4.d +11¤ p0, pt, ..., p,oJ +4Bg cql -d6l-41 grl
y
-rel ,
1EL
P?
y: f(x)
Pl
{ \ Pi-r
Pi Pn

P, / \

0 A Xr Xs Ii-l Xi h x
-rel
IEU
Q

cel z3o1 re' olfl +4¤g ,Jolql *d614 ,g q #

=41 d-¤++ =d6]+
g B4l EtrI (rH aoll P,_,4 P,E "ults +dE E7i q.44"1 gll AnE {tg 41
Pi
+ zlrll Bceal ol sql -dfig Bq +r. !lq-.) r}r+^-l al x < bql^J 6Jf y
:,f(x)E +qzl. *d cel ?jol(length) tg olfl 7.l|af| +r+89 zJ"l9 +eL
Pi
(++ol CE++.
=z}6IH)sE-
4-t Pi
1 L : lim
n-*
t1

) lr,-,r, I

i:l

Pil
Pi
{zlrJ lP,-,P,|- A P,_,4 P, .<fo19 'Jol4.
Pi-t ael z3o1E Cel6l-- ¤-7+71 Hol4 +q= 4el6l-b trJl ¤il-e+ +aq
^l^+g
- d"ll +++L+. =, +dg zr_e_ ffieE "*ol +l-r r zl+ ++EE ,JoI.
P, _, 4 qEJ n + moJ
4* ++g +]++.
ral 4
4 EIE iqd ag] ,Jolql 4'J cq= 4l++ q]+ E¤61-zl"J /el EEr+
 8.1 Eel 51 9
=ol
7l-fl+ql 4+ql. rql qldl 4E +4g +EJ + 9ttr1. [olfl Er+ /= ul|aE
E[(smooth)r+r 6l+EJl, olts x9 Ho]zl- 49 rJ ,f '(x)E Es+zl- 4zl oll+ol+.1
AYi : li - !i-tol+ +gH +¤¤ E=+.

lP,-,P,1
: (x, - xi-t)z * li - li-r :W
A7J lxi-r,irJoll^l /ql ¤+{t 4qE zl+6}H, x,-r+ x, A}olql ++¤. E}+61+
# *fzl +xll++.
7Q,) - f(x,-r) : f'(*!)(r, - xi_r)

:4
--1 Ay, : f'(x!) Lx
_r*l=E +¤¤ g-+.
lP,-,P,1
: (A*)' f (Ay;)2 : (Ar)' + [/'(x,I) 2

t + I/(xI) /G,y : ,F lf'G!)T L* (\r > 11olF--n)

q-4^l 49 trql el6l] .+*oj ^dB6J+.

L : rim E l",-,",1
n-*
: lim i /r *1fl;$lt a,
fl.+* i:l
i:l

ol 4l* 44$fl Celq e.l6]] ++4 rJol etrEg g + 9lr+

I',ma*
B* s(r) :
t + lf'(x)l'ol fl+olzl ql$ql "l 4ts9 r+l=E ++
={uJ+.
44zI +Eg+.

2 Eq eOl E+l f 'ol la, Dlql^J E+olE, +d y: f (x), a I x< bs-l z=1o1

trl-*r} ?J+.
=
,: IU
t + lf'(x))' d*

E++q {aJ 4olsqa T]EE ol+6IE sE ,Jol +4g'l.g4 rJol ¤ f

31trt.

rb
3 L: I
JA
, * (*q)'o.

|]qH 1|) + d (1, l)+ (4, 8) ,t}o1ql il= +EEJ Eg{(semicubical parabota) y2:
,'9 g9 zJolE +61-n+(rfl s +a).
520 8g 4EE9 rt"J-d 3E

v Eil +tq +l+ H]+ +tr+ ,Jt].

(4, 8) dy
y:x ,L
3 --t/z
4A
ax -

y':
+4lsE+El +¤¤ g=+.
x3
_zalt:g _qel ,Jol

0
(1, 1)
-r
L:J,fIGP4
Vr.(#J dx:l: ffid.
-ral
JE
tr
tt u: ! + ogx-E z.l+l6lfl du:?dxopy. *: l"J "I u: +, x:4oJ *ll u: l0olIrE
4+g E=+.
Jsg : 7.6rs713
qlEl lql =J= tr46H HE, l=J 5P+El L : +,
l,::,^ J' du : t . ?u','',)"f,,o
Eq eol= (1, l)ollAl (4, 8)zlrlol ael
Htl
=olof
Elftl. : #[ror, - (+)','] : #(*otr - 13Ji3) r
trr1lE qlrll lE ahl rlgal ,Jcl.
=4E
r: *(so$o - nJlre\ +dq ,J{^lol x: cay <doltr s'(y)tl g+olfl
s(y), +41 E s= ^l tr
- 7.633705 HI+l r aolql qq} ++4 ,Jg +4g H=+.
"ilrl ,el-yE
olag +¤61 #Esl eoErlE= rl e+.

4 L
l',lrTtrlcl.rdy:f ,. (#)' *

(qq 2D d (0,O)ql^l (1, l)zlzl trEC y': *4 sq eol= +614.

Efl ,: y2olF-tr- dxldy:2yoltr, +{ EIE+q +gg E=+.

T-
t-
i l+ dx
dy
or: I] l+4yzdy

y : +4il+i6l-H dy -- lsec'l dlol:t $ + 4y2 : 1 * tan20 : sec 0

itan 0-E
ol4.y:09 ull tan0:QolEE-0:0olA, y: l"J "l tan0:zolE+ 0--tan-l 2
: aoltrl. rEH ffiol CB++"
L: f" sec o . I sec'e do : I [" sec'o do
Jo ' 'Jo
:+. |[sec0 tan0 * tnlsec0 + tanel], (7"2d- qlxil I +e)
: |(seca tana * ln lseca + tanal)

(4+Eql ili.+{ 21$ olgg+E il+.) "lrll tana:2olr:-E seczo : I * tanza

: 5, sec a: 45 olI, El-+^l EE 4olE +-q=I+ +q,
_r=

. ,E rn(,6 + z)
It-
24 I
 8.1 Eq eOt 521

v reJ 6g ql8l 20il^l IItEJ Eq eol=

,*ts EECI[ rlEq n : lg tfil?f n = 2
I
oJ qq cE=
n
'J= =^f q-48= Eq
Ln

t.4t4 Et[. n: l"J tt[| l e0l= L,: JT,

J v 1

7. 1.445
=
E^l-4tre| LH4dolrf. eE4 E: 10, ll
4 r.464 E 2017l- #3 n7flol +E +Aetr Ll+l
8 t.472 Eg r,E Eq E+. rl4e"l
t.416 ^J =11'J g trllulrl ofaHol
L6 Eg 7H+= 2HHtr EE+
0 l'
32 r.478 il eol0ll L1 Tlll? ,JE E=+ts Aql
64 r.419
++-drf.
f.B 6 f-t
,tr I
rn(.,6 + z) : 1.478943
2 4

+4 Ee+ Eql^J +s7l- ilzl ullEql sel ,Jolql 'l]+ 4l+Ie 'l]+ gB4+
dzl9 Bq+ #g +61+ Tiol $zffioJ ztB.il ol=7lE_ 6JrI. rqF-tr q¤ ql
4l.ll^Jsl rJ"l *dq ,Jolql 4'J +6I= 4e51 "J+dloF ali 4.+zl-
:+:+ olrl--t. =4t#g
o o .l

(qH 3D
(a) d (1, l)ql^J (z,l)fix1'dt+d xy: rel E9 4olE +61-= 4+g ^ll+l+
(b)
": 10oJ Cs+E +^jg ol$allal s9 zJ"l5 +¤6I+.
EU
(a)
1 dvl
v x dx
-: x2

rqF-E s9 ,JolE +¤.4 ,JtrI.

n2 n2
dy I
L_
J,
1+
dx I dx:
J,
7t1dx

(b) /(x) : ffi , a: l, b: 2, n:10, Ar: 0.1"J dg+9 =o 4(7.7¤ +E.)

I ol*aiB q+¤ e=+.

o2
I
,: lI x'^ dx
),
Ax- tr4EE fxl4o+ 4ld'61.71 +16tl A+E1
: ttl(l) + 4f(1.1) + 2f(1.2) + 4/(1.3) + . + 2f(18) + 4f(t.e) + /(2)l ol8olE t.132oeo4= Etsrl. ds+
=
q E4E A|-B--J A+tr olzH Li!
- 1.1321 I fi1 rlalTtl^l
=+tJol
EEJ6|.+

r Esl ,Jol:d+
+d +le.l + gEel ++ flnl^) +del EE ,JolE +¤61-
=E+ ^ldoil^l
E 'Jfzl- gl+H +++ 4,o14. trl-+^] "llr1+l+ *d cq "J4^lol y: f(x),
al x s bg trll, ^14 Po(a, /(a)).|lrl 4 0@, f(x))ttlzl CE,r++ C zl4E s(r)
+ 6}xl-. rflE si- Eg ,JOl=**(arc length function)E|-L +E- 6J+ol-L, 4 E
522 88 4=E9 tlgei 3E

ql EE}] r+=r+ rJ+.

E rfr) : I, 1 + [/'(r)]'dr

(xzl-F zlxl elul= 7*71 t*s+ 4+ H+= r_tr ul+l +gttrl.) (El4EEt+7I E
+ol',s) ol4EEel 7lgc4 lg ols"dl^l ^l trl=r}+r+rJol olBB+ gt+.
ds
t + lf'(x)l' : 1+
dy
6
dx dx
I
trlg rql +6J sel {ffi$ 6}tl 4qE lolr +dE tl&t\ f'(x)tlOg trll I
^l
"Jg Bq _s.el ,Jol9
=r+ "l¤-P ++4 +E+.
dy
7 ds: 1+ dx
dx
v

ds dy
ol 4* s6l ++4 rJ"l 4d4.J E{E -E¤E+
AYI
dx tr (ds)': (d*)'+(dy)'
-la 70
,L'1 /\l I g+ EE 7lq6L7l +l+
7l6IE4 6}l^Jg s-q ++. E+ +4
0 x
%}Hoe ol+B + ?l+ L:Idstr_ 4^H, EgEq trg ts_aEls_tr +
^l ^l
-ral 7,
JEi
4E + ^lrl4 trt+g B"l Ee +49 + 9l+.

9 ds: ,. (#)' *
(qrfl 4D ro(1, 1)g
^lHo+ $"Hrl *d y:rc'- {tn*ql ql.J oel {o]$;
E +614.

Efl /(r) : x2 - $ tr rq +H '}++ A+.

f'(*):z*-L
8.r
r
I
1 + [/'(x)]':, * (r, - #)': 1 + +*' - !+ 64.'
s(,r)

1
Po
:4xz* I *
2 64x" \ +:
(r*. +)'
8x.
y:x?-{tn,
I
1 + [/'(x)]' : 2x * (x > 0o;os;
0 lx J 8x

:24.u_e afl zjola;a;. q++ ++

-ral
JE
Q
LII

ral 8P qEl 4oll^l Eel 401"'r+0ll rH-.J rtr) : l, t + lf '(t))2 dr

6l{4= _Hq
=+.
 8.1 Eel eol 523

:
J, (r, * *) ": * +t r,l,
:x'+|trx-l
qlE Eq (1, l)ql^J G, f$))vlrl +Cg 4= a9 Aol= q+4 ++.
ln3
,(3)::'+ *h3 - 1:8 +-:I
8.1373

8.1 l g+Er1

l. EE ,Jol +{ E$. "16_611^l +d y: i - zx, -1 < -r < 3 T 14-16 +dq f4gE :z4r rl44-o-=. +de-l ,Jol
El-s

- q ,Jol= +614. +dol d+tl aql +q"t¤ :z zJolE E +4"t4. r q*- +dE {ol$ 4+A oI4 'flall zl4ll
zl 4+61fl
4E +^lql E6l] 4l+ElqEAl ++ Bg dA6I4. 4l+1o-I+"

v 14. y: x2 + x3, I <x <2

15. y :48, I <x <4
y:3 - 2x
16'Y:159-x, l<x<2
-1 0 3x
17. n: dE+q +4lg ol$alfal q-+ +cel Esl z3o1
10t_l

E +46I+. ++ Bg 4l4}zl E= A+EIE Eg zl+{t

2-4 +^Jq zJolE +6"hb zlEg ^ll+l?+(41&g 6}zl ?*=+). 4 ullalr].
2.y:*', O<x<2 3.y:.r-lnx, l<r<4 y: x sinx, 0 (x <2rr

4. x=siny, 0Sy<rrl2 ffira. (a) 4d t: x!ffi, <, < 49 r4sg rq+.

o
(h) n: l, 2, 4oJ +4BE ,JoJ= +6ir+(+rJg +
=^I
5-12 q¤ +del 4++ zJolE +614 "J+ ++ ++e-e +bq). (:1H 6ql^l;.lH) ol +48
==+ +dg reJ^l ¤H6I+.
5. 1,:'.*'/', 0 Sx <2
(c) 4d9 ,Jolql !]+ 4Eg
E. y: ?(t * x'),/,, o <x < ^ll+l+.
(d) +dE aolE c+4 ol4 9!Rll zlt)l$l +6I+. (b)
1
T
7.y:T*x3 4*, I
l<x<2 ql^J +o.J ulno}{.
=*{tl}
8. y: ]tnlslnZ"r;, n/8 <x <rf6 Ete. fl+El sE zJE-sE 0l+6ll^l + d (0, l)r+ (2, e2; .r.1o1
g.y: ln(sec.r), 0 Sr <T/4 ql +'J 4d y : e'4 4q+ sq ,Jol= +.i+.

10. x:+"F (y - 3), I <y <9 20. ,tJu;q 4c x2/3 + y',lt: lel aoJ= +61-+.

Il. Y:i*'-Lrln*, I <x <2 v

x'l'+y'/':I
12. Y: ln(l - xz), o <x <l

13. E r(-r,l)q^t pfi,|)44 *d y : L*'4 sg zJolE -l L)c

+61+. -1
 524 88 4EEst rtg-d 3¤

21. +d y:zx3tzql 46Iq P0(1, 2)$ .tlfr o-e 6I= sq e 2s. E+C +oJ6J "JE= 7I4l
^l+(E=
TllolBJol f-Hrf a
olrJffi +tlt$. ol + dql ,llgq gttrI
"flgfl +dq EoJ-g E+dol+
rldol ot{, y : a cosh (x I a)E +EI{ 41+.
22. +d 1,: sin-r* + ,ffiql r1|6}q (0, l)oJ s.
E ,Jol¤:+=. +6Iq. -v

23. ;rtr lS0mofJ,rl 15 m/s9 +EE Br 3l= ullz| $oJ5;

d+e trolEflEl. '6Fq B¤ 4ztzl E9zlE
qolzl r
E-lb EECq "JC^]g q+r+ rJ4.
xZ a
y: 180 - 45 0 .r

¤zl,rl y(m):. %I"tl^l+El :-ololr x(m)E olE"+ +B rHql^J trq+= dsldg x : -104 "r: l0?l +lilql
44o14. 4"lz} E"lzizJ .tl4raj +rJ+El %lq +g .I 9l= + ,l]el d*qiq qlgeJ 9ttrI. ¤+d EoJe-E 4g
zlzl ol="a3 4El= 4l4}6f+. ol Bg tllo mnl\ 4q6[ : c * a cosh(x lil)ol+. +
=J 9l* d+dE 'J44g y
,ll +4'll+.
d+E11
^l-ol
d+del ,J"l:20.4 molr dslCol Bql^l
T 24. zl$ xlle xlJ4flillql^J o}4l :-H4 ,J"l ¤EE zfz] tlnl$ *9 E"lzt e m"J rl d3rldol arl il= d
=:++
$ 2ffia11,<1 uJulz]- 60 cmoltr +olz} 4 cmoJ Etr +9 *rflg .ts"lE ts"[oJz]?
#+ zl+ sltrg "J=ejr d4. xl+xllE +Hg ^l"Jtrt vt
soJol4.
^t?l +dE "J4^lol
y: 2 sin(rrxlrs)gg EF I

--+
611 60 cm 41ts¤ "JE= clJ p-gt SB6J #*S9 ul I

ul a,E +at=H4l+IzlE ol$aNal 4z{E¤. *e*zl- Hl

I

tlt)llxl C+6}|l
I

4l+I'sr+). l0x
-10 0

26. EI+f(*): i"' + e-'l qH +rJql^lE +dE zJols+

+d oI4 Holzt e¤¤ trq{.
4cm
w
60cm----_tT 27.+d ,: I:Jt, -1dt,t<x<4E ,Jol=+"I+.

8.2 I ElEEsl bilol

fl541 2rrr
sldHg +dol 4dg +csE sldE ,ll B^d¤4. olfl +H9 s.244 s.3¤
ql^j fl#+ ¤EHe.l qldillE 441 +Eoltrl.
zffi
%l-^lsE qdEE .JolE {qapx}'J+ sldEe] HoIEA+ 6}E
h
xrilx-rol
--1 L-l
---1 r-..:

EEg e6l-- ql= Hol AoJ ¤¤+ ¤Eg Aq+ ql E= ql'J-=el rJ+ *ol g
t'

| *"t4r ^J4aJ + 9t+.

h
| +E* *E-oe. ^l+6H -azl. HlzlEol roltr +olzl- r.J flzlFE gHol- A
1-,-
| : Zrrrhol4. :H lql^lz-le flzl=¤ E.+ gaqr ^J^J6l-5, tlEtf 2rrola
.<ll.gzl. h"J 4^l+¤g eg f glzl trllEol+.
-rel
JEI
r
 8.2 EIEEe-l 'Jol 525

2rrr
I
I
zL
,IE a-

r \B
rg2

ulafzfzlE eHE *xlEol roltr ul$$-olzt /ql flgg aH 24

Edg "l-n+
zI= rI+ g4^] qlzl$ol /oll *C4ol 0 - zrrll ?l +zflgg "J= + 9l+. "J
+4sE elxlEol /olr *c4ol 0.J +^llge-l H"l- l/'?\{t.24 EtE4l 2t +

tr:lt2o:fr'(+) : Trl

-:.else.ggfl *'JolE A: rrtL Cel++. 4

A

r++H rJ ffi{ sldHq A+ql- qB4l B a*Jz}? s9 ,Jol= +E trll /t

/l
rlH+ rJol f"141 +dg q4ese *d^lrJ + ?Itrt. ol +4Bg q¤ /t
/t
^F+6J 1t
+g +deE qd^lrJ trll, :. .Jolzl-d4l HolE E+ ,J+d +Eol 1l
,lit
=^16l-
"J=q4l+. r4r ++g +lErceal 4++ +Ee-l HolE Eg + gl+. l-r* -J

olull
"JEolzl. *^I +Hg ++ +cqE dE# sld^j4 E+ flgqlE=E
I

+CE+ +Ee.l HolE +61-71 +lE]], rH 34 ,J"l flB4E ggE + ++.o-tr

I

.--l--

^J4¤ + ?t+, ulpgolzl /, +l+ HlxlEol r,

oI44 tlxlE"l .r?l flB419 + t_ J{

EE Hol= +++ rJol F ggE +Eel HolE uBn^J e=+ -ral

JEf
a
!f

1 A : rrr2(1, + l) - rrrJt: rrl(r, - rr)h * r2l)

Be +4esE+El +g-g tsE+.

h h+t
ft fz

rzh: rl1 I r1l, I (r, - r1)\: rfl

olAg
^l
trq 'Ig6tH 4# E=4.
A: rr(r1l t ryl)

--1

tr A:Ltrl
526 aEt
uo xlrrr+lol
tl-t r!oF8l
oQ
.-t cl L oo
-[

.v y: f(x) fizlrl , : +(r, + rz) i. ggqE B+ tlzlEol4.

t__ i
ol4l ol +{ tr= E4I dqql 4+"ll BzI. :zH a.ll xll^lg +Eg ^J461-H,
T-- H
0 a I
l /.r .t

dgE sld6l-ol eg s,ldEol4. ol +Hq .JolE dE6I7l +lEl] Eq 4olE ¤

(a) pldE 4$'l flH AxlH +rJ la, b)E Hulzl A{_tr ?JaEflol xo, xr,..., r,fl nt[A
++ ++s-E. Llb+. .rii: /(rJ4E $ P,(x;, yi)E +qd +d +lql +ol glrll g
y
Pi_
Pi
Ji rl. ,,_,4 x, ilolE ++ +Eg dts p,_,p,E xE9 +Ces qddlil -^I^lrJ
4. ol"jl .+s= 4+?l Hlg+ol t : lpi_tpiloll ¤+ HlzlE , : *(y,-, + y,) "J
Po
P,,

Eg'HoloE, +{ trql ,q-+ r +Efl Holb q-q=4 +r+.

I
I
L____ I
- F------->
0 a b.r

,,-#lP,-,P,1
(b) flg..ll
f.al 4
=^l-^1fl
8.1¤E 4r] trE +H r+4vi rJ"l trl-*+ "J+61= f *,f 7l *,_r4 x, Afolql +
x}]drt.

lP,-rP,1
:'rffiPA,
Lxzl zlg rll yi: fk) -y(x,t)ola f7l fl4ol=9, !r-t:,f(x,-,) ^,/(x,t)ol+.
rl+!l- ?Jq.
'r+El^J

," +l P,-,P, | - znf(x!) rffi n*

:.flse St+ qdEE -Jol4r d4al aql q+ +s-r+ rJ+.

=*{te
tr Z
i:
znf(x!) t + [/'(x,t)]'
I
A*

ol +*{}$ ru ---+ moj ql q +g r,}ol EE, 4l Eg E}* g(r) :Zrrf (x) I + [/'("r)]'z
ql
'l+ 4"J stsE EE ++g e-+
n

hm E znf(x!) 1 + [/'(xf)], A* : t + lf'(x))' d*

,-* i:l t'zny1*y

r;l.E-tr a I x < D "11^J /7I oJ+oJ-r. E4.J EEJ+E ?*+ 4+, ol ++q^l +
d y:/(x)E "rffi +dsE old^14 gg ifldflE +El 'Jol(surface area)E 4
¤-4 rJol 4el=Jtrt.

4 ,: J"
znf(x) rffi ax

E++ql 4* 4"lsq= zls= 4!H ol +{g +g.r+ rJol Etrl.

2
dy
5 s:tozny 1+ dx
dx
 8.2 aEEst Hol 527

+dol * : s(y), c a y < dE segfl +E Holgl ql+ +4lg q+r+ ,Jol ¤4.

dx \2
E s:J"fd 2ny 1+ dy
dr)

B.l¤el _s.e.l 4o1.il 4+ 7lE= ^FS6IE

+4 Ee+ E* +s=+ ,Jol se+E +
et+.

7 s: J Zny ds
y+g 6C o + sld^la q +^L+ Bl-Bq elo| 119.4 ,Jg +E Hol.ll trilEL ;t
,,\I o olLrI
--1 E.r--l .
=

tr s': J Znx ds

ololl *qlrJq rJol(8.leel +41 trl E ar=l trl-g + olt a1-u1g

^l-s"* + gl+
dx \2
ds- ,.(*)'* -E- ds: 1+ dv
,r)
NorE +4 EI trg +C +lel 4 @, iE 4?f x4 Eb y4g ¤=d o _+ pld^l"J
q r4= flErilg^l zny EiZrrx3 ^Jr+6LH fl41
zlqB + glrHrB s ela).

'y
'1
\
(x,y)
t /1

(x, y)
0 x

flE4l:2rry I flEHl=zo,
0 x

xfr$ +ds-tr. Eld: y49 +CsE 4C:

^ "JZ]E H}ZIE
S:l2rrids
J+
s': J 2rxds
EEell flE;ll -ral
JE
E:
!r

{qrfl 1l) +d y: rR, -l<x<13fl r'ty':4ef aoJr}.ol sE xftg

+dsE qd^lA rI iJzlb +EE H"lE +o}?+(0l +Hg Elzl$ol 2ql +9 g+
"14. :_H 6 +a).
528 88 4EEst rtg-d 3E

v
v:J4-*?

l4=+ ds: t + (dy/dx)'d*.J +4 E ts= Ezl"J +{ Elql el61 4H Hol

++4 A+.
---f-----------------> =
,.(t)'*
i

,:J' 2ny

:
1

Zn
['_rrt+ -
* t+--!4-x' dx
ral 6 qlrll loll^j 'Jol7l 4hlE +sl
o lrr

4-x2*xz
dx
4-xz

v (q!41 2D o 5y53 H+lql^J *d "r :?y'/'+"rfg +dsg sld^lA ql

^J71.
5
*:try',' +HE HolE +6IEHrH 7 +a).
EOI xzf y9 H#e +qH.o =.e. yE 4E H+-g ds : 1 + (dx/dy)z dy
^l-SpI4.
"J +41 Ers* +4 E)ql el6l] 'l-+¤ ts=+

0 .r
r:J' 2ny l+ (#)' dy: r, fry t/t +@ ay

: zrr fftr/t + y ay
u - | + yE il+atfl du -- dyola- 4ts .J4lE HAq'E q+g e=+
a4 7 qlrJl 2oll^1 'Jol7l illttE
EIEE s: zrr
Ii t" - r)rfr du: r* IiQln - urlz) du

: Zrrl?u'/' - ?"''']or: Tn tr
:aJ 83 qlrll 3oll^J 'J017l 4l+tE trlEE
g Hq +q.,
(oll4l 3D ¤ (1, l)ql^J Q,4)vl^lel EEd y:*4 a.$yffi+4sE sld^lrJ
v
4l rJzlE +H H"lE +614.
(2,4)
Eqtr )E rel ++E ^J46lE y: *', * :2rollrtr- ds : ''f + @y/d.Y dx oJ #
!=x2 4l EIE+EI qs-" E=+.
2
(1,l)
s:Jznxds:fzn* t*(*L dx
0 lzx
:znff*,[++*'a*
:ral I
 8.2 ElEE"l biol 529

u: I+ 4x2 o E_ il+6IH du:8x dxolEE, 4+ +4lE Hl+H rl+g ts=+.

s: zrr
I:' 6 -la"
:t Il, ",,,
du: ill;rzf|

:i\t,F - s...6)

Effi ,Ey9 ++E ^Jr+61-H *: ,F ,

dx
-+olo-E ds : | + (dx/dy)z dy
.J +4 Eql el6]] +¤.g e.4.
dy 2lv

dr\ qFll 3sl =J= trA6}| HE, lB

8el +E
s:Jzrrxds:tozn* 1+
,r) dy
'Jol= ol +Eal tsol7l
,Jr +Esl +l+
EJIF=rlolaH+ HJrl=el ErJ ,Jg U^l=
I
oe olts fl7lEsl +E 'Jol 2rr(1.sX3)
:2rr i+
,* dy: r, [i ,lilo
), l, ; ay - 28.27a11 7l?ltlE Al.¤oll T=-.J+. ql
ril :0ll,r1 xltlE rlB +E 'J01ts E|-=J61|

:r, Ij 4
(ay + 1) dy: n [' ,M at
EoJrl.

L(n - s.,,6) - 30.85

6 ^,m
: + Il' ,8, n" (R, u: r + 4y) ol +E Hol= .?le.f ol-aHe] EEol eP
Eg4q k;olEr|" 5E ]r1". trlE+El
^l
:
i\t Ji - sJi) (Eol lrt Bol E"J,E}) r ?rr(t.il(Jr}) - 2e.80olr[.

(q!rll 4l} +d y: e*,0 <,r s 19 xfg 6d-o e sld^lA *ll rJzlE +Hel Hol
E +ti]+ 4Eg ^Jl+l+.

Efly:sx,*:e*,ds: t + (dy/dx)'d*o1+41 E(E- +{ trbg ^l-+6IH rE,Jts: x:tny,ds: I + (dxldy)'?dy

?.la l E(E= Eil"J tr}g
'I-gg E=+. =+l ^l.Etrrrl

,:I' 2rry , . (*)' *: ztr

[' e',T+ ex ax
4l&zl4 d+q= ol$-a[.<J trl-gg ts=+.
FI

2n I' e.7l'I + ezr dx * 22.943 tr

Jo

8.2 I g+=xil

1-2 q*. +dg.r4 6cqE old^lrJ trll iJzlE +EE H ^11fl4

-
olE (a) r9l 4aI{ G) y.ll rll6}q 486}q +61+ zle4g 1.y:lfr, l<x<8
 530 88 4EE9 tl"J-Lt 3E

2. x:ln(Zy + l), 0 <y < 1 17. TlEalgelg *C y : tlx,, > 1g xfi$ +dgE sld
a.lq gg +Eg zlEt]g gol4 +tr|. (EElal"J Pulzl-
+dg y+ +dsE qd^la ql ^Jzlb +HE H
3-4 trl^¤- 946|zlq| 7.8¤ E+E4l 38 +6) +E Holzl. FtI.J¤
olE (a) rql 44q 0) y9l qlalq zl+6|q +4+ zl+^l troi4.
I rll9l4 y

3. ry:4, | <x < I 1

4.!:1*sinr,0(x<rfZ
0 1
.{
,F

s-8 +g +dgx4¤ 6d-o e qd^lzJ ull rJzl= +EE 4

q.oJ -JolE +6t+.
18. (a) o > +d 3ay2:x(a- r)'oll galq "JEqd
OoJ trll,
5.!:X3,0<x<2 rEjE ,r+ +d o -+ qd^la trlJ ^Jzlk 4H9 H"l
6.Y':.r*1,0<x<3 +6I+.
=
l. y: *or(rl.x), o 1x 4 r o) r.4= y++ 6Cge sld^lrJ rll xJzl= +Hq H

g. .r: l(y, + Z)r/r, | <y <Z "l= +6i+.

v

e-ro +* +dg y+¤- 6c "-+ qd^le ql 4zlE +Eq

3aY2:x(a-xl2
HolE +6i4
0 CI x
9. ): i*'/',0 <x < 12
10. x: a '-y',0<y<a/2
le. (a) trl+ +g¤ "rffi +dsE qd^lrJ ulJ rJzlE 4
+cg 44g +g +coE qd^le ql ^JzlE
T 11-13 trl-¤-
Hg 4gH(etlipsoid) E= 4+EJ sld+gB(prolate
+EE HolE +61-= 4E4lg ^ll+14. filzl.oe +#d ot sPheroid)ol4a 'J4.
4 9lr.l xleJzlzl 4+6lrll zl+g 4l&61+.
xz v2
11. Y : s-xz, -1 <,r < ,i -r4 or*F:'' alb
12. x: y + yr, 0 5y 5 li yQ ol {gflfl HolE +61+.
13. lny:x-!', lSy<4ixft (b) (a)9 4gg ++0+)g 6d-oE 3rld^lzJ ull "Jzlb
4fl9 ¤TH(oblate spheroid)ol4r +trt. ol E+E
T 14. 1(x(zql^l 4c y-]exftg ¤=dge Eld^lrJ 9 HolE +61+.

oI {zlb +EE C++ H"lE +6l.4. 20. (a),f(x) < 4 *dy:f(x), al x<bE +¤d y: c
coJ

*d y : 0 S y < 19 ya$ 6d +d+.oE sld^lzJ 4l rJzl= +Ee-l H"loll 4oJ

Ets. A+qE "l+611^]
7s1,
=
-e + fl{.<14 q
rjzl} {+f, +E Hol= +iit+. +E 49 +614.
T (b) +d y: $,0 <x < 4E y: 4E ¤d o + sEld^l
E+{q7} 4Eg +6}xl *a}H, +H Hol= trl= H+ql
,J 4 r}zl= +EE HolE +o-1-= 4Eg
ql.J 4+sE ++4+. ^ll+l+. +
zlzl_oe a+d ot4 gl4ll zlflnlzl 4q-61ril 4Eg
16. n: lgoJ ds+el +^lg ol+6|q +d y: lrr, 4l4IoI4.
0 < x < s= xffi 6Ce + qd^lrJ trll rJzl} +H H
2t. g x2+y2:r2* aldy:rE 6Co-gqd^lzJ
"lE =*alg +614. ++ Bg 4l+}zl4 d#rlE ol*
4,tJzl
6|]^J e+ 4B#4 ulaalz|. +Efl HolE +6t+.
=
 8.3 3E 531
=el+rl=qfoilel

22-2t +E[ +q](Zone of a Sphere)= ¤fl.J + EH ^]olql 23. {lzlfi,ol ftol-r. tolTl fl7l$el +E Holz} ts++
ftoJ
oJPol4.
*ol= 79 xll 22ql^l +6J +r.HE +H H"le+ rJ¤¤ Eq4,
22. +q qlxlEol ^Rolr + *lE ^I"le-l 44zl ft"J q +EHel
+E Holz| s : zrrRhoJg trq+. (+ ¤Eol +e+ iril
24. tJEgl AtJ a 1 x 1bq^J *d y : ex/2 * e-'/2* xrtg
6J trll sb + ¤E ,l4q+ q+6}r ¤EE +lil 64 oe sld^le ql rJzlb +Eq HolE +Eo_+ E
^}olq el/+.J +Ele+ A¤¤ Eq+.
e]L ++BItrI.)

8.3 lEaHsl*Epllsl EE

ErlEJ+ -="+ql ql+4+E "te ++ +ql^l q7l^]- rl-* + 717]|, + +tql

el6-J E4 e=J+d+ +E+. *ql^l 7l6l-trH-Jol, +ul, ,Jol)4 .Jql ++flH A

ilH +q4i EF-l=#g +Y+g ++ ++otr" 47llq -^I^l v1a, ola# r-1afl.<'l
(4"J EL) ++g+l* tr4"J 4EE {tg +6J+.

r +iilEq-+4 gal4 fl
+++Eg H ,Jol ++¤+E f.Jol 6zl-,*4E ^ldg ¤rJ6l4l gtr}. ol4g +4I EH
rE +lq 9l- EE +4lzl rttlalTl trll$ol+.
"JHI4SE -Jolzl-A(m2)"J s'g #¤*ol :.H lql^izlH +ill EE oL4E
I
I
cl

A
d(m)9 zJol"ll ,JE7I p(ke/m3)?l +4lql et4 il41 z|{o1-x1-. + HtE +].il gl
- +zllel *ulz} v: AdolE_E, +illE 4'Jg m: pv : oAdol+. q+^l +.ll
zlallxl;-+!lel Ee q+r+ ?JLI. -rEl {
4El

F:mg:pgAd
{zlrJ sY #4tl4rol4. +ql z}oflzl5 Sfl(pressure) pE ++4 ,Jol EflH
oJrf aJe E CEg+.

D-_-
F
I_ psd
A

"Jqg +C6f- sI ++l= N/m2E iif5zj(Pa)ol+ 6Jtrk+E: 1 N/m2 - 1 pa).

"l- zlg ggloJtrE a51 l4rJ(kpa)ol zl+ ,^"J+. qlE Eq EE Hs_21-, -
1000 kg/m3ol7l trll$"{l 2 m ziolE +¤tF "JHEr-E .Jqg +g.4 +Ll.

P : pgd: 1000 kE/*' x 9,8 m/s' x 2m

: 19,600 Pa : 19.6 kPa
+xil +0ll trrz Eillql 7l6Hrl= gal3 +

"l+ ++ ++1.
oleo 6IH, P: :
-6dol+. {zlrl 6 pgE(¤*"Js pql ql +E oleHE 0.5 m
psd
illel +trloll trAl fl01 ,Jololl qal E-sltl.
'Jololl^j gllolts
+E]= A o_+^l) +4uJEol+. ql$ -q EE #4l"Jszl- 6 : 625 tblffolr, + 4 7l= ArP +4-?-Joll_l 4rll-Ll A+fl =7 ArS
ol 8 ftoJ +g+ eHlEl"ll^jel
"Jqg p: Ed:62.5 tb/fr3 x 8 fr: 500 b/rt2o1r1. H.Ol E"J-.J +g= !Atl.
532 8EI 4EEsl trlB-Lt 3¤

+ill "Jqsl +s+ +l4tl +4lE ge-lel dql^l 7l61lxl= "Jq+ -E= %Li'J"lliJ
E"J6l4= al-dol ¤EsE "J+fl+ (S++= iel "J +lql ,Ldlxl- +.Jol ,J
L+a y4+.) relsE A%I"JEzI poJ +illE ,Jol dql^J E=: HJ6Jq^J tsb .J
q +s=4 ,J+.
1 P: pgd

ol +i] + f4s"l+ q E.- Hql zfaflx1= +illcqq}4 E(4xl6l-_r. gl-

^lg
#;llz} zL+ E)g ¤{fl+ trJl E+ol Etrl. rq+ olA* rJ+d ExllTI olq+.
9I+aLE "J4ol "J461-xl g*l 4olql q4 +.71i'l7l rllEol4.

-50 m il ql{! 1:zH 2tlz;o1^l+".19 E"Jel H"l gl4. +olk 20 mol.a fl+ q ul} 5o m
D
oL4+ Hul= 30 mol4. HE +4zle+rl fEzlzlzl 4 *"J 4l +ill4qql4
T "lq
20m
"Jqql EE]] Hql 716]]zl= Eg +6I+
30m Eil H4 Hg 6ls4l.E +4,J+" :zH 3(a)4 zJol fldg +E +lql +r. ol-ull Bf6J
-rzl ,
JE4 " +4 xffi q.J4. EE 4olz1- 16 molrr + ++ [0, 16]9 EHol xiola z)olzl
,J+ ++ ++e-E 4irz, r,s Dri-r, rilE qoJ+ HE ,H4l +¤ 4= +-ol Ar, Ll
=
-4 15
ul nr;oJ 4^14¤s-E lH 3(b)E Be: +I4B-o.tr+E.l +g¤ g=+.
r0 =^IEIq,
0
a 10 l6-x,f :6-
^ x!
Ax
15 ta rfur: zo' q a: z z

I6 lflF + E=trI.
l5
x wi : 2(15 * a) :z(ts + t- l*,t) : 46- x,t
(a)
e,zf trl-+g EE4.
"le.l Hol+H,
;Hal1
r0
Ai - tiliAx : (46 - ,,*) A*
T a
20
L*tl zlsE,,Hr(ll ulgl zlall4* sq pt:. Aq 946}q 4l trg ol+6ll^l +gg
I ,U -.,*
{
rh)
e=+.
Pr = 1000gr,f
f.eJ
"lil= +i,lldE+4 H r,- Sq+ Hol9 E"l+.
3
,Hall
"loll
Fi: PiAi =' 1000gx,*(46 - ,,*) A,
olfl ep$ [email protected] q4r trll ++g fo.lfl, E{l zl-oll4= dAI +414q+zl E
g q+r+ zJ"l 8ts4.
F : ,1!g > to*or*f (46 - *I) A, : lJ' l000gx(46 - x) dx
l6
: tooo(e.*) IJ' @6x - x')dx: 98oo 23*' - t-1
3l 0

- 4.43 x 107 N
qlzil lql^l He.l Hlq +cg fldsE 6l= #J4o; a|+4lE
^ls"B + gl4.
 8.3
=zt-+zt
B-+oilsl E¤ 533

H9 s-8"+ +B"ll E]]+ t:J{algy - )x - 3oolsE y,* +l;<lql^J +¤ trlq q v

ul|. 2x;* : I;* + 30oll flol- 16 - );*ol+. q4^l Holl zt"J]zl- fl.qg q
I
*4,J+. 2.
di

rD_: 1000(9.8)
ft6
J,
(, + 30X16 - y) dy = 4.43 x 107 N 3
Ay

x
llo{l4l 2l} t}zl5.ol I m"J flzl6 s"Jq EHEoI 3 m {olq E+ql +4 ?I+r
* y2:!
+ trll, ol EH¤lg EI+ ¤ +E"il "lil. +ill4qqlzl 6J¤- +6I+
EOI :rB 4s+ ,Jol EHEE +Cg flEql +olE+ +g q6IH fl"]r-}+. rflfl rg4
ol flE llr-{^lgrJtrol *r+yr:1ol gq {lzll lql^Jilfl gel gqg Hulzl-rJ$
+¤ EIE +E+. rqE gel ,J¤^lsE+El ,H4ll trl= 4^l4eE zJ"lE
=^16l+
z,rcYo]=tr,;Hall rrlg Hol= rl-+4 rJrI.
=^l4sg
A,: zrF(yfY Ly

EE ¤"#"JE= p : 1000 kglm3solE-tr iHall ulolf zlallzl= ttseg (41 tr"ll elql)
7,t|{etr trl+4 +L+.
p. sd,: (1000)(9.8X2 - y,r)
:a4=e. ol trloll zfaflx1=,fl(*q x Hol)g +Sq ?Jq.
=^Izl_e__tr
6diAi: - y,t) zJW ty
(1000X9.8X2

dxll E+ E.= Itlql z16114= Eg EJ6}7 +ilg +l6l]^J ts=+.

z,fflff
n

F: lim E (loooxe.Bx2
RJ@:r
- yI) ny

. 1e,6oo
l,t, - i Jfr ay

: 19,600 .Z
t' ,,F:7 dy - 19,600 lrrffi a,

+ H4ll zl+el !lzlBE++zt zl*f"lzl ull+ql r 4B{te soJtrHs.s¤ 4EI E+

a). a H4l zlEg +4il+ y: sin 0= ol+6fH +ts f ?lxl"J, I 4Eol qlxlE
1tI HJflq H"l4b 49 "Jrll qH q ++EI+. :relps +6lr^t 6l= qlg q+-
4 e+.
F : 3g,2oo
I', ,,Ff dy :3g,2oo . in(l),

39'2ootr
- 2
- 50,270 N r

r -EElEeltra.I=d
w po

"l ¤E +s +49 rB s9+ rJol qE E"JsE +qzl= +ql sg *ol +{ls

_tr. +¤g 6L= d pE +6|- dol4. ol dg r +q EEIEfl(cenrer of mass, -E
:1tJ 5
534 88 4=E9 tl"J-'J 3E

l*dt-l-dz-l - 6q+d)ol+ +rl-.

ta
ffll m1
Hxl :-H 6ql^l +4U q +tr+ qlE.q ¤E*+ 4+g +^lg + 9l-
zlgiElle.l oJ ¤ql e%I mr4 mzTl Eq flr, zlflqlE+El Hi'il HJ.6Js-tr 44zl

alqlql
dl+ dzEJA Eq4 9I+. ffiol ^Jts6|H "+4- +¤g *¤ 4o14.
ral 6 2 mrdr: fitzdz

ola+ olezlollql}Tl ¤Eg E6l] tsdt rl-dol4, xl9l4E Hzl(the Law of

rhe Lever)ol4 ++. (^la +l.ll^l 7Lq+
^LH.4
+4+ rt*ol #¤g atselH
7Iq+ rl$"l +dql^J q E?-l trqri *ot"t 6Jg ^846lzl-.)
olxll x1ol1^l ¤=.+ *,, *1414 4* *, rflI A++dol toJ ul4zl- nqg qq
+q fl+r 6|zl- rB 64 79 Hlflol-H d, :i - x,olJ. dz: x2-;olp-e 4l
trE+q ++g e=+.
*r(i -xr):rftz(xz-x)
mti*mzi:tnrxr*mzxz
rfltXr * mzxz
tr x:
t\ * r/t2

q7l^] *rx,,4 mrx2? +?+ 4* mtl mr\ (fldql 4+) gE1=(moment)ep- 6|

q, 4l EC e=#+C t= + ¤=*E -e"HIE= q6lr dill ¤=# ffi: ffit * mrE-
Ll+:oErAl Eqdg B:"H ++.
Jl J .N2

0 / .r
ml i-x,,a A xz-x m2

ffil

1zl -l ffi
JAI

-i----
"JHI4SEx+9 4 *r,xz,.,.,x,oll 44+"1 ?lE 4=f tlhotttz,.-.,mnoJn
Tl]sl "JxlE ol+"1+l 4lzl- 3l+8, "Jql^Je+ uf$zlxlE "l 4lE e.##cE +l,.l
- q+r+,J+g _H_g + 9l+.
f,
i: I
*,*, f *,*,
i:l
E x: n :-
i*,
i:l
m

4zlal m: Zm,t. ol 4lE dill d=J"lr, 7+7+E EHIE- qBJ q* Rg gd

q q,J 4lE EdE4r ++.
M :2tl

*,*,
i:l

r4E El. mt:MeE trI^l g+ 9lI, olAg dAl e=J*ol {ffifl 7

^l
ql dfElq gl= 4,sE ++6IE I Esl-e7l-ol 4lE EHIFe+ rJ4- Ag "J
6l] ++.
 8.3 Ezl-+rl-Berollsl 3E 535

olzll :.fl 84 zJol ,ry¤89 E (r,,yr), yz),..,,(*n,y,)ql ,+r+ +g gl-

(xz, v
4l

4* *r, t\tz,. . . , ffintJ nzllE oJzlE=E ol+qd 4lE

^J46l] EzI. tzlgsl A+
J3

t}
el +^l-6}zll y+"ll rI+ 4lE EflE= +++ rJol =.r9tr+. v
n tJz x

tr
tl

Mr: Z *,*,
i:1
)t? 6
.r+ql q.J EflE='l+4 rJ"l de-lE}+ .r.g I
4le.l

6 M, 2
i:1
*,y,

rqE Mry t Alzl y+g +csE qd6}El= aolg +461q, M.y xftg 6
d + qdd}Elb 4o#g +4ELtrI.
o

lifflE 4+ql^JzJH d++dE 4ls (r, r)= trl+ +^14 ,Jol r EHI= +
+"141+.
My M,
7 i y:-
'm
m

{zlrl m: Zm,E dill 4=J"14. mi: Mr, mJ: l,4*olsE, Amd (er)-
¤* *oJ + 6l-+el "Jzl-zl-r 4le+ rJ¤ E-HIEE += dolct.

ilqfl 3D d (-1, l), (2,-t), (3, Dql?+4 a+3,4,8oJ EillEol +q4l 4lE E
HlEe+ ¤E#fCg' +614

Eil 4l Ee+ E$- oJ-$o[.! EHIE= 414]61-H +q=+ ?Jtr+.

M, : 3(- 1) + 4(2) + 8(3) : 29

!t
M, : 3(t) + 4(- 1) + 8(2) : 15 8

J
m:3 +4+ I - 15olE+, Elg ol+6J]^J ++g E=+.
^l 0 x
4
My_29 M, :15:'
15
*:;:15' t
El-+^J e++de (rff, r)"I4(ffl e +a). r f.eJ g

sE +"J6J "JE pE
q-.e-=
'*r ¤Eql^J BE $g ilxlo}r gt. B¤* TH+ Eq ftsi 6cP Exl EqE Eg|oil el6|{
¤)g C4afzl. r +9 ¤++C.J Etetr f;fl(cenrroid)9 +s4:z ++. +dg A1U ,JEEtl. Ei= E.JEI "JE= +ts trJ
olal 6',1-E EaJEcE sLel 6crl"g^16l
+61-71 +l"}] EqEel 94"J EHBflal(symmerry principle)E ol gq= xloJ,
"l+*4. E-=.:l "Jtrafxl LrsE gHJ4eE
ftol zld /ql 4El] 44018, ste-l +col /ql +q gl+- 4014. (Erg /ql ql6H traJ=cP rl= +liloll olq a=
="Jrl..
HI^I^l7lE, srg r4EolEE +cE rcB+. r+l+ rddg /ql+ +q gl arEJ= 14.4tr0fl^J rlE ftolrf.

+.) rqEE 4^I4¤E +rl6Col 6Col+.EHIE. gqel diil d=#g ¤+

+dql d+^la ql, I ESI=zl- flalzl g+E+ 4el"lloF oJ+. E+ d4zlzl t*
g + sqq 6JE EHIF- r+ ¤EE EqlEq dJolqoF +4.
536 88 4EEsl rlg-d 3E
v
-l
: "f(x) $$ :2fl lO(a)oll -E-"J E{+r o-lzl-.+ glol 4d * - a4 *:6 ,tlol
gt,ol
glrJ ,G +ls+ E+fl ++ /E r4s
"Hql +q fl+r z[{a}x}. n{ la, b)
E Edol xs,x1,..., x,oltr qHlTr Ar-E zt$ nflfl ++ +a-g-tr- +kq. E.
Ed x,*E ,Hall ++ +rJ9 +E'J x,: (x,-, + x)/?s q'J+. ol49 :H
10(b)el z;ol er{l +^}6}= +4¤g a4++ ,H4ll 4^}48 R,9 6C*
0 u hx =^t
c,G,,lft;,))oJrJoli /(i;) Ax o1u -+, e=*g 4-s=4 +LL
(a)

v (4'f(r,))
pf(i,) Lx
i rt;,1 4Bn,E E-HIEE aAE 4=+4 c,EFEl y+ql olEY 4qql x,9 tol
y+oll
\
+.q{^J ffioJ CB++.
Mr(R) - ;oyjt) Axl x; : pi'f (i,) A,
\ I
0 a
I
b I olfl EHIEE¤ rl6tH, ftql rl4¤E EHIEE E4l =1tr, n
- *"J 4l
Rr
R2
r,, xi =^f6l-=
ft3 xi ++g +l6lE y+ql 4+ m 4-illsl -EHIE= +g=4,Jol 9E4.
(b)

ral 10
Mr:,tg E pi,f(i,)Ax : o lo *fg) a*
a-l

ufafzl-xl %l-41.o +, xq"ll 4* ft,E E-HIEE rAE d=Jr+ C,E+EI x+91 "l
=. 44(ol= fi,9 Holg t}"l4)g ==eE 4l4}+tr1-.

M.(R,) - 7o7G) n xl*f (it) : p . Llf G))' t*

trl^l olfl EHIEES El6l-r +6Jg +lEl-E, *+ql 4eL me.1 E-HIE= g-q.

M, :;q > p . tlfi,)l' A, : o [o *lf(*)]' ax

n-* i:l

.JzI Sq 4++C (t,r)- mi:

41"11^JzlH Mr, my: MrzI qE+ ¤e]E
+. +¤ +E ¤+e "JEe+ -Jol9 +ol+'

m : pA: o t'f{x) dx

:zElFE tr++ol C*Jq|+

M,,t n I', *f@ a' Il .ft-l o.

m
o tu f ti a* I',1.1
,.

M, o I! +rrtx)fz dx Il +rtuti' d*
v- m
o to f{i a* !' fl*) o*
 8.3 Ealqrrt E+ollsl ¤8 537

+lq^J p7l 4.Afl+..-

^I¤.ll i9afxt gE. "J{B uil ¤++CE +lzl= "J
Eq+ ol-+
t'-+ol s,+.
s-qfolH, 5ol AoJ +E e=S+C(E.ts. glE +C) +lil (t, r)- q=q=4 ?Jr+.

I ir:-l Iru xf(x) dx , ,: + !)+rrul'0.

AJ"

(qfl 4l) Es.zI .JC6l-r *xlEol r?l H}fl*q d%h+dg +6I+

Eil e tr¤- ols-alzl +16]] rH l lg pol f(*) : 'r2 - x2 ) a-- -r, b: 1oJ =lE )
e Hlflg rflq. {zlal {Aflrl.il ul-+ d++dol y49l gl"l"} 6l-119 } : 0014.
t-
y:!r.-x.
trI4^J tE +61+ 4* ¤s_z} s.+. +gq Holz| A :lrrrroltr-tr_ trl-*¤- (r,#)
^l-e"E
e=4.
-r 0 r x
: :
y
* !_,+rtulT d* # -
L
!'_,qq, -*z), ax
rB 11

n
L TT '
Trr-
|
Jo
(r'
^
- xz) dx ('l4EEr-+i *,tsl+"I=e)

:Zl
Tr"L,--"]. 3

2 2r3 4r
rrrz 3 3rr

El-+^J d++dE 4s= (0,4r1(3r))ol+. tr

(qq 5I) +d),:cos x,!:0,r:0, x--fet eA +4lE zlJt.<fgflql il= g

qe-l +dg +61-+
Eq ¤EE Hol= +++ +r+.
o: cos .r dx : rin ,]l/' : t
t:''
:a4oE
^l
trql "I4 q-e¤ e=+.
I rntz
:
x:-l'
AJo
xf(x) dx
I:'' . cos x dx

: x sin
4"J' - f/' ,in* d* 1!-],ialgoll -elo'll;
v
'il
1
v:cos-t
l
2
(; -,'fi)
,: i !,'' irrul)' d* : L !:'' coszx dx x
2

: il:'' (t * cos zx) dx: il* + f sin ,.)"J' : +

fH 12
538 88 4EEel rl"J-d 38

v c,(i,,i[.f(,-,)+r(,-,)J) q4C +6t4=+de G* - 1,]r) =, (0.57,0.39)oli1 rH 12ql +E]+ 914.

y: f(x)
rH t:4rJoJ ¤9 Etol /(x) > s(r)oJ F+dy:"f(x)4y: s(*)^Iolql +
q flsE, E+ olgq HH 44 ,Je %FB -o E erg +d (r, ,)71 +s= 4 ,J+
v: g(x)
g E.J + ^lglrH¤+E^ll 26 +4).
0 a ii bx
feJ 13
i: *!',.rro - s1)ydx
E
, : * ll +tttt.)l' - ls(x)72\ dx

v EOI r]]* ¤ E+ :zH t4el ?Jtr+.^l E]ql^l f @) : *, s(*) - a2, a: 0, b : 7E q+

(1, 1) 4. Hzl :. ¤gq Holi Q-o-$ rJtrl.
y:x
t2 tt a\ ,
o:Jo(x-x')dx: tc' 4-l' I
1,5 )
z- Tl.:e-
y: x2

0 -t El-+^l +gg e=+.

I
*lf G) - s(r)l dx :
i fi ,U -
rr
.rg 14 x:-l xz) dx
AJo

olr'tr'-r') dx:r[+ +], 1

t: If +rrr,l7' - lsl)f'I d*:

i IJ LG' - xa) dx

:,[+ +].
2
5

+6I= +de (1,3)"14

r rl++ Eal
qdillE +d4 +i4 E++ +41= B"J o +al ol ¤g ol-rl+.
^IolE

0l tral=
^1714^1171
gal#Ealololl ¤l,t trl+4 Eq ftg EHql^l qL 4d /E .J+ql"J +d6l +q fl= ¤E¤9"14
E ra1,.."1 +-+II trf$.r(Pappus)ol 0l 6l-x}. 9r¤. /¤. +ceE sld^la "+l
iJzl=- Eille-l +q= stE H"l Ae+ glel +
rrl^1 E?.1 Aol+.
== dol +4"J 714 d4 +olr}.

:-H 13$ zjol ¤9"1 y:.f(r)$ y: s(*) +q flI 4d /ol y4

=E ^l-ololl
 8.3 Eet+rl t+oilsl 3¤ 539

.J +E+ A+ql q6il +Hg 6JtrI. gEeA HIH(s.3¤ +e)g ++

^l-+6IE
g e=q.

,: Io
zrrxlf (x) - s(x)l dx

: 2r I', .Vt.l - s!)l dx

: ?.rr(iA) (^t Eq E611)

: (?rri)A: Ad

{zlrJ d:ZrriE y49 +dsE E} H fldfl+ E"J +Col +zl.J 44o14.

tr

(o{l4l 7l) e}zlEol ,"J fl¤-,: flol +"J ¤Eql flr r flq +cos+El 44
R(> r)EI# tr"141 zld¤. ¤ldsE sld^la q flsl4l(torus)z|
^gzJult:zg 15 +
4). ol fl+ille] +qE +6[+. l**
Eql gE HolE A: rfol+ 4ag?]ql "|+ flq +41+d¤:z flel +colo_+
6J H qd6}=E"Jql +Col +4?l ,J4= d:ZrrRol+. irl4^l
++^ ¤Elql q4
+61-E fl+|illel +El= ++4 ,Jr+. f.H 15

V : Ad: (22-fiXrrz) : 2rr2r2R

{lxll 79 ,}He s.2¤el ¤*Exll 384 ul:roll ¤. + fl'}.

8.3 I t+enl

1. eolTl- 1.5 m, qHlzl- 0.5 moli1, ,JoJzI t moJ +++ql 4. 5 2m

U..\ ltl
5o1 z|$z[ +++E H]qql z[a1]xlE +itl{Eq] +
9]tr1-. (a) 6m
,Inr
t
4 "Jq, 0) ffige-1 Hlqql zlalzlS +4149+4 6J, (c) .j nt
+++E ++ ¤"lj zlallxl5 +ill{E+4 6JE +61+. 4m

2-6 +zl+oJ ffi rHr+ zJol "JP E= ,Sillzt Eql +4 ?l

tr|. SE qI+ Eql zlaflxlS +ill¤q+4 ql¤- q"J 6Js=E 6. 2a
t

%r-Hg ¤E6t+. :ar]r: oJ¤ 4EsE EB6I

=^I^l7l=
i1 4l+16L+. a
,__l__

2. 3
lm 4m

7. Brg4 EqoI glE+-= zlEpol 12m?l

44 Z.sm,
2.5 m
+¤sE B"J flzlF EoJel Erql 7l+ il]+l.q +HI=J
trt +,lg+ "JEzI 753kglm3"J tr]1 Br + Eql zlallxlE
0.5 m
540 88 4Egq rl"gEl SE

+ill dEqI4 Eg +6t+. 15' Y : sin?x, y:sinx, 0<x<Tl3

16.x*y:2, x: !2

17. II.E;I p : 60lr EoJol q¤- :H4 ae se +E EHI

E M,, M,* ¤++dg 4l+614.

ig v

E 4
q tE
o
!r
o
4
Ir
sq

I* 0 .r
EF
E
E
-Z

B. Bfl z)olzl20 cmtl {&E;llz} E9 zJolzi t m"J f+ 18. +d J = x3 - x* y = x2 - lE E4r^I"J gEe] +dg
+q ?i4.(a) 4+HillE 4421, &) d+
"JHlElql +q +6.l-?+. 7'* Bol 4%l6Jzl gotBTl +16il 6I'J ¤99f.
EillE 6J+ gflql 716]]zl= +all$qqlzJ .Jg +6|E+. eJ +Cg s^l6ll E4.
9. Llulzl. 10 moltr ziolzf 20 moJ fg=Jol 9ItrI. HI-qEg te. oJEel +r+Bq +d+ +dEE rd4 ,J+g trq+.
4^14 ?I}rll EE *el E* zJolz[ t mo]z ,Jg Xfl
[-d=: (a, 0), (0, b), (c, 0)ol +e4ol qE+ ft$ $o[
¤g ,Jol7t 3 mo1r1. +gtlql 5-o1 zffi;l. ?14. (a) +z]]
+. +de +4aql^l "*efl EE +dg ",1= dE"Jg
e] *H G) Hl-ElHolJ zl-a1lz1g +ill4qE+4 ql¤- +6I+. 7lq+4. E6J +d=e 4 +ldql^l(+dg ,'|+) *
10. d-4+ m,z| olql fH+ rJol x491 +q il+. fld+ *E Hztxl 4olE 2l3oJ ¤ql.^l "J+= 49 zlq6I+.1
e=#+d ;ql ql+ 419 -EHIE Mg +6I+. 20. q-" +qd sE.el +dg zlEe 6}zl ?J:r. 4^t4B+
mr:6 mz:9 +L4EE +C(¤+Ezil le +a)E +lilE C6Ir EHIE
0 10 30x 9 zlH49 ol-$all,tl +614.
rr. tr+g 4 ¤=# miTl 4 P,ql +q fl4. EHI= M,, urs* o1
v

41el E++Cg +6I+. 2

tfll : 5, fflz: 8, mg: 7;

Pr(3, l), &(0,4), h?5, -2) -L
a
-1 0 t2 .x

12-13 r1^g- :.flq] -H-.J ¤qql ql+ +d +lxlE ^144.o-+ -1

+461+. rqr c++ +cq 4lEE +6i4.

12. r3. 27. itl a 4 x < bql^J g+6J+ /el r4E o}4q 9I= Sq
) q+ +lol Bq+.
4 E +dE x4E4E, ^JB'E'-g
y:ix'
t t . + d)f(x) dx :(cx + a1 l'
Lr+y:4 fb
71*1 a*

0
22. irl+^ 4n]= ol.$all.rJ gEq EJzlEol rolT golz| ft
_{
2x
e ggE +r{$ +614.
0

23. gdq +del +dg ¤EE +dg +6J trI 4.El %r.
gqq +dg +61+. =fl
4¤- +d-o-e Ezlr+"J H4 Hl+* 44sE +B + tj4. czl-z3ol rfl +dol
14-16

14. y : v2, x: y' E, , : (r/L) !xdsoll , : (r/L) Jydr"J trll Cel +d

 8.4 ,J^ll-++3E-+oilq 3E 541

g (t,r)ol+. {zlrl zlBel 4e6J 6J4lE xl{rJQ. ds ql

4+ 4o14. tcE EEql^J 4d /q ++qlq} sd6l
b 8.tEr+ 8.zaql^J 496J 44 rJ+. (+de. 7l+! +d +q ilE +dol4 6}z} c= /g +c.oE gdrla EI
-JolE cq sE zJolq cel +Col +zlql
xl-41 flzl ?*i-'t. +dol 41¤-e "JEqzlr +rl1 H
+lql ^JzlE +Eq
+ql +"1 9t+8, +Cg + +lE EBEoI E 4ol4.l 4rle-l +ol+(fl+E^ll24 +4).1 ++}q zll244E. ol
=
Al-+g y : rlt6 - r3, o < * < 49 +Cg +o.l.+. +611^J qlzll 7E fl+lrlle.l 4HolE +8t4.

24. u1g,r.el xllzEal ut+^E 4l284b +4 trl= +E6l+.

"l ¤ql^J Eq+ + 2s.
+4 44e+ E"J,* 4$"lxl"J *vlz} oirl4 *E Hol

8.4 | Erll+rtgg=qqH EE
ol ¤ql^l= {zll$14ulx} "J*l)4 $EqL(trEE qE, dqr-5.=+)ql
'll,J 4$el
+¤¤ ^J4611 EtrI += A+E ¤-SC E*Exll9l^J +E+.

I4Hlrl gq
t}+g xtr+l(zll) +"ll.J trll ,llrJ + gt. ++lR 714e=- +,qE'-
:.2¤ollrJ q^I7t n

# p(r)4 fl+. EE q H:g oJlg +,}]617l +l"]]^J- 714g^ *+lo} 6l-Etr, +,q_
: p(x)
EI+- ,J^e+ol+. +e+d(demand curve)ol+ E4- d¤4oJ +,qE]-+e.l :_
p

4s. rH rr+ ,J+. x7l- Ezl] *ol]zl-="* tr-+el "Jol+ aLE p: p(DE ¤xl]
el +r]] zI4ol4. (X, P)
qtr ^J+ql 4ulzlz| al4 zI49 xl$al-q+E ++r ^J4qL+. AElzl
ql6ll P

,L ql6ll zlBE s9z} gl- Hl+4 ¤4lE zlE6J Hl¤- xl-ol- 4

^J*ql ^Iolel 0
X
HlI[ gq(consumer surplus)ep ++. t}+g +1116}- -E= Aulzl-el + Aulz|
oJqE ++sEA] 4xllgtzl-==* olqg zlE_ o_E +4e. ral 1 EE4?l +s+c
^l+el dH}4ql ^Iqel
+ ?i+.
* +u1x1 "JolE 44t+71 +16l] +_,q+d¤. +EJB_tr., a4 }el zlol ]z] [0, x]
AolTl Lx: XlnoJ nt[A 5-g 7z.le-E +}-+. rqI *,t : xrE {aN 59 i
= e_E+ Edol+ 6l-z}. +s+Cql 44 *,_, +fl$ l*+l$ p(r,_,)-J49
++fl
7l-4 oE +rll++. x, E*lE +r]]'#g ?zltl?leJH 7149- p@)RqE *+lo}
B Aolr+. ol a+ql +7}EoJ a"{ ++17} gg + glg 4o14. (rBl+ r oltr-g
"l-qq.) "Jq}4ss p(r,)E.4E. xlB6l+ AHlzI= t}Eiql a+71 TIxlE FHzl
*llEq 44lEol
^J4I5I=
TIil+= xlB6l-- 4014. El-n+^-l pBEi"J zl$fl Aul
zI= ++ "J"J+ ¤e+=J dol4.
(++lR E.+E) x (+zl$9 z]]f) - lp(*,) - pl ar
+lel A+e+ u[4lz[xlE ?+?+4 ++ ++ql q]6ll 6ll']61+ ?14+ zl$af*J] zf
 aEl xlrrr+1 ol rfoFSl oQ
542 UO
-L]-ti-l
.-l Oil OO

P
E4 d+¤. ^J46IE +¤"r+ ,JC Ea+ql +E¤- E.+
^Hlzl-

E [p(r,) -
i:1
Pf L,x

(ol 6Je- rH 2ql fl. zl^l-4EEE EelrAlql gqE .Jolql 6llB+r+.) ru --+ mo1
(X, P)
P
Ar H ol
"-l"J
Elg rl-g 4Eq d-++.
p\x,\- P

x
l, mr,l - Pf dx
0 J1 Xi_t X;
.r 1

-ral c
JAL
ol4g ,g.#ql ql+ + AHIxI oJ{o14. olfl Aulzl_ "Jq- +s-+ xql ql+61-
p
+ 714 pE, +++ +.JB 4l eu1x1g.ol ¤qF6J + +E¤. ++U+ rH 3g
AHlzf oJolE +s+d "Lqle+ zldp- p flE EEuil-.J ¤qe.l Hole 61146|
p: p(x)
r 9l+.
aHlxl. "Jq
(x, P)
P
P:P p: 1200 - 0.2x - 0.0001y'(BBl)

0 .{
Sr]] zflfz| 500oJ ull aulx1- "JqE +oI4.
x
-ral
JEU
2 Eiln +rl]g tr-+el 7i+71x:500olsE, ololl 4q"Elt 714+ trl+r+ *+.
p : 1200 - (0.2x500) - (0.0001x500)2 : 1075

49 tre+el +u121 "JqE +++ 'ZJq.

lr'* Iotrl - pl dx: foo {rzoo - o.zx - 0.0001.12 - toTs) dx

: Ir'*
(tzs - o.zx - o.ooolxz)dx
: tz,x- o.rxz - (oooor,(+)]."
: (125xs00) - (0.1)(s00)'z -
(0'0001xs00)3
J

:33,333.33 (gBl)

I EIEgI E=
2.1E.E qzll 7ql^l r+s E^ll+ H4g +fl+
a(r):
hro' - ,')
ol. +d+sE+El trqd *ql^J qlzlE R, 4ol /ql e+g q+ s
z.l4 .ql+
.== Bol9 4s a=. Lt4H+. qzlr.J p| C+ oJ EE "Jqilol:il. aE E.l9
Esol4. olxll e+q Hlg E.- +elt*+lrl+'J +iil)g 4l+6171 +l"l] 4Lr t
 8.4 ex]l-srrl 8E-+ollsl 3E 543

"J'J +49 tlxlEE 11, 12, E iJ4+trr. uH+ tlxlEol r,_,o11, 4B elxlEol
r,oJ r4(E- cP'l)el Holb q-q=4 rJr-}(rH 4 eLE).
=^I Ar

2rr; L.r, Lr : ri - fr-r

+E= "l rq dalql^J 4E "J46Iq -=.^l-4sE u(r,)-tr E +
-fi
arol 4r-gH ?t
4. :z4g_E r.4= E"46l] sE= ++l^lrJB CEq +qt- 3.r.l-{_e-tr
:lal 4
(Znri L,r) u(ri) : 2rrr;u(r) L,r

oltr, ++l^l+'J + +Hg Eo 46ll E-E- dill EEel +El= 4+ q+4 +q.

22rrr,u(ri) L,r
i:l

ol 4+ ¤Be rH sql ilq +ra(r+lE_tr ++l^l+'J +irl)- tr+E r--

=}t{tql
+CsE ,J++ 6zloJ4} ^Idql +E-6Izl. nol 6z19 .ll q +g -3_+IrJg e
++l^l+'J + +Hg E46l-. trEq +q.J B=J(+E=# E. +E+)e +
=+. rJol
¤-4 +*g f6J trI 4++ {Ig E='t.
r"'' \-I
n f.al 5
F : lim lzrrr,u(r;) L,r : zn, a(r) dr
/lJffi :-r t*
: rRP . , (R'-
l"Znr 4rll rz)dr
Jo ,

r:R
: nP [o (nrr- 13) dr: " I R,L- 4-l
Zql Jo znl I 2 4) r:0
rP I no fto I rPRa
- rrttz I

W -T)- l_

¤4s gC ++ {g +olEl.Psl H=l(Poiseuille's law)o1{lt ++.

D-_
r PRa
2
8q/
rllEE
-^l Eil

"l= ++"1 e+E Hlzl$el rJlzll$ql HlqlaJtrl= 49 uq +r 9i'1.

o- qIEE
q¤E
r flEf=EJ
rH 69 ce+41= Eoj +-7 9iq. e+3 EJ- g trEg cEg E"tl
^l-Er-E
o ,(lHI
tEo 4IdrJ
+d"JsE EqrJ+. relr= EIEE9 E"}] qlE EqTL 4Ic. *f*r q14

Eg E6ll 4l-doJsE 9EoI84. rqr ,+^J qlFEg E6l] 4lillel 4 a4 "_s zl sil ,rll
-ll O-

iilrq +rJ+. ++l^lrJ'J dtl-El+ql el6l d+ +l-es

'HJr4= e"+E "J, + 4
t-EsE ml4qzl-:- treq+q Hl¤-g dliel flHJEaJ(cardiac output)ol4r,*+ xlo-ull

d++.+g +C6l-= ql ,s4Aq4B(dye dilution method)ol iroJ+ +drlql + f.g 6

544 88 4EEel trl"JEl8E

"Jg 4A7I d+g 4EESE E=tr|. 4EEql +"JE Beol 44zl-"=tol

E6l]
4 ,llzl-xl tlzf, lzf, [0, r] Eq} ,J* ?J4E ^l4ql^J d+ E]sE +7]- ^4^e]
+EE +4++. c(4E xlzJ tql^l 4AE bE4 6LxI. [0, r]= 'Jolz] ArE zJ*
+E +rJs E ++H, r - r,_,ollA'l 1- t,tfizl ++ +rJql^Jel +¤dg xJuf o. =
E 44el oJ+ o e q-s=4 ,Jq.
=^l-4
(+EX+ul) : c(t,)(F Lt)
{zlrl r:. +6}rx} 6}- e+q Hlgol4. :r+lI] + 44el dill=}g 3/}{-e-E
: r Ec(r,) Ar
n

Ec(rr)r Li
i:l i:1

olJ. n-+ molE zJ"l 7a}]+1+.

^4iel "Jg ++4
A:Ffc@at
-r.elF-tr cts-L==#g +s-4 +r+.
A
tr E-_

ll ,oa,
{zlrl 4aq oJA+ gtsJd #ol.a 4+e +49 4 r-oE=tr.+El 4l
=+t{tstr
4Ig+.

{q4! 2 D 5 *e9 +C"JqE +EBJ+ bE(me/L)= tr}+ Ee} ziol t

^qA ^44e1
1?J4eE 4EEql^J +C84. ololl dql-¤=#g +46|+.

t c(t) t c(0 Eil .lzlt) A:5, a,t: t,T: 10014 cE+9 +4g ol$-all.rl LoE 4Be.l
=+t
0 0 6 6.1
#g r+s=+ zJol 7*4.
I
2
0.4
2.8
7
8
4.0
2.3 lJ'.tO
at : \10 + 4(0.4) + z(z.s) + +(6.5) + 2(e.8) + +(8.e)
3 6.5 9 1.1 + 2(6.1) + 4(4.0) + 2(2.3) + 4(1.1) + 0l
4 9.8 l0 0
5 8.9
- 41.87

r*lF e Ele-E+E {tr}=4=g +s=r+ ?Jq.

^l

f'o 'U)
at 4t'87
 8.4 ,J^11+al g=-+ollst 3E 545

8.4 | t+gxtt

r. *4lul¤-'Ji c,(x)E Hlso*fg EEL+E 4EgrJ13.7¤, {E al4zl-fltrl..

4.7 4+4). x (L)9 s{lzl +48 AJ &6I= Ejl dsElE 6J4l (a) flxl.fl.r.i9 zJ.l'ql4s_ql 'il+ +sEL+tl p@): 228.4
ul*oJ c'(x): 0.82 - 0"00003x + 0.000000003x2 (84/l-l - 1$xoll *?E|fzl pr(r) : Z'tx + 57.a(,r9 tfl
oll azJ _r.{ul$ol c(0): 1800084+ 6-J trll, +E+ b 1000)9 trll, 4qlqle rldtol B¤+q"ll glzl H+
C4= ol$ollal iJ¤. 4000 Lel +48 ^J4l6tE rll E= E"toJzt?
Hl¤¤ +6[+. ^qlqlsE "J3 ql6J 44 +
ft) "JqE 441614.
^qzllsq
2. + rJ{Iq^IzI rJ{I.il^l +r.]fl+I "r (ton)$ ++o'1+ Ell E B. 6J q^Izl- ,tlzJ rollrl ,*r ?l= zle+E +EoJ"f(r)+H,

: tr4lHl¤¤ 0.6 + 0.008x (10009*l/ton)_E ql+.JtrI. a EEI-+,f'(r)E 4Fxle,E(net investment flow)o]41 t

7l El+g l00000guloltrl. zJ+ 50 tonel +qE +¤61+ +. ++zlEEol "]]H .fE"J E4(rg ++lE ,J)oJ trll,
ql E= Hl¤+ Eot"JzI? 4¤ so ronolJ qi6ll^l= 4iI flE+El 8il Es.z1x1 z[t+$ ++g +Bt+.
"ltrzl-?
3. d4qlflzl s+g "JE= 4la sl^IE +sE++= p(x) : e. *,=sl ElrllTlrl 45ol "I]E /(r)gel9 ul&e 4l+ +4
s76r-{03x614. (x9 ++l= 1000) sgql !la;} gullf qr nJ+ z{ol$ rs-l E++4E FZ}E+B, 4=
4s0009 ull +u121- oJoj= +61I+.
=ol
E rlrllzlxli jJffri ,r(r-t) dr_+ #q+j4. u11H ,f(r) :
gr 8000e004'EI49 ulge l?r-t- 6.zE E +ElolgE Fzlg
4. ¤+cl ++ Fl^t= 210tlE El{aE zflgr IsEHE
trll, A=E
6H + uleflzlxlg +6-14.
9l+. irl^t= 714* Igq H+E El^14 30zJlz[ q gfl
tr}:1 +{*tr]. Elriasl +sqI+E +6].:l, z]]B 1584 10. ul{Esl 4+ B4fareto's Law of Income)oJl rtg{ x:

_E g ull 4ulx1 "Jq= +61-4. o* *: 6 ,r.l-olel a=z} #}. ll : tb Ax-k dxol4.{zlrJ

A > oel ft > 19 t}fol4. olfl
^l-*Eq Bt++"l
trt
s-6 8+trl gq tr-+ql Ell'J +=|EI+ pr(x)E $qlzl-{$ zlJ4
g4 eg ql rE 4141614
\tl a- 7t4ql^J rJ4}ailx} 6l+ d-+sl zllf ,r.].o1s-1 +41=
ill+++. S,Hzt4ol +¤+E xllaxlE q ".*g {t+g C4ig
4oll El+^J p5E x9 +7t*+ol+. xE 'Exl] rJ+id t'-+el
oJ, P: ps(toE
Bzl zl4ola| alz|. qE rJ+Izl-b {'-¤-* "J 11. $o141+e-l H4¤. ol*ollrl 9E zl 4Ig ^IgE t-Eql
Eq^l $nllz|{ o p *+l^J gxllrJ :a{c z}{E_4 ri Bol B ^J
++g 4l+6t+. { zlr"l q : 0.027, R : 0.008 cm, /
r.z}6Jtr1. olull a$ffi oJq+ 6Jtrf. cHlz} oJ{4 ul : 2 cm,p : 4000 dyn/cm2olr{.
^BALzl
*+ %IHSE .B&xt oJq= q¤. 4E!--+ +qd+. 12. 4444H9 0l+6ll^1 6*e9 44E dE++g +46J
44+E(mg/L)E r(r) : 20tu-o'6', 0 < r < lgol-tr,
trl-. /
lJ t" - psl)) dx E ++l= aol+" olol dE¤+g +6Iq.
5. $ullffi y : roollr"l **Ei*z| pr(r) : 3 + 0.01x2H
.Jq+dg
13. 7 mssl 44= dtlql +oJEJ + Hq^lb +EEt+ c(/)el
oll
^J&zt "JqE 4l+i6}4. relr c4IzI oJ
:zefltrz| olflql flq. Cs+sl +^lg ol$-oN.rl dE==+
qE -Jole rlzJafq ¤E6l+. g +C6I+.
T 6. x1l=xli ^J*ql qoJ jo"
++dg p : + 0.0l-reo'mr'
oE +c+trHE+l= BEI). *,H z}4ol 3084.J -v

"l ^J 8

{}zt "Jq= (+^lzlsE) +6I+.

---"i----i-l-----.H
6
l :

4
7. Bfl +ulx} rJtz} .JqE += + "Jq+ o-J+.
"Jole+
=
44lqtxl-E=g + "J.lE xls 2
^l3rlE 4xll4 ArJ ^JEIe-l
E
^FS+trI.
tF+ql 4+ ^ltloi $BtFEql gl!.E + "J 0 z 4 6 I 10 17 t4 r(s)
546 8E|. 4EEsl trl$-nt 3¤

8.5 | +E

I EIF="JE--J+

"Je-lE +zl"J.$ E4a|ts rll El4tsEol Egg ++ qH E¤+ql^J "Je.l

_e dq'*
= dq+
.Jels q¤9 zl E- "Je-lE
^I+el EqllEll= +E+ ^d"J
Cq* qtr +¤9 ddzl 6l_+e.l +Hg d46ll EzI. olfl oJ$$ E+Ef=E+
(continuous random variables)+r 6J+. ell+6|H r {}ol tlzt zlttl! 4+E +

4944 zl+sltrj4E dzils= ¤+ ++g o|$F.z glzl "llEol+. e+ Eeil

bEzl- 250-H-+ p ffiolLh ¤.J q¤9 zlz| 150*180 cm rlol9 q¤-,
^qlE
E- +"JoJ zJdzl fHol 100-200^17J7+71 xl+g qtr+. "Jr 4g +E 9l+.
x7l aA +¤e] ddzl +Hg +{U+E ol ufzlu-| 4+9 +5g 4e=4 zJol
+El.U+
P(100<x<2oo)
+EE Hls a14ql qsH, ol +- zlc¤ +Bel E. adzlql 46l] r +¤E
ddxle] +Eol 100ollal 200^l+ rloloJ Hlgol+. a +71Hlsg +44EE q.
Eg zlfl^Hrll 04 I ^Lolql fl41 g+
_trrEgE-sr+q rJalEJ zl+l= --J rrH= -d E-- ¤+qEH+ x= Etri"JEg+(probability density function) /. +=4.
g t++e= qlE x:
ttli +E=
^h8-drl. =q
+6l.71 +1"-ll "JE-.J+= ].l"E
a
olAg wl a* b
^Iolql
flg ffio1 trt+q pol aoll.! btltl /E 48611^l +61-
'J
6lxl BErl. a";g 9"1*4.
=
1 P(a<x<b):luf{*)o*
ql- Eq rH 1* 44 "l;t ¤'J q¤9 zlE 'J;l
ul=fr-HdE4l4el zlEql
E LlEi4 CE+ +EE+ xql q+ +EtrJE.R+ /el 6J EBg rqEE Bq
+z glq. ol E.fl$9E+El .JEs dq=J qdel tltl r5o*l80cm rl-ol"J S

Hol :4C9 zlz|

150-180cmoJ
y:f(x) El+
-d

f.g 1 ¤oJ qde_l 7loil rl|-d

6l-.A
=|E"JE 0 150 t6_5 180 .r;
EI

"JHI4sE qEE+ xE q¤gE++ /= E=;rgl 46]] fU)> 0+ "J+6J+

qEe 0ql^l ttlzlE Hglql^J +4Elzl qlEql ffiol ^JB+tr]-.

2
J* rtrl dx
:r
 8.s +E 547

(qll| 1D o 1 x 1t0.J trll f @) :0"006x(10 -x)o]tr, 4E ,{tgl 4all /(x) _ 0ol

+ Elzl.
(a) ftl q¤"JE++"Jg Hq+.
(b) P(4<x<8)g+61-+.

EI
(a) 0{x{10oJ trll fk):0.006x(I0-r)>golF+ E-Exoll 4all /(x)>0ol+.E
EI ++4 'Jol
+l Etl "J+61-= 4¤. B"J+.

J* rtrl dx
: f
o
o.ooo*(10 - x) dx: 0.006
fio {ro, - x2) dx

: o.ooo[s *' - **')lo : o.ooo(soo - Y) : r

r=l .rr E- /+ qg-"J-Ea.J+ol trI.

(b) x7I 4e+ 8
^l-olql
fl" q¤+ '}q-rl
?JL+.

p(4< x< B):J_-ffrl dx:0.006f fro* - x2)dx

: o.ooofs xz - lr']: : o.sM r

( qlI|I 2 D 4zl^l+"1+ Arulz} rtlg ,llzl-zl A4= ^l+4 A+ E+ zl
¤tH==e.
+4sE 'J46.F.
q¤gE.E-J+E sBslB + ?ttrt. rfl ++q 4q6J B4E +
6-I+.

Eil a+= a"l +r-4%1-ol s" EIB 4lttxl 7ltrI?-l= ^l+4 eg +EH+E sr+61-z}.
r4^J , 4d"ll /. ol+BH +R^l+g E E+lE ++u+. /rI 5j¤grgfoll 1:
0?l
^l4ql d+= eH.+E, 4g EIe+a Ilflt) g" t}4*ol
drE zl* 2+ olqlql d
Elql +Be. ffio1q J;/(r) drts a+gl,rJ sE
^Iolql RoJ ffiolrl-.
f < 0g trll /(/) : 0?9 E$6f+({ffi pzl d"il= t'-qlr}ol .ll$g + S,tr}).
/ > OoJ oll xlf4 o-= +cd+ e-+E al$atzltr 4ol 3l+. +, f EL+e.l ¤EI=
f(t) : Ae-" ol+. (Ae+ rE oJ9 tr-+) 4+^J ++r+ ,JL+.

: r<0
r(t) r >0
{I,,_,,,
4l trE olgal.! AE {tg A¤oJ+
t : J* fu) dt: I:_ fu) dt * t* ftil a,
: I; Ae-'t dr : *r!X t' A*-"'d,
J

: lim
A : lim Lg - ,--'-)
x+m c 0
x+q C

A
C
548 88 4=Eel rl"J-d BE

v rrI4^J Af c: loJtr, A : col4. :r.4 oe. EE xl+"JEEI+ /(/)E ++ E4ol4

C
0, r<0
f(4: ce'" r>0 r<0
f(t) : I0
t ce-"' r>0
ol dB4"J z4s= rH ze++Ll.
0

=aJ
2 rl+"JE-ct+ r tst'J
qts q^tql dq¤ aq g"Bg 7l+4-ql ¤#4s_a Eul-4 s*E"J 7lr+7-l
v ,ll E fl.Jzl .Jl d4-r. 6IxI. /(/)E ql+61-= pEEL++ aE(r9 +fl- Eol
:
4), ol 4^Iql d+= d NHg EEoe. +-+ 4zH eI ^lrJ Hrll ,ltrI?-lb ^l-
y .f(r)

A/ ++ s,-o=E, rg ++¤- 0<r<60s_tr zilqlqlq.ol +rJg z)oltl Aroll E

4 ol 0, tr, tz, . . . , tn: 60oJ aTHE ++ +rJg-E- Llft-r+. (Ar* zl+g ,t-lzJ9-+. 1

8,304, lOa s.= Czl"l laoJ +E 9l+.) "]tr rtH."] r,_,ollrl t,Tltl ^lrJ+
0 ti-t ti ,Jql *Bg *g q¤C r,_,ol)rl t,llxl *d y : f (t) ot4E .Jol"ll ofl$afq, o1
ti
-^l-4se /(,,) arq ,Jq.("14,* :.H 3"ll gl- =^l- 4^t4¤el -Jolol4.
-ral ? =
JEi !,
{zlrJ ,,- +rJE +dol+.)
Hlgol /(r,)ArolEE, ds+
r,_,91^1 t,Tlzl
^l+ ++q +Bg tsg ^Jzl4.J
d NHE Etse+El r ^l,J ++ql g"B9 tsg ^lEr-e-l +. *al4-"-e
=Nf(tt) Arol4 z-lxtzl-7l+fl qlqh r,ol4. trt4^l rEol 7]trIfl d^ll
^l+g ^l+
g -^l-4.o-tr. ol + +E +'* ,,[N/(r,) 44"]+. rfl EE +rJql^J q6LH, E-
^|El$sl 4zlrl{eJ a"*gQ+4 rJol *rl-4sE- e-+
n

E lr;, f (i,) Lt
i:1

olxll ola¤- d+= d ^tH-E + //e_E ++H, rl-g-r+ ag f,_^IzJql ¤+4zlrl

+g E=+
i ,, r(r,) o,

ol4.g ++ /flr)ql E}]+ flEI 6Js--E "J^l6lE, ^lrJ

+rJol ¤ol$ffi4, Ar-0
EY n+m), ol El"J E.g +¤. 4+ql d++trI.

Il' tflt) dt
ol 4Eg S#r{71^l&ol+r oJq.

" + "Jslsl q¤r,JE-++ /el Bf,(mean)* trl-s-4

oJqlzl zJol c9Etrt.

gE= -Lzl,\ Exl F(p)E L|EILH= a : J: xf(x) dx

0l Erllolrl".
*
Tl+g +EH+ x9 6rzl4.J E+{lsE Ell4Et + tll sal ffi"JEJ+q
+del +lxl$ +4.11= 4tr e 448 +E 9l+
 8.5 EJ= 549

E+ql 4* .trgo1 ol"l old"ll *H 484 Hl+61-rl.ft"l /E rz1u ofz11 -v

y:
E B90lE, 8.3¤E 4l EE+EI ELel +del xal-E- trql elol q4-4 +q. "f(x)
^l x: l-L

dx
l* *x f
(x)
i : r* ,'m
xf(x) d*: p 0 lL
^l
@) a*
J-*
)-*f fal 4 9t0l 4ld"r = /r9 Ef troll^1 A
:olo El'L-rI
trl+^] sr E"Jq sg +c +4d x: p9 + dql^J +Eg ar=+(rB 4 +E). d= tl L"l '

{o{l4l 3 i} q4l 2el zlf EEsl ¤il¤ +61-+.

f(t) : I 0, t<O
l. ce- "', r>0

Eil q+E ¤qq u1+'ls-l1 ?JEt.

, : I: tf$) dt: I; rce-"dt
"l zl+g 41416l-zl flo11 4-94H, : t, du : ce-,,dt, du - dt, u : -e-,,)& "l+6lfl
+¤¤ E=trI.

!* rce-"'dt:,tg !. rce-"'dt:,tH (---"I * [l u" ar)

: lim -)(e-'^I---
I e-'* (EtrlB Hzlql E+
-r-m cc C a .JE ++E ool4.)

-74.oe- ¤++ F: tf col+ nl+^l qESEEI+E +s=r+ rJol 4xl + + gt+

f(t) : I 0, r<0
tr
l. lL
I
e-'/t' r>0

{loll{l 4l} rr+ ,rJuJ BBx}.il4l + rr+ol d+= Eq +Bg ts+ ql + s g= ¤

+q171 rl zJol sEol +r zf{a}z}.
(a) zlagEzl-zlB-6}4ts zl4 olEll, dqg aq^-l iJ+ lE tt} +Rg Eg +E
g +614.
&) dp+ql ql+ g"
R9 Bzl d"ll rzlol 5E H4l #slzlE zlq=; g$$ +6I+
=r
HI
(a) zl+tsE9 B#ol I,-5olE+ glxll 3g a4E+El q¤,JE++rI++4e+
o oL oIrL
= = -T
^. ,4J."1 .

f(t) : I 0, r<0
t O.2e-'/s, r> 0
¤zlrJ /g ++l= +oi+. 7l*- lE +"J goElol "lFol^r s+Eg'1+4 +q
550 8El 4EEsl trl$-Lf E¤

P(o <7< 1)

I f|llil,n
Jo
dt: o2(-5 ),-,r,1

: 1 - e-1/5:0.1813

trl+^l rrl.el * tlEotl il¤- 1+ olLHql +Bg ts.+.

G) az{o1 sE H4l 71tr}4o} oi s+E* tr}g-q e+.

P(r > sl :f r u) dt: I; o.Ze-'/s dt

: lim
-t+T Js l' o.ze-'ts dt : lim (r-' -
.r+@
e-*/5)

I
e
0 - 0.368

trl-+^l rrlel 01 strotl d+= eq *Rg *= trll sE H 41 7\44ot 6J+.

{lxff 4(b)E ¤4q1 ++++ ¤+ql7l^lrJc sEolzl"J, d+= fl xls! 37vo

z| sE H4l 7l+fltr} ol ft r
dpl¤ a "lE ^t+E+ gd q s4(olEl-E 10
=
tsol4 1sE) zlr+4zl ullEolt ol4ol ql+¤ kolTll E+.
q¤gE6J+q +dg +44= E +E 4sz} 6"Jalol4. 4, dalg d
^t
B9 tlol mH4 6tg ^l+g 7ltrlEl:r 4"lzl Elol r,-Etrf sfl ^lrJg 7l+B ull
t # 1,2oJ 6o}r,l"l+. gHI4sE ffipra;-4E =g'd(median)9 4*¤ "J+
6l+ + mol4.

[-/(r) d* : I
olAg /el rr{s ol-4 r-J"f g +.f m! ee-4ql lltrl- Ag elrle+. qlzll 4
ol^l sl^tql dq¤ aq 47161+ 3.sE"Jt -H"lts EzllTl- E
^l+E +olalol E
*Ezil 5ql il+.

IE#E
E+E Ed+-oE+EJ ?+ rH'JE 4d4^l-d#, tl+ E+rll4-xl E- qtr +
zlf=+4 +g q*l zlzl fe+ +EBtr-E.ol E#=(normal
"l+l xl99 EzJ
disrriburion)"ll 9"ll EB+g+. olAg +EH+ xel $¤"JEEL+7I q+r+ +g
6J+4.c{ 6t'l"J+ 9 ol oJ4.

trEtrJxlE :1a1,\ Erl AlrE|-(o)E t-lEl ol g.+E ¤#ol p.JB +HB + 9l+. .JE ++ rE EfiEi(standard devia-
atErJl ol- x#E eq4i 4E=
'144= 4sol4. :rH soll 9l= +
L.!tI,
tion)4-r.
 8.5 EJE 551

-v

o I2

o:l
o:2
0 1
m.
f.g 5 5+Es

E.JE ¤itE-s :z4E.==_+"Prj r#"1 4sE 4g++ xE {i=ol B+ +^lql

d+61+ aql +6l] fTutol aE xsl at.ol rJ +H4l irlri gltrt= a¤- "J
=t+
+ 9l+ F4lelxls=* zlEd+g oJ.$oll.r-l pel oE +{El-= ,JHg .Jr glq.
ql# r/(o Jn )z /E qE"Js*+=.
"JE= ril peafr|. dxilE +H+EI+
9 ol+6IE +g H"J + gltri.
"l4$el$ ^I¤g
[* --L s-(x-u)2/(2o',)dx: I
t-* 6 JZrr

(q4 5l) zlbzli{ra) 4#zl ¤+ 100, E+Eil-15"J 4+EEE ol+r ?l+.(r v

H 6"1 4go 6lt +E"JE++E Hq +r gl+.) 0.02
(a) sdtE H ulCl=21 8se+ lls Ie d+E z*izl?
^Iolsl
(b) Ed*E H u1{l=.21- l40g HE rqg **tl? 0.01

Eq 0 60 80 lm 120 t40 x

(a) re Hizl C#Eg= ol+r !'l_o t,E, pr : l00oll o : 154 Eql e.l6l] +q :lEJ 6 IQ E*EI Eg
^l
zl-!-ffiHs.g.ag ol+61-E +a1E qEC +s=4 ?J+.

P(85 < X< 115) : ["t 1= ,-(x-m)z/(2'tsz)d.x

Jrs 15"r/Zn

Etf y :e-*'* 7lt EEE++E z*zl ttt+= ^I¤g z.s¤e.+rl gzlalxf. r4^J
6]|'JEI+ zl+g 4+61 41419 + fr+. rfl+ +il4$ 7l+ol gt= 4l4I?lL+ d+
E](E= +4H4olLl ds+el +^l)E ol+6ll^i zleg r+s=r+ zJol +^"r=J + gI+.

P(85<X<ll5):9.63
u+4^-lEd+E *saqozl8se+ 1ls
^fol, + E+E
I E+.Ezl- ol.-li 0.t t o)ollrJ
Ia E+E +.tri.
(b) g9E dqg re Efzl 1409 Hg q.=-q- ,JLI.
^L*el 'I.S4
P(x > 140) :
I:^,Eh r-G-too)2/+so 4*

ol^J4+g nl6i7l +16l] l40q zo\vl^l 4+6]l^J +++ (2009 H= rq

^l =+t{tg
552 8Ei 4EEsl tlg-Lr 3E

rqH 'l¤¤ tsEtr}.

E ^l++ +61 =E+L
zl-+i 61lE +oJ6l-+.)

P(x > 140) : f: r-G-to0)t/+50 dx - 0.0038

#
r4 =e- Ed+9 * 0.+Eotl 14001 H* tq= +a il+

8.s I t+e{l
1. qE xllaflzlzt ^J4I+ 4rfr zl.E" iI 4ol"l +Hql ql+ (c) 4l$zlE- +?-lol TIAL tg 5va4l E}]+ 3l^ +oJ
^l+
+EI,JEE-+E "f(x)41 aJ4. {zlrJ *9 ++l= kmol g +61-+.
rI +S 4 4$ol 9ul6l} Hl¤ ¤EEl{. 7. REM +Ee 7|tI gEJ6J #¤. +E +E E4lol+. "1tr ts
dx ol (x) dx +ql^J +Hq a 4^l+ Er] REM +89 "Jg q¤H+
r"l l,jffr G) [,,,* f
rE r+* +EgE6J+ql E6l] ^l+E+.
2. 0 <;r < 1"J 4l ,f(x):30x2(l - x)2oll. olEel r#41 4aI
/(r) : ooJ4-
lr 0<r<40
{ 1600 "
(a) /ts q¤trJEEt+"Jg Eq+. l_ l,
f(x): 20 1600 "
40<r<80
G) r(x < l)g +al+.
0, 80<r
3.
"f(x)
: cl(r + /14 aiz1.
/b Ess +4¤+.
oltril
(a) qH 4al] /zI q¤trJE6J+tl q=tl?
'9 #91
ql6ll P(-l < x < l)g +6t+. (a) REM +H9 oJol 30Bql^l 60+ qEg?
(b) +le-l ^IoloJ
'{}oll (b) REM +Efl ¤+ o}g +6tE+.
gqE z}4zlb
^IolE d+=
4. E+g E=J 04 10
^slLJ
zlloJol gitrt. 4Elq= qeg q¤E +q41 +rJ .JE +
8. ol]4a+ 4efju9 '44lzl 4lg'J -H-a^lql eldtE' 7I4ql
trl]+ r+14= +ole] "Jol ¤+ 4.3kgoll E.+Szlzt
4$ zlr-lrJ+. r4l :a ++r+ z)oltl 'ZJg +E qtr ^l
+rJel 6J +E 7l4vJ qE+ ,Jtib 9"l.llr'l 4lgg +
l.ekgoJ 4+EsE ol+r 9ltr+. dill 7I4E H cltle
zI q]f 4qE s ke9 +olE t{4Ezt?
461-tr|.
(a) 4* oJ#zI #ql ql+ q¤gEEi+oJ ol.,?E e. 4l++q ol 100 t<m/hoJ r.+E-Eql.! zl-=" ilel +qg ¤+
^tlq ol 112km/hol-r. E.=EiI7t 8km/hoJ 4++sE "l+
¤H6I+.
0.1, O<x<10
r ii+.
f(*) : 0, x(0EEr>10 (a) oJ9.a CqE xffixlz| H44I++EE =qg q¤
g +6I+.
(b) ¤t{tol gu}oJzl zl+alg-E Er-6l.r+. 4Eg 414}6l] (b) 125 km/h "l^Je-l +q-9.E +qa-I= +dzlql4l jilF
^J
+=¤ +oJ6t+. gzlE g+6IE+ 4**ol
glHl zl^lE E9ttrtts, +
s. {lxll 4ql^-l f,fg q^Hl dtr}¤ d"l zl44E ^lrJE + dztg H ultlezl jzE+lql 9xlE Bzll 9Ezi?
"J#ol E 3.stsoJE B"l+. r0. "JEE 4+EEql ql6l] SEEfzl ¤t9 2 E+¤z[ H
e. 94?l *4Bxl-3 +l*ztE +qlql gs6J ¤+^lrJg 1.6
+l 'Jql ++= +bI+.
atr a49H+. =q'/J
rr. faflzF= q .Jq ?l= aJ 7l]E oJzHlffi)e+ e +Hg
(a) zlf"JE6J+E 0l+6ll rrlol d*zlg +qlg +lql 1

E= + zflel flx|tr ol+q4 :14. flxl' +49 "JxHE

3 uluJe-tr 7l4H g¤g +61E}.
(b) zzlol 3AE A46ll^J 7ltrIg qEg +6I+.
+)+ql^l= 4zlzl ¤ {el¤ T{E oJql^l +zlolzl ?*:
4:z zI4C4. 4dq1 dzl-= qg Eqr+r 9lb +d6l
 88 553
=#
el 'TE'ilH El4 :I= fllE*+(orbital)-tr +E6|r gI+.
P(r):
,ltl *e .ilHzl ^J=He tsIq+{ EE ls fllEE++ql^J f *rzr-zs/ao7!g
ol +E noJ:g q¤. +dsE 6|= 6l-L+E +E (a) p(r)ol q¤.trJEql+"Jg E-q4.
'l4Elol
gi4. ol += trl-g q¤"J=ql+* ¤B6J + il+. ,9 "l¤ #ql 4dl p(.)ol alflAt
(b)
llg pU)E +614.
p(r): 1r'r-",o0, r>o E t*}.tl?
ffi (c) "JEBffl r4s$ rq{.
{zlrJ a,,$Eol HIzIE(Bohrrodius)(ao : 5.59 x 10-rr m) (d) qg #d_" + 6Ir HlzlE ol 4aooJ + #
"Jql dxlzl
ol+. trlg 4Eg qg +dstr 6lr. qlxl$"l r(m)"J T *Bg +6I+.
xllB
.Jq^l dxlz|gap qr-E¤ +4U+. (e) Hlq^J4"J +Agxlel ol_e_tr_$El Eqd dztg *
+rlqE 41416}+.

r
]1lLJ +P.I
lc.,\
-r !=

1. (a) +dfl ,Jol= q$rll E9sl}zl? 4. (a) df,tE dqr==Jol* FH.Jz|?

(b) y: f (x), a 1 x 1bE +q4l Efllztsl+ +del ,Jolql (b) 4atrl4tsge dE¤+g +4al+ %1-B.g ¤E6r+.
4+ alg a+. s. q ql^J E E+ril ql {BJ E+EI,JE EJ+E /(x)4r zl-{ a}x}
(c) xzty9 6Jfe^J +qzlH olBrll qbz}?
¤zlrJ .r9 Egli. kgol4.
2. qtr "lill +q +14 9l=+4qql 7t6|7,l=+iJ{qtrr4 (a) 4E J|'ffrl d,rel e.luJ5 F9..JzI?
Eg +6lE ,JHg ¤H6I+. ft) "JEqI+el B+q 4"J zlg ll+.
3. iil+^ 4r.l= +Hg 44482[? (c) "JE*fE +"J{tg
"l$rll +6J + ?lEz}?

trr'.x51 7{E

trl+ E4-q +!+ 41l¤. EI4+. eL.J A+ eI BoJxl ¤B6I

3. ftl E4"ll : 0, : 4olE o < x < 3oll,<J {rj
r, 4A"J A+ HlqlE ol+E ¤E6L+. "f(0) "f(3)
=4+ y:"f(x)9 E9 23o13 s tr4
+4+ a:-'+.
1. a < x < bollxJ *d y:"f(x)q y:f(x) + cg ,J"l= e+.
4. Hql zldlzlb +^ll¤Eo.I4 Sqg Hql E61l "J5ol+l
2. a < r < bollr.-l,f(x) < g(x)oJ 41, y:,f(x).el ,Jol= y: g(x)
a+g ztlzl olq4 Eq ++lq g+g g='1.
e1 z3ol_H_4 zi4+ A+.
 554 atl
vct xlrrr+tol rl.oF.il o a
-[ H-t -t o u oo

ll ,.\ El Tll
=EErtll

+dE 'JolE +Et+.

1-2 trl¤. 8. trf¤- *do-e +4lg ¤qe] +dg +6l.4.
l.y:4(x-l)t/2, 1s-rs4 y:i.x,y:\E
2. 12x:4y3*3y-', 1<y<3 e. HIxlEol loll6Col (1, 0)oJ fl¤yag 6C o + qd^l
zJ oll rJzl= +flE +6tf+.
T 3. c= d (0, i) vFlg4 4d y :21@ + 1)e-l E+
2)q^l (1,
10. qE ^J+ql qfl +s++zl-rf-o=$ z;-r1.
6F,t. trl¤- {t$$ 4+e oh{ 914 \flnlzl 4+i{ +
6t4. P:2000-0.1x-0'01x2
(a) C9 zJol So1] zflfzl l00g ull tu1z1 oJqE +61-4.

(b) cExfr$ ?d "p sld^lzJ ull ,.Jzl= +H9 Hol 11. (a) ffi alfzl-El¤gE'*+"J ol+E ¤86|+.
(c) cE y+¤ #d o-+ sld^14 ull iJzl= +H9 Hol
'tf 'If)c
: slfi 0<x< l0
4. n:10oJ ds+.q +4¤ "l+allA"l ^t"J+d y:sinr, "f(x) -20 -,l0
0 < x 5 rr9 {olE +46t+. 4+d ol4 914 zlflttlx\ 0, r(0EEx>10
HlgBs[4. (b) +E P(x < 4)E +6t+.
s. trl-g- +dcl ,JolE +614. (c) ¤#9 4ltI6I+. r #+ 7146J Ai4 rJgzt?
qH gBq^J +g 7l+4=
^l+e B+ sBolq
al
,:l:r[$-tat, t<x<16 12.
^J^l
+"JEtJ+E E¤+gr+.
0. szl]fEql il+. Eq eEI=
-EoJs-tr ,.JzJ Eol (a) *Hol il+ 3E olqlql Eg +Ee Eutql
^I+49 ^-1Hl^E
u}q uJul I m, qqlzl qHl 2m, +.ol 1mol4.E+ +tr- 7l?
ql +4ss flsq \fllzlnltl E"l zt 9t+. Ee-l 6.J
^J (b) +Hol loE Hr]l ,l+g qEe E"I"JzI?
+ Eq zlallxl5 +ill{qql4 6Jg +6I+. (c) 7l+4b +"JaLg H"t"Jzt?
^lrJE
7. trl+. sqel +6t+.
=lcg
(4, 2)

.\
0l^tEe 19978011rl aa rlL}zt?, 4380LJ01 El/.l L}EILJ 6119-g sllcolEt. rlEt 7E} El= fl¤ Etr-loJ 6floJ-g Cldg t!tseE ef 18
7flfl 5oJ BJ6ltq qoJeE el+E + lltEL 'rggsEoll :ilEoE EJflZe.E Ef EJ ril"Jrt ^Tloll =e]
Eel olEi q^l EE!fl=r{, 6toJe iq^l?+o^1, BJE olzl
ELI+oi^l Elga[aEt 9.6eq^l EtEts-= 0t 4lce] qaE eE $a^E EE8J + 9l=E E7 AoIEL f
J.fSclrei* En / Momnt opsn / cetry tnagos

9 qTI|E+HJE+|4
Parametric Equations and Polar Coordinates
=EtE
ol\ltlzl yE ,9 E}f ty : :
"f(r)l-e, xg y9 glf l* s(y)lE-
g.t- yE ,g *fi#e Cq
oJ14y9 *41 lfb,y) : 0l-e BE+dg zl¤"ll Sr+. ol ,J{lrl. +dg zl+61- ql 9l
q + zlxl r.llE+ %r-Hg b,*+.
;loJpeolEe+ ,Jg qH +d.g xe-f yz| cgl ollzflH*41 o}= xll39 H+ r_tr
l*: f(t),y : s(r)14 ,Jol +qflg q Ctt¤4 eg +d=g ++l +alE4l+ E4- ^l1
E+ 4l+4l= oll oil* ¤i-l6l-41 zl+E+.
^l-*B

555
556 98 rllTt]E+Str^lal-+rlE

e.l I rl|T]|E+rJB+loe EslEJ +d

rH 14 Bol *d "JxlE ^J46Ixl-. c- *¤rl y: f (x)E
c= "14 #zlolE aJ

+El-E + H+. 9l.t-"1-H c7I +4d +4Hql dul]6l-zl rllEo]+. r+14 "JxF9
,, y+Ig= .r.lzJa-]folEE x: f(t), y: g(t)E + + 9l+. olfl oJ4^lE + '^d1-+

dg +EtrI- ql ¤El6l-4

v
C

\x, y): (f(4, g(r))

0 Y

.f.al 1

r r]|T]|E+gE+l
x* ytl E-+ rl|Tl|E!*(parameter){-a af} xll3el Hf r9 t34e{ r}+ "J4^l "
.+. +qd4r 7146}zl-.
x:f{t), y:g(t)
rJg "J{^lg UfiTffE!+U$al(paramerric equation)ol+r 6Jq. /el ,+ #E
ole+

* d (x, y)E ¤C6Ia, aIE¤Eql ol EE9 rg + ?t+. r7I HE'-ql q4 d (x,

y): (f (t), g(t))E E6l-I, El|T]|Ht=fl(parametric curve)ol+r 6l-= +d cE zi
+l= rfl+. ,llrHH+ rz| q!=,tl ^l+g +4ql- 49 ol,l4, ttl otu tl= E
,ll7l]E+E- ¤ + ?lt| r+l+ "te qlzll{f{rjel ++ql glq^l rE rlt
^l-=
g ++'H4, (x, y): (f (t), s(r))E ,tlz-f rgl^1 .Jxl-9 +lxlE 6}149 + 9l+

(qlfl 11) $/l{+r}4^] x: tz -Zt,y:t + l-E {e]$ +dg:l-qa, olE qoJ

6|+.

Eil 'l+ Eql^l E*ol tE + <I+ +dE 6J qlE Eq, r: lolH

dg +4U+
x: -t, r:2olF_# olql ql+61+ d+ (-1, z;o14. :.H zql^J H zll9 ol]zllEfE

v
t x v
r:4
5
t:3
-2 I -1 t:2
-l 3 0
0 0 I t:l
I -1 2
,:0 8
2 0 3 x
0
J 3 4 t: -l
a
4 8 5

=d2
 O1 nl.lll.ltHr'-Hl^l^loa
-ll'llu loo-+
xlolEl
o-l d
-r.Al 557
-.. -L_j

el atee a4qb B (x, y)E.Erot:24E¤. flEE}l^J +d¤- EIE + gl4.

{lz|JHf*¤{sE +lzlb ttl
+"141 oJzl-9 HJEJs ffzlo! trll +dg ulr] qgg
e +zl.J+. +dql +4+ E+zl"J E=* *+ 44zl "I!+ Ae
^lrJ ++ql^J
+4++E dql +flf,+. eI+ElE olAg oJx|zl --rlzl+zl tzl ftzlolfl^J +Ezl-
fizlaltl trllEol+.
fB2ql^l oJxlzl- rel= +d+ eEdol B a4H B"J+. ol
^l¤g
rl-e=$ zJol

"J{AlsE+El t : y - 19 eq ol$
,llzllH# ¤ A4El!_Er^l +dafldq + Hall
A H4l %F$^lql qlfl+r+. :zBlH tr}+g e=+.
x : tz - Zt :(y - 1), - Z(y- l) : y2 _ 4y + 3

,HzHHfBr{^lq Eql
^JdEl. E=r4y#9 aJol %rdal ,: y, - 4y + 39 "J+
aIE-g ullzf{ffid9 EE ¤ (x, y)E EEC x: y'- 4y + 3 +lql ts¤ll"lo}"J 6}
n El4^i ullzfl{ffid+ zlqE ol sEcE "J+e} .J^l++. ty yzl .Jgg fz}
qE+ dqfl + glsE-tr tr]]zll{f-4;j-$ dzll EEdflg q}+ r
ql4l 1ql^J rqEzf ullrllH+olA4s-g E¤g +dq gzl6I.r4y9 zlu
%F44lg +qI.+. ol r+49 uHTllE!+ A4(eliminaring rhe parameter)z|tr +=+. rHTHE+HJg^loil^J n|lT|]Ef= 47J61ts
ullzflflffidel EoJg q-.J61-= aol E¤'ol ¤ + gle+, I44q1 q4aq 4 aol -BtAr AE ol|_lrl ,9|" "r,ol oJ
Tl-=Ef
E+le-E E"Jdl-4| EEg + fi.= uH:tlrJ
EE g=4. ,4 y9 B44g oJxl-7l lrl+ ¤"zlol* +dg _E^t6I.= HlE, ol]zl] E^lol rl+ ErH-drf.
E+"Jd4l* +tl4.J Ar-dg zlzlt- gt+.-r4g qtr +q1j .Jx}zl.
qqq gl*zlE E6ll+1 eEE %r-olg LI44++. xfi yg B¤4el r4sE ^l4ql
4EE ^Jr+6-lH ol]zllE*+44sE AE= ol+ +"Jal-i xffizlE ¤.E¤ +4
g + flg aol+.
{lxil l"ll^J 4rHE+ r"ll 4al] "]tr zllEE +xl g:_q-F-+. r= (++E -g-+61+) .v

gEE dfzl-g+ fBl+ trllE-,E +H6J *zJg_a 4l6J6l-7lE qlq-. qj= E (8, 5)

q ,}]zl]H**dg qlxll lel EEdE gq-gs-E rH 3rl rJol d (0, l)ql

'+¤.
^l +E1-5H^J d (8, s)oll.q Et+. (0 t;
x:f-2t,Y:t*I, 0<t<4 0 .Y

F+gEt. 0oll^l 4tr ttl +rlefql 4+ +dol r4zl- %F6-#g +Elu+ :.aJ 3
.JHl4sE o}]zllEf%l4^lsE s¤q= +dC Alfl(initial poinr) (f(o),
s(a))
4 EE(terminal point) (f (b), s(b))E 44q.

x:f(t), !:g(t), 0<t<b

(ql4 2D ,l|zJ]H+%I44] .r: cos t, !: sin f, 0 < r< Zrrtr- E¤q= +Cg. +E
.Jzl-?

Eil d=g rElHE, +dol 6I+E fleE +Elg-'1. "le+ Ag. E¤e +gq rJol
,E-A7ifl-!=*l olg q'JB + 9l+
558 gtr EHTHE+HJ8^]Z|+EIE

y
,2 x2 + Y': cos2' + sin2': 1

- 19 EI+6}E-+ d (r, y)= *

(cos r, sin r)
,Hzil%rdalsE y<iE E= %r-ol x2 + y2
^JCq=,re}
/:0 glfl ,, t yr:1q^l g4.JtrI. {lzllollrl o]]zl]H# /E rH 4ql^J trql 4(+4tD_o e
I tt
-

(1,0) 6ll4E+. ,7I oql^J 2rr*6zlEt trl d @,y): (cos /, sin r)= H (1,0)ql^l
"f,
^146ll^l
+-a-
L-Lil HI^l4l EJ-6'J:e.-+.
fl ++lE 6J HI+l +zloJtrI r
,2 3r
(qIfl 3|) tllzll{+E}{4l ,: sin1t, y:cos2t,0 (/(ZnE -E'f,El=+d++
-r al ,l
fl"Jzl?

v Eil olE +^l 4H e.+.

t :0, rrr 2rr
xz + yz : sin2 (zr) * cos2 (ztl : 1

(0, l)
rll-+^l ol uflzJlE+%I44lE ++lg x2 + y2 - 1¤. +El-u+. rq+ rz| 0ollrl znTlzl

0 -I
+7lg *ll d (x, y) : (sin 2t, coszt)+ (0, l)ql^J
^lzlilfl^J
:aH 5el zJ"l al4l %l-'Jg
tr g ++lE + Ht+l +zlql+. I
(qql 4D elzlgol rol-r. +Col (/,, ft)"J fl9 ,HzHH+IL1-C4lg +61-+.
-lel
+qd ++lflE EJC^lg q4r ,4 y9 ^lql ,E +6l]
tr

Eill + zlxl %rH* qlzil 2ql

)c: r cos r, y: sin /E g= 4.o14. ol HJ{^lg Hlzl$"l roltr gdol +;de
^J ^l
HI^l4l uJ-aJ=eE.u4zl= gg se++= 4¤. El¤ + ?l+. olxll x4 B-6JgE tutrJ
v

?, y4 H;6Jo-E ftE};i olE6l-H HlzlEol roltr +dol (/,, ft)oJ q-q_r+ eg gE 4

r
(h, k)
,]]fl+%r-{^lg e*q(ffl 6 +4).
x:h* rcos/, y:k* rsinf, 0 <r <2rr
0 _x

f.E6.r-n+rco6,,r:t+rsin, NorE qlAl 2e+39^l.EElCEll/lH+BA^l"l Ag+dgLtqE+9lq+aC

ts'q +q. El4^l aEq dq.J +dq EEt BlHeE. rq4= ds.J Efl4E++
dg ++6I"t 6'Jq.
q-+ q4lql^l tgEI +dg r4zl"J ^'lE
+E ,JH9E +4ol- ql z]]E ^J
E +E .Jx|9 ¤+¤ rJl o]]rllE+oJ4al¤-
"le" d4.
^J+61-=

UtrI.
(a) x : t3, y: t - -t', !: -t (b) x
(c) x : t3/2, y: rfr (d) r - 4 3t, !: e-t

?+7+E {+ql, o]]|]HfE 4461H x: y3# E=r+ q+^l 4 .JzlE 3il +d x: !3

¤.,'|4 +zl?I+. rq+ rH 7ql 44H,E"1, "Jxl¤g +-4,'JH oe +zl.J+.

^JE
(a) tzl +7IE 4l oJxl-= g+ql^'l sE"a- e-tr +zl"J+.
 9.1 EIITIIE+EJE{IO+ EqE +d 559

v v v v

J x 0 .t 0 x

(a) x: t3,l: t (b) x: -t3, !: -t (c) x: t'l', y: tlt (d) x: e-'', y: e-'

-tzl -I
JE'

(b) rzf #zl-oJ ull "Jzl-b g+sE +zl"J+.s-E+q^J

(c) B44* r > 0"J A+ql"J dqE4. "JxlE fld(r: 0)91^J nl +7lt*
^l46Lq
ql e-=+e-E +{"J+.
"14
> 0olr y > 0olr+.f71 (+E 6kql^j) 0o_E ¤!zl-E}ql 4
(d) oltrllt- EE. /ql 4al] x
4 "JzFb e_-ql^l g+se *{olr d (1, l)ql d=El+. Fl q #zlQtgl 44
"Jzlb gdq Ep6|zl= ?+sfl^l d=f,+. r
ilq!4! 6|) ,]]zllfl+rJ¤^lol s: sin /, y: sin2roJ +dg rej+.
:
EOI y (sin t)' : x'o].I., trl+^J d (x, y)71- EEd y ,r2oJl^J S{ol= ag + :
e-6l] E-zl. E+ -1< sinr < lolFE -1 < x < loltr, ol"1l
"i4 ,llzHHf%r-4^lg (-1,1) y (1, l)
sEdql^l -1 < x < l.J +¤"Jg Li4r]lb 4ql +E'J4. sin t+ +TlzlolrE, d
(x, y) : (sin r, sin2r)!-.E.Edg r++ (-1, l)ql^J 0, t)vl^l g}ilE +tr61 +zlql+
(rH 8 +a). r 0 x

feJ I
(ql|l ollz|H+rl{4l -,r: cos t, !: sin 2r-tr Edg +dol rH gql rqri gl
7 |)

4. ol4ol El^h+ rH(E+E4l 32)9 glol4. "HzHHfE 446.1+ 4ol zl#6}zlqI

Ar+ %r-¤^l(y' -- 4xz - 4*o)+ r+41 +¤-o.lzl ?++. +dg
^lr+sl6l+ += %IHe
(rH 10ql trqd AiJH) H^l ,4y9 r4s= rel rlfE zflp{e-e r4. 4o14.
rz| 0ollal T/Ztr- +TlELql 44rE 1ql^J 0o-tr zJealxl"jyE 09Jrl ;.lzla|{ l-tr
+7I6IH,+zf 0g_E 9EoI94. ol
^J+g E+6lH *4zI
t^I$Eql.rl -trts,}]zIHf

v .lr v

1 I I

-1 lx 0 n
2
2rr t 2rr t

-1 -l -t
,t:cos t,y:sin2t -tr: cos , y: sin 2t

-ral o fal 10
560 98 0|]TllE+L*E^14
=rlE

+dq .J+E 4^J++. Hl*6.}rll 4l6JE.tH sd.J +d¤. tsE+(ol 7l+g ol+6J a
_o + fl+Exll 16, 179 _H-+). r
r E+E olg:d U]|THE!+ aalTl
=d
4+Eq r4q cEE+llq +s=-e:z+4:249 4l4}zlE ol$ollal ,]]zHEf
,J44sE ¤qg +dg rB + ?lr|. /}¤ ullzllH+#ol ?zlBql trlq +^l'il
E ql+61+ dEol 46lrr-E r4q 4l4}zlql^l rejzlb ol]z]]Hf*dg +a6I
. Ae +q6I+.
q+ qlxllk ,lzllHf%rca1o1 xzt yg 6J*e sBlb 4roJ4alg z4gE
rEl- ql ^hs¤ + 9I+g Eq+q(qlE qtr 4l4I7lE* yzY x4 EI+E
s¤48 ag g+E zl4'J+) =q

(qq 8|) 4lcrl,+ e+ElE ol+6ll^J *c .r:yo - 3y'9 rq+

3
Efl r: y4 6tH q+r+ ,Je El44g e=+.
x:t4-3t2, y-t

+dg rflH rH 119 gb+ +q4l %F4^1 (*: yo - 3y')

3
-J ol$rll.<j
"llzHflf*{^]$
I y9l ql6l] E"l ,g,rg1 'll+ Lll zi9 *fE zJia!.tJ zi]zll9 r4sE :E f gls
-3 4,|]fl]H**441e gd +l+ %r-H¤ {l*++ I
.r.= 11
.JH]4.otr x: s(y) EEIe-l ,J4^lg t4zl flo11 r14- rllzflEfrld+l¤ ol¤-
qlq.
*: g(t), ! : t

Ef, (tr]|+ ql++ ++e.l r{soJ %'-4^l y:"f(x)9 +d.$ +s-4 zJ$ o]]zl]H
+rJ4^lsE ,J+g + ?ltrt= ag "Jol-ot +'l
x:t, !:f(t)
:4q +EF?{q} ffia3 ollz]lEf +dg re ql 561 ++6}+. ql= Eq
l3 + 3.5

-4
tu( 4 -3.5 3.5

0 l3 -4 - 3.5

fg 12 f,EJ 13 fal 14
-r:/*sin5f .r:cosr*cos6t*Zsin3t x : 2.3 cos lOt * cos 23t
y:t+sin6t y:sinr+sin6t+?cos3r y:2.3 sin 10t - sinZ3t
 9.1 Et|T11E+gEAloe EqE +d 561

rH 12, 13, 14el +d¤- ¤zll +e-e t1tl= ETI+-E- 4ol+.

,llz]JE*+d"1 zlt +-,q6}4l ol+48 * + alutzl-cAD Eolol+.

r
^plEe.o;=
{lqry 9|) 4dg,+4 flol 7E ul E+ql fl. E pel zl+lE:rfl *dg^}olEE
olc(cycloid)4 ++. [zl-Fil 4olgq a +e Eol z4. dEE
^J4a]il+(:.fl t5

olEel rll z]] EfBrC4g +6I+.

P
:IaJ 15

EUI fl9 sldr+ eeTl gdq flg *I 0:0)E uflzflsf_tr qql+ fl"I 0+q*"J
E qdflull. flol zld4 dall ?lzl trllEoll, rB 16q^J4H gdgE+El
zf4o1x1-.

Eq+ 4;l= ++4 er flel +Cg ceo, r)o]4.

lorl:Fi: ro
Pel
=lsE (x, y)4 +sH, rH 16-q--e+El
'I+¤ E + 9l+.
r: lOrl - lPll: r0 - rsin 0: r(0 - sinO) v

y : I rcl - lOCl - r - rcosA : r(t - cosO)

r4o + ^Iol=EolEel ollz1gf*d+1+ trls_4 ?JEI.

r C(r0, rl
t x:r(0-sinO), y:r(1 -cosO), 0ER 0
oirlE fl"1 eI H sldtr
^fol=EolEg eL
"il ^Jzll q+^J 0 < 0 < 2rroll.r.J rEl4l
+ 4l tr+ 0<0<r/Zql A+E ¤B6I= rH 16oE+q +EqzlEl, "l "JA^l o
l- r0 +l
T x
ol += 0r,iql ql6ll^JE ^jflEl¤. B.J + gl+.
rEJ 16
"llz]]Hf 0= a4g + gtxl"J, a4e E3 x4 ygl sEI 4n%F44le-
4l El"il^J
,]l+ +BE}z[x: rcos-r(r - ylr) - @yrol
+ "[ile] t]"J 448 Sol+l
ollzHH#%r¤^l"J+ zlB"l EslEIxlE gr+. r
ll.olpEolE= E++ alael .JE + af{zl- gpql_q ol4. :. 7ffi ,r.,1.ol
E-tr-o1= -E-oJs_tr "J= A¤- 4lt}*,r,,r.[o]p5lolEE il ol-xl o]f]lsl HolE *
6lrlr r=q*+. +ql ol +d+ FJ+ ?-blt! Efil(brachisrochrone probtem)e} +
fl6]]^l +^l +++rll 94. ol4.* "Jxlz} 4 Aql^J A El-E E+ olq_r., A_H_+ *
,ll +lxlafl 9t. E Bvl^l zl-tl 5}g ,I"il (+qel ¤o-JsE) ul:zeJzl- +d
^l+
g +El-= +xllol+. 16e6Hql ol E4l= xllzlel 4+l4E fulxl- s-f, nllEilol-'--
:zH l7ql^JzJH d Asl BE .it e.= +d +ql^J
^tol=EolEE ildfl sg
oll .Jxl-L d Aql^l Bnlzl 4l$^l+ql Elz+lri ++= ElqH+. ^Idg
562 98 o|lTHE+gE^]4=4lE

A HIH*gg] E4*xt 6|+1f,4= ^lol=EolEzl sal EAI* grll(tautochrone

problem)oll qlE.J 6114. 4,¤- ol"l Et-du Hl 9i4. +, + oJx| rz| Sldq)
^l-ol
qL *"ll glEzl ^J*H.ol alltlzl "lz*lzl 44zi} ql +rJg ^l
=EolEel
zJol Efl+- 4"lrH:H 18 +4). al.+lf,+- (zldol gBd) +lxlrlAlq +tl

^l-ol=EolEE
sE tr14 4lEoB 4,o14 q+q{+. ell+61-H +lxlz} ,JALI *+
^Iol=EiolE s= 4+ dE4qqE gda3 4l$$ "JE= ql qEg ^l+ol 44tl ull#oltrl.
B

aEJ 17
I E]|TI|E!+gI
=.E+
P
P (qil 100 ++ "llzHEf*4^lel +d+g 4^l6t+.
P P x : a* cosI, y : atanr * sinr
P

fal 18
ol +dEq +Fd+ FH,"JzI? azl rttplql ltl4 :z B=I= qB4l H6l+71?

Efll :-=]]4 414}zl(E= A+EI)E ol$-all.! rH le4zJol a: -2, -1, -0.s, -0.2,
0, 0.s, t,2E rll z4eE "JEq E+ E= +dZ @: 0"J 4+= xllelql) F zl]9
zldg 7l-zl=ql, zld+ E* xzl o9 s4 E:.s-E-4-9-E+El aql 7lvlfle "}], +
4A=d x: aoll d=6ll ++.
a 1 -rolE + zldg qlzq+ +dol+. rBl+ a: -rolfl 9E4 xldol dd

"14= E+d¤- 7l-41+. -1 < a < OolH tse+ r.4 E"Jol

Eltr, azl- 0oll d=Elql
4+ l4= 4d 4 44. o - oolfl + xldol 6J44^J +lg E{++(ql4l 2 +4y
01a < lolE g+ xlc"l a4 E"J-g B^"i6lr dE 4"txl4tl a: lol qH Hq
4 Edol 84. a> rolE zld+ +^l 4zq+ +dol qq atl frzlolE^i H B=
4. azl "J+"J trllE +d* atl ++.J ollel 4+6t= +dg yqoll ql6ll 44 ol+^l
a+dggg+el+
.tla4lrll^(Nicomedes)9 olE9
+dE+ aq :a4^ elzl
ol 4rJ ulautlqEq Lt
Ilfl(conchoids of Nicomedes)ol+ +=+ 4r]dol4E "l$ol E4 E olf* -z ul-
++ ,)CE E"Jol azJl{rJlzl4 +RAqlTle+ Hg}zl oll$"l4. I

a:-2 a:-l a : -0.5 a : -0.2

/
I

a:0 a:0.5 a:l a:2

I
I

li/
fB 19 E7ltrlE [-4,4] x [-4,4]ql ral Hg+C+ x= a +cosr, )'= a tanr-r sinr
 9.1 E||T||E+HJE4.;o+ EEE 563
=C

le+Exl
1. "ll7HH+%I441 x=t2*t, y:3r+,ql 46]] u|lzflflf fir 1s. $.tjol 4z}]HfHJ4al x : f(t), y : Eu)E +q{+r El
- -2, -1, o, t, 2ol] {+a.IE E (x, y)E ial-4. zI./el xJ$oJ [t, +]o1l sE iJgol [2,3]"J trll, "lflg
H ,l]E dg 4q^l q+-4r1]H+%r-44eE +q4l +
2-3 "lE +d?]zl= ¤H6l+.
dB :244. t7l +71oJ ull ol *dol :ajxli %lu}g F+¤-E 16-17 x: f U)q y : s(t)q _z4gzl +,q=r+ ,Jg *I "]]z]]Hf
_+ E^.l6I4. 4d -r : f (t), y: s(/)= r4+. t7l +7li;J trll +dol :a

2. x:1-t', y:2t-t2, -l<t<2 illzl= \LI-'Jg i+d-Es E^1?'I4.

3. x:2'-t, y:2-'+t, -3<t<3 16. x y

I I

4-6
It It
(a) dg 4q^l 4* ,]]z}{H+%14^lse +qd +d
H ,He.l
g rq+. ttl fizlo) oll ol +dol rq4= nt6g-ffi
;+ e s.rlat4.
17. ,r
(b) +dq 4n%1-4^lg +6t+.
4TI]H+E 446l]^J
"v

4.x:Zt-1, y:+t+1
5. x: f-3, y:t*2, -3<t<3
0 Ir lr

6.*:rE, !:L-t
ffira. 4d x 2 sin zryel r4s$ rq{.
7-11 19. (a) rJf- ,Hz|H#oJxdalol + E p,(x1, yr)4 pz(xz, yJE
(a) ullzflfl+E 4716ll^j +del zlr%r-4^-lg +614. EA{+ dE¤ LlElHg trq{.
(b) +dg :aelr ullzlJflfzl #zl6J oll ol +dol fq4= x: xt i (*r- xr)t, ! : lt + (yr- yr)f, 0<r<l
%[']g E^16}4.
(b) (-2, 7)ql^l (3, -l)?+ale) d$g +El4= "l|z]]E#
7. x:3cosr, y-3sin/, 01t<r %F44l¤- +6I+.
8. x=cos0, y:secze, 0<01rr/2 20. "JzI7;+do] fldolz tlzl$ol soJ gg E|4 ^l4l BF
oJeE +zlq^J 4rratrJ6Jl lqdg *I gg 44 S4olE
x=e-', y:et
9.
oJzl-g +l4ql
10.x:ln/, y:rfr, 4oJ 4zl]E+HJd^l¤. +6I+.
t>l
11.x:sin2f, y:eos2t 21. oJzl-7t fl *'+ (y - r)2 : 4Z nlr+ q+r; ,Jol ¤E¤ ,J
HsE +4"J ull
"l Ezl-E AEq 4rJ ,|]zHH+%lC^l
t z. 19 Eglzl a"J rll, g¤=# 6J+ "JzIg glzlbr : 5 cos /, g +614.
y: -s sin r-E E¤s+¤+. lsldql H"I4 d4hzl-? s (a) (2, l)q^l HJ6Js-E + Hl-+l
^Jz+6]]^l ^l4l
Eg ^l4l %t'Jqlz} HI^l4l g-aJ'olzf!
(b) (2, l)q^J HI^l4l H-6#!-E Hl+l
^l+EIl^J ^il
(c) (0, 3)ql^J ,tlziall,tJ HI^l4l H.6J-g_E HI HI-+l
13-14 trl+ +rJq1,t-1 rzi HE.J ull +lxl7} (.r, y)g] oJztE ++
g ¤H6I+. ffizz. rqq 4l41zlq A+qE 0l+61 y
trl+. f-Hg zlJtr6}+.
13. -r : 5 + 2cosrrt, y : 3 * 2sinrrt, l<t<2 ^l
2

14. x=5sin/, y:Zcost, -n1t<5rr

2 x
564 98 o|1TllE+gE^lrl-=51.8

23. (a) trP=4 'Jol 444 uflzflflffid +lel EEe

f"ltl ,v
:2A C
E+ ,Jg 4jrH}4^lg "J+,.19 trq?+.
(i) x: t2, y : t (ii) r: /, Y: \/T
(iii)x:coszt, Y:cosr (iv) x:32', Y:3' P

(b) (a)9 4 +dE r4s= r4I 4CEol qB

^lE
zll 4Ezl ¤H6I4.

44. trI]zlHf%}44ee ++U trl+ +dEg uJlo[{. :z$ o _\-

ol qB4l 4Ezl-?
(a)x=t3, y:t2 (b) x:16, !:t4 28-2e tE F oJzl 44e-l +lil7| ']lzl]Hf%r4^ls
tril lE=
(c) x: E +q#.+r 6tzt. +Ed* flxtE"l z;.g ,Je +
e-3', ! = s-zt ^l4ql,
fl= 4014. oJ4¤ol ,J+ 4g +E ^l4ql 5I+*48
2s. d rE *xlEol rt-l ge.l +dq.,.-l dtrJ# Bqd 44ql ^ql
4E= -nzlrlxluJ "JxtE=e. ¤-E=6tzl t+=+.
gt= Eol+r afx|. flol 4d +l= +q7t= EoJ d pz|
rE}- +dg Ee?0lE(trochoid)z|-a t4. fxld4 ut+l 28. rglrl tszJ BzI9 +lil7}
^14
E Ht+l+ +lql 9I= 6J Eel +zl.Jg ^84611 _H_zI.) ^Iol x:t*5, y:t2+4t+6
e olE= d: roJ E51 TolEel qloltrl-. ,tlolptr
oll yI* "JztE +lil= q-q=4 a+.
olEst ,J+ =tr+
"|]7]]E+ 0E ^l-8-6}r. {dg x4
a_Aa_ p
tl 4zld +9 6t+"J 4 0: 0ol+ ,t{+t}. F-traolE x:2t * L, y:2t +6

g ollzHEf%Ic^lol ffi$ a+¤ Bq+ q*]4gs+ rJ4.

"lEE AE=
)c: r0 - dsin0, y : r - dcos0
_y

d 1 r, d ) r"J rll -=-e=olEE fEi+.

il
26. ael e7I tl-+"J ql, rHE d Pel E-E 7P"* flzle o1
+qd +de-l q]zl]Hf*441¤. 0E 47l]H+E 6Iq +
6l+. rfl F q]zl]HfE c4+q +dg +.J6I+.
,v 0 6x

(a) "Jxl¤e.l 4sE: d ll)ql^J EilElg q'J

(1, 6)!+ (6,
at4. olE + +Edol ?lEzI? rHqH oJ{s=g fl
,f,
xll 5-s-ofiz[!
{ ft) a+ oJxiel 9il7l trl+r+ zJ"l ?9Brll aizl.
x:2t*4, y:2t+9
ol oJxl+ E++ "J^te+ rJg +zl"Jg trolAs= qE+

?.7. aflql^le+ zJol d Psl E= 7|}6J +lxlE +CS +C +. E+ Bz|4 a+ "Jzl*= 6+6t=7t? :1Br+E "l
g ofLllAle.l EfL{(witch of Maria Agnesi)z} t4. ol *d E 4ql^J qH ^l4ql +E6l+7I?
q] ql+ q]zl]Hf*44o]
'fg4 rJol fqdg trq+.
2e. trllTflHf+dol zl4lr+ r.i|a]+ d4 49"61-E rE #g
x:Zacot?, y =Lasin20
+6l.4.
+dE rei+.
 9.2 El.lillE++doll rH-J Dl4E 565

(a) x:I-t2, y:t-t3 ffiro. ,llr]Jfl+%l-{al ,:P, y:t3 - cr-E ¤9E= +d+¤
v
a^l6l+. E_ c7l6zlB EI +de qBril H6IE7I? +d
+E r;llE$ H zfluJ:zqr1 ¤H6f4.
ffirr. ,llzJlHi%}d8] ,:f + acost, y:t+asint, a ) 0ots
.I
¤s]El= +d+s] +dg H z.|]e}:a4+. atl z"zlu] u\
+dg "lgrll H6l+zr? a7I qH {f'J ql +de r=l=
ulu
r_L-Ll
t-- zI?
II

(b)x:2t-t3, y:t-*
ffisz. %I4^l x: !: bcosr-4. E +dg Ell,l+ EE
asinnf,
y
(Lissajous figure)olrJ *4. a, b, nol Hg 4 ol *dEol
oJg d#"14.)
-I 1x "l$rll Ha.I=^l a^Io.I+. (qzl^l n*

-l

s.2 I o]|T]|E#floll E||=d trl4E

+dg oHz]]Ef*c^lsE qB4 E¤al-Ezlql 46Il Tol-*Eq], olxll ,llz]]Hf

+dql "14++E 'I+g 4+fl Ezl-.=fl dd, Hol, _s.E ,Jol, +H .Jol"ll *
aJ ExllE Eqe+

IEfl
f4 stl "l$z|ts$ *folg yzl x4 "l$zl-L" * *+"J oll, olJzllHf4d x: f (t),
y: s(t) +le-l dql^l ddg +6]] HxI. rfl$ fl4ll$zlq ,rI+ q+g E-+.
dy dy dx
dt dx dt

ff +oolg dyldxq1l ql61 E + 9l+.

+dE EElolts grPl ral= rl+le g
dy
grlel *a]As
7-lolE, dytdt9) dxtdr?
dx dy_dt Erl. tre trdq 7|E
1 ,
dt
# 0018.
dx dx
et +'J4_E7l
^l
7l7l ol +Esl HlEol EE LlElErl.
dt

(dtE *E*41 Cr+Bll^J 7lq'J + gl=)

^l Elg
olso 6lE ,llzllHf /-= 4
s66 98 oHTHE+"JE^lrt
=rtE

461-zl f+r o}]zflflffirjq ql+ dcq tl&tl dy/dx= ++ + 91trt. ol +d*

dxldt 4ool:z dyldt- OoJ +¤dd¤- 7*a, dyldt + 0olr dxldt - OolH +d
"ll
+ Ee +4ddg *=+. ^l-dg ^1 lTlE+El "J + gtrHdr ldr - 0olr dyldt:
0olE ddq tl&tl= a46lzl +1611 += "JHe gttrI). olfl ql+
^h*c. ¤sz}
.$ oflzll{++dg rr-l- ql ff+61"+.
oluJ u]f fl*ol dryldi+ olAg 4l trql^l yE dyldx
^J46I- 4."1 fi¤6.}trI.
-E" Hl-EsE,t{l t}¤.4
zJol +B + 91tr}.

d dy
d'y
dzv dl
r_a dy a dx
+
@ {Lx,-* #rtt+e--J+
d-x d.'- dr \ dx ): dx
dtz dt

( oilxil 1D +d ci ullzHE+%l-c4l x: t2, y : t3 - 3tE cE¤+.

(a) czl d (3,0)ql^J + 7]]E ddg 7r4¤. -H-oltr, :" ddq %r-441¤. +614.
(b) dd"l fBol4+ +zl"J ce] +"1+. e#
(c) $dol +l EE
"L4e s+"J *g A46L+.
(d) ol +dg rq+.
Eq
(a)t: *Jig q ,:3ol-tr, + 4k E+ql^l y:t(tz - 3):0gg tI4. zHF+ C
glel 4 (3, 0)+ rllzl]Bfg + # t : ,81+, : -.6q1^l Ll4*+. olag (3, 0)ql^l c
zl )-5tr_ j/^LEr-g "J^loJ+.
dy dy/dt 3t2 - 3

dx dx/dt 2t

ol.rr_+ ,:,fr.J r11 ddq zl¤zlb d.y/d.*: e/(Z$) :.u[o] a,t:

-r[rl ull zl
&z|t. dy/dx: -a/(z,E) : -,fro]+. irl+^J (3, O)ql^l Llg=4 ,Jg + zfls-l r.JE
+= ddg +=+.
y:Ji(x-3), y:-rF(x-3)
(b) C= dyldx:0,4 dyldt-0, dxldl +O"J
"ll +¤ddg,*=+. dyldt:3f - 3

olu-+ +Bddg t2 - r, ! t - + Iql,! +4t4. olql 4+61-= cE 4+ (1, -2)e+

(1, 2;o1u.1. C. dxldt: 2t:0, . t : OoJ ull +4dCg ,*=4. (q7l xl dyldt * 0
olr+.) olql ql+61+ cel dg (0, 0)ol+.
(c) 9.+cg E¤6lzl glallal 241 E*+= 4l+,J+.

d'y A
dx2
d dy
dx
dx
*(+) :- -=-4t2
dx
6t2+6

2t
3t2
4t3
+ 3

dt dt
 9.2 ot]i|lEt+Eoll rllEt El4E 567

tr}4^l ol +d+, > 0"J trll +lE s_+6tr. , < 0g rll

"t4e s+6I+ v
y: Jj@ - zl
(d) (b), (c)sl xJu e+q rH l4 rJg Cel r4s=-g=+. tr t: -l
(l,z)
( qlr{t 2l)
(a) 0 : n'l3fllrl : : (3,0)
^Iol=Eols, r(0 - sin 0), y .(1 - cos 0)oll qlal ddg + x
a-ln+(e.l¤ ql4l e +4).
(b) qL dql^J ddol *¤"Jzl-? flxll *zlaJTl? t:l
(1,-2)
Eq v:-Ji (r-3)
(a) dd9 zl&71= r++r+ ?J+.
f.al 1

dy dy/d0 rsin 0 sin 0

dx dx/dO r(l - cos 0) 1 - cos 0

0 : rrlsoJ trll rl-++ e=+

,:,(+-sin+) : ,(+ +), !:,(r -cos +):;

dy sin(zrl3) ,fltz E
dx |- --:
cos(rr/3) r --!-
t2
VJ

:a4 =-tr. dce-l tl&zl=.- ,/i"lt ddq oJ4^l+ q¤.r+ ,J+

t;
v
2
r /;
VJ
rTr
J
. f \/ )
2
+ ,t3x-y:r (ft-,
ddg rH 2e+ Aq.
v
(- rrr,2r) Qrr,2rl (3rr,2r) (5rrr,Zr)

0 .I
-2rrr Zrr 4rrr 1zl
JAL
a

dyldx: OoJ trll dde f¤oll, ol4* sin 0 : 0olI. I - cos 0 + OoJ oll, +
(b)
0: (2n - l)rr(n* a+)"J "I +Elt+. olql 4+61+ ^lol=.EolE +lel ¤g
((2" - 7)nr,2r)o1q-.
0 :ZnnoJ u)l dx/d|* dyld?y -trf OolQ. ola Eql^J f4ddol ¤4]*g :-
,llEgl^J "J + 9I+ q+4 zJol ey.lB Hzlg ol$all.rJ olfl
^l-dg Eitr + tl+.
dt 3
J- sin 0 cos 0
lim
y-Zntr+ lim +1-cosO lim
dX 0--->2ntr 0+Lnrr* sin 0

+^I+ 44Iq e.lEll 0 --->Znn-Hr|. dy/dx -+ -oofl¤ _u_"J + ?14. q+^J 0 : Zn*,
1 x:ZnrrroJ "ll +zldd"l +zll++(rfl z +Z). r
568 9E E|]T|]E+HJtr4Z[+4|.if,

r bio!
F("r) 2 0"J *d y - F(x) o}4el -Jolb A: l:r(x) dxoJg g
trll aql^J b7rlAl

r 9I+. ol *d"l 4zl]EfH}d4 x : f(t), y : s(t), a 1 t < B.il e16il + +

H"J rEJ4lr+E, 44Eql ql,* il+LHg ol*6ll^l trls=4 rJ"l H"l +4¤. 4l4I
B+ 9tr+.
/oll 4E -.JZl= EE ilsJfloe +
tH-Ll.

+ !ttl, r: cp ttfl tts a0lTlLf B0ltl o: lu y dx: lB t(t)f'U) at tt,lt't, o,)

[*= !,
-g
r = bE rl.1 rts Llqrl 'Joltl.

llol!41 3 D, : r(0 - sin 0), y : r(l - cos 0) ql,t-1o1=Eolsel 6J oliJ ol-4e-l H

olE +614.

I' Eil t:H 3ql HqA) ^Fl=.eolEq 6J olil= 0 < 0 < }rr'J ql +qA14. y: r(1 -
cos 0)r* dx: r(l - cos 0)d0tr- il{+Hg ole" 6[fl g=+.
0 2rrr "f,

-?al e
A: ff ydx: fr'r0 - coso)r(1 - cos o)do
qlrll 3sl Alol=EolEe] El olil
: ,' ff'(l - cos il2 do : ,' ff' 0 - }cos o + cos,o) do
=rl=,
olellsl 'Jol= Alol=EolEE trJEts trlE
Bq Holsl 3HH"J= "J6H +r ?lHe.ltr : ,'ff"I, - rcos g + l(r * cos zfi)ao
e] qlEl e EfE). e=ejle= 0l +
=zF=
+fl(rl,J EB-^ol +qrxlE4legrl. 0lH : r'lle - 2sino + isin2o]f"
alolsl +-af^l EaltszlTl 0l al4,
e EEiIrl-. ^H= : ,'(tr - zn) : 3^rz

I Eol eol
*ql^l y:F(x), a1x<b BelE+qTI +d cel z3o1 tg+o.1=*HB T"|
Htrl. 8.l¤el +4 El_qE+El F'ol fl+"lE +¤+ g + gltrt.

flt dy
L: 1+
2
.l., dx
I dx

a 1 t < Pql^l dxldt -f'(t) > 0olI, +d CE oJ]zH{f%r{alol tr:"f(/)e+

y - s(t)E E.¤E+r 6l-zt oli-rzf oollrl B-tr f,zlalr
"f(a)
: a, f (P): &"J 4l
c4 q+ql^J e-E.+-q-E + H rrjzl= Ag *6J+. 4l trg trql qlE6l-r
^l
zl+|Bg ols-" o].fl ++g e.r+.

L:
r '. (#l '.: I: 1+
w#l
clx
dt
dr

dxldt;, golFE +¤+ e.q.

 9.2 nHTHE+=C01| tH-d El4E 569

') 2
v

r
dx dy
3 L: dt
+
dt
dt
Pz
C

cE y: F(x) ¤E]].e" g'¤E f

H,*xl4E 4l Eg old6l +Eo-JtrJl +^I +4 Pr
Pi

EsE rg Bg + 9l+. ,}]z]]H#9 +7J ls, BIE uJulz| ArE zJ* rzH9 *E Po
Pn

++s-g 4irxl-. to,tr,tz,...,tog=_ +ts +rJfl gdol;+ 6IE x,-f(t)4ti:7Ui) 0 x

- Cq +ql d P,(xu y.)E 4|Eoltr, +4ldol P0,Pr,..,,&oJ trI4¤g. Cql =
reJ 4
^l-++(rH +4).
4
8.lEql^JxJH CE zJol r¤. n-+moJ oll olE *^l trtr+B9 ,Jolel ++sE
trt+4 rJol 49++.
n

z:1gg E lr,_,r,;

A7Jlt,-r,r,lollrJ /"il ¤E# ¤4E 4+6IH q-q-a-

"J+61+ tftl(t,-1,r,)ql +
xJ],iltr+.

7Q,) - f(tF) : f'(tf)(t, - ti-r)

Lx,: ai - xi-l, Ay,: li - !i_1ol+ 6lE, ol 4]g t}T{ rJol E+.

,Js %r-HsE so, B+# - al';# L EI+6r+ tr*7t(/,-r, /,)qr +

xll++.
AY, : g'(f,t*) Ar

qe|^J ffioJ CB+tr}.

lP'-'P'l:m:
:ffiAr
olE+El rl-sg E=+.

L:limEffim
t1

4
n-n i:l

^l
Eq .Jg EL+ Wql qlql rl"J Er4 ul*61-r+, .JHI4eE
tf + /,f +olzl {Eql ¤q,* F-l"J 6Jg olq+. rflqlE $f61-r f ,4 s'ol E+
olE 4 Eq +6Jg tf : tf*.J ulE +t l "Jzl6Jg EItr + gl+.

,:tuMat
,rI+^J elolerJ= zlsE ol+618,
^l
E4 gg ¤E.Jq+q ¤r+. g-+.
570 98 !l17|1E+HJ8^l7l+4lE

5 $El 4d czy rflzlflf%r{+l , : f(t), y: s(t), ast< B_tr {elqi1"f ',

s,o1 lo", Blql^J fl+ol4 fil aglrJ B.tr. +7}ts ull cz| q + H:-4xlE, cE ,3
oli ffi$ +E+.

L:
t (#)'.(#)',,

4el trE +4*

2 2
dx dy
tr ds: dt
+
dt
dt

.J trll 8.1¤E
"JHI +4 r: ldrel gzlqlql +E-qL+.

(ql4l 4l) q.t¤9 qlxll 2ql^J +q4l ++lflg +EI4= .r:

^l
cosr, y: sinr,
0 < t <Trr! ol+61-H dx/dt: -sin t, dyf dt: cos r"14.
q+qlE 44 EE+EI
'l¤¤ Eb+.
f2n
,:Jo
HlHq e.l¤E {lzll 3ofl.t'l +"1d 4l

: sin?t, y : cosZt, A < t <2rr

x
0l+61-4 d.xldt 2 cos 2t, dyldt - -z sin 2¤ g=+ lelo s 84 Eq zi+s
= -
E+El trl-ffg e++.

r" (#)' . (#)'0,: ff"

l2t
cos2 * 4 sin2 dr: 2dt:4rr
)o

@ tzl0ql^J Zrrtr- +7tEl ql ¤ ginat, cos 2r)E gg + H -z4rl trllEql 4Ee fl+
,Jol9 + Hll7IHq +E++. "JHI4qe ol]zl]H+E sBg +d c9 zJolE ++ trl]

y, fil aoll^-l B-e +71-g trll c= + fl H :-44ot +4b

^ldql +H6l +EEl]oI
6J

+r
{qlfl 5D a.|-ol==gol5 x : r(0 - sin 0), y: r(1 - cosfl)E f, "}ilel zJ"lE 7
'I+.
Efll {x] 3ql^J eL o}zlE "llzl]Ef9 ?t 0 < e < 2z-oil^l rEi+l+= 4¤- "J3t+.
ffiol ^dB6IE__tr

dx dv
d0:
r(1 - cosO), fr: r sin0

q-tg e=+.
 9.2 o|1TllE++doll EH-d Dl4E 571

f2n
.:Jo (#)'-' (#)' d0: ff" ,1
1 - cosO * 12 sin20 d0

:JOf Zzt r'(l - 2cos0 * cos20 + sin20) d0

:r):",ffirriao
PZzt

qlfil ssl ,J?|.=, Afolpg6;=o; -.J ol-il

ol 4ffi 4lt}6}7l +IB}]^J 6J¤4-l sin2x L0 cos 2x) gl A ZxE 4"J61-H: - : q eolts
^lol=EolE=
EJEts flq HJ
I|Eq Eq
- cos 0 :
8HH"J= 5 ErE). 0l
1 Zsinz(e/z)fi- E=+. 0 < 0 < 2rrolt:+ 0 < eD< z.oltr, sin(0/2) > 0 =tr[ral
iltrJ0ll ?l= E rHd=Jg zj
olEl. ^l-EgaJl(Christopher^lloJE
+:d Wren) e0l 1658E
nll ilgo a tEH6Hrf
: : : o ot^-t .

2(l - cos 0) sin2(0 /2) 2 | sin(o /2)l 2 sin(o/2)

v L:8r
tr+4^l +¤¤ E=+.
L : zrf" ,in1o/ z) do : zrl-zcos(o/2)]1" 0 Trrr x

:2112*2f:9, r f.al 5

]t el zjol6}+(8. 1 ¤9l +41 5 )- +dE ^l4dql^J 4= flllzlfl +dfl ,J Eet eot:Br+st +aJ
olE zllr" R¤ zlq6LxI. x ,4 s,ol g+.J 4]T}]H+EJC49
- f (t), y - s(t)olr,f
E +oltl +d Cql ql6l] s(/)= Cel ("f("), g(a))9lrJ U(t), s(t))7/lzlel C
^l4d
e-l EE 4ol4 6}zl-. CE.1 Eql e.l"ll ollzllH++dq 4* aq ,Jol**(arc tength

function) sE 4*4 +Ll.

dx
',r:I
d),
7
du I +
du I du

(pl F zlxl *9 zltlt ilxl ?*sE 4+H+= u-E rr.illol-H+ )

4zHHfitr¤401 *4ol} Ezl{/= ^lrJ)el +lzl= ^l++rlH, ^17+
/ql^J oJ

xlel +4(speed) ?(r)-

^l+ql 4+ ¤.F4r-l(Eel ,Jol)el E+g s'(/)ol+. ,J4
4l E+ "l+48E9 zlEdEl lql elol q4g. e-q.

I-
dx dy
E u(t) : s'(r) :
dt dt

(q]tll 6D rlz-l rql^l .JzI9 +l7.lTt rl]zl]Hf%r¤al ,:2t + 3, y:4r21r > 0)oe.
+qd+ d (s, 4)ql flg "ll .JzI9 +eg +6I+.
Eql ,Jc4l trql el6l]
^14
/ql^l flxl-g +q+ tr]-e-',r+ ?JI-+
a(t) : 22 + (8t12 :2 I + l6t2
572 98 oH7llE+HJE^lzl.+4fE

"JzI+ t: r"J
"ll 4 dql^l Ez}e] +q+ u(r):2\n
(s,4)oll gl.o_r:e ol - 8.25
ol+.(442I
"lrloll .rlzJ"l a+H +qg E 8.2s m/sol4.1 r

r +E! bilo!
sel ,Jolql ++ 44 "l-dtl\E s.24E +^l EIE 4+6]]^] +E t-Jol"ll +'*
4lg flg + ilrt. 'J +d Cz| ullzflfl+%F{A] x: f (t), y - s(t), q 1t s pE +
oJxlz, f,, !t, ol g+ola gU) > OoJ oll, :41 C+ t7l .I
"ollrl BE +7Ie+ 4
qq oJ H"ll :-Hd+E, ol +d c$ "rffi 6d " + sld^la ql ^Jzl- +He-l
Holb g-r}.

9 s:lBznt (#)' . (#)' ,,

dstl +4 trlsg +qe zls
ql, .JHlzJ"J *4 s:tznydsg. s: jZqxds
(8.2¤s.l +{ Elrl @1= qd6l #sal4.

(ql4l 7l) elzlEol r"J +E +ts Holz} anfl* Eq+

Eil += rl+ HIflg x# ?d ".+ Eld^14 tsb+.

)c:rcosf, y:rsinI, A <t< rr

rq=-e +4 trle+El q+g E=4

t:J"znrsint -,, at

:rrI, rsinl rz(sinzt * cos2r) dt : 2r

J"rsin
t. rdt

: 2nrz ri, t dt : Zrrrz(-.co. ,)I : 4Tr2

J"
-l

s.2 I E+=U
1-2 dx/dt, dyldt* dyldxE +uI4. v

1, x:2t3+3t, y:4t-5t2
2, x:tet, y:/*sint

3. +qd dql^l uflzllflffi{ x : t2 * 2t, ! : Z' - Zt 4l 0

(15, 2)
J
Eilfl ddE t|$zl$ +614.
 9.2 DHTI|H++N0II L|IIEI El4E 573

4-s r-+¤- ,l]z}lH*rtoJl 49" Bl* Eql^J +dql ql+ ddq 18. 47HH++d x=t3 * 1, y -zt-r2$ xft.o-tr EElr+oJ
%1449 +61+. HolE +614.
4,x:ti+1, y:f +t', t:-l v
5. x: sin?t + cosr, y: cos 2t - sint; t: tt
0
5. d (l,i)q^t *d r: sin t, !: cos2roll rIfl Bdel %'"
44lg trl-g + zlzl [tS o + +61-4.
(a) ullzll{*E a4aizl f+= B}H
19. trJJ7HH++d x = sin2 t, ! = cos r r] y+g-tr Eelr,+fl H
(b) Ezl "llzHH*E a46lb %lH
ol= +61-4.
ffi t. d (0, 3)ql^l *d,r : t2 - t, J : t2 + t+ lql ql+ d y
dE ,Jd{g +6I+. ol +dq ddg fq+.
s-1o dy/dx, d'yld*'E +Bi+. +d6l +le g+.J ,el {tE
g +614. 0

8..r:t2+I, y:t2+t
g.x: e', y : te-t
l0.x:t-lnt, y:t*lnr 20. ffiE ,]]zl]Hftl44] ,: acos1,y: b sin 0, 0 < 0 <2rr
E ol+BH^l ol4.ol EEl,r{-b HolE +6i+.
+dq^l +Bdd E= +4ddol slb 4¤- +
rr-12 trl-s 21.9.1¤ fl+Ex"ll 259 E+-?olEql^J d < rB t olxl
"ll
6I+. 4l4}7l+ A+HE ol¤.4q +d¤. :qrJ B¤. q"J olqlE HoIE +6]-+.
6t+
T ffi :zalluql^J tsq+ zflflf{dE "J+q ,JolE
22-23 u]f

11."r:t3-3t, y:t2-3 ++q: 4Eg ^-il+14. :z4r 4l{!zl(sb A+EI)E ol+E]|

12. x: cosfl, y : cos 30
oH 'Jlnll zlt)nlzl zJoiE c+6l.rll +6i+.
^l ^+a
22, x:ltz - t3, y : tz - Zt
ffitf. :14E8 ol+Ell^J *d.r - r - t6, !: s,el oJ j_=+ ¤-
del a+EE +461-+. r +¤- trl4$+g "j+fl^J 4+ )
3
+ =lE= +614.
2

EE t+. *d "r : t4 - 2t3 - 2t2, y :

- rel fe-al ¤4g.
t3 -fr
+ EBl4+ r4sE B7l+Hql jaaj+.
(,
4x
Hts. d (0, 0)qJ^l *d x : cos t, ! : sin r cos t7l + ddg
TIdg _H_olz 4 HJc^lg +6I+. +dg r44.
23. x- t -Zsint, .), = I - 2cosr, 0 < t < 4r
16. (a) E-+i.ol= x:r0- dsin0, y: r - dcos09-] dd
9 zl¤zlE 0E +4rll+. (e.re fl+E{l zs +E) )'

(b) d < roJ 4l -= +=.olE= +zlddg ,*zl g3:g-9 s J

e4.
17. +c x : 3t2 + l, y : t3 - 1q qi6H, ddel tl&tlzl i"l -1
0
a_
,T

q= +d +le.l Eg +6t+.
 574 98 ollT|1E+Ud^lal+5fE

24-2.s +s +dq 4++ zJolE +614. el rEllsE f_q4.

24. x:'jt', y : t' - 2, 0 SfS 3 )c: - cos(llt/Z)

11 cos r

25, x:rsinr, y:tcosf, 0<r<l y: 1l sinr - asin(l1r/2)

$d+ +dg +E}L|]= rl]z]]Hf +rJ6d +6t+.
m26. x=e'cost, !=etsinr, 0<t<ert] *dg f-?-]tr,
=zJ
(ul 4l4}zlq A+qE ol$all.! ol +dE zJol9 *+t#
olE A+r'IAl +61E. g +6i4.
m27. 4d x : sin, + sin 7.5t, y: cos tZ a{a- AfE ot4 T 34-3s +s +dg x4¤ +dss qd^la ql rJzl= 4H
fl4 zl+nlzl aolE 4+6l.41 +6t+. HolE EE6l-= 4Eg ^ll+,1+. :1 trl¤. 4l&zl+ a+qE
0l+6ll^1 4+d ol4
'flnll
zllnlzl +E HolE Cq$r| +
28. trl-.* rz[ Eg trl] d (x, y)ql +oJ Bx]z] &
^l+ +aq1.q
4.r4TIli;::,i: 6I+.

IJI:i: 34. x:fsinr, y:rcosr, 0<t<rrl2

g4ol= gz} 35. x=t*et, y=e-'o 0<r<1
2e-30 ffi ullzllfl+%td^l+ .'-lz-| r(.L)ql^l
9 ?l;ltolEl)E Lt$.dq. +q4l rl4ol4 Eql^'l Erlel +
EE +6i+.
36-37 trl-g +dg xft$ 6C-o-e Eld^l'/J trll ^JzlE *E
HolE C+EI4] +6lEl.
29. x:2t - 3, y :2t2 - 3t + 6; t: 5
!6. x=t3, y--f, 0<t<1
30. x: gt, y: te'; (e,r)
37. x:acos30, y:asin3g, 0s0<nlT

31. B^iillzl azl4E uo m/s-E +¤4 4 "E ol+q d (0, 0)

ql^J B^Ir{H.4. gtzl4ii+9 F,tlt4l
+fl B al$ ra tB. +d x:3f , y:2f ,0 s r < 5= y+g +dgE qdll
zJ ull r$zl= +E HolE +6i4.
,J* 4zHH+rJ4^leE +
^Iillel flil("]q)=
trtg=+
q4r+. 39, a 1t l bql^-l ,f 'ol fl+olt- f '(t) + 0olE, oHzllH++C

x : (aocos a)/, ! : (uosin a)r - trgt'

x: f (t), y: g(t), al t l btl y: F(x)fl BE.tr. +{e
+ 3l+¤ Bq+. [-'Je: f-'tl *z}]E]9 -H-'J4.1
{zlr'l s :9.8 m/s2g iflzf{ro]4.
Bql E"lzlE ++E +EE +61+.
(a) $,rl-ill7l 40-42 d Pql^l +dE $flcurvature)g trl^¤-rHr+ 'ZJ
=E
ol rglrl ddq 4^l.49 +4 E ql ot44 zJol 4984.
(b) B^tillTl Elr +olql ilg trl +EE +6I+.

32. -r.Hql -E-q4l +dg d"J¤ [o}^tr-tro]E(astroid)l x: d+

ds
acos30, y = asin30ol4.'t'3u3'S 9-E EB],tlttJ Sq9-] H
olE +6t4. 4+^l +# EE +E EElg9 ¤*atol+. r
'/Jolql 4]+
v
4S rq1,r1 +dE %]-Je.l H4¤ql ql+ 4EE ^Jr+Et + ?t
u
sq, B+ xi^.li6J d9 tz1tq1^J ++6till Btrt.
_Jr

P
-a ax

+
0 .rr
-a

T 33. (a) trl+ ,J44 o-tr gBq:- 0lliilEHT0lc(epitrochoid) 40. uilr}lfl++d x: x(t), y: y(/)ql 46}| trl-+ +{g +E
 9.3 575
=6lE
6l-+. ql el6ll :qzlb +dg fle.l tJTHd(invorute)o1+ ++.
lxv - xyl flol qlxlE re+ +rJ o= 7I4l+E pE zj+ +lilb (r, 0)
I . .. rr r I

R:
li2 + i2)Y2 ol4. 4zHH# BzI ol4 fHr.l A4E, +lz}]dg 4zllH
{zlrl d9 r.ll $aJ sEf ++.llb AsE i: dx/dt f*d4ol q-q=4 rJ¤¤ trq+.
: =
oltrI. [ElE ] d tan-1(dy/dx)e] EIE ol*al],\ d#ldt x:r(cos0+0sinO)
^l
y:r(sin0-0cos0)
41. flffix-fl 40el +{g 0l+611^1 .r:0 - sin g,
^Jol=EolE v
): I - cos oel + olijsl +qzlql^l +E-g +dlgl. T
42. (a) zldel 4 dql^J +Eg r : goJg Eq+.
(b) Hlzl+ol 1ol gel 4 Hql^l +Eg rc : l/roJ9 u-
P

q+. -L

43. flEglE "++ Zt *4tI SSo|]xlH ++. gE p

=E

e.3 I +atn
4}s4l= 4IE4 +s= +Eq +^J.tI-q-E $E .Je-l + dg ++u+. Ftr-zle
tr ol ale=
^lE +4e + +sE+El +aJ
4_il418= zi4olc}.
^l*s"6it4l,
ol ¤q^J= +Hol Az}]E q+|e"4(potar coordinare sysrem)+ gn-l- alg4lE
¤H6l-EJr a-Jq-. ol afE4lb qEl Eql^l ,ll+ E?J6I+.

r
=ElE4l
J(pole,E= fld)ol+ +EI oE LIEILH- ¤E .Je.l + d¤- dq++. :fBlr P(r,0)

+^l oql^] +tso}= ffi(potar axis)ol+ +E- Hlzld¤: rflq-. ol lgg Fe"L r
e-E+ u;alEs--a +¤gE leltr, zlrslE4lql^l oJ9 *4oll "Jzl^lrJ+
p7l 4H9 .JEel +E dolE, r$ oqlal p7717IE 444 .lr rH lql^Jzl
e

H 0E ++4 4d or ,+(#.'- 44.J9-e +4++)oJ;]- afx|. r+lH d o

x
^IolE t-

PE +^Jajl. (r, 0)E E¤Elr r, 0E psl coordinate)+ ++. +i+zlg 1

=ElE(polar =aJ
fle7l ++sE+q HI^14 ILr-6Js_-E +4El= r+g.Je.l 7+,
^l4l %r-.JqE +C
q.49+E 4sE P- o4r: sol-tr (0,0)=.JelE pql r]]E]] + (r, o)

^l-'S++.
oE +44zle "-J+. 0-f rr
0
o
// ./
+, :aH zel ,Jol 4 ?r,0)4 (r, 0)71 o= zl+= ,Jg zldql +q flr. o_tr+ ,/

El +eol lnl"J+ Eq;q fls+ aJe 09 +ril¤ql +q fl+. r) OolH A ?,

(
(-r, o)

0)b oel +g +q g|-r., r < 00lE ¤ (r, g)* +E +48

^IEH"il + ^l-EEql agJ 2
576 9E| rHTHE+HJE^lrl-=4lE

q ilq. (-r, 0)E Q, 0 * rr)4 q'Jg dg {+tsql ++61-zl

(ql4 4+ +4ls9 dg ¤H
1l) +lql +Et44.
(a) (l ,5rr/4) (b) (2, 3rr) (c) (2, -2rr/3) (d) (-3, 3rr/a)

ECIl "l dEg rH flq. (d)ql^l E t3,3rrl4)= 4 srrlLtl xll2.r|$flql

3ql 9i.z
r: -3ol ¤+olzl $gql 414^l$Hql^l +-9-tr.+El 3++l"J *ql +lil¤L+.
3r
3rr 4
5r
4
/;\ o
o (2,3r) o
o 2r
3
x
(,,?) x
Q,-T) ,
(-3,T) ^ t\
\
(a) (b) (c) (d) I
-ral
JE
2
\JI

-E- 4g +"J6}rll E¤q+ +4].E4lql^J '+ de +"J61-r1l E

zlr.4+E4lql^J
¤g+. qlE EE {l4l l(a)sl d 0,5n14)= (1 , -3rrl4), (1, 13l,r14), (-r, rr14)
-E +: +E 9l+(r4 4 +4).

5rr o L3rr
A
4
4
o o o
3r
4

(,'T) (,,-?) (,,?) (-,,f )

4
=aJ
rtd tlxl4l HJ6Je_E sd6l qd6.J tl+_ z?-qEE, +4lE' (r,0)E -traq-
dg E+'l++ gol E¤Etrt.
(r,0 * Lnrr), (-r,0 + (Zn + 1)zr), (+, n* C*)

r EIEEIE9I EJ4I
=EIEgI
+alge+4l.4ls rl-ol9 +41= :.H s-EBE "J + :I-ql, {zl^l +g gdql
{$Ell +++ *9 ,44 "Jil.JtI. 4 pzl zlr.4}E-e (x, y)ol-r. +a}E=tr.
(r, 0)olB :H sE+q q+¤- g.+.
v
P(r,0) = P(x,yl cos0 -+, sin0:*
f trl+^l +alE (r, 0)E "Jr gl+E 4E.4+E (x, y)E +6171 +16ll ol B4+19 ol
y
+6I^J q+g E=+.
o v x

-ral
JEJ
tr
tr x: rcos0, !: rsin0
 9.3 +4tE 577

zlj/alE "Jr gI " E +rlg= E7l +16l] ^l trql^J +Egrl+

(x, y)E ++61
:zH s"llrJ .J + fl= ++ ,J4^lg
^l+dr}.

E 12:x2*y', tano:I
x

^l
tr4 Ezl r > 0oll. 0 < 0 < nlzil A+E Bq+- rB +EqH,
soll^J
zl"J ol ,e+ oe] EE #ql 'llall Cfl+trt(++ Be] sin 04 cos oel "JHlzJ
^.lEg
"J 4e-lE -H-+).

( qq 2 |} +El+7l (2, rrltyol dg 4r.3lEE Hl-++.

Eill ':2ol:il- 0: nl3olee ^l trql q-+ El+g EE+

x: rcoso : 2cos - r.
+ I: ,

y : rsino : Zsin[:2. ,n
f:
-=elp+ ol dE zlit5lE=(r,V5)ol+. rl

( q4ll 3 D zlj/als7l 0, -1)ql ag +4-EE ++4+

EOI ,E .J++ 6lE 2 E+q ++g E=+.

^l
r: nla2-Tj : I + (-l)2 E
tan0:I: -1 )c

d (1, -l)g 414^IEEqJ ?l-oeil 0: -rrl4 EE O :7r/48 qts + gt+. n++^J

7J&" oJ R+ (/t, -rr/+)o14'+ (rli,7n/gole. r
NorE x* yzl +"ldg olq+, $+6|H 6
"ll ^l Etl a= +"J6lrll EC6l-= ag
7l +7J 0 < p < 2zrgl^l 6zl$ ull 44fl tan pel ,Jg + H gdo}zl rll$olu}. :_
4 =e. 4j/6lE= +4IE_E HJ¤ trll, 4l EI= "J+61-. r4 otrJ +f,+= Ag HL%Izl
6}zl t6I+. q14l 3ql^J^lH d Q, 0)tl cqql ql"il +q iIE+ 0E- dq"l]
^LEE
oF qL+.

I+,U
r :
f (0) E= -H.+ gHI4.o -P F(r, 0) : OoJ :r1u1*raph of a polor
=g¤^le.l
equation)- +HJ{^lg EI+o].= +41+ EE (r, 6)E 4"lE 6I+ ,*= d p d
ol+q4l+.
^llE
578 98 nt|T|lE+HJ8^lrl-+4|.E

r= I ( qfl 4 l) +HJC 4 ,:2zt +41l]. +d+ +9.oJzI?

1
r:4
r:2 Eil +t*r:2oJ 4 ?,0) dTllE ol+q4 fl+ rol ol d=E+El 4nlzlq 4rl
r=l +d r:22 fdol o, HlzlEol 2oJ flg'+r].U+ g+4e-f, "JC
x
=-E^l6l-s.8,
4 r: aY t4 o4 qlzlE lo l"J Eg +4'd+rH 6 +a). r

lqril 5D ++do:19rel+
Efl +te +4 r+qqle d (r, a) dillE ol+o141+. olae oE 44a ++
071
feJ
11 l+q.Js; 49 ol.F= zldolrHzfl 7 +4).zld +lel d (r, l)*r > 09 trli zll
6

(3, l) 1^l-EHql flz, HlH"ll r < 0.J trll xll3^fEEql flq. r

(2, 1)
0:l ilq[il 6l)
(1, l)
(a) *u}C^lol ,: 2 cos 0oJ +dg rq4.
o Y
(b) ol +dql 4+ zll%14^l¤. +6i+.
(- I, l)
Eq
(1, t) (a):rH 8ql^J al$alzl S4EL H z]]9 0#ql 4qL r9 #g +61J., olql 4g"6lt
-ral
JE'
7 E (r, 0)E 4lE¤E.il +Elu+. r4I olfl dE¤ ¤E6l]^J +d¤. rBlE flol B
+. 04 rz- rtolE 0at"Jg "l+*,=ql "' old. +71-61+ 0E q6lE +'/Je d¤. tszl
rllEol4.

0 r:2cos0 (Ji,o^)
/) (,,1) (,6' a)
0
r/6 /;
!3 ,//
n/4 $ (2,0)
rT/ J 1

T/2 0 (0,;)
hl3 -l
3rl4 6 \ ---
5n/b
/;
\/3 (-,6,?)
7r -7,
?,,7 (-Jr,+)
f.H I r = 2 cos 0el +tr91 1afls

0) +q4l %F44g zljl.*c4l o .E. H¤t6l7l +16l] 4l tr4 E= ols" d4. x: r cos 6

E+El cos 0 -yfvolPE o}44l r:2 cos 0E r--ZxlrTI qr q-+g E=+.

2x : 12 : xz * y', + )cz + y2 - 2x : o

$dxll*$ ol$oll.tJ ++g E=+.

(r-1)'*Y':t

"l %r-d^-le. +4ol (1,0)olr, HlxlEol 1oJ flq %r-44lol+. r

 9.3 579
=atE
_v
ral ets qlll
flel ,JE^.lol
60ll^l
P
r = 2 cos oal.= AE z la[-{{o e ¤E-d
Ll. 7+ oPQ= al4oll(r olEE?) qal
),) rl2: cos 00ltl.
o o .t-

f.al g

(qq 7D +d r: I * singEraj+.
Eq q14l 6q^le+ rJol E# ¤Hql 7]"J6IE 'Hdql flzJ ,r.1-o.1+Cg +lE t*+l r
B4olEalq rts 10E zl-il.4-sql^l r:1* sin 0el :24_a= rflq. olEl^l +7161 2

o{tql 4s" 6l'ts- rE #g +HJ 'J + ?t+ q= 0zI 0ql^l rrlzl +7I6J trll, (o (
= =E
E+qE ,14) ,E lql^l ztr_+7l6lv-E(rB 104 1lql^l ql+61+ A+^4 +.9-s
.ts.q) rH 11(a)oll.tJ4H ++dsl 4+61+ +E+ rfl+. Ttl nlz4l4 ntr #zl 0
, TT 3r 2rr 0
= 2

Eoll, rE2gl^J l_tr rJ46l+ agrH 10ql^J E+ tl4._24^J rB 1lft)ql^ls+

feJ 10 4lE4lE0llA1 r: I * sin0,
,Jol ol +d9 ++ +Eg ril+. ?tl rr4lt1 3rrlLtr- +71-6J 41, .E rH 1l(c)oll,!
0<0<2n
E=ol lql^l 0o-tr +A'Jtrt.Eqs 0zl Tn/Zoll,<-l 2rrE *zl6J 41, rb fH n(d)
ql^l EFol 00llrl le +71+4. szl Zrr= x14 *tlBi4'+ 0g zl+ ,JA6IE ++
q a_q$ lEol ++. rH I l(a)*(d)-tr+El +dfl ++$$ el4l s"t +sE, :ag
I l(e)oll.! +dBJ +dol rrj4l+.
"l +dg flffi(cardioid)ol+ "li.ql, :a ol+=
ol +dE E"Jol d+7lH uliE"l4.
^Jdzl

0
n
2
e=t
T
2

o 1-l 0:0 0:r O 0: rr 0:2,rr

e: 3tr
2
0- 3n
z
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

f.eJ 11 CEE r:t*sin0EraltsE4l

Efll qlal 7ql^Jz-lfl trzl rH

l2sl zlr.4ls.ql r:cos 20,0 < 0 < ZrrE rfl+.0
zI OollrJ rrl4Tlzl6zl-ts trll, ,g lql^J 0o-= ,J}61+ 4* t4 l2qli-l E + il+
r4^l rB 13E +d + olql ql+6}= ++g rfl+(o_E E^lg ++). 0zl qrla4l
tl nlzE 6zl-El 41, .* 0ql^J -1-=_ +4+r|. ola+
ol +d(¤)tr_ E^lE ++)E +
E3 o-=.+qE 4r.lz| 0ollal l-tr. +7161+ xflr.r.].$soll :lxl *a
4llrl-EEql^J +
E HI.I+ql +"Jg ++,J'1. +del 44zl FE_r 4 ? Eol
ol :z4xl= +^iE +
580 98 r|lTt]E+"JE^lal +rlE

r 0:t
0
3r ,\
r+ \ o:X
o @ @ 6)
(7) @
,"
@ ,r/ @

0: rr
7r 3r T 2r0 0:0
4 2 4 4
@ @
@ @ @ @ A
@ \g/

fal 12 Eli.4ltrollAj r:cos20 reJ 13 4E 8El , = cos 2o

+4= HEql 44 #rl_.J HIH s_E relTl+. Er+E Ee +de 4alel -r.
4- *lt ?lErll, ol +dg 4S $u!(four-leaved rose)?+ ++. I

I E]lE

++dg rEl. ql zl# rHAg ol+_o.1-= 4"1 s+-ol g+. "14 ^Jl
TIzl +zl+
_r.H l4_tr ¤EE+.
(a) 0E -etr- +olE +%r"4alol Eatr] gisH, +dg ++ql 4611 44o14.
(b) rE -r-E E= 0- 0 * rrB +olE +ILr-{4lol {a}xl t+s$, +d+ +q ql
6]l ql4ol+. ("149 +dol 94.il +611 180" rEld6J trll H6Izl ?+= ag E
trl+trI.)
(c) 0E rr - 0E +olE +rlc^loJ $alzl t+gH, +dc +4d 0: rrl24l 4
ql ql4"l+.

(r, rr - 0) (r, ol
(r, ol

(r, o)
rr-0

o o
(- r, o)

(r, - o)

(a) (b) (c)

f.al 14

{lxll 6v} 8ql^J rel+l +dg cos(-0) _ cos goll'E ++ql 46ll ql4"l4.
q]41 74 8q il- +dP sin(zr' - 0): sin 0oJtr cos[2(rr - 0)] :cos 2BoJ-c-E
0: q4ol+. 4E er"l* e.* ++ql 46}1 44o14. olfl qledg
rrlz4l'1161
+dg fF-l- ql ^F,*E + gl+. qlE EE qlxll 6ql^J txl 0 < 0 < z-l2oll 4¤L
d=E 4IEE +E| ++ ++.il 46}] qarlzlH +d+ flg eb+
 9.3 +rl-E 581

f =rgr4
5.+-E tEl,U f.e!71
++d ++dg 4d +sE rg f ?tzltl, :z1l ls, 16r} rJol ,11* ++L+ +d
q zlflol-H r4q Ali$z)+ 4+E1= qi+.
^l-S61]oF

-1 -2 2

-l -2
f.eJ 15 r: sin3(2.50) + cos3(2.5e)
=aJ
16 r: sin2(zo/z) + cosz(zo/3)

(lo{l4l I D +d r: sin(80 ls)4 r4sE rEJ+.

Egl Hzl 0q qloJ {flqg E46]]oF 6Jq "+dol HI+6ll^J 44421 alztp oflzl
,l gsql sld+= E"loJzl-?"+= ¤Eg H4.H ,l, olql 4+ B-ol nolH +q=4 a+.

. 8(0
Sin ______
+ znn)
Sin
8e
_+ 76nn
: sln
80 -l
5 55 5
-:
HHolqof op., ola* n:5"J
"t+^J t6nn/5Yn44# ++'J+.rq
trll 7l*.s-_tr

F-tr o < o <tozrolH Sd+ +d¤ rg + gl+. -l

t B 173 E4s +4+E rflol+. ol +dql= l6{el rr.lzl-gl+. r :1=J t7 r= sin(80/5)

il qH 10 l) ++d4 ,: I + c sin 0E a^I6f+. +dE E"Jg- q

czl- H'Joll tr++
Brll Hfl+tl? l"l +dg eln[g(timaEon)o]al- Bl-ErlJ, olag s4;xol-tr_ ES"l4;-
EolE, .9 "1tr #q ql6ll H6I= +de.l EoJol trIil Esol ,Jtrl.l

Eil zB 18+ 4"J* '9 {t"ll rr}+ A+ele.uil rzllso14.

A+ (0 s 0 <znql
ql ql6J dzll rHol+.) c) toJ 4+, czlzJAgrql qqrElstr azl\ rJA6Ir. gl
4. c:lolE, r.4= S."lxll +dg {xll T9 d+Eol ¤+. L., < 1oIE, C+
¤e] eB +E+ s"JEl+7I *+6l]414.czl lql^J 0o-tr ,J46J rll, 4"I*e. 4l*
Es +dol HtrI. ol al* E.J +cg c - 0"J Ell El+ gql zptli)\rJ7l s:09 trll
Hl-++ r:toJ gol E+
:zH 189 4olxl +Eg czl $fil-E.ll r+E E"Jol gf,s__e H6I= 49 Bq + E+Efil zsoll^l reJ lsql ralls=tr+
ol c7l-"J+"J trl 4+E1= +^J4 7}e+ql qlql qlag ol+r gl+ E1 g + fl= aE o}l44o+ 6E-eltl.
^H +dEg
tr}.

4"1+=3 q^d+E E+ql q+t+. 561 zl+oil^] Hl-+E 3rl¤el +llE+ rH

18.11^J I' I > 1"J A+"il^J4H r?-l= z*E 4"1-4"e_tr EEE+fl+.

^|&fl+ ++dg sE*+.

E 1ql H zlxl zJ.+
582 9A o|.lT1|E+$tr^l+
=alE

t: : l,J c: I c=0.7 c:0.5 c:0.2

c :2.5 ( ) )
( ) ( )

(_ (, (
) ) )
\_ )
c:0 L- o.2 c:-0,5 c : -0.8 c: -l

fal 18 r: 1 * c sin 09 alEl++e-l +E

E 1 rl+ +=c
^l-E6l=
flrt LtcE

r:a r:rI sin 0 r:a cos9 r:a0

6'l
E fl E
ol Lld

alElt
r:aJbsin0
r:atbcos0
(a) 0,& > 0)
6lzlHlat-Q- AFTF6LA
El'Ll-o'iJE rJ'- -Ir-T
(^roJ Eb a l-"J)el- a1b a:b alb a >2b
bE +s.ql qE+. ,ll+ rETi ?l= c+B Ha;ll$ zlfl rl=

4"tt 4"t*
=f

4"1*
8El
r: a sin n0
r: a cos n0
4ol ¤folfl ,E
noi alfolfl 2nE
r:a cos 20 r: a cos 30 r:a cos 40 r:acos50
4E +r"l 3E etul 8E xlrl sE z;"l

HLl4fll0lE

f:a2sin29 f: azcos 20
Hq,A4lolE fl r-l4fllols
 9.3 583
=4lE

e.3 | t+=ril

t" cl* +4lsE dE¤ -s.rlo}4. rqr ol d4 9,.16l-= 15. r

4E + +als.E r ) OoJ 4+e.I r < 0t-l 4+E +Yl^l 2

+61+.
(a) (1, rr/4) (b) (-2, 3n/2) (c) (3, -n/3)
t)
z. rI.* +4|EE rqll "l del zl-il.4}E 2rr 0
dEg -srla}4. TT

-e +61+. 16. r
(a) (2,3rr/?) Ol (fr.,rr/q) (c) (-1,-rr/6)

3. 4-il4IEtl @) ?4,4), G) (3,3t5)e dol gl4.

0
(i) r > 0, 0 < 0 { 2rr "J uI +4}*. (r, 0)E +6}4. 2rr 0
(ii) r < 0, 0 < 0 12rr g trll +5IE. (r, 0)E +6-I+. -l

4-6 +3+Ez[ rlg- 4dg E]+E-]b EEs ol+qd gE¤.

{]Hql rq4.
4. 1<r<3
17-2s fl4 zl.n.slE.ql^-l 0E EI-+E^J r9 :z4sE rqr
5. 0<r1l, -nlL < A < rrl2 +%'-44g +dg rq4.
6,2<r14, 3rrl4 < e < 7rl4 17. r: -2 sin0 18. r: 2(l * cos0)

19. r:0, 0) O 2O. r: 3 cos 30

7. A*l&tl (+, +nlt)e| (6, s1fi-ls){ d ^}olE 44E- +6}
+ 21. r:2cos40 22, r:1 + 3cos0
8-r0 r+¤. +dq q+ zlrlL'-4^lg +"H^l +d¤. q"J6l-+. 23. rz:9sin20 24. r:2+ sin30

8. I :5 9. r:5 cos 0
25. r: sin (0/2)

10. r2cos 20 : I
26. 4d x: Ztl ++d r: 4+2 sec 0 lulAld(conchoid)oJ

q+ zlj/%Fcrl" p +4u +dq +%I44¤- +6I+. + +zld=d"Jg,ryI_, : 2"Jg Hq^l BI:d+.

aJtrHel
1r-13
ol ol+ql^J +^Idg fel+.
^I¤g
11. x2*y2:'7 12. y: ,Fx
27. 4ildx: 1ol 4d r: sin 0 tan 0 [Elg=qlAgl E#(cissoid
13. x2 t y' :4y of Diocles)ol+ El+lE +zld=d.Jg trq+. E +d
e +4 El 0 < x < 1ql Sd6l +q flgg Bq+. ol ^I
14. q+n| rJol ¤Hs 4 +dq 4ql +%I4^l EE zljuHJ dg ol¤-o1l^l ¤+dg rBj+.
4^l + olr- 4oe +4'11= 4ol rl f+xl e46l.r,
+dE B44¤. j!+.
28. (a) qlxil loql^J r4sEg Ir I > 1"J trll 4"I* r : I *
(a) fld9 xlqa "J9 r44 nl64 49 olTL 4d
c sin 071 Lll+ rflE
71{4= ag Eq +r Xl+.
olAol +gg +EB}I, ol LII+ r;lql 49"61-E 09
(b) d (3, 3)¤- zl+E +4 4d
{tg +6}+.
ts-16 r14. :2fle. zl_il.alEotl^l oel EI+E^I ,9 :24=E 0) rH lsql^J c : ioJ rll 4"tt9 $-aj *ol ^FzI4l
++dtrI. olAg olgall,rJ 4s" flt ++dg rE{. 4. "ld¤ 6B'l+.
584 98 oHTllE+'JE4l7l=5lE

29. ab+O"J trl +%I¤{ r: a sin0*&cos0= flg +EI ffiff. r:1 + sin(0 - rn16)+ r: | * sin(0 - Tl3)q :74E
LJg Bolr, r +d4 *xlE¤ +61-+. E r: I * sin osl -r4se+ qBrll +flElrYtl? oJ+4
o-E r:f(0 - a)el r{gE r:"f(6)el fqge+ qB
30-32 ++dg :1el+. .$d6J +dol ql$qzl= 'llzflH#9
+rJg q4+. zll *EHEzl?
30. r: 1 + 2sin(0/2) (+lel¤ +C) :
m 34. +%'-4^l r | * c cos 0 (cb d+)tr dq$ ++d+g
4^16l-+. cz| {a}S +dE E-oJ+ q$4l H6}=z}?
31. r: "sine
- Tcos(40) (LtHl+d)

32. r: 1 + cosry0 (PacMan4C)

e.4 l+ElEoll^1 trlE4E+

ol ¤ql^JE .J*1, c.rJole+ dd

"lE4SEq %r-H¤- 4+6lq ++dr+ +Eg
g +6J+.

r kilol
BqE fl{r;|+oJ¤{se itzl a- a ¤EE Holgl 4,* ^lg ,]]tsB oll, :zH
r
t4 rJg +iflge] Hol"ll q+ r++ +{g ol+g ¤sz} 9l+.
1 A : lrzo

-ral {I .g HlxlE, 0- ++l7I +q.J.J +d4ol4. +4 m +il]gel H"lb 6

oltrll

c4ql Hlql*+- ^t¤E+El 8"141+. + A : (0/2n)Tr2 : lr,oo1q17.3E ¤

Jt3

+E4l 2t +4).
a42e+ Bol Et$++d r-f(0)e+ E}zld 0:a,0:bE_ +419 Bqol+
r: f(o) 6}zt. q7l^l /- .Jsl E+,*+"lr 0 < b - a < 211614. *tJ la, bl= Edol 00,
0: b 0p 02,...,0,01l. r-lulz[ A0-E rJg ++ ++s-E 4hx|.re]E H]z1d 0:0,

0:A - 9t= 6d4ol A0 : 0, - 0,_,oJ nz]le1 zI* ¤EgE +k+. 0,tE ,Hxll .Y E
o
a
A7Jl1i_t, p,loil^J q6IE, ,Hall gqe] Hol AA,. +dr+ol Agolr qlxlEol
aeJ 2
f(?r).J +4Eq HolE f.rf^la + fl4<:-H 3 +6).
trt4^l +^l EIE+EI q+g e-+.

LA, : ltl(er)1, ae
stel dill 5ol Aoil tr]]+ -*{tg q-q-r+ rJ+.

2
a,-2Llf,rf
i:
.i1'ns
I
 94 D|E4E-+ 585
=5lE01t^1

al trql.rJel n--+ moJ ql q+ dq614trl- -rH 3.o ++q .J + /(d,l) 0:0,

^ldg-
gltri. 4 Eel
=41#g
E-Jg B+ s@) : ltr(e)l,ql 4-J 4"J RoloE ++g e=4. 0:0 - i I

0:b
Hm )
n** i:l
fl

ilr(err Ao : [!, *urun'n, L0

0:a
rqF-E + BE EtE Hol aql q16J +^lg trI+4 a+(¤^ilE +H6J + 9l
o
-ral 2
+). JE !'

E o : Iu Llf@], ae
r: f (o)olge +^l trg z|+ ++4 ,Jol 4q4lr+.

4 o:lolrrAe

4l trr+ E rl-olel +^l-dql +E-61-xI.

4l trol+ E= zl+61-= ql flq^J , oE zlq4 4 ,ollc 1 bE ELI
^l4r-sll^-l

=
+zldEql e.l6l] {zl* BqgE HolE ^J4}6}= 4ol E4"l-+.

(| qql I l) +E x}ol , : cos 20el a-j r4e Eqr4?l olE +6}4

H

EOI +t r: cos 20+ rH,+. :zH 4-ES4 g=+ r4E E4

e.34E ql4l 8ql^-1
r:
r^I"J 899 B
--rl44l^J 0 -rrl4E sld6l.= Hlzldql gall i8zlb s9"l4.z*l cos 20 7f
0
4

F + Ee+=l q+g tsb+

^l
A: l"/o lr'do : + l"'o cos'zo do
J-r/+" " J-zr/

s9ol a+ 0 : Oql ql6l] qleol=E'++4 rJ"l ¤. + il+ e: -[

A: z -+l:'^ coszzo do f=J a

: I:''l(r * cos4o)do fcos?u: l(t * cos 2a)olr-ql

: }[, + | sin 401.'^ : + tr

r': 3 sin 0

E +6t4.

EU d+e(e.3¤e] qlzil 7 +a)4 fl*:zg sql^J rBldl +6IEJ= sg3 _zH e:I
ql^J 4efl Ytsol+. 4l Eql^J o4 bg rte + +dq fa.g +ELesAl a4g+
e:4 o

+ +dg 3 sin 0: 1 * sin 0oJ trll, + sin 0 : l"lI. qEl^J 0: rrf6,5nl64 *|] "J\t o r:l*sind
+. +6l-El= H"lL A: .,7/6gJrl 0:51116 AE rlJ+el H"lq^J 0 : rr164
^IolE 5
=eJ
s86 98 nHTHE+HJE^lzl=4ls

0: 51116 ^tolel /dtr'Eel 4+E HolE H[ll^l +flq. q+^J +6I= 'J"lb 4¤.
4 A+.
A : L !'r!' t sin o)2 do - + I';: (1 + sin ilZ de
B9"l ^.lle+ 0:nlz4l ql6ll 44"1=e +*4 Aol +B + ?l+

A:zlrt:;esin20 de - LJ:;(1 + 2sino *,in'e)ae]

: f; (B sin2o - I - z sino) do
: (3 - de : ](t - cos 2g)ols +l
I:; - 4 cos 20 2 sin 0) [sin26

: 30 - 2 sin 20 + 2 cos Uli,i: ,

r:fgl qlzll 2* F zllg 44do-e EEUilql ¤qe-l HolE +61-= r+49 ¤EqL A
ol+. "JHI49E :zB 6ollrJ4 rJol f$) > s(0) >- 0olr 0<b- s12rrg 41,
0:h r: g(o)
gtg +HJdalol r:f(0), r - s(0), 0: a,0: boJ *dE-e EqrAl-ql ¤9o14
0:a
6IxI. stel Hol A= r -f(ilE'l]+ Holql^J r - s(0)E 4+ Holfi mll.tJ +6J
o rl. El-+^l +4 Eg ol+61-E q-qt=J} +EL
f.a 6
o : Io {rrill'de - Ilirnon'ru
: I:(t/(e)l' - ts(o)1'z) ae
+

@ +el +4lEql^] BJ deqel zfxlE EBq7l trllE"ll + ++dq j/dg

#
E+ +,*+.i ae "lflr+ ql= EH gr+ ctl¤ol ^ll dql^l -il"z]-6}. 43:zH
5E+q EE6l-+ f+l+ {xll 2oll,tl ,J{^l r : 3 sin 04 r: | * sin AE Er +
rE (37,rr/6)4(],sn1o)"J +rH+. fldE q^l .n.Eol+, olE +d=el 'JC^l
g Eq^l eg. + Hri. el,+|H + r}{{g qI+61-= gde +4Eoll^J 4oJ:"I
211 eB47l trllEol+ fldg (0, 0) E= (0, rr)E +ElB 4E r:3 sin
g=
"J+
6l-Tr._+. g +lq fl+. E+ flEg (0, 3rrlT)tr- +4,J {lE
- 1 + sin 0E HI+61-
g C+B +].il gltrt. o}]zllE*ft BzI 09lrJ 2rrllzl +7IB' tr]] +dg ,tl+ +4
ol- + Eg ^d46ll B^I. qI +dql^l- 0 : 04 0 : rrq "11 gdql olEzl* 4
+dqlal= e -3T/24 ol g4ql ol++. 4Eol ^lE +e ^l4ql fldql Eg
=
6l-71 trllE"il gdql^J +5-=6}zl ?+=+ r$xlu3 +d=g fldql^J rzl-,tlrHe.lE

¤+E{l zB, ze +4).

trl-+^l + ++dsl j/dg E+ +6I4E els^l + +del r4EE rq H+"F
++. olfl 4FEe r44 4l4}zl+ d+qE ols-o6fE "ll+ EEI6-I+.
 9.4 ElEqEqr 587
=rlEoll4

(q4l 3 l) +d r_ cos Zosl r: lel f,Eg E+ +6I+ 7\

(j t)
r=i.
1

Eil rJ44 ,:cos20ef r:L+ flHall^l EH cos 20:l"loe 20:rrf3,5rrf3, (i,;)

7rrl3, ttnl3olrJ. q+^l + %14{g "J+6lb 1tl 2n 9i= psl AI+
^I"lql
0: rrf6, 5n16, in16, 1trl6olr4. oltrll Lll rE+ H=+ 4 (+,n/6), (l,sr1e),
(|, t n 1 e), (|, rw 1 a).1 +.
r:cos70
:zel+:"H zoll.rls+ rJol ql rllel 4E -nd (i,n/t),(1,znlt),(1,+n1t),(1,sn/t)
ol +zlls4. ol dE+ qlAg 0l+o}4r-l ol flql ql+ +E EJ{^] ,: -i+ + +
il+ql +EE]]^j + %r-C4l r: cos 20elr: -rlg Eol^J +B + 9l+. r -tel'7
JEI

I E,OI 'JOI
g.3Eql^l zljil3+E' (*, y)9+ +41-s. (r, 0)9 +41= Itr-441 x: r cos 0, y: r sin 0
E +q4¤ -u-:I+. 0E ,llzl]Hf.E -H.-]1, ++C r - f (0)E'llzllHf%}4^lg +
g-4 zJol ,+eid+.

x: rcos0 :f(0)cos0, y: rsin0:/(0)sin0 +=Nol uH:HE+Str+l

+Ed r-f(0), a<0 sbsl ,JolE +61-71 +lEll trql^J 6ql +6}]
^l ^144q
H{g ol+o}q) ++g E=+
"l+6IH(Efl
dx dr dv dr
de d0 d0 d0
trl-+^l cos2 0 * sin2 0: 19 ol+6tg tri¤¤ g-+

(*)'. (#)' :(#)'"o"0 -zrff'or0sin 0 * rzsin2,

/
*\;rl 4L\' sin2o * zr4 ,ir o cos o * r2cos2o
d.oo"'uvvuu,

_(a,),*,,
- \ae,r
/,ol E+ol4 zI46FE, e.244 4".1 trE ol+all^] sE AolE q+q zJ"l #
+ el+.

,: f (#)' . (#)' "

zalpe. +%Ic^lol, - f(0), a < 0 < aql +dE rJol. rl+4 +q.

E ,:
l'b

),
u. (#)' ou
588 98 utlT]lE+HJtr^.|+ +rlE

(qI|| dflfi r:r *sina9 zJ"lE+EI+.

4|}

Eq c+Ee rH 8+ eq-(e.3¤E {lx{ zoll,rJ rH+). +dE d;{ zJolE o]]zIH

+ +rJ 0 < 0 < 2rroll^J +qd+. "l+^l +^l EsE+q 'I¤¤ g=4.

.:Jo
fZqr
r. (#)' o,: ff" 1 * sin 0)'+ cos20 d0
:IaJ8 r:1*sin6

ff" + 2sin0 d0
"l zl$e i{4+.J+ql - 2 sin0 = *ia-lr +H^l +6l.zl+ fB agE+llq=
ol+6tE +g + 9lq. eE4ss d+89 zJol= r: 8014.

rEd
++d r - f @)ql ql.J dcg +6171 9.1afl 0E o}]z]ltsf.E 446Ir ^l
EE ol+
6I +dsl ,HzllHfH}4^lg +¤.4 rJol *4.

x: r cos0 :f(O)cos0, y: r sin0:/(0)sin0

ullzll{ffiC9 zl$7l$ +61-= H}H(e.2¤E tr)4 Eel 849 ol*al-H +
^l
+g EE+.
dy 4 rin o t rcos0
7
dy d0 de
dx dx dr
-.
de . cosO-rsin0
d0

dxlde + OoJ ui dyld| - OoJ d# T*e,ea] +¤dCE +lilE "J + ll4. "f
4lzlxlE dyldo +09 v4 dx/de
-OoJ 4# *Bsea] +zlddE +lxlE "J
+ el+.
+ql^lel ddg *gBlH r:0olr Elg +g=4 zJol zJt6ll4l+
^l

#:"no (*,## o)

qlE EE 9.3¤el qlxll Sollrl 0: rrl4 EE 3rrl4"J Ell r- cos 20:09 gH-
rll, olb 4d 0 - rl44 0 : 3rrl4(E= y -.xs]. ! : -x)71- gdollrJ, : cos 20oll

4+ ddoJ9 9"1+rI.
( o{t4t s l)

(a) {lxll 4E ct}E r:r * sin0ql qlEl 0:n/3oJ trl]s-l Ed9 zl¤zlE+61-+.
(b) dd"l f¤ s= #zl"l q= ca}¤ +lel dE-g +614.
EOI ,: 1 + sin 0oJ oll,
^l Eig
ol*6IH ++g g=+.
 9.4 0tE4E-+ 589
=rl-E'oil^1

dr
sin0 * rcos0
dy * _ cos0sin0 * (1 * sin0)cos0
dx dr cos0cos0 - (1 + sin0)sinO
d0
cos0 - rsin0
cos0(l + zsin0) cos0(l+2sin0)
1-zsin2o- sin0 (l +sinoxl -2sin0)
(a) o : rlsoJ dql^J ddE zl¤zlb ++4 +Ll
dy _ + zsin(z'l:)]
cos(z-l3)[t (t+6)
dx 0:n/3 [1 + sin(rrl3)][l - 2sin(rr/3)) (t+^fttzXr-f)
_ r+rB _ t+,fr __
(z + Ji)(r - ,[) -1 - ,/1 -
(b) Hx] +¤¤ q"J6}zt
o:;,rt ;,3n ;,?'J
ir lln q dv
h: coso (t + 2 sin0) :6ol-tr,
o:- 3fi T 5rr
g .ll :(t + sinoxl - 2 sing) : ool+.
2',6', 6 #
rqFE d (2, rr/z), (l,tn1o),(*,fi?./6)ql^l f*ddol 7,41a|_::", d (1, n/6),
(3r,sn1a)41^J +4Edol 34]*4. 0 - 3fi12J- r\ dyldl* dxldlzl .E.f 0olu+ n

f,'I. olxll _=.ulB. ¤4= ol+6IE

9"1loF
'l-gg E=4.
lim or:( Hm l+2sing\/,. coso \ Q,t)
e-7lijzt-dx \a-1r2./z)- I - 2sinp/\r-11#r,- I * r{r,0/ (, * #';)
m: -7
1 cos 0 -sin 0
lim lim
3e- (3r/2) -lfsin0 3g- (3r/2)- cos 0
(1,'u)
EEL ql4^dql E6]] ++3 e=+. (o,T)

lim idv : _oo

e+Gr/2)+ dX (i,+) (|,+)
rflF_tr- +ql^l fzlddol ¤xflet4(rfl e +4) I rEg r=l*singCIl tH-dtrd

NorE Elg 7lq6l-= 4dq ola¤. +E6I= rll ol*slE "JHg E + gl+.
^l ^l-so
q-e EE qlzll 5ql^J +g=4 zJol # + 9l+

x: rcosg: (1 + sin0)cosd: cos 0 + rsin20

y: rsin0: (1 + sin0)sing: sin0 t sin20
r=lH +g 49 eg + flsq, ola+ *ql^J ts. Filol+.
^14
dy dy/d0 cos6*2sin0cosg cos0*sin20
dx dx/d0 -sin g * cos 20 -sin 0 t cos 29
 590 98 o|1Tl]E+U8^lrf
=6lE

s.4 | g+Exil
1,2 trl+. +"14I .YEoll^l +deE EqAltl Bge] HolE ls. zlul-f, r:+ * cos0e-l 4+ rqq E+e+ rEel ql
=
+6I+ +ql +fl ¤qE HolE +6[4.
1.r:r@, 0<0<rrl2 le-21 trl-s +dq nEg E.+ +614.
2. r:sin0*cos6, 0<0<rr 19. r: sin0, r: - sinOL

2O.r:2sin20, r : I
3-4 trl+- ++E HolE +?'1=1.
^IaEI 21. r2 :2cos20, r: L

3. 4,

22-23 trl-g ¤qe-l HolE +6t+

^4e+
22. r :3 -l2 cos A

r:4*3sin0 r:sin20
rz : sin 20

+dg 14tr, f *do-e EEr t"J HolE +6I+.

5-6 trl*-

5, r:4cos0 6. r:3 - 2sin0

ffiz-a 4+ +dg:14tr, r *;JgE Eel/iltl HolE +6i+.

7. r:2 * sin40 8. r: I + cos2(50) 23. r=1*cosd
I
e-l1 ++ +del f, l4e" EE,t{ttl ++q Hol= +6}z}.
9. r :4 cos 30 10. r : sin 40

11.r:1+2sin0 (1il+.I.4)
r=3cos0
12-14 A H4l +dE ,ll+el + Hall +dE el+ql +'J ¤
eq HolE +6I+.
12.r:4sinO, r:2 EEI 24. del$ r: | * sin0e} +d a4 r:20, -nlL < 0 <
13. r2: 8 cos 20, r:2 nlzq nEg 4+6.1 +g- + S.trt. :14sE: ol+?5l]^J +
14,r:3cosO, r:l*cos0 +dol rit6l+ *ql^j eel +}}#g +Bl+. :zrll ol
#9 ol*oll^l + +d9 4+ql +q fl= ++E HolE
Is-17+ +dE .ll+ql +fl BqE Hol= +6i+. +4"I+.
15,r:3sin0, r:3cosO 25-?:6 trl+-++dE 446J zJolE +6if+.

16. r: sin20, r: cos20 25. r:2cos6, O<0<n

17.r2:2sin20, r:l 26. r:02, 0<0<2rr
 9.s Bg+d 591

27. +del irl+^4 +Eq 4E+ ,JolE +61+.

34. r: cos20, 0 : n/4
r:3+3sind
35-36 q+- +dol +Bdrd EE +zlddg r*E +d +lE
dg +6I+.
35. r: sin 0 36. r: I * cos 0

37. P-=-4d ,:
f (0) +lel (94¤ zllgoJi "JslE dol4 ai
E828. 4d r: $q'J zJolE +614. :ull:n-5- o1
cos4(0/4)sl zl.
fE pql^jel dd+ E4 op z_lol4 B trI +
^Iolel
+6H^J ,l]zllHf ++e tr4E.t4.
¤¤ Eq+.
2e. +^lE s|+^4 +EE zJolE +Blb 4Eg 4l4I :
tan rlr ',
6lzl* ?+=trt.
^ll+14. ' dr/d0

r: cos(0151 [-d=: o]4 :Hql^l '/ : + - o.Jql +E-6iz].1

r: f (0)
,b

+
o
T 30-31 4ltzlLl d+El= ol$oll.rJ trl-+ +dE aolE A+E
o}4 ,Jlnll zlflitlzl 4+tit41 41416|+. gso.tfl *C¤ 38. (a) 9.2pel +^l ffi ol-$rll,tJ ++d r:f(0), a < 0 < b
=H qd^lrJ trll .Jolzi
ollzflHf ++g ECa-I+. E ++9 +!d_o_e ^JzlE 4E
q'*r+,J+g trq?+.
30. +d r: cos 2091 + -r-4
31. r: sin(6 sin 0) s:r 2rr sin A ,' * (
\d0
!:\'r,
/
32-34 0E Al.o-s +qd Eql^J +s ++dql 4+ EdE ¤zJrl "f '¤ E*olr 0 4 a 1b < rro14.
z]¤zl$ +6I+ (b) (a)9 +^lg oJ$all,! flq^4lol1 t: cos z?E +
32. r: 2 cos 0, 0 : r/3 +g +d_qE Eld^lrJ ull rJzlb +E HolE +61
4.
33. r : l/e, 0: n

e.s laE+d
ol ¤ql^J= EEd, E+9, %r-+dq 4E zlal-o}4 ¤q='l.l4r ol +d=q E
+%I44g +E{ltrt. ol +d59 flf;frfl(conic sections) E= flgel EE=d
(conics)ol+ +s.gl, f- ol ff rB lql^Jx]H fl94 + EEg _up^lrJ tr4
E gqzlzl rllEol4. =
592 98 ol]T|1E+HJE^lzl+4lE

4fl EEd 4Al-3i(l

o- u

1./
t,'
r- I
-rel {I glH} n^l
rE il=-Ll

I E=fl
2 EEd e,Ed(parabola)* BHql^J EE(focus)olrp 6l+ rdd re+ Ed(directrix)ol
=5
\r I

4 I

F 4r a]+ r4doE+q ,J* 4qq ilE d=el d6Jol+. ol 4el= a4 2

q slBl] ¤Bg+. EEdql^l aEr+ +d +rJ4ql +=.6}xl.. ol dg +
^lolel
I,!E(verre*)ol4 +rl. adg zl+r +dql +4ql 4d¤- EEde-l *(axis;o1

ra7.l :z t)
+.Jtri
r6^JlTlql ,JBqle-= xl+ql^J qH 4EE *^l-g g^IillE dezl EEdoJ+
--1,^i. lL U

-ral /)
J=i a-

- ag BH.+. r +E EEdE E4zI zl-Fzl-d48, Hi^I"Jg4, ¤+n Fq

¤Alql .l+!r 9l+.
v +61 rB s4 +lld¤- 94 o.11 +i-r1, +dg r+qJ B"J6I4] +sE 'J
zJol

+=J EEdg %r-d^l¤- E=+. adol d (0, p)olB, ¤.dE ,Jc4g y: -pol
P(:r, y)

F(o, pl v 4.P(*, y)z} g.EdE + dolH Poil^J z.$ttlzlel 4el- +-q-4,J+

o p -f,

lprl : x +

v: -p pql^l +$vlalel ,14= ly + p lol+. (rH t* p > OoJ 4+= ¤H++.) sE

-rel Q
dg 4E6I- CA +lE + 44zl-,Jr4E 4o14.
+(y-p ':lY+Pl
"JEg xll+61-r 7J*61 EIH +g=4 rJol B=trt.
=';le "J4^lg
xz+ (y - p)' : ly + pl' : (y + p)'
xz + y' - Zpy + p' : y' + 2W * p'

x2 : 4py

E aEol (0, p)ola y: -poJ EEcel ,J441+ x2 : 4pyol4.

=dol
 9.5 flE+d 593

v v .y _t

y:-p
(O p)
0
(p, o) (p, o)
0 x J 0 x 0 J
(0, p)
v -p v
-p x: -P

(a)x2:4py,p>0 (b) x' :4py,p < 0 (c) y': 4px, p) O (d) y': 4px, p 10
f.=J 4

a:tl(4p)ol+ irH EEdq s+rJ¤4 tr+ y: a/ol4.p > 0olE +lE g

4 gl.r. p < 0olH oI4E gEi 9r+[:zB a9 (a)4 ft)]. ol f4s- y+oil ql6ll
44tl'Jl, r ol ff x7l -xtr_ HiTlolE E+.\tr-c^l Eol E6l-zl t*zl "llEol+.
=
E+HJC^I trql^l x4 yE Hl-+E rl-*g e=q.

2 adol (p, O)olJ. #dol x: -poJ gEdE ,Jc^lg y2 : 4pxo14.

(x4yE AC qlr+d y: xq] ql6l] qe olF+ 44 rJ+.) ol EEd*p > 0

HhE
y
olssg4,cE gEl gl-L,p < OolE g+sE grl gltrl-trH ag (c)9+(d)1.+ 5
y2 + lox: o x 1
a+ E+ +dc x4oll 4EH 44ol:2, xgg EEde.l +oltrt.
t,
(-;, ,) -r

il qllll I l) sA.U y2 + 10x: oel ad4 +d¤. +atr r4s= rtsi+

Eil +lg yz : -t0x_tr. 4r 4p: -1solF a p : -i.trt.

sl tre+ ullall EE
"t+
^l
adg (p,0) : (-;, o)oll +dg * :'tol+. ol trEdE rflg se+ ,J+. r -ral
JEi
tr
!r

I EIfl
e[f(ellipse)g ¤Eql^J + rdd r,4 FzEPE]e.l 449 E]ol .JC'J d5e-; d P

B"lrH:-H 6 +4). ol + r4Eg EE(foci EE focus)ol4 +.1. 4l+qE H

zl +ql qloJ4lql^-l B^dE ?llE= ql"Jg * aEsE 6l= qfl +llE+. Aol
el+
f.al
4flq 46J 7l6t +++ *449
7rl ,Jol adg r4.ll ¤
Bzl +16l], rH 6

(-', gd+ afr .'.1-o1E +rJE"l E+. 4flq + dsE

0)4 (c, 0)-o E +sE v
+q advlTl Ar-lEel ** 2a > 0ol4 *xl-. rqE EI+g" oll p(x, y) v)

- Elgel '* dol Etrl.

Fr(-c, 0) 0 Fr(c, o x
lPrr I + )wrl: zo
7
-1 (x+c)2+y + (*-r)' *y':2a
f,aJ7lrr', l+lrr,l:za
594 98 oHTt|E+98^l7l=5lE

rE r-
+r- (x-c)2*y :2a- *c *y'

"Jtrg 4l#olH tl-gg E=tr}.

x2 - Zcx * cz + yz : 4a2 - aar@V * xz * Zcx * cz * y'
+t 49 rls_4 zJnl 7Jt6l ++.
a (x*c fy :a2*cx
4^l "JH$ xll=',utfl rl-gg E=+.
a'(x'1- hcx + cz + y'): a4 * 2a2cx * czxz

446J.H tr|e=rl Eol 5}4.

(o' - c')x' * o'y': a'(a' - c')

fH zs-l +4¤ FfzP+q Egq, q+^'1 c < aol4. l4 = e az -

2c 1 za3
c2 > OoltrI.¤e]{} b2: a2 -r,oJ4 +gE, qflq "J44le. bzi + o'y'- a'bz
ol EIr, "JE¤. a2b2oE +i-H ffiol CHEJ+.

E 4**:,
a' b-

v
b2: - cz < ozolFE b < ad14.y:0o-+ +gH,r¤¤ol +g+. 1*lo'
a2

(0, b) - 1 E* *'- a'olrr-tr x: +aoJ4.t}]+61-= 4 @,0)4 (-a,0)g QflE +5!

E(vertices)oJ4 6II- +AdE9 "t- d+g 8*(major axis)ol4 'J+. x: 0ol
(-a, o)

+ +r y¤Eg +6LE y2 : b2oluE y: !eol+. (0, b)e+ (0, -b)= .t= d+

( b 0)

(-c, o) o a
(c, o) .r
9 E*(minor axis)"]+ +tr}. x7l -xE, yzl -yE Ht+lqE 4l trg Eolzl ?+-q-E-
(0, -b) E Etfl* + al-E+ql ql6fl 44o14. F adol oJ;laffl c: solF + o:6ola-
ELge q!xl$ r - a - boJ flol Eql +q++.
,z
gffi f ?lr(:zfl I +a).
,r2

a' D-
=aJB =--:l,a>b ol+Ig ++4 gol

4 +++ a4ol (+c,0)olr q4ldol (aa,0)"J 4flolq qzlAl c7: a2 - b2

v
(0 a;
ol+.
xz y'
(0, c)
tJ-I
| L7 a>b)0
a'
1 ,1
D-

(-b,0) (b,0)
x
4EE 3dol y+q d (0, tc)o1E cq Eql^l x4yEHr+l ol +gE'J4^l
(0, -c) g +B f gl'tt:zfl e +a).
(0, -a)
5 q¤g Adol (0, tc)olJ. +llfiol (0, 1a)?l 4gol+. {zJr'J c2: a2 - b2
--2 -.2
:laJg "b' - +:L.a>b
a"
ol+.
 o c glsr^l
ud- L 595

x' y'
,, * -;: l, a>b>0
D' a"

J
(qrll 2D gx' + t6y2: 1444 rqs= r4l- aEE +lrl5 461-+
(0, 3)

Eq "J¤^lE "JHg t++=. +yl +_e--o. e=+.

(-4,0)
(4,0)
)c2 tvZ :l (-r,lzo) o
-+ (fr,0i i
16 9

"l %l¤{+ 4gfl E+BolF + az : t6, b2 :9, a: 4, b:

x¤¤3 +4, 3& g=+.
y¤¤+ +3ol+. rroJ c2 : a2 - S2 :lolr:+, c : -3)
(0,

^F"lt ad+ (tfi,0)olr{. :

4s= rH 1o4 rJ4. r fH 10 9x2 + l6yz : 144

fiq4! 3D aeol (0, t2)olr qAdol (0, t3)ql 4gq "J¤4g +6t+
Eq 4el trE Ezlgg- ol+618, c:24 a: 39 e=+
trl+^J b2: a2 - c2:9 - 4:571q"l,4ge-l ,J44+ +¤-4 ?Jr+.

x2 v2
:1
s9
-+'
ol %L¤^l¤. trI= oE ilH 9x2 + 5y' :4501+. tr
"JB

EEdr+ uf{zfxlE, 4fls d+4fl e+= LH= +"lE+ H}^l Cdol gt+.
Hol4 4Elel -gxlzr 4gE +Eg r*- +Ee-] + adql gisH, E= HolL}

ilEH?l 4!+44+q ol+¤+. 41rr-a4g 4g¤ *Hq +^l-4E 6J E4ql +l

i.l6IE+ Hllil++. rslH 4- adql^J g^J6l+.r+E *ylzl- ol tr4l"il HI^I
qq +flE f¤e
^JlEa{g +^J^l7lzJ t*r ¤49 +++. S+zl+ "J+ EtF
g "Jzl ssq 44s mlE+.

r s441
H{dftvperbota)$ ¤Eql^J F z]]9 r{¤(EE) F,,FTEFEIE 44.q1 iLT| "J v
ct_s.= de_l dBol+. ol cg* zH 1loil^J ¤Hg+ P(*, y)
tl+dg irlel, EF-lu|, dEE, 4xllqi EqI^J(B"JE Hzl, +E Hzl, ="!t4 f
s+d) "J4^lE r4sE s61 ++*+. 5tr+ 9"lz} 9l- *+d9 *¤*.rll F,(-c,0) 0
Fr(c,0) x
4l rzlqldr+ 2zlqlc oll zHEE E}Htlzlq +4++(E+Ex)l 27 +ei
r^J+del {sl++gel {Eei+^16lr+ tzl ulfl 4+AflE.Jol ,l4e] ii
7l-H+= 4$ol4. r^dr-+del \tr-4^lg +E61"= 449 *ql^l +qd
+fl :IeJ t1 lPrl l - lprrl : *zog nfl
^l.d P= g+d +lol trolrl.
q ql+ a,r+ +^l6t+. a4ol x49 (tc, 0)ol7 4"_lE i,lTllpr,l - lpFzl-
+ZadJ rll %L+dE %r-¤^19 ++r+ ,Jq.{zlrJ c2: a2 + trzolr}.
596 98 0l]TllE+SE^1rl
=rtE

x2 t2
J-1
...--
6 I
,'- b'

r¤¤g q^l +4oJ-tr, 4 (a,0)4 (-a,0)ol ol ,'*+dE 45!E(vertices)olr|. a]

E.ll^l x: 0ol+ +sH y? : -b2& EErJl, olag il¤- + s,= oJol+. tr14^J
y¤¤e- +,zi16l-zl ?+=trt. ol ,^J+d+ + 4IE+"il 'IEil .I4olt}.
t}+dg + q +46171 +lBI Eg u_{ 4gg e.+. ^l

by b I:t+4>t
a' b'
4+ x2) azoJgF6lE-glrl : ,F, x 2 aE
"oJgE.q +q.:14=e
ol
(-a, (a, o)

(-c, (c, o) x E x s -atl EqTI+. ol4+ tl+dol +{rJr 6l-= + +Ee--e. qq fl++
9"loJ4.
"l +dE Eid(asymptores)$ rfl= d"l E4
r-dl-+dg r?-l+ q] flq Hxl

--2 -.2 +rll, ol E*d* rH 12ql^l -E-Fol ddoJ zld y - @la)x* y - -(bla)xolu1.
faJr2+-l:t
a- D' %r-+del + +xl= E=dql d*+q. + a-d.il "Jele tlt4*){tr}. (3.s¤sl
E*Exll 31oll.! y: (bla)x7l A^Id=doJg g + 9t+.)

7+*g adol (+c, 0)olr +4Eol (ra, 0) r4r. E=dol ): t(bla)xoJ

%L+d"l+. {zl 4 ,, : a2 + &rol4.
x' v'
i;:
b-
I
"'-
v

o\
(0, c)
/a
,t}+del aEol y+gl ?IsH, x4 yE Hl-+l rl¤. A4= E=q. rB l3ql^l
y: -E)c V:;Jf
rl) olE ¤H++.
(0, a)

(0, -a) x
,,,0
8 tl++ AEol (0, tc), {4idol (0, +a) a-Aa d*dol y: t(alb)xil *
(0,
+dol+. {zlrl c2: a2 + U2ol4.
-c)
1a

laJl?lv J :l
a' -'' b'
JE a .1

J: -a',
3 v
y: 3,x ( qrll 4 l) tr-+d exz - t6y2 : t44E 3E+ dtCg +6Ir r4s= r4+.
EU %I4^lE "JHg 144-tr ++H 4*r+ +tr}.
o) ,'(4,
(-5,0) '0 (5,0) x )c2 rv2
-1
t6 9

"l 4l¤. ¤r-l Eql.Al a: 4, b:3.J BglE, c2:16 + 9:25olE.g adg

(+5, 0)
LaJ 14 9xz - l6y2 : 144 : :
"l+. d=dg {C y ir$ y -lxol+. rqlE} rH tae]
z;cy. I
 e.s BE=d 597

il q4 5 |) +4lfiol (0, + t)olr d.dol y: 2xq_l ,tr-+dE adr+ rLld4lg +"I+.

Eil ^l E4 +"1d dtrE+El a: t, o/b:2ql Ag "J + ?l+. tr+EI^J b : a/z : L

oltr c2 : a2 + b2: +1o14. Adg (0,*,F/Z)ol1 id}+dE Bt-¤4lg r+q=r+ A+.

y'-4x':l r
r flE+,usl olE
s+oJ4^l 2 E, E, E, E.l]^l x, yE x - h, y - ke Hl-+I flg{rjg ol
t-^lrJtrl.

(qril 6D aaol (2, -2), (4, -Dola_ +Adol (r, -2), (s, -z)q_l +gq %I4^l¤.
+6I+

Eq ++g +4ld (r, -2), (s, -2)= E= d$oll, zjol5 4o1 r: -* a: 2014. ad
^Iolel
44b 2olEg c: toltrl. q-+^l b2 = a2 - c2 :3ol+. qgE +d+ (3, _2)
ol=tr Eql^l ,4yE 4?l * - 3cl y + 2E HJ-+fl, fopx[ aJi $ge] %r-441
r-r}
o olE:L*|. ^l
=

(r-3)' *btz)'_,
43 r
( qfl 7 l} tl++d 9,r2 - 4y' - 72x + 8y + 176:09 rn;r. adg- +4+
v
Eq ++q rJ"l Sdxll$e_E HE++ y-l:- ]w-+t
- 2y) - 9(*' - 8x) : 176
4(y'
4(y, - Zy + t) - 9(x2 - gx + t6) : 176 + 4 - 144 1 (4,4) 7

ab - 1), - 9(, - 4)2 :36 t)

f,t+,
(y-l)'_(r 4)':1 0
/
x
94 1+,-21\

+l4g x, y7l 44 , - 4e+ y - 1E Htfl A¤" 4lelap| 4"] trq ¤qol+. trr+
4 o' :9, b2 : 4, c2 - 13014. "l r^J+Cg gE+-q_E 4++1, +lE l++l"J;. "lEE y-1: |+*- +t
4o]4. jadg (+, r +./i5)r+ (+, r - rt), +lldg (4, 4)e+ (4, -z;o1g d+d fal 15
* y - t: xtr(x - 4)olr|. ,-J+dsl rqs= :zH lss+ e+. r 9xz - 4y' -'tlx * 8y + 176 : 0

e.s I e+Extt
l-4 +¤. EEdE +Tld, ad H ECg +6}l., rqs= r. (y+1)2:16(x-3) 4. y'*6y+zx*t:o
-
fq4.
1. x2:8y 2.5x*3y2:g
598 98 rHTHE+HJ8^.lr+ +4iE

5. E$del ,JC4g +6tI, =dr+ +dg +6I+. 18. ad (-4, 0), #d x: 2?l -trEd
)' le. +4.8 (3, -1), +¤+, (-1s, 2)E zl+= g.Ed
I

a
20. a4 (+2, 0), +AE (15, O)oJ +g
-L ,t
I

21. aE (0,2), (0,6), +4td (0,0), (0,8)oJ 49

2?.. +4 ?t,4), qad =id
(-1, 0), (-1, 6)ql Etfl
6-8 trl+ 4EE qA4 "t ad¤. +6.}r., .r-4sE rBl+.
23. qAB (+3, 0), iafl (+5, g)oJ tl-+d
I

# *h=,
-,2
6. 7. +3y2:9
xz
24. +}lE (-3, -4), (-3, 6), ad (-3, -7), (-3, g)tJ rdl-+d
8, 4x2 + 25yz - 5oy - 75 25. qd,d (+3, 0), d=d y: !2rql #*+d

e. 4gq %1449 +6E, aEg +614. 26. g ++lE ?llE"ll^J gel g.Er+ tlz! tlll$ dg
=gd,
zltr-tr dg ggdol+ *+. ++d ol¤E llEb
-v
l =g
de] rtrzt 1l0km, flgAE d+tl314kmoJ 4fl +ll
t \
I Eql 4joJg}trt. EE *xlEol 1728 kmolr, Eq +cg
0 I .\ + ad oe E ql ol 4EE olc4g +6I+.
)
zt. Ae+ Bql +lil6J + +d+ql il= alrlEl +C'JHtlil
(LoRAN)ql^J zld pql "JE dulol4 aJ*zlel 41EE
E^lql d+6}i1 litrt. d{-el A+Elql^l= f{t olE
+g ;'dl-+dE qAA, 14 't {=Cg 74p., :zz]l 4lEel ^l;(l¤ 0l+6ll^l ,l?-lsl i| IPA I - [PB lE ,]14]di
10-12
sE:1el+. -tr_, olao_++El idl+dE {e.lq q+ %I+d9 rt Exl

,o.*-{=, 11. x2-}2:1oo +lq] gl= dEol+ oJ*zlE +l,]= .Jolt4(:zH +4).
+d+ B= alloJdg tr|+ +d+ AE F4qE 640 km
12. x2-y2+2y:2 xl¤ql fl41 7Id6IxL. dElg BE+EI 4lEE E-g zl
1200 ps 5lq AE+EI +]EE E9I+.
13. f+dfl %I4{g +61-r ad$ Etdg +614.
(a) Fd dezl 300 m/pcs9 +qsE d+Eqr 7t46J
--r
-]'
oll dr-iol +lz16l.r. 9l= %l+dfl oJ{{g +o.14.

fbl dErol Bel ++ql +lzIis}r. 9i+8, dE+g tfltdql

\ t
I r-l Eut* trq4 flEzt?
0 I J

6ilqld B
+S gg+d9 +Eg qqla].r +1144 adg +
A
14-16
6l-4 640

14.4x2-y2+4 15. x2=4y-2y' f+]4

16. 3x2 - 6x - 2y: I
28. y2f a2 - *luz: l-E 4EE tt-+C-el +l+ Ezl= +lE s
lt-zs E++ adg "J+61+
gg+dE oJ44g +6|+. +elg -E-q+.

t7. q4E (0, o), ad (1, o).J EEd 2e. +sq 4 a+ql flq^J olrll ,J4^].otr- E.BqE +t
 9.6 +rlEoil^1 EE+d 5gg

E +Bg A46I+. v
^.,
vl v'
k - k-16-t-t
P(x,, y,)

(a)k>16 (b)0<k<t6 (c)k<0

x
(d) (a)4 tb)E -EE +dg fte] #ql *4l$.ol ,J* ad
I zt49 trq+. y'_
3 + D-{--
30. +dql il= gE9 d o -++El EEC xz : 4pyE rg +
ddol +zl.Jg Bq+. 3s. rl-" rHe. zJzJrtflol (-1, 0)4 (1, 0)oJr qfzlgol 3g
gt. ,]lzl]H+%F¤^]4 n: 8oJ de.+E +4g ol+611^l EIE sql + 4tet g+ gg +4u4. "l + g E+ql d6l+
9x2 + 4y' :36e1 23o15 +C6l-+. s= flg dB¤. rlzjalzlol fl + 4 4tl ylt4 " -+
82. t!+d ilo' - y'lb': l4 rJ AEg. zJ+L fzldo.+ +4rll#.+). _eE fel+ flq +dE"l a4ol (11,0)oJ
r}fl +]"il 9l+g _H-olr ol $gel ,J{^lg +6I+.
EBl,t+.J +Eel HolE +6L4.
33. x+vi 4g 9"f * 4yr: 36E +l+ HlsE EBl,Rle HE v

E +rll+dg +6I+.
34. flE+.EE HJ^t ¤E EtflE HI^t Cd¤- r.r1q1 gq-.
d p(xr, yr)$ Adol r,g r'roJ 4fl f 1", + yzfbT: l
+le.l ¤ol+ alr, ae| pE fHql^JilH zld pFp pF2
el 4fl
^l-olE
4ol4 6J trll d: BoJg +H6.I4. +, + ,r
aEql^l +-g dE]7I Elgql H}^l-g.l +E adg E.&"J
4. ol4* +4i"JE al$(whispering gallery)g 41eF4l^J
¤ol ol$zll 41-E6l+rl-= ¤H++. [-d_=: tan a: ran B
ol*rllrl E.J+. 4zJrJ m,, m2l
E- tan
": ffig
+ 4d Lr, Lr4 tl&tlol+.]

e.6 l+stnoll^1 flE+,U

e.s¤oiliJ* ad4 +deE EEdg dgs,l, F jadsE +94 g+dg 4

e]lRri. ol ¤ql^l- gE+dq Trxl +¤g E+ a44 #dge. Eg+8H^l
^ll
g. rJ r}+l Ex|.

r flE+dq EgEl
aEg g¤ql +eE flg+dg ++,* +"J4^lol ElEql, ol4g q^d, +lC, ql
¤e-l +f,$ ¤Edl+ rJl E7]6l-+.
600 98 EHTHE+HJE^IZI +4lr

1 8q FE *lEql 9i= J.4d(EE)ol4 6tr /g r4d(=d)ol4 E"l-zI. EqI

eE r¤E "J+[0lflE(eccentricitylol4 +tH+ 6]z[. olu]l ¤Bql^J tl-¤{+, F
E+Elel /E+qq 449 ulzl-,d.f eol4)g "J+6I= d P dillel dR
'l4e+
e +lg+col4.
lprl e
lPtl
ol EB .-7 )l O
T1E='il'ir
(a)e<1olE4floll,
(b)e:lolHEEdolq,
(c) e > lolH'tr.+dol+.

- olcE. e rolE lPFl : lP/loll +qd 4ag rJ+61-41 e sflofl,t.1x1g

=B
E$de] 49zI ¤trI.
v
=aA rE gd"ll,
=dg
y+"ll Bq6I4l +r
-LE+.oE d++lql 9l+r 6}zl,
/ (=d) trI+^l +de. %I4^l - , 4ol_tr ++"il fzlol4. d pel SalEzt (r, 0)olB, :z
P
H ls+q ++g "J + il+.
x:d
lrFl: r, lPtl: d - rcos o
F
rcos 0
,f qel^J z4lpFlllpll : e, l lrrl : elpt lg q+r+ rJol ¤4.
d
2 r:e(d-rcos0)
C
ol +%l441E "JE* zll$"ll.tJ zlnalE_e H{+Btts ++g eE:q.
-rel
rEt r
x2 + y' : r'(d - *)' : r'(d' - Zdx t x')
+ (I - Zdezx * y': e'd2
"')*'+
Sd{l*{ "-=. H¤6tH
trl-eg g-+.
e'd
2
y' e'd'
3 x* t-:-
'l-e2 (l-r')'
l-e' ^

e l tolE
^.1
E"l 4flE %F4alol 84. ^t¤ ol Br-4419 rFg=r+ eg BqlTI
9tt.
(x-h)' _
-T !'_,
*-t
"'
{zlrJ q-*s] *4lz} dHEJ+
e'd e'{l'
) t')

^ e2d2
4 h: a' b':- l-e'
l-e"
------------= (l - t')''

e.s¤ql^1 +gE ade +d "E+E1 44zl ."JS gi}trl. ol4l .E ++4 +q.
 9.6 +EtE0il^l BHd 601

E Cr: 42 - b2: (r 'Od'=

- ,')'
-

.J
:z4.se-
'l-g¤ + 9l+
e'd
c:-------------;:-it
l-e'
ol 4e c?] trql^l cEE adol e.s¤ql^l cEg aEr+ a+= 49 q.J^14
E6J Eel trs+q oldg* rl*ge +qd+
=tri. ^l
C
e:-
a

e )
tolE r - e2 < 0olr trg Jd;+dg +ElHg "J + gI+. *.ll^JiJH
^l ^l
Eg rlg BqlE +^l + + ?l+.
(* - h)' v' 1
a' b2

rBltr-+. 4*ol ¤BoJg .J + 9t+

C
e:-- a' c2-a2+bz

r flE+flet
=uE+t
rH +lg+dE adg gdql *"1:z +dq ,J4^lg x: dol+. E
lql^J
^l
E ,91 ql6l] -H, ?lE+dq BI4^lg'l-+4 zJol ¤ + il+- Ag "J + 9,l4

,: I * 'd
e cosO

+dg ade] g+ql x: -dE q6I4+ ++ql ¤Bo.t4l x: -tdil qElE, gg

+dE +%r-d4le'l_+ ¤qE +qxlz o15 rH zql^J ¤EEtrHE+Exil 14,
ls +a).

v v
v v
x:d u) y:d +c
6d -z rl
E'il

x
F x
( F ,r

y: -d +d
(al r: ed ed
l*ecosd (c)r:
I+,s,d
aEJ 2 flE+dol +"JE^l
602 98 ofl7HE+HJE^lrl.=4lr

6 E4 q=q_r+ ee B4E +t44e olcEol erl flB*dg i+4d+.

ed r1- ed
r:- 1+ecos0 +L t-
1+esin0
ol fl${d* e < lolH E}?1, e: rolH EEd, e } lolE t}+dol+.

( oll4l 1 D aeol fldoll 6rjol 4d y : -6oJ sEd.el +rJ4^lg +61-+.

EU 4nl Eql^J e: r, d:6014 Fz, :zH 2(d)E ol+6IH sEdE %r-4^le +

grt rJ+.
6
r:- 1 - sin0

( o{l4l 2 l) gg+dE +Itr-4^lol tr+*4 ag ql old# +6lr +lg+d'Jg qoJ

6l-l. +dfl +lilE C6t+. ol Sl${dg rEl+.
10
,: 3 - 2. cos0

Eq +zls+ +EE 3sE ++a %r-4^.lg tr1s-4 rJol *4.

10

r: 3

|- ? cos0

4el trIq.E.+El +l 4e e:le 4gg +4u+. ed: f ol.s-E trl-+g ts=+.

l0 l0
s_
tt,
-
3 _ 3
2
:5
e 3

qr+^l Ede] 4;lB1-4413 x: -5ol+. 0:0, rrl2, rrel SrrlToJ 4l ,9 {lol gql +
++ ?l+. 4fle rB 34 ++.
0 r
v
0 l0 r: 10
x=-5 3-2cos0
TT 10 (+d) (f,;)
a
2 J

7T 2 x

3r l0 n)
2
4
J
feJg r:l+oso 12,
(+,T)

(qld! 3f rr: z+4sino

tlg+It:r - '? ==r4+.
-
EUI ,J44¤- q+ B4E 4E oldE+ e:2014. tr++c ol oJ4^le 4r-+cg +
F+Hg E + el+.
6
r:-
l+2sin0
ed:6olFE 4: Jola- +de-l "J44lg y: 3o14.0- 0, nf2, n*3rrl29 4l ,9
 9.6 +5t.Eolt^l flHd 603

#ol s9l +4+ 1ltrI. +}ld* a : r 12* 3r lzoJ trl] ^J tla- (2, T l2)4 ?6, 3n 12) 0 r
: (6, rr/21o1q. x¤E*g:0, 4i Szll, ol + e+q] flq^l r:60l+ q+
".9 0 6
cq44l 44421 +16ll d*d¤- rqE+ ?'lx}. I * 2 sin 0 - 0* E= 0-"J 4l r- +* TI
oltr, sin 0 : -l"J ull I + 2 sin 0 : 0014. El-+^J d3^JE=g + 4d 0 : 7r 169+ 0 T 2

- 11rl6oll ¤¤"14. B+d* rH 4e| ?JL+. 7r

3rr
6

) T -6
(6,;)

Q,t) y=3(#d)

(6, zr) 0 (6,0) x

-f.al 4' ,: '-
1'.)
i7-i
rd tr 2*4sin0

gg+dg qd^lrJ ,I zlj/%l{{H+ +%r-c4lg ol+61+ 4ol e4 ¤4r|

4. r - f(0 - a)el :z4sE r - f@)4 r4s= fl#ql +B]] 4 a"J* *al4l B
E-JsE sld^.|4 E=tr|- ole"6-Jr]1e.3¤el fl#E4l 33 +4).
^ld¤.
(qril 4|) q4l 2el 4fl9 EEq +6tl qd^la ql SzlE E}+lel +%r"d4l
"'/4EJ+
g +6tr rfls$ rEl+.

Eil qal 2ql +"141 %l-¤alql^J e= 0 - rl4tr qlTlEre--e,*l qd^lrJ +E E}+lel

1l

r: -2cos(O- trl{l
%r-¤^l¤. ts¤. + gl+. trlq.<J rll-tr* %Id4* ++r+ rJr+.
10
r: 3-Zcos(0-n/a) -5
fr 15

\ l0
.l %r-4^]g oJ-$rll.<l :.H sgial sld¤ ++le.l r4EE ril+. eld¤ EIfl* +li-ll
3 - 2 c-os?

-6
Elfle] {qql ilb
=49 6d_o
+ qd^lrJ A"Jq ++qI+. r -ral Ev
rEi

:H 63 olCE eE EEI-^IA "ll rJzl= alg ¤E6I7l 916]l fl+elE ol¤.

e: :0.5 e:0.68 e :0.96

0.1 e e:0.86

e:I e: l.l e :1.4 g:4

ral 6
604 9E rHiflE+HJE^lzi +llg

rfl {4 zl-zl flgg;jol4.rtloql d=.J trll ++lg 49 flol ql' +

6ll^-l

Eoll e * l-oJ trl] 4gg q ,J+6114- ag EE e - loJ trll flE.+d+ EEd

ol ¤+.

I ilI=q HEI
+gE fqr{ol{ AEE{?I 4l=*l(Johannes Kepler)- "+EH+ +"#el
1609tj
aE+4 'llolelq Tladl^J, q+rl ae qc++ql ++.rlJ zlxlel E4g B
gEH+.

ill=e1 EEI
1. 4C+ 4"Fg aJ afl o -+ "l+ El+l +llE= "l+ ql"J Erll= +dEL+.
2. 4C+ ql"Jg trA6J dE+ ?J* ,J+ H"lE ¤r zl+++.
^l7Jql
3. 4Cel +d+zl9 xll=',* 4C +llEE ++ ,Jol9 Hlql++.
^14lgql

zll=4zt 40&9 +d6l+ 4^del +# zlfrC'-E zldg B4g.tllflxlq| ol

Bzl=e EqL E:, dlc, +lc, r4r + +qflql^l TllEE sld6l= q= aillE
qlE +a"l 4+gq. n.44q1^l +H Hzlse+q qg4l 4lEel Hzlg +E
E + ?ltxlE e"J 4"1+. qzl^l- +gE +"J4{4 EL4l ,ll+ElE 4llflzlg
ol+"11^l AEEeI gultr¤ "Jg 4l+Idl BxI
ol 4l4lg +16ll^l ,J44lg E¤'*+. ad
"lCE 14 Hlal.4 aE al^l 4gE
ql^l +dql ole= 44 d+ E= ol+ql^l ++4 ttol ae+49 + 91tr1.
^l
,'d' az(l - ez)z afi - e2\
LL" +d2 -\ _ L,L
(1 - t')' e e

:.4p-e ed: a(l - ,')o14. +doJ x: do\ts, +Bl449 q+4,Jth.

: ed a(l - ez)
' 1 l r,coso I -f e cosO

7 fldol ad, HI++ a, old$ e, #4. x: dof, QflE +Bt-{^lg'l+4 rJtrI.

a(l - ez)
t:
1-'- g;so
4C

qloJsg+fl z161 7l4l- zttl- E ¤Ce] +lxl= tJzJ =,-oSfl(perjhelion)4- flE

ET
E(aphetion)"14 6lq, ol zldg 4ge.l +lidql 6ll'Jg4(:rH 7 +6). q'Jql
fl"Jd --1 oI 7f
E
^-1
-gd4 g"Jdzl-zl9 ,lflE 7+7+ distance), fl"JE7jal
="Jflzlel(perihelion
(aphelion distance){ +trI-. rH lql^J E}]"Jol aE rql flgE-tr, -"Jd{l,tl 9:
-tzl
JE'
-, 0g H=trt.
^l
EE+q 'l*¤ e=+.
 9.6
=51-E0ltA1
EHd 605

a(l - ez) a(r - e)(l + e) :a(l-e)

I-
I * e cos0 l*e
,J+ ,JH o -E floJdql^J 0: n, r: a(l + e)E e-+.

8 e^Jql^J 4"J4-xJ a(r - e)ol-Z, fl.Jd44E a(t + r)o14.

="Jdrl?-1.

ilq4l sl)
(a) 4oJ(ad)g E= zl+E +g +llEql 4,* +rJ44lg +61-+. q7l^J "ldE
=^I
+ E 0.017, 4.+el zJol= E 2.99 x 108 km-E BJtrl.
(b) g"JHql^l ql"JzlzlE 4?]E +6I+.
=gd4 ^l+E+El
EqI
(a) z}49 ,Jol= 2a:2.99 x 1g8olE+ a: L495 X tO8ol4. e:0.0l7olgg, 4l

tr1tr+El ql"tsg E= z1+el +llE ,J44le q++ ?J:.+.

a(t - e2) (1.495 x 108)[1 - (0.017)'?]

It
t-
e cos0 1 + 0.0l7cos0
E= ++4 ++.
=^l-4etr.
1.49 x 108
t
--
I + 0.017 cos 0
(b) C4 tr1tr+el zlf.llal {"3=zlzlE +gdrl4='Is=4 eq
a(L - e) - (L495 x l08xl - 0,017) : t.47 x 108 km

ggdrlel= tr|.q=r+ +q.

a(l + e) ^, (1.495 x 108X1 + 0.017) * t.SZ x 108 km

e.6 | E+=At
1-4 adol gEolq, +g =dg "J+6I= flg+de{ +%} _3r:
\ -12
6. f : ------=
-
7l-/*I
d-rs
o ,4A=L
-'1
'

r
I- srnd
5
8-7cosd

1. +C x:zoJEEd 7
2+3sin0
2. oldE 2, f./}L y: -4oJ t}+d I} II I
3. o1dg 3, +A¤"1 (2, zr)tl 4fl
4. +4tdol (3, rrlT)oJ g.Ed

s-7 7+ +%I¤4ql ql+61-=:z4sE r*rrrql^J +r., Bg ¤ -r

H6I+.
 606 98 o|1T1lE+g8^l+
=rlE

ed
III },
' I - ecos?
oldEol a, #dol y: -dil gB+de-l +
tE.
={ol fl4,
,J4^lol ffig rJ¤¤ trq{.
ed
r-
I - esing

16. ql* ++l= E= trl^del +llE= 4gsE oldEol 0.0e3,

Hltl+ z.zs x t08 kmol4. ol lllEfll 46J +r}4^lg +
4 +"J44ql Ell6ll (a) oldE¤ +6|r, (b) gE+Cg
8-11
6I+
+oJ6|l, (c) ¤d9 ,J{^lg +6E, (d) g$+dg:44.
17. les6LJql EfzlEs-E ++Elr 20618 qal *+E {lc
8' r:,-*m 9. '
y:-
3 *
2
3sin0 "J eEl
q^Je-l +llE= olcEol
0.e7o1tr, 4"Jg + aE
oE a'l+ 4fl"14. ++9 zJolb 36.18 AUol4. (dE
1o' r= 6T+0ra rr. r:a.-ft"r,
+ +gl AU= rl+e+ 4"J ^lolel ¤+44E, E lq sa
r$ lsnolQ.) g4 qCE +lEql q.J +%'-4^lg +61"+.
EEr2. (a) flg+d r: - 2 sin 0)9 oldEr+ +dg +E|
rl{o qdql^J Ello}ztzlel 4l'll 44b E"|.JzI?
4. :t-4r gg+d+ rel+.
(b) ol gE-+dg gdql
=dg 3rrl4u]7
ts. +Cg olCE"l 0.206oJ 4fl +llsE trl?+ *d+tr}. EH"J
+Bll Hl^l4l %r-E.Je_E
qd^lrJ +dq %'-C^lg +6}r, ol +dg rq4.
s-tr.+El 44 44= +.0 x 107 kmol+. E]]oJStr.+EI 4l
4 448 +6t+.
ffits. e:0.4,0.6, 0.8, 1.0"J trll gg+d r: t-f;s.E E
le. fl+E{l 189 #¤ ol*dl^'l +Col ql"J ++l= Sddl
'Jel ezl4Bql rel4. e9 #g +dE EoJql qE
g
a-J HI+l +d+ 44= +6I+ t4l&zl4 d+El E= C
oJ¤ ulxl=zl-?
s+E +^lg ol+ql^l ol 44Eg +il4!__8. 41416}
14. AEol fld, "ldEol e, x: -doJ tlg+d9 + 4.)
=dol
*d4ol +++,J+¤ Bq+.

r
]1lE +?.I
EI/\
-r El

l. (a) nllzllflfqdol* sH..JzI? **dql ql+ Bde.l zl¤zlE "lB4l +6I:71-?

(c)
(b) ullzll{++de qBrll :z4bz}? 4, (a) :tflg "l+dl^J e}AE {el$ 4+.
z. ++g +EILH= EB4g 44. (b) (+c, 0), +}id (+a, 0)Ql 4gq %l-4^lg 44.
=E
(a) ufl2flfl++,Usl ,Jol 5. (a) flE-+de-l oldEg FH,.JzI?
(b) qTHH++dg x+& +dsE sld^lzJ ull szl= 4 (b) +lE+dol 4flq] 4* oldEql +El] +Hol+ "JB
E9
Hol f gliz}? 4r-+d, sEdql 4+ql* "l4=zt?
oJztE
(c) EHTHH++dg El-+ +zlolb +E (c) oldE e, #4. x: dtl flg+/dql 46J +"J4^lg i!
3. (a) ++deE EeliAJ-.J EEel HolE qBrll TalEzI? +. E" +dol tJtJ x - -d, y : d, y : -doJ trll5- q
(b) ++d9 zJ"lb +Bl-=71? q6J7t?
"lB4
 98 E-6 607

trt.}lfl ?{t
+g H4l7I +rq]zl 4Tl"Jzl +tr6t+. *olH ol#E ¤H6I 3. ,gol zfr.alEollrJ (.r, y)(x * 0)_+ +aleflJrl (r, 0)_e -E
r, 4AolE "l#E ¤8614+ HlqlE E4. ¤S+E 0 : tan-r( ! lx1olty.
l. ITHzHE++C x: f(t), y: s(t)tlg'(l) : 0¤ EI4alH r 4. %l-C8] r: 2, xz + yz : 49+ x: Z sin 3/, y : Z cos 3r
: +¤ddg
l"J 'll r*=+. (0 < t < 2r')* E+ ,J* f{s$+4U+.
2. +d x: f(t), y: g(t), a 1 t 5 bel ,Jol= tr}++ ,Jtrt. 5. y' : 2y + 3x! r4E= E$dol+.

J6
It '(t)f' + ls'(t)fz dt 6. rdl+d+ zldE +d+ AqlE -trxl-otxl ?+btrI

E*EIII
1-3 trt¤. ullzlf fl.fqdg f".lr, ullzl]HfE 47l6ll^J 4loJ 14. x: t +sin/, y - t -cosroJ 4 dyldx, d'yldf!+6t4.
44g +6I+. EE15. r4gE oJ$aH,rl 4d ,r:t3-3t, y:t2+/+ lql^J 7t
1. x:t2 +4t, !:2- t, -4 < t<l ti H+ dE aIEE +{ti}+. :r-elI 4ltzlE ol$all.{
2. x:lnf, y:tz c++ 4IEE +61+.
3. x:cos0, y:secO, 0<0 <rr/2 16. +d x:Zacosr- acoslt, y:Iasinr- asin}tll ffl

dd4 +¤ddg ,*= 4¤- +6I+. ol ¤E= 0l+6ll^j

4. +d y : 16-ql q6I ^lE 4E all zH9
"]lzl]H+%r-4^lg
+dq r4sE rej4.
+6r+. 17. +d I : 9 cos 50-tr E*]A[.J H"lE +6[4.
s. (a) +aIE. (4,2rr/3)oJ dg LI+q4. :41 :249 zln. I8. +d r: 2, r: 4 cos 09 jilEg +6t+.
4LE= +6I+.
19. + fl r:2 sin 8, r: sin 0 * cos 091 .I+ql ts"J U-5 g
(b) qtr d9 4j[alsTl (-3,3)oltrl. ol dql q6J +4I
Eel Hol= +61+.
Ed + 7]]= +6t+.
20-21 trl-*
+cE zJolE +6I+.
6-e trl-g ++dg rqq.
2o. x:3t2, y:2t3, 0<t<Z
6. r= 1*sinO 7. r: cos 30
21. r: lle, rr <0 <2n
8.r:1*cos20 9' r: l+zs''^oL
22. .r.f zj r(a)ql^J "JzlE flxl(ulel)zl \g "llzl]H*H.4al
10. zljz%li8al x + y:2E- E¤g+ +de-l +%F44g +6t+. sE +qd+.
ffitt. +%l44lol r: (sin 0)/0?l +dg a==oltr(cochteoid)
x:+.(t2+3), y:5 -+f
+ ++. zlr.3+sqlrl 09 EL+E^J r9 :4-s.E ol+ql
zld +sE rq+. ¤r.l¤ 4l{}zl+ a+qE ol+6tl
(a) d (6, -4)ql^J .Jxl9 +E= +61+.
^l (b) 0 1t <8"J tr]l flz}9 B+ +E= +HoJ7l-?
^l +?l?,i+. rJzl=
12-13 zlcE ,llzHH*#ql 4s"61-= dql^l +dql 4'J dd
23.
'l-+ +d¤."rig +dsE sld^lrJ 4l *H -Jol
E +6I+.
9 zl¤zlE +a1+.
12.x:lntr, y:l*tzi t:l x:4.,fr, y:+ *fi, r<t<4
13.r:s-o; A:rr ffiz+. trt++ zJ$ o]]zlJH+%FC^l o _e del¤ +dg ,r.e=sql
608 98 oHTllE+Utr^.17l"+rlE

E(strophoid)+ ilJ4. (ol4+ fqsqE '844+ ilE 27, 34ol (14, 0)olr 4+14"1 (15, 0)oJ EtgE %l-d4l¤.

trtE EtrltJtrl.) +6I?+.

tz-c t(t2-c) 28.

=f;ol
(0, +4)olr d=Col y: +3xoJ tI+dE %l4^-l
A-
t'+l '
V
t2+l g +6I+.
cE {lol H+ql "}4
ol +dol qB4l flr}ixl$ a.r} 2e. +llEr+ ad ?'t+= EEd xz * y: 1004 ++4r q
6t+. E adol gdql 4fl"1 914. ol +gE ,J44g +6i4.
2s-26 q+ +dE adr+ +4.89 +6E, :-4sE fEl+. 30. aflol gdoll ol-!$1ol l, +*Jol ,:4 sec g"J Elflel

2i.t+ !' :r +%I44g +6|+.

98
31. ++I+ r^d}+d r: edl(1 - e cos 0), e ) le.l fl7{ ,t1o1
26.6y21x-36y+55:0
9 4".| cos-l1t l/e)oJ¤ Bq+.
 a
f ..,...,t._.
*
t.' 'lr'.. 't' l '.
t "fu
..
a
I
t a tr. . r"-"..G
.{
t ...
q ."-t .{.- tt'
i'r l'
t '
r'J'i
, t' a . *'...'

I a
a l1 .'* lrr
t
a i. ..
da rt
I

a a
I
I
,t .+

a I

, .a
r,f ' a
a'

'a
ii > "
ill ,,
t a

t/
't
rl,
a
-t,
a
,
F a a
:

I
I
'a
a
a a
a

t I

,
a

rH#J a

a I

aa

EEEfrl=¤ Eal 'golr{ ?l= flfllE+El L}s= ErlTlElE+E{ fti{|ofl rl|,E! Blr= +EsJtrl.
Antares StarExplorer / Shutterstock.com

1 I +EEl=+ aElr.4Erll=iE+
Sequences, Series, and Power Series

+al= rlAT/Fl g 80ll^l ++ ^J"ll^J C9E 6J+ql 46l] tul-ugu1-. olH tlql^J- +gg
gEB= ase a-J+. +ge Cclqol xl-¤f dillel d.J.J 6J+E ++6J
+
^l{r-dl-Ejr.
gt+ +gg. +qE + +df+, + +gg +E ELg EqEElr ++. ol_olzl-trH
"l_=
g +rJ tlql^J 4Eg Et+. +ffi+E ++'HH.E'JI, =
ffizl_og ol: rq6J ++q 4
E4 "lEol flrll 9zl "ll+"l+. lotr- t0¤ql^J+ +rHE d-H¤. ,-*'* rJ"l "l
dql- EEEI+e *g + HHE .J+# 4+61+ ILIH$ +ulg 4olrl. ull¤aJ*4 zJol
^l-.r"61-"i

+t]EE]qL H p+qiql^J +++= *:e 6J+- ++fl oJsE del¤+" r ql$ql +EL+94
+,ffi+-el +Hql 4* zlE zllH"tl g+"llzl= 4ol +,qq-+.
E4el-xlt 10.11¤ql^l E4l g HJEsE E+= ol+6J+. %r-o+, #d-q^dolE, dzfzl
qr-, aEq E" rI ,J* +"J"J E"Fg ¤+ql^i r5g Er+E
+44- #+q ^l¤. H 7l]E 6J
_o _tr. I EI+E 44l6ll^J et'-e +48+

609
610 108 +Ezl=+ ralr 7lE^llE=+

10.1 l+E

trI4ts+ql^le.l el9 zll'le +4lzl o-e. ¤il-= 4+6Iq ee +54 *H"l g

q-. ql= Eq 3ti 8¤E +H %r-Bg ,J{^lE +g ,ll +fl +9,
^l-S6|"1 =^lQl
+ +gol Ed, 2* r¤ql^]e+ rJol #zJ Hapg +16l] q zI
^J4g+ =^l-6171
e ++ql^JE 6J+E ¤+ E=1gg 4l4}g ollE +g"l +E"l+l+.
Tlgd s^ll7l9 :244 EqrxI.J "JqlolE zll* +rJ4 ^l+"11 +6J r ^lrllsl
HH ^J4ql Ed6lel= EEfi zfxlr. Bzl] 41ts9 9¤ol+r gel41 4zll9 ¤ixll
E zllzl6l-H.tr1. :. 9¤ + 6}+ql^l ^llt+ %r-ql ^'l 9l- ^IB.e 4a qvlZl Eq
?J + fl+r +1L6LH.+. ol- {zlxl A{tltl +1611^l *d Hztxl 4qsl ¤Hlg

AqoF 6l-tr, rfl +"11 Bol- llE 4;-lel ¤+9, E rfl +ql q-^l Bol- llb 4
49 EHlg tr"loF 6l+ql olfl {sE +qlol 4l+6llot 6l-71 trll$"l{l. 6fS.+
(rH 1 +4). oltrll 4 t4lql^l rl-Bol 4= 44= q+ +¤g +^d++.
11 111 1

,' 4' 8 16' 32' 2"

f.al 1 ,?flrl| trJ4loll^l 1/2'e-l 71al= E 1 1 I

LrL 2 4 2n
ELI .

I +:d+E
++ +*61 fp(sequence)9 tr|+4 zJol "J4+
+=d+El(infinite sequence) +^-l
s i&q{l +el 4Ee C4'J + gl't.
Al, AZ, A3, Q4, ...1Onr...

f o,$ 44 oJ, a2Y E4 u3-, :alr 'JHl4gE a,3 nH4 g}"l4 oJtrI ¤zJr-l
+q;+g"Jg q+q, q+^J an+t* d,el q+ t';rol4.
=
E- "Jel 4a ng1 ql6l + a,ol 486lEE +ge 4EEol "Jel d+Ee-l d
*e E+e 4fl6J + ?t+ql +E-6Ixl-. r+zl"J $rJ49E f n9 'J*#ql ql
+ Et+ tla f fu) 4d o, o-tr +tr}.

7lE f¤ {o,, a2, a3,. . .}g q+4 ,J"l 444zls ++.

{o,,} E= {o^}7:,

^l+61-. asE
+E Eol s.sH ru¤: lPEl 714++.
 10.1 +E 61 r

(q4 qtr +gg,?Hz}] .Jql r++ 49 zll=o.JeEril C9g + gl+.

1D
(a) ol ¤el HJql il.^lBol 4= 7.lr-lE ol+qd
^l4lql^J +gg 7l+61-H+. oI4
ol +Eg +EI'll= d{-+,rll zlxl s¤ol+.
=
1 It 1l l1
{+} "2n
Ua-

It' 4'8'16'32 2n'"'

^il
Hall Etrql^J= at: r/2', or: rl22 t +EE il+ H 7}]E 6+g zld +g6}q
+E},}iH+
(b) +g ruH4l 6Jel an:
#olr ol +Ee n:Zn+El
{#J:,9 ^lg ^l
ztElg ++UtrI.

fz 3 4 s I
It't't'e'"'J
(c) *E u\, #, rE, r/6, )+ rz: lBEl ^1461= 4+ {@r},-,e +48 +
?ttr}. ffiulzll n: 3*4 ^lzl6h= 4+ {Ji},:, *. an: Ji, n> 3s_tr + +E
el+
+g
{r-,r-@-}:,* ++ +ss ^rc.r+
(d)

r 23 4 5
1 ' 3' g' zJ' gI'" ]
q7l^l= n: ololr +gql^J (-1X CEg .J+e+ ¤+E +
"llzl- d, H4l
OoJ HrJoI
s4 ++. r
{iqfl 2l) ilg fl+4"J H zfls.l u;o1 qtr 5tr6J +zl¤. zlzl:il- gl+r zf{6p.,
++ +gfl gHl6.l a,gl 4oJ
^lg +6Iq
34567
5' 25' 125' 625' 3125'"'

Efl o, - +, or: -*, a3: *, oo= -*, as:;Aol+. 4 E+fl E{+ 3

ql^J
^146l]^J 'l4E
t4 +rI,*+. q+^J EBll 6}e_l Ezl= 4, Cl4ll 6Jg EzI.b S,
'J+4sE ,Hzil oJ9 EzlE n * 2ol+. +E= sel 4E4l#ol4. r't4rJ ,,9 EE-
s'o]+.4 6}el +s. oJ4 ¤."1 rqlE +4kt+. trI+^J qlxil l(d)e+ zJol (-r)g
=
4Exll+|.¤- #B}]ot ++. q7l^J= 4,ol oJfolFE (_1;,-r E= (_1;a+r:L *_6l]0} 6J
4. :-4 o e faiaxf 6l= +gg q-gq- ?Jc+.

a,: (-l) n- . n-f

|
2
n
5',
612 108 +ErlE+ ralr 7lE^llEE+

(ql4 3 l) +s+ +E+ 4tq-ts cEg + fl= fgol4.

(a) p,ol n'Js 1g 19 f,xl] rll4lg "J+"J "ll fE {p,}
(b) s,ol # 14 c+d g. E.}ol q-q=4,J
"t4 "Hall xlH,++ trl] #E {a,}g ag H
ol delq= f$"l{.

u, L,8, 2, 8, 1,8,2,8, 4, 5, . . .)

(c) nl!il,ulxl *EFibonacci sequence) {"f;}g tl-s=r+ *+ 4TJql el6l] 4o}^le.e 4

e]E +gol+.
: 1, fz:I, fr: f,-r* fn-2, n>- j
fr

4 .Je HLE +.E + olg aJaJ fl oe i]+ H .Jg +ts6IH q*-4 +q.
{1, l, 2,3,5,8, 13, 21,...}
ol +gg 13^ll7l olB?-lol +trlx} ul-E-4zlzl Ezlg H^.lql +fl+ E4= += r+¤
ql^l Ee 4.ol4tfl#Exll a5 +4). r

r +Esl
=:d
A1 azat I
o4
+eel 4¤+ +4d{r-ql er1r1z1+ fqlEE +4.llE^l r+ o e .E¤B + ?l

0 1
+. rH 2sl rH 39 +g +gql 46lq ol4oJ,JHg ¤Hdtr 9t+.

zi 4
2

ral
JEL
.)
Itr +" 1JI:1,
- [z'i' 4's"")l
an

f9 {",}X:,3 "Jel 4+ dillE d6Jg c99-"e.61-= R+olzJ rllE"il +gE

aaao"
f-i.llE= alszl
a
a 1
a I (1, a,), (2, or), (3, ar), (n, a)
0 1234567 n
e trqd dEe +cg+.
-ral
JEU
2
rH 2e+3oE+E] fE o, : n/(n + l)e-l 4.Jg nol Adql q+ 1q d+'J
g .J + gl+ ¤xllE ng ?Eal =41 dqdl^l rl+= zffi zp." aJ 4L4l B + 9l+.
-t_ nl
n*1 n*l
olag q+r+ rJol 4ri'g + il+g 9"laJ4.

lim _:n 1
n-*n*l

"JHlzlsE nal Adql q4 +E {4,}E o}=ol tql d=++} 9"ls tl-¤. 7l

s= ^l++tr]..
lim ar: L
n+@
 10.1 +E 613

+Ee-l ++ql ql6J r-l+. {e]= 3.4¤ql^l xll^lifl'J ++rflql^J EL+E +eql
rll+ {Ee+ "]]+ +^l-61-r+.

+Esl
1 ElSe Esl ru$ ?Eal =41 qdl^l 6J o,ol tql +d6l4l EIE
==-Jel
+ 9l+8, +g {a,,}9 tg ,*=++ 6l.r q-g-r} rJol +4U+.
=Et
)*o":r E= n-*941 a'+L
liqo, ol f{lal$ +E+ *E!-dr(converges)-tr 61I., r+zl *9H +E {a,,}*
Ltt.Xoiverges)-z ++.

fH 4= ++ol r.J +HEl-= + +gq r4EE EoJ_o +Al 4e] trg ¤H

++.
gn a,
aa
a
lla a a
aa aa
L L aa
a
i a

0 1234 t1 0 1234 tl

-r.B 4 Jr1lx o, : r?.! +aJ6F= + +=E r,Eflu

dE trq q g"Jql cE=.+*!+ e+

2 qilq E"J=d Esl "Je]el e > Oql q"]] olql q1+6I= irsol SxllaNaJ
+Esl
n >ItroJ ol] lr, - Ll < eol
^dB6.JtrlE, +g {a,}9==drgr*=+46}I,
tr].

¤-4 zJol +4utr|. ol tr9= 3.aPo; E9 trel Hl-][6]l -Erl

: t Ets n --+ oo"J an + L
)i*o" "I

{sl tr- rH HFol +{d +lql 'JE ctt,az,a3,...g- dsE ulg-

soll^J
"ll,
+?J@ - a,L + zlrll dqafrJrlE, aru*r ol$g s= olEol ol +
")9 "l-+"1
+ "Jql +olE+ o]ft.nol +z]]E'-g 9"1d4.

at a3 a? as aN+t aN+? as a6 a5 a4 a7

0 L -a LL -ral
JE
tr
\jr

rH 6+ 4el trq E +s ¤Ese n > NolE {a,}E r4E +lE d5ol +

+¤d y: L + e4 y: L - e.r.|olql +olrll g+- 4,¤. e-q ol rHg
=+.
s¤. o}+el zl4 +q+E cHdl]oF 6Iq, gHI4 os 5ol 4}olxlE zlol-d++ tf
9 rJ 4zl4l ¤+
614 108 +Ezl=+ r4r 7lE^]lE+

.v
aa)
aa
t y:L':-'t
aaaaaaa
a
L a

!:L-e

1234 il
ra6 t,
T/

+eq 6}01 6t+e] #ql d.6|zl *sE r +ge ts4}+4. aH 7+ *Eol

+41.J + gl= F zl-xl tri= %IBg Eq+r gl+

lrn G,,

a a

0 1234 n 0
1234 n

(a) (b)
aal 7 gtl6l= +Eq lzflu
=
IrliETl-:H rEl+l +ge-
7(a)ql
^lE +-a + {t ^l-ol.4lE6-l-r
n--+mg
trll 6l+el #ql d=o.lzl S:zl ,llEql g4I++. r4E ft)oll{i 4ol q 44"il

44 a,ol +Hol +z}6fr. 9l+. +gol g416l- ol ,J+ "J^lg 44421 +16]]
!!*o,: *4a Atr, "fEol +*4E g4l6Jr+."I +tI. +¤-E g"J+ CE=
3.44 4q EFI +^16l-r+.

3 +:efi:dgl g"J=d Esl lim a, - co|- -E= oJ+ Mql ql6ll +*¤ "J+6t.
4+ Nol +r1glg 9r1fl4.
n > NolH a,,) M

Hl*+ "JH9E 14", : -@ 9 9"lE CE+tr|.

r +aJ6F= +Esl dE
{el trle+ 3.4¤ {el trI= Hll.61l -H-E lim a n: L4}g1/(r) : Lel x|ol= +
tl ruol 4+4- 4,Sol+. trI+^J rl+ Cfl= Es{, zH 89 ol 4r-lE ¤H
+tri.

4 8zl : Loltr nol ¤i'J 4l /(n) : anoJH lim a^ : [-olc\.

,tg /(x)
 10.1 +E 615

.v
v:"f(x)

0
t234 -r
f.al g

qlE , f 7 0"J trll lim(1/.r,) : 6olE-tr_(3.4¤E 44 E +4), CEI Eql

=ol
el6ll rl-+ol
^dB+ti.

5 r>golg n+e
um{:o
fl.

1.6¤ql^lsl +{}HzlC +tre.] ++ql ql6H^JE CB6].r r +BE +^}6|r}.

+gel
=:dEIEl
{a,14 lb,}"|+H6l+ f¤"ll c7} ++48 ++ol ¤B{}+
1. lim (a" + b"): lim an * lim bn Etol r+ril
Er-l tl -i
ll---t6 lt+m n---)6

1 lim (c, -
4+m
b"): lim an - lim b,
n---+& n+m
ifq EEI
3. lim can: c lim an $+H]|sl EEI
n--+m n+@

4. lim (a,b") : lim a, . lim bn =ol r+lil

rJ-l t= -
n+6 n+@ n--)m

lim a"
5. lim b,# 0olH, hm ?: 'r^-l tft*l
-EOl lJ
n-+6 n---+* bn lim D" -
=
n+@

E += +++ Hzl.$ olqlsl zlExll*9 H4ol+.

p>0oJI en> OolE lima r: n

n I n* 14. 4ErllEsl HEI
n+6 Ln+a "J'o
l

%}+443 ol_44 rJol +gql 4+.J + gl+(rB e eL4)

a cn
a
aa
bu l:!r
ta.aaa' ' i';:!iilrrr
'!'
an
a

0 n
=aJ
9 +E {b,,}= +E la,,lal {c,} Al
oloil^l g+Erl.
6'.16 10E| +E7lE+ ralT 4E^llEE+

+Eoil EH:d g+ Eel fl) nog t]] anAbnl c,,ala lim a^: limc,, : Lol$. liln^b": Lol4.

+ge] ++ql 4oJ E 4E +++ 44tl trl+$ Asq, olql {aJ +He E
+E4l 47tr- HrJ+

6 8zl lirn 4,, :0olH lim an 0o l trl

n+fr fl+@

H 3.4E.llrJ ol¤-d t]JH4 +^1614l EEql^l ngl 46J al.Zil+-e- EEe+ +zl¤
+b t}"g +gE +6J Ezlg 4s-"aJtr}.

n1 :iim-: lim 1
n+r
gU4-E gslsl 8# c0l cHall iim
n-*n*l
limc:c
"-*1*I lim 1 * lim
t+s n n+a n+6 n

0l4e g0l^J rH ze.l 3-e-e+Ei

101 g+= aE Hq
=q.
---J i6: '

{zlrJ ^l Eql^l r: r"J 4+E "l+11,trI.

(o1dl 5D +g an: -+e+ n +Hq-=z} gg g4}6}-=zl-?
llD
Eil qlal 4ilH +Ee+ EzE no E 4+H E4t tl-folr "J+ql EE= 0 o E +
H++
nm!:
,-*ll0*m lim
I
n+t
l0 -L_
1
1l
n-n
trI+^J la,I* B+++ tr

(qdl 6D
lry- ff+414l6t4.
Efl "-+cooJ
4l Ese+ +^l7l g.+ +*qlE ts4}qloll a"e-434. a1x1uj e4g H
49 z1d 4+6J + H+ql +el6l-z}. 91.t-"IE EtrlB H4* +gol olq+ dH++
+"il 4+4zl ollE"l+. r4+ +EE *f /(x) : (ln x)/xll EulR H4g 4s" 6IH
rl-.+g E=+.
lnx llx
lg;:,lgi-:o
trI+^-l 44 Eql EE}] 4*ol ^Jflqlq
lnn
1i- Q tr
n+& n
-:
 I0.1 +E 6'.a7

(o{l4l 7l) +g an:(-t)nol +eq-=zl E4}61+zl +4++. 4,,

Eil +gE a}g +E6l-H'++q-+L+.

0 1234 t't
{-1, l, -1, 1, -1, 1, -1,...} -l a

rH 10+ ol +gE r4sE +ElU+ ol +gE 4 6JEol 14 -l ^l-olql^l 4lE6F

F.e +g a,3 flgg +ql E=6I71 *=4. :4== rim(-1)'3 +xl]6l-xl g=+. f.eJ 10 +E {(-r),}
EI+^l +g {(-1)',}+ g+}++. r
( qq I |) Hm (- 1),, ol gzllflH :z #g +El+.
n+m n an

Eil Hxl ¤H#e] ++g 4l+Idl-H trI++ *L+. I

t-rt'|
Iim Il-j----:i:lim -:0
r
,**l n I n-nn
a
a

tt n

rqE-e ¤El Eql "I+ ++ol ^3BEL+.

(- l)' -l
lim-:0
n+m n

r+ l19 ol +gq rulro14. tr :IaJ 11 +E {+}

'tg 4r]= E+++= +Hq-= +Eel .JEql 4+6tE a 4+ E6J +BE+
g "J*+.

7 Eq )i*"":I,oltr .-l.ffz}Iql^J S4olfl, ffiol ^dBdJ+

:
,{g "f(a') f(L)

{qq el) J41 sina= +61-+.

Eil ^IrlEL++
gql^J ¤4oloe d4 Eql E6fl trl+r+ zJol ¤+ ?lr+.

lim
't

sin-:
I
sin lim
TI
:sin0:0
n+x n n+@ ll

(10{l{l 10D +g an:ntfn'q +HdgEelo].4.{zlrl n!:1.2.3 nol4.

Efl "---+
E+ ++4e ts4}++. rq+ Er4B Hzl¤"
oog 4l Ee.str Exl-zl-
^l-+
alzl 9la3
'H+q. Et+= HtrHxzI c*zi "IqE x!ol 4gslzl t+=+). nol #zlEI
ql q4 a,gl t}+ol dzIEExl Eol-E7l +16}l .J¤- H ,H"J +g6]l Bzl.
"]tr
at: l,
t-2 L-2-3
- 2.2',.
.tt):
" 3-3-3
tt't,:-
618 108 +94 ralr 7lEflHl+
=+

4n
8 an:
l'2'3""'n
n'n'n'""'n

ol strr+ rHr4EE+E] '+ 6JEol +46}J

12E O"il d=+¤- "J + tl4. "lE
+"J61-71 +lq
^l
trlE+q q+ 49 ++6lx}.

n
I 2'3""'n
0 dn:
-n n.n""'n
feJ 12 +E lnlln"l +z}7l E.gu-+ 4Ir1.+ 'Js-r,.s gs "Jel 49 zl46l]"F 101+. trl-4^J +*r+ e+
Oaora*
n --+ moJ ui|.l/n ---+ Sol-s e "J+ 4Elq q+ n --+ moJ 4 o, -- Ooltr|. tr

(oll4l tl |) +g {r"}¤ rE olE a}ql qlEl +H6l+7l.?

H 3.4¤4 6.2¤(E= 6.4*¤)ql^l zl+++9 :24 gefEl b > I olE luLb' : *
ol-I. 0 < b < lolE limb':0"J9'JI 314. l4o+ b: rE- --tr ¤nl El= zl
e" 6l.H trI.gg g=+.

lim rn :
@, r) 1

t+@ 0, 0<r{1
t-JE EEcIrll trl-¤-ol dfl+trh.

jgx1':1, ,l!90":0
-1 < r < 00lE 0 < lrl < tol.u-+ ffioJ 4fl.J+.

lg l"l : l'3x l'l': o

r4= + C4 E"il el6ll ,1I*r,:0014. 71-1olH 4lxll 7ql^le+ zJol {r,}* g4}
6J+. rH 133 r9 qq {}.il 4* :-4uol+. (r: -le A+= rH l0oll ++H,
trI.)

an an
a

r)l a

I -l(r(0
a
r:l a
0 n
a I a
o a
a a

n n . r(-1
0<r<1
.f.g 13 *E an: rn tr

qlzll I lE ¤r+E sqt6}B ++4 +q.

 10.1 +g 619

I fts {r,}3 _1 < r < lolfl fflap., I ele] roll 4aH^J= B+}+tr}.

lim r' :
0, -l < r(-I
ll-e
{ 1, r:L

r E4,+41 +E
+gg ="}-6Ib Ell glq ,JEol u#C-¤=z16|4+ +alrl+ +Ee Egg
+tr}.
=E+

r0 Egl n> I ?l gE n.ll 46]] anl a,*t, a arl arl at{. "J *l]
+¤
{a,}* n> t"J E= /,"11 ql6fl dn} an*,oJ El ilA+gol+.J
=71+Eol+.Jr+.
4 #zlal4+ +46I. +gg E4+Eol4 ++.

llq4l 120 +g
{"i-}*zJ+feol+ et]+6}H n } r"J EEnsl 4at] ffiol
^d B617l ullEol4.
333 qlrll l2oll^l 3t(n + 6)3 EsTl 4 =tl
n*5 n*6 (n+1)+5 "rt, I n]|Eoll 3t(n + s) Erf qrrf.

ilo{l4l 131} +g o,: fi +a+g"Jg E.l+.

EUtr an) a,,,.1, * 4*ol ^dB+g -HolH ¤+

n n*l
"'*L- in+1r,*,
ol +F{g +EeI E{¤ ErJEj E"H^l Ee ++ +F{4 EiloltrI.
n \- n*l
n2+l- (n+l)2+l <= nl(n + 1)'+ 1l > (, + t)(n'z + 1)

¤> n3 + 2n'-r 2n> n3 + n2 +n+ I

<+ nz + n> 1

n > lolF-tr- n2 + n > 1ol BolZ, trI+^-l an) an*,oItr {a"}Z

"JAfE"l4.

f,(xl:x2+!-x:2x:J-*' (r'+lf <0

{x2+l)z
/= (1, m)ollr] ,J46lE_tr f(n) > f(n + l)oltrl. q+^J {a,}* ,Ja+g"l+. r
620 108 +E+ E+ ralr ZErll#+

l1 Esl n > 1.fl sE nql ql6J] a, < M+ trJ+61= + Mol

=zl]6lE,
+E
{a"}& +lE *Ilftounded above)FJ il+
n z t"J E= /,ql qla]] m 1 an* q}+6}.L *E {r"}+ olEllE
i mol +xJ]dtE,
SlI(bounded below)4 6J+. flE +4lql E^l9l olfle +41"J f¤ {o"}+ PII
*Eftounded sequence)ol 4 flt}.

ql= Eq #E o,,- n* o}?]lE +fllolx]E} (o, > 0), +lE +41= otq+. +g
a,,: nl (n + 1)3 EE noll ql6ll 0 I a,q lolF_+ +4loltrI.
E= +41*¤ol +H6l+ 43 ol-ul+. tql= Eq ql^ll 7E+El fE a, - (-l)'
g -l a o n< l¤- trJ$a1x1u3 B+I+rl.l E6-J EE tafEol +E^l +H6l+
49 o},l\tu,: -> m).
4 rfl+ *4lf$"lr +a+Eol{ HI=al +H++.
olfl :z44 .uH 148 _HE 4*4_"-g el] :z
Eel rJol ¤=Hg+.
^l-¤g ¤r]
4ol #"JzlE oldlB + ?t+. {a,}ol f;z}afr. EE n oll 4dl a, < MolH 6"1-=9
44ol _Eol4l Elr qE + roll d-=._BJ+.
4,,

L aaaao"'

aattOrll"t.."

0 123 n
,feJ 14

12 EE +E Eq E= +41"J ta+gg +HdJ+

fls +41.J ?zlfp4 ol4e +4lql ,JA+ge +E.J+.
=61,

CEI 12+Hg ¤+ dEL Rel EHIC fral(Completeness Axiom)9l =4=

el
+:1L glq.sHlc +4= s7L +d6Jol "lH ¤+EeJ 4ajeE *Al M+ 7l¤ ull
(+, sel -gE x9l 4aJ] x s M),.T= ElA 8Il(least upper bound) bE ?*+q= A
ol+. (ol= ezl soll ql+ b < M"Jg FBJr+.) ¤
^J4lolxluJ Mol +E ^J4lolE
+, +Hld +El- dzldql Eol+ +B"l s.+= ^l-¤g +Elu+.

Eal 12 +g {o,,}¤ #zl#trol+ 6l-zl-. {o,,}9 #4lol.o-e dR .s -

=B
{o,ln > l}e /d-4lE r*=+.sHlc +4q el6}] sel 4lr +41 rol g
=4l++.
99 ' > 0oll qlBll r- e*sel t'-4171 ol-.-]-=-+(rol 44 {}4lol-=-e)Q$$ u.l

+6I= 4f noJ +zll++.

a7u} L- e

r4+ fEol +7l6tE--tr m > N9 "J+61+ EE noll 46ll o, > aryol4. tr14^l
 10.1 +E 62',1

n > NolE q+g gs=+.

an7 L - e

E'BJ a, < I,oIEE ffiol CHuJ+.

0<L-an1E
l4 =-s n > I/olS ffiol CH'Jtr+.

It-a,l 1t
+, ,1gg
an : l, oJ+.
f¤ 1o,;ol ,Ja+g.J 4+E (41'fl 614l= oJgall.rJ) Hl+a-lrll +EB + ?l
L+r
_l

(o{14 t4l) ++r} rJol d++4lE cE¤ *E {a,}g ¤gBz}.

ttl:2t Anrl : l(a, + 6) fl: 1,2,3,...

Eql 6Jg 4l4I6l-H^J

^J*- H ^l+++
ar:2 az:+(z*6):4 a3:L@*6):5
at: l.(5 + 6) : 5.5 as: 5.J5 ao: 5.875

a7 : 5.9375 aB: 5.96875 as: 5.984375

olel ,Jg +E+ f$"l f;zfop 4 6Je 6ql d*6}r il+= 49 g'-^1d4. "l EEI-+E= rl-= q ++4 +l.JEol rl+
*¤"1 ?zlalE Ag qql6l.Tl +16ll, +oi4 +lBEg ol+6H^l EE n > lq qlql ^I.EEJrl.
an+17 a,$ BoJz.l. az-{} a,olue n: 191 4611 CBoJ+. n: kE ull EolE 4
*ol CB++.
ap11 ) Qp

a*+r*6)a*-f 6

L(oo*, + 6) > L@r+ a)

Apa2 ) Apal

olE+El n: k + 1oJ 4 on*r) an* ts=+. :zelF+ +q4 flSBql "14 EZ n

ql q6l
"l +E4l"l cH,il+.
EE n{l 40]] ,, < 6"Jg }rfl oeal {a,}ol +41"J9 +E*+ tfEol
+zl-El-IrE EE moll 4oll ,, z o, :2olr 6l-4lE ,*++= olul gr gt+.)
^l-¤g
a, ( 6oJuE n:1ql Ell* +lBBq fEol dB+tr}.ru: ftoll qql +olep z14a;
zI.fflfl ffiol dtsE1+

a.t 16
att6<12
622 109 +E+ ralr TlErltE=+
=+

L@o+o)*L1z):6
a*+r 16

olA+ +ql4 Tl.SHql u}+ E_E nql 4.ll a,, < 6";9 e.J4.
*¤ {o,}3 +7}6}r. #4loloe c4 El= ++"1 +xl]6}= ag E++'}. :r4
4 ol ¤4= *d<iol fB.qlxlE .Jrl+4 ?+=+ r: jgo,ol fxlloli-4.9 Er
?lo oE +qd ds}+41= ol$oll.rJ +g+ rJol ¤ + 9l+.

: i@, + 6) : ](,Jt*
' r, *u):l(r+o)
,,[imA,+r nlgx /
an t LolrrE n --+ molql n * I --+ moltr flil o,*, + Lol4. tr++^l trl+g gE+.

t:l1t+e)
rql q* %r_¤^lg EE ql+r-q E_ L:69 e=+. r

to.r I E+=xtt
l. (a) fts"l* FH'JzI? &6lr z*zl ?+sE :z olr}E ¤H614

]gxo,:89 +Hg Etrl6l+7|?

(b) 3n
ti
tz. u-' -
I *6n
13.a,:1+(-+)'
(*)
l,*", - mi +Eg eltrlal=7t? ---

2-8 trl¤- +ge] z-l¤- szH

'Jg +gEf+.
14-31 ffi fpol +eq+zl g&6}=zl sd6]-+. +E6IE
+6Je- +6t?+.
2. dt,: n3 -I 3. 12 *
"17:,
(-l)',-' 14.
5
a^: ----- 15. a": - 3n
4n2

4. a,: 5. a": cos /l,r n*'Z Z# + l

no
--(-z\', 16. an: --l---^ 17. a,: 3"7 u

6. frn: 7. at: l, an+t: Zan * | n" - ,Ln

ffi I -f 4nz
on
18. au: e -tt"6 19. a,,:
8. At : 2, fln+t: llnz
l*a^
n' (- l)'
2O,u":-----: 21. a,:
e-ll il* H 7]] oJE +zlol al+gqr zf{6p., +S +g Jn3 + 4n -=
2rln
el "JH}6J a,oll 46J
^lg
+6I+.
22. I e" - r)!l 23.{sinn}
s' {+, 1, l, +, *t, ' ' '} I(r, + tIJ
cos2lz
24. {n2e-"} 25 a
ro. {-3, z,-+,8,-j+, .. .} 2n

l+- n2
1r. { +, -1,7, -+,?, . . .} 26. an: n sin(lf n) 27, an :
I
28. a,: ln(Znz + 1) - ln(n 2 + 1)
12-13q+ +EE xJ* tozl 6*¤. A+d oI4 'Jl4ll \flttlz\
41416Ir ol {tg ol+6H,q *se. +gq r4tr-E:ael+. +
29, ar: arctan(ln n)

gel +'*ol ¤xfi{t AAH Eol=z\? rBqH r #g 4l 30. {0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, . . .}

 10.1 +g 623

n! 45. (a) i{E+il= +s=+ zJ¤ Exll$ xll^llfl+.

31. an:
T EvlTl +zl ?+r ¤gEl &+r Bp, ullp ?J7+q
gI+ + ,Alol sf + 4r-4 rHzlE B=ql, olEg 2
EE rz-rs +gE rEiEE 0l+6ll^l fgol +H6l=xl g4I ffi 4e ++q aHzlE B=+r 7ld6iz}. + qlqu.J
6l-=zl +c6I+. fgol +e6IE, :74ss+El +6J#¤. ql
++ ^l+++8, n* +qlE EvlTl H tl-
'tdl-sE
+6Ir r{g
+H6I+.
?lflEzl?
32. a,:(-D"# 33.an:*.rrn(
h) Bol /,gg Bq+. 4tl4 {r}g qlxll 3(c)oll^"i 4sl
n'cosn ulE+il ftsol4.
6J
34, a^-
lln" (b) a,:f"*r/f,ol4 g 41, d,-r:1+ l/a,-zoJg .H-{
iF
5'' un
1.3.5....-(2n-l) 4. {o,}ol fH'J4z zfxJa}r. +6Jg +6}+.
e.Y
ffi+o. (a) r4lu= ol+611^J 11+ ++{tg +=.6}+.
36. 1000BBl= ¤olg 67ooJ +E-lE FxI6lE, nE
6JAl= a, : 1000(1.06)'$elolc1.
+ g?]# ls; n'

*E {",}9 ;J$ szfl .}¤ Llg6}4.

(a)
(b) (a)ollal
^i-+'* +gq r4sE ol$all.<J 4E trql
(b) ol fE"l +H6l-=zl q+ B4}q+xl ¤8614.
AJ e:0,1+ e :0.001q1 q+6I= r/el al*{tg +
orq.
"llzlE 7l+r
37. aJ oJ4Bxlzt "Jqalql{ sooouJ-49 gl

4. 4lzl9 += 6J Eql 8qo4 +716Ir. .J4Bxl-b ,I¤ 47. 44 Elg +E6L+. [-d=: 4e] tr E= "J+ C4E ol*
6J+.1
300Eltsl zlE rl FIE"J+.
el
"ll
(a) npol zlkl + pg q+4 ,Jgg u_ lima,: gol7 {e,}ol +4lolfl
"llzl9 ,ll4l+ 48. lim (a, bn):0gg +E
q4. 6I+
P, :
- 300, Po: 5000
1.08P,-r 49. a > bt_l olf a, b.il 46ll ara\ b1*zJzJ a4 bel 4I+B
(b) 6zl]¤ + "Jq6lql ilE Elzlg +E +6I+. +rl 716lB7olr{ a}x}.

38. +g {nr"}o1+H6}71 flt .9 {tg +6t+. ar: a*b

Z , br:lab
3e. +g {o"}Z zJ+f¤olr EE 6}0l se} s .<}o1q1 +q gl
olr+49 4l+6lE gHlzJsE q-q=+ rJ+.
Ql a1x1.
+ge.1 +Elol ol+= ¤E6I+" +uJ
=x16l= o"!^u,
&ql ql6ll^J= qBrll "JB ?iEzt? f a--,:
n*l Z
.1 b
urt r+r: 6"h
6zlf¤"Jxl ,JA+goJzl, otHH t=49o1
40-42 rl=sol (a) *4{ flBHg olgii]].tl ++g Eq4.
otHxlE +C6I+. Ef, +{+E"Jzt?
an) an*r) bn*t) bn
1
40. an:
T;1 41. a,: n(-l)' (b) {4,}4 {b,}ol E+ +H6l-b Ag +_6}+.
42, a,- 3 - Zne-"
)*"^:,14&,"J¤ eq4. "1fl +E9 **aig zt
(")
+4= a4 b4 tt=-7ldElf,(arithmetic-geometric-
43. r1-g- +ge] ++g +6I+ mean)ol=| EHtrl.
oln
lJi, lz'E,lzJzfi,, .. .j s0. x1g ^Jqql^J Ea7l9 zll;1lag 4; p-*,:at pn o
=
44. ar: r, an+t- 3 - e {EE +gg f;z}al-I, EE n EBs+g+. q7l^l p,2 nE + Elzlfl zll;llfola, ael
{
ql qq a, < 3oJg Bq+. {r,}3 +ee}g Tgop * bY Ettle] +4 +$ql el+61+ oJ9 {lfoltrI. g,Jql
/l41a5po > 0olrlz zJ-4rp1.
'Jg +61+.
624 toB +Erl.=+ ralr 4Er1l#,j+

(+, +g EE"oJ+.)
(a) {p,}"1 +H6}E Tlso 6J ++#g 0r} b - asoJg E
(d) a < bE+ z|{a}z}. po < b - aol$, {p,}* f;z}a}r.
q4.
0 1 pn< b - a"Jg -H-o14. E* po > b - aol{,
(b) p,*, < (bla)p,"Jg trq +.
{p,}e- +46}-r. p,} b - o"Jg -Bq+. a < &olts
(c) (b)E ol+dl^l a > b! ull lim p, : 0oJg trq+.
limp,,
,l*c
-b- doJg+E-6i4.

10.2 I
"+
zll rE q¤ + 6I+ql^J %I "Jql ^l 9l- ^I*ol {zfzl a4zltl +l6]]^J-
*d aqof 6p, ra +l-J..I 9t= 4;.lE HHdill ,l4el il
Hzl-xl ,l4e-l Hlg
g, E+^l Bot 9l= 44e] HXI)g a+a}{t:H I +3) tr"lo} ++E 4g +
10.1¤ql^-1 ¤qtrfi}+. olfl 4C"l 4l+6ll^J HI+¤ + llsEtr 7ll
^l6lfi.+g
bg ol
^I++ e=. Eql
Eg+ f s.4r ++6IH+.
:lal 1 nHnll Ezll0l,tl ol AFJoI
++ Eill Zal= rlEr.f Erl-
I I
+ + c
+ +
2 4 2u

I
2
1
4
I
2n

EE HJ
"Jql fl- ¤41E qql Egg + 9t+g "Jl glr, ol= ^I+
^l%r-g
ol ag dill 4f-l= +¤-r+ aol ++6-1 y+e 6Le 4qq Bqs s^lB + ?t+
g
^l^l-++.
1111
l:-+-+-+-+ 1
-24816 +
2'
+

xll.}f +,*61 f+g +E ,<JE rJ61ft. 4.* 9"17} S,4r +4-6IHzlEI ?r-+zl
o-tr +* Elg
^pg-.h=
+E +a;lol gl+. el$ E{ d{l+ E¤ql^l flf¤ '.
el ,*g ot{e+ ,Jq.

rr : 3.14159 26535 89793 23846 26433 83279 50288"'

olBltJ d+l+ g.¤g fl+g rE 4s=4 rJol +=J rJe-E + + ?l*+ 9"loJ4.

tr:3 * ro14159265
* ro, + 10e * roo
* roo
* rot
* rU
* rot
+ "'

+*61 y+g 6Jg dxlle qB +- Hzl"J q "te 6Jg qaf{ rJpffi fla
¤ "r9 ¤211 <i"l 4 zltl& #g eg + gttl.
 10.2 625
=+
I F:=:=#
+++g {o,}T=,9 '}g rJofzx} ++E ++4 rJg E4E ^lg g4l Eri.
1 ar* ar* ar* ... * an* ...

"lAg ==EF=*(infinite series) E- ,J+al frf(series)4 4q ++4 zJ* zl:r

E +4Erl.

2 o, E"= 2o^
"J+4.o8 ++61 y+e +e] Eql ql6l] te]6f- 4"1 9"ltl il*t*? q-
q ++ -,f9 r.l$ rJafH h4 Rol dd q 444 trIEql ol ++9 +++ = 6J
g *- 49 olufE Ezl-ts6J 4o14.

l+2+3+4+5+'..+n*.".
6l-xl"J zll.._el E¤"fl +sE +* rl4E ++E ^J46fl Ezf.
I I
+.+*** 16
+
32
+
64
+ +
2
+

.J9 rl"ll 4zl-H.tl tu\zlzle.l a-Jg 4]4Io-IE l,ita+ +.*E q}),3(4f,-

^ll n iJg .L-Elot
,\tE 6t
oJ, H,'+,# 5g erll ¤+. e-E+oll ?l- E- oJgg. rl
Ct-i tl

"*ol rJaJffi o1q

I 0.s0000000
+ +++c Ed q lql zLzf+lzl- 49 Eq+r ql+. dxllE nEall ++qfg 2 0.75000000
4+4 rJ+. J 0.87s00000
4 0.93750000
L',-l I 5 0.96875000
2" -r 2" 6 0.98437500
7 0.99218750
ol= E6]] +E6l y*g.Jg r,l+-qer.q (1, n3 +E6l .a4l 6Iq) ++Elg fl61 10 0.99902344

. "J+ lql zl4+ixlrll Et + 9l+ ,++^J ol F*-"*9 B+ lol+r g6l-r q

15
20
0.99996948
0.99999905
g=4 rJol 4E.
Aol E}=J6ll Eql+. 25 0.99999997

:1 1 1 I 1 :l
z7:T* + - g - 16
T' * 1

z,
r
++ \a,,ol .Jg *=xl o|{xl$ tr46}zl
gHl4.J +l"]] +4= +^}oJ 71]H
g
^l-*++. ++ FEfl(partial sum)g ^Jr+6lxl-.
sl :41
Sz: Al * Az

J3:4r*az*At
54:atlaz*At*a+

gHI4sE +Ei,ll{ ++4 ?Jr+

626 108 +EalE+ relr 4EEIH+

sr: at * az I at+ "' * an: 2 a,

i:1

ol ffiuJ-e-,r.lltrS fE
{s,}g E¤6h=ql ++ol fE, *g +
=xllg =x]]6}zl
E 91tri. ]T1r,ol (+++-tr) fzlJrfB *q ql"il^le+ rJ"l r4g 5-aJfrf xa,
9 6Jol4 ++.

2 r{ol
o-l *i Lro,: at * az * at * .. . ql {E]] s,9 u}s=4 '/J3 nHr{l *E
6Jol+ 6}zl-
tl

sr:E ai:et*a2*"'*an
i:1

lim s, : s7l ¤+E

#E {r,} ol fflafz ,l-.*m +^ll6J trll #+ 7,a,* #El=ettrKconvergent)
7 6Iq, +¤-4 zJol 44UtrI
@

a1 *a2+"'*an* "':s Eb
,:E,r,:,
f sEfr+E :E[(sum;o1+ 6J+. fE {"}ol BC6J ol] fr+=',J+}flttrKdivergent)

r ++.

tlE 0184El+ Hll.6l-rf.

"l4r-1 -*,#9 '*g +EB +gE
++oltrl. :elp-+ Ero^: s4a + ql, ++
Jirt,l dx: tim f,tti o* 'l E+g,J¤ qqlsEr^J + soll flolt "JZ zl44l ts + 9l+g 9"1*4. tr +
0l 4E= ?6171 +161| loll^1 rTlrl EE +.il +96IxI.
-d rl.E ,--+ ooE ts=rl. a+oll rlldll^lts
l0lAl nTlrl tl--J tf$ n ---+ oo-E ts=tl. L o,: n->6
n:l
lim > o,
i:l

(qH 1D f+ F:,o^el iJ+ nt;J7+4 ++6Jol +s-4'Jol i"l4,r[-1" a1x1'

2n
sn:ar*a2* "'+a":3rt+1

relE F6ts"f9 qlg q+4 zJol f¤ {r,}9 ++ol+.

lim s, :
i, o,: ,r+@ lim+: lim + -- +3 tr
i;; 3n * t
n:l n+E -
3+-n5

qxll lql^J- ;]$ nzll .Jel Eql 4+ 4l"l +"1f,tr}. +* elxllql^J= nHHll +
EJql ql+ 49 *E+ 6I^|.

(o{lfil #+ +H+g -Eolr 6Jg +61-+'

-r, #'l
2D
 10.2 E+ 627

Eq +HElt -..te] AEE ^l'+dlq +E*g +++

un:
_+I I :
1
--------: T
1 1 I
r nfu+t)
T --- -r --=-
,:1 ;(;+t) 1.2',2.3 3.4
---.i- -
++g-+E ^FS6|E +lel ++61 g + 9l+(7.4¤ +a).
^lg
111
,(,+1) i i+t
rflH +¤¤ E=tr1

""
\ _-
--l
- *o:,
nl

r(, + l) i (+ #)
i:1
-*EA geE Azlslr1.. ol?i= gflE -d

l-
{)
.( +IJ
tl
.(+
xl
+ .(+ #_.) sum)9 qlOltrl, H=01 E+
(telescoping
44El7l n|JEoil --JP(tro|^l "JgB= g
T ol 'JE tr]|x.lH Alalr{) EJ + T|1el BroJ
_t I L.ILTL
EiELI .

-I
n*7
: tl[n(n + 1)]E +E9
,l*('--l,) :'-o:1
aA 2= *01 a,
ir++^J lim
n+@
,s,1
ret|Eel +EEr *E 1r,19 E61| ql8l 2
¤E--J ,l0irl.. dn + 0 H s, * lflOll
=
++dEl, qllll zsl 7161.-qr4fl
r4 oe +q+] +++ +H6}r ++r+ ?Jq. "=1|4P
E
#Erll 42= Et4-drl.
+n\n 1
ZJ
-f l)
/
_, , i\ -
I
":t t t t I
t: trt '
t t t ' '
..
t s"J

tTl8!,g}+ol g
+ots',+e.l +g6J qlE +s=+ rJg 7loElf(geomerric series)rl- ?l+.
a
o aa
{r,,}
m a

0 il
n:1

4.Jg 4dg ,Jql EH|(common rario) rE E-6H^-l g-q. (xllt.g q¤.il 5it}
-tel
JdL
D

r: lolE s,: a * a * ...* a: na--+ *oo"l+. lims,* g+gg

_tr ol 4+q 716F"*h g4}+'t.
=xll6}xl
r # tolE ++4 ,Jol +-+"

sn: a * ar * arz + . .. * ar"-r

J'sn : ar * arz +. .. + arn-r * ar"
r4a + uullg +¤+ E=+.
^lg.
sn-rsn:a-arn
628 108 +ErlE+ r4r 4Erll#+

:lal 33 7lE.E+q -sr'oll rH-d *4E 7l

olei4o+ ¤E6li1 ?l+ raJr.| 'Jol Ar
a(l - r")
3 Jn
4E0l lelIll s7l E+sl -ElQlE HPAI l-r
4Eo_++E1 q¤E E=rl.
s
a
a
a-ar
x
-t
J-
l-r
-
a
-1 < r 1IoJH, (10.1¤e.l ^l Eql E6H)n- *"J trll rn---> OolE-tr ++g E
EtrI
r- t.

ar- I

ar2

lrl < 19 trll zl6F"fb +Hq-q .r qlg illl -

ar?
trl-+^J r)ol+.
or
a-or ar r < -l .ELb r > loJ trll +g {r"}3 (10.1¤el Eql el6ll) E&6tsE 4l E
^l
s
ql E61l lims,3=,zl]6l-zl *=+.IIl+^] ol 4+ql 7J6F"#E g+dJtr}. ol a4
n-@

E s"+6lfl ++r+ ?JLI.

4 4* zloP"fts l.l < lolE +Hf,+

@

a 2or'-t-s*ar*arz+"'
n:I
f.al 3
r ELe +*4 ?JLI.
"Jtr 6l"E +HEl.= TlaF=*ol Erg tF= m
rI e+. :- a
ftfi|
:Br 2
n: I
or"-'
| - r' lrl< I
l-8Hl
lrl > tolg zlaJ;it= ts4]"6J+.

(qfl 3D zlaE+ s - f *? -ff+. e.l E}++E}+

Efl flall 6}0l d:5ol-tr +Hlzl r:-?ol+. 1

,l:tr4 lolFE 44 Eql el6]] ol

#+= +H6}7 *g +-q=4 ?J+.

s5 _--:
, I 2\ - 5 -J
r-\-3l 1

n .tn ql^ll 3ql^l #+e-l :ol+- Ae ¤4 qB Etrlt-l7f? EE

a3o1 rqlE +
=zl
I s.000000
tz19 ajg rJaJ + fl+. rfl+ {el trql q+ dill6J+ ++6Je--E "JEqd
1.666667
+gE ++ol+. rql^l +ts61 ",+* 6JE Rg 4I4I6IE 3"ll g6l-= "J+ d.^l
2
3 3.888889
4 2.407401
,J + 9l+. .g- z-l+ lozllel ++q] s,,g +4U Aolr, aH 4= +E6Je-l +g
5 3.39s062 ol 3011 d-qlg -H-oJ- -l.ellso14.
6 2.736626
7 3.175583
8 2.882945
(qxl| 4l) 2 2'"3'-'3 fHalEzl? B4I6IE7I?
I 3.078037 "+ n:I

l0 2.941975 Efll ++sl nH41 6Jg r++4 zlol ar''-' E=]lE 74 ++.
 10.2 629
=+
sil

t
a
t t
ao t I l a a a a t a
-1 a
a

0
20n
f.g 4

: i,{r')'r-(n-r) : #: p, 4(A)'-'
ael rE trJoJaP +='Jgg +grl Eol
irr'"rt-' Z ^lB H B= uJHts Aolq".
4+f+9+-
oJ !-f3- o:4ola-,r : toJ zla64ol+. rq4 r > lol7l qlEql .l #+= ¤il.] 4
q e.16il g4I.J+.

(q4| 5D + ¤Ix}"ll4l ,H"J ,J+ elol FqElj1 ?j4. nHrl] B +^I+

^lr+ql "]tr
+q EE bEzl- c,(mslmL ++l)olr] z|{a}xf 'tS B +^l-= *zl zldq B+ +
ql= EE 3\Votl tsoI iil ulloj 0.2 mslml-&l roEE EeJ++.
(a) ril Ha]] Fq zl+e-l +E= +6|+
(b) ntrall +q 4+E bE= H"f"JzF?
(c) bE9 +'Jg +61-+.

H
(a) tr]]oJ "J4*E ffiol F¤qzl 4dq e+ +ql= EE t.szl dBq EoEg
3a%o(+0.3c,)tr- +Aqq gil, ^l]E Fqql +ql +EE 0.2 mslmL +rl-fl+. trl-4
trl+.4-zJol strg + gt+.
^-l
Cn+t:0.2 + 0.3C,

ol
"J4^-loll Co:0rl n:0, t,2E_ +r ^JzI6IH
q^" " e.+.
Cr : 0.2 + 0.3G :0.2
Cz: 0.2 + 0.3Cr : 0.2 + 0-2(0.3) : 0.26

Cz : 0.2 + 0.3C2: O.2 + 0.2(0.3) + 0.2(0.3)2 : O.278

39 +sl EollE 0.278 mg/mlolQ"

(b) nH Fq+ +E 5E= +g-r+ rJ+.

cn:0.2 + 0.2(0.3) + 0.2(0.3)2 +...+ 0.2(0.3),-t

ola+ a:o.Zolar:0.3oJ *d zlaF"folE+ 4l trql elal r14g tsEtrI.

f_0.2[1
vn -(0.3)',.l 2_ (0.3)'lmg/ml
1_ 0.3-:;1, -
630 108 +gzlE* r4z ZEr.ilH+

(c) 0.3 < lolrl qlEql rim (0.3)'

.:a
: 0oJg "J+ t4.4^l bEE +ELg trI+4 A+
l'l
-

)))
J{ga
: jIg;1, - (0.3)'l :;(, - o) : i*r/,* I

n oflrill 6l) z.zfr : 2.3171717.. .g A+E HIE ++q+.

E4 r7* Yt* 17
2.3171717...:2.3+ +"'
10, l0r 10?

A4l 6J +gE ++= a: tTltoroll r: ri102oJ zl6l-="fol+.trl+^l r}+g g

grI
L

17 17

:2.3+
2.317:2.3* 'o''r99
1000

- 10P
r--=
100

23 t7 ll41 t_

r0 990 495

(qlfl ZD lrl . tg tr1] ++ Ir'q qlg +4+

Efl ol #+E n : ,r.l$rlE-tr a4l .Jg

0_o -E- x0 : 1
.J ql +s.lEL+. (#+ql^J x :0
g trllarlE ro : l.J +qE tr1=+ )

2*":1*x*x2+x3+xa+...
n:0

ol -=f5. a: lolr r-roJ zl6ffifol4. lrl: lrl < tol=-tr "l #+=+HEl-r
44 Eq s.la11 r1-gg e=4.

T,JITEEH
++6J fgol g+I6l-ts -o#b B4I+g $zlal-zf.

(ql4! 8l) +* EEF=+(harmonic series)7| ts4}".Jg Hol4.

ml 11
)l-1 :l*-+
I

n:t fl /. -+-+
34

Eul ole+ zJol

=;i+ #+ql ++6J.s2, ql"ll^J= .r4, .i3, s16, s32, .. .. llqB}]^J rA
ol d4 4zl= ag trq+= 4"1 ¤4aI4.
 r 0.2 E+ 631

S2:l+L
s+: I + l + (l*i) > 1 + l * (i+ i) : r +7
sa : 1 +*+ (i * i) * (l * * * l * #)

:i.;i'rr..,:lf+i+i+t)
s16: t *l + (* *i) + (i + -.. + l) + (i * ... + *)
i) + (# + * #)
: i. ;::r:,i;j ).r+
A¤: %FE .o E ssz ) t* tz,se+
) t* |oJa oJHl4 o rF*$ rJ4.
=
n
,ir,)l+-
-2
44^l n --+ mE 4l ,r"--+ molFE fE {s,}* B+}++. :a4oe aop=a;- g4}+ 4eEl+71. "JttEtE -H.ol7l fl6|l qEl I
ollll glE"J 'JEP rlaJ4 ++^l saJ
+l (Nicole Oresme, 1323* 1382)0ll 7 I
oJEJtl.

E gEl ++ n:I> a,ol fH6l-H n-r@

rim a,: ool4.

sn: at * * anol4 o-lfl an: s, - s,-,olr{. Za,ol +H6}E"-E-

az + ...
=B
t¤ {r,}E +HEJr}. Jgr, - s4 6}x}. n -+ *H 4l rz - 1 + moltr + -li1r,_,
: sol4. :aq,=_s +¤¤ g-+
lim
n---+a
a,: n---+6
lim(r, -.tn-r): lims, - lim sn-r: s - s:0
/l---+m n---)6
tr

NorE "Jelel ++ E a"! Ztll! +gr+ fls4tscll 6l+= +EElq +g {s,}oltr

+E 6.l+= ,+ B¤e.l fE {a,}ol+. >a,ol fH6l.H +g {s,}g +dg s(#*g
oJ)oI1 44 Elql 4+ +g {a,}9 ++#+ ool4.

@ +sl 44 Elq Ee. .JHI4gs erol ol,J Ll. +, tim an: 0gzl4s" n+m
>o,ol HIE
aoJ-t"a 2L/nql qlfl on:
^l +H6J+r e$qlg + H+.
n --+ mol4. Lln -> 0
olxl"J ql4l Bql^J ZL/nZ tstlElg HH.+.

7 H}A}II}I{t+I
E L: r-: ci lJ lim a,ol +7l]6lzl
fi+6
s4+ lim a, # oolE
A+rc
> a,* E&ELtrl.
n:l

g4I+4Hg C4 Eeegq aryl ++trI. ¤xllE i+?l g+6}xl s:sH

#+b +Hil+ ,++^l timan:0014.
632 10E| +E7l=+ ralr 4E^llEa+

: n2 ll :
: lim ----------------
lim a- lim -------:-- -5 # 0
n+G .r+s 5n' * 4 n-n 5 + 4/n"

rqF-P g++¤Hq qq ol !-f| B+.J+ t-t

NOTE
,l*r,+g + 9l+8, 2o,2 g416I= Ag .J+. rel+ ,lil1a, = 0
+ 0"Jg
olE >a,g fH E= B4lql 46l] oI+aE "Jzl *c4. ¤4 Eq +gE q^}]4 E-

^l-. l,]*r,:0olB
#+ Ea,* #H6J +E ?lr g+g +E 9I+.

f +eJ6E =,=+sl dE
+Hdl+;-+q ++ d¤C 4+61+ 10.1¤E +gq +d ts4sE+q eg
-,t-. olrL
-r iA"1'

I Eil za,* >b,ol +H"|= ++o]E, c7l t}+g "11 zcan, E(a, * b,),
2(o, - b,)E E^l +H6lr 4*ol ¤ B'J+

(I )i
n:1
can: , j
n:l
o,

( lt )> (o,+b,):i,o,*iU,
n:I n:l n:l

(iii )E (o,-bn):i,o,-
n:l
iu,
n:l
n:I

^d¤
(ii)EI +Hd|r 44zlb E#ExllE hlA'l-
(ii)e; 5g
trl+r+ ,Jol FxL.
tl t1 E

S,, : Zo,, ,s:2ar, tn:2bi, t:Zb^

t:l n:I i:l n:I

++ > (a, * b")E nH4l ++Bg ++4 ,Jq.

,1

un:>fu;+b)
j:l

4.244
^l
Eg ol+6IE ++g e.q.
il il n

lim u,, : lim 2 @, a b,): lim 2o,+lbt

fl---)m n-* i:l n---+6 i:l i:l
 10.2 633
=+
n ll

lim
n+x
ait n+*
limDb,
i:T i:l
: lim s, * lim tn: s * t
ll--+m n--)6

r4-o-E x(o, + b")+ +H6Ir r 6Jg rl-¤.4 +q.

E 6

Z (o,, + b,,): s f r : ) a, + | b,

(q4l lol) #+.E (,(,h. +)E.rs+61-+

Eil *+ >, t/2"+, : f olr ,: ioJ Eul##olEs ++4 ,J+.
t t2
T :1
Z-t
2n F,
qlzil 2ql^l ++g +*+
+ r _,'
!, + 1)
nfu

El+^l C4 trql E6}| +"141 ++- +H6l-I, r Elg +94 e+

NorE #f,2H9 .J+ ++E +H E= g+Iql B'Jg ulzlxl t+*+ ql= Eq q+

g Fql +Hcrg E + el+.
$n +I
n3
^:t'--+

r++H ++r+ zJol ¤ + fl+.

s,Lr 3+l 3:n \'-
n:l ll
n
Z
+-+
2
9 28 ;4nr+l
-J-

r4o-+ dill fr+ F:,n/(nu + 1)+ +H+E+ u|4lzlxlE,i,*,a, +e6IE, +g d

iil a+E q^l +H++
r b

n:I
 634 109 +E4 E+ ralr 4E^1lH+

ro.2 I E+=xil

1. (a) -"f9+ +EE itolEg FH,"Jzl? 11 +_+-+-+

17.-+- 111
(b) +H6l+ ++ H g&6h= +++ +Hg *a.I=zI? 36 9t215
2. ++E-ol ,, :2 - 3(0.8)'oJ E+ 2,o,E '*g 4141614. 2481632 + ...
18.
-5 + -25+ 125+ 625+ 3125
- - -
3-s +E6r +gfl ;-l$ 82fl
'Jg 4+d oI4 \flllzl ,r. i 2-t n
4qq 41416I+ +e6-l+zl-, g416l+z\?
'Jlall
*-, 1-2n
20. i
n:l
J
n+
4

,.i+ "+=
n:l ll-
4. ) sinn 21.; H

":1
I
4t¤"
22. E
t:l
sln 100

t':', r+, 24. E arctann

"':>,''(#+i)
++ #+.I^J 4qs toz1 ol^JE ++6Jg +6[4. E"J
ffio-z
fl e-z1a1go]l .J=el +gq +ts6J +gg f4=+ 'IE+rll4.
".,-E,(i.#")
ol -o#7I +H6l=7L B+61+7t? +H6IH r 6Jg +6}r,
26. x : 0.99999...o12| afx[.
ts4}a}B -r olfiE ¤E.I+ (a) x < toJzl? olq H x:
l"JzI?
. ¤ 6
5.>-7.2,- a $ n
(b) zlaffi4q .Jg olf-all.! ,9 {L¤. +6I+.
F, ?3)' ^; Jnz + 4
l9 s¤g + 9l= dd+= H zH"Jzl-?
(c)
r*E += +9"J7t?
B. an: ,ffu"J otl,
(d) o.t+
"ltlel dd+ E¤g
27-2e +g += {+sl HIE ++rll+.
(a) {a,}el +Hdg +46}+.
ft) 8,o,9 +H^dg +4dI4. 27. 0.8: 0.8888 .. . 28. 2.516 :2.516516516...

29. t.234567-
e-lt .r,g(ql4l 2e+ Aol) "JflA qle_s -g.trEll^J -"fzl #H
fl+{ $4IEI+{ +46tI, +H6IH r +g +6t+
30-33 trl+. ;-+7t +H6.hb ,9 {t¤. +6t+. r4r ol xoll
,.t(*, ;) ,o
: #.i qql 'Jg +6t+.
=:+el
31.; G-2)"
@

30. > (-5)'*'

11,>(ett"-rr/<n+tt) n:0
-an J
*)n
32. y :-
H
n:o X"
m. f ,'.
n:0
12-16 trl+. TlBti-+7f +H6kzl g+6}=zl ${ap ffl
atE :6J"g +6t+. Eg+. a+q 4+ ill4ql fl= ++E+ HBqE "l+6ll^l
trl-

rz.3 -4++-t +..- + E+q ++aJql Eilt ^l-8-61-71 EE+ ^lg +qL q+,
ol ol.$all,tl ++el Elg +6t+. ol *g zld A+
13. 10-2+0.4-0.08+... ^lg
ge Bg +"J6-I+.
@ m / r\r-l El
'I+4141(CAS)E-ol$all.rJ
14. > 12(0.?3)'-1
n:1
15. >
n:l
++
$3n2+3n+I
*
o2n
16. }- :- ?, (nz + n)3
7r 6"-'
3s. ++ ,E,o,9 nH4l ffiglol ,,: fi9 4l o,r} E,r,
17-25 4* Sfzl +H6l+zl g{l{+xl $nap, +B6IE g +6t+.
-: aJB +6I+. 35. qtr 9rlz} 8^lrJEitrl 100 mgel olrJxil gqFg +8-6IE
 10.2 E+ 635

+ ilHJfltrI. gEg gzl ulE A4j,nlzl +ql= *1

zt BoI 914.
75vo

=(+.+) .(+.i) .(+.+) . :s

(a) F HEI 'J'+g Ee + E.ll tsol 9t= EE olg B ..+(t/n) _ ,t 1/1
41. ,r+(t/z)+(l/3)+. e /2 e''' et/n
rrtoJTt?
^ll Hall 'JEg Ee + tsoI il*
EE "Jg
B"ioJz}?
(b) nH4l 'JEg Ee + E.ll BoI 9l* .J^J^llsl oJol
'(' . ')(' .;X' * +)( l+- nI :n*l

o,ol+8, 8**r& o,sl 6J9e gE'* ^lg +6I+. [p]-=: ExJ e'' > 1 + ,"J9 -U-"J4.1
(c) f,tzl$g6.;- a+ + .Jgl tsot ?l= 6J^J^llE "Jg g
uloJzt? 42. _fe4 rJol qlzlEq zlolzl. toJ + g c, D7l 4 pql^l
37. +zl.7l'H"J 'Jg ^l4ql 1s0me9 Eg E=rI. zq4+
d++. r= +Eddol4. fl c,9 c, D, re+ ddi-11., g
c2+ c, D, cl+ d6lq, fl c3= c, D, crg+ E*+. ol
+?I Eq= *4 gsqozt Bol *14'
(a) rll Hr,l "JEg Ee + E{l HoI ti= EE "Jg g 44+ +*6t 4t+¤ + ilqq flEe-l +EI+g rqlg
.Jg g g
"JE + 914. c,9 zl+ql ql'J ^l¤. +6Ir, 4lzll z9l
"IoJzI? "H4l Eg Ee F Boi 1I= Eq
4aJ s 4E zla}q4"J dH^lg xll^l6l+.
"IoJzI?
@) lrzJ$s-" a3 a+ +ql ts"t ?lE Eel "Jg E"toJzI?
38. gg7"J"l+ ,rlul4$ Ezl flall Eg + rll :z E¤- tsg
^I#E=E
r EE "J+E A.g %IHse a4l 84. E +
H zl=* EE .J+E Eg 44
^tgE Ee.l "J+E +^l
!z ol4 Ae 4l+¤ 4o14. {xllalxF=$ ol+41
.Je
Hl+El= ¤4lHI+g ++Er+i+ +q. rHg +F4l7l- 9I
4.2 zl^JB oll xlB4BTI DB4= zlSall.! 44"1 rlzl C D

E+ri dr+6}z}. zl+g Eg gg ^I=Jg zlzJ t}ocvo= T

jA-z. 100s7oE alz| ca| 19 {t¤ 44 +4lr
^l+++i1 43. tr*¤ d9 Fflrlz}?
Elg 4l4}ql^J
HIC'J4 +41;q+4q:ola|-z 6l=ql, EE c * s: 1ol+.
(a) s,9,2fl 449 4A +ql
^JCg +
zl¤"-qol+11 6| 0:0+0+0+.'.
x|. s,oil 46J :(1 - 1) + (1 - t) + (1 - l) + ...
^lg +at4.
(b) ft:l/soJ 4l : ftDoJg
E"l+. {zlrJ ft= + :1- 1+ 1- 1+ 1- 1+...
J,*r,
++r++" +41^Hl¤6}ol 807,9 .| ++E +6I+. :l*(-1 +1)+(-1 +l)+(-1 +1)+...
Note: +"JC+= "ld g;-l= olf-a]1,<J x]]d 4zl-E 4B :1+0+0+0+...:1
sIBJtrI. e.4g ol fl4= ol$all.<J qil¤ +.lg tI'J6l
t+g+A(Guido Ubaldus)E ol4,"l +19 5.x11E +E-*
+e +4tr q¤4b ag C'JsIaJtrI. qr ^849H.trt.
el]+"lE +E+El #zI ara*zl ullEol
,r. + c)-' : 29 rl c9 {tg +6i+. +l
,:>=(l
40-41 EEEl+elgttg qlall 8ql^J aEl=ifzl-B4Iq+ Ag aa. (a) 44 trE (i)g +E6I+.
+Bfl+. ol ^Idg +Bd+ E tr+s uJHol ¤zlgl fl+. 4 (b) 8ts1 trel (iii)= +H6I4.
4+q1 #fEol o; sE aaajQ_r 7I46IE, "l z}4ol E+ 45. Eo,ol .ffl6p. >b"ol ts4IB trll, E+ 2(a^ t &,)ol B
fl¤ u-q4. ++g Bq+. [-ds: E+g ol+++.]
/ r\ *\;*
40's:\1*t) lr r\ *[,lt *a)
r\ +"' +e. oJ9 6Jse. ol+qd #f Es,9 ++ql s,ol EE 4l
o) <
".lJ
"|| ++^l
s, 1000$ "J+BJ+ Ea,ol HIE^I +H6I=
636 t0g +Eal. :lelr ZErjlFH+
=+

ol+E ¤86|+. 4^I4¤E zl.gql= x]l46ll zt{ ol 449 4l+ HI+

aJrl. (:zHql^J= rll rl.4g +Efr+lr gl4.l xll
47. iltr.Ol setE SoJE fqlzl- zJEol(Georg Cantor,
E==l(Cantor ^l-e-
184s-lel8)E ol+g trl^l Eql AsE q+r+ zJol i'C ?lE {^Ir+Bel Hol9 Bol l.Jg trq{. ol4+ ^l
oJ+ztel Holz} O.Jg trq++.
84. ql++ [0, l]ql^l 7H+7J (+,3)E z]zl6-J "lflnzl
=E6}r
+. + 7,J [0, i]+ [?, r]ot g=ql ?+'/+4 3Eo Et 6oJ llltttl!
r!r rI..I
I
a

9 zl]*zJg S4. olxll ql +rJol Bbcll 4^l 4r+el 35. rlrllttt a

E+ +"JE 71]++g x114trtr1. 4 +4lql^J d +4lE+

.I,
tlt

trl
II
r!
I'
I
a
a

q ble E= +rJql^l ++E 7]]++g xllflal} 449 ltltarrt

r!r:I. rI
a
a
tllttaltt
+6J HI+++. +Eq dB+ olfl E= ++ol zilzjg P
[0, l]ql h]g +EE +cH4. f+
48.
2,"/(" + l)!¤ ^Jr+6}zt.
(a) xll4¤ -E= +rJE + zJolzl- 1"Jg e{4. :Hgls
(a) *EB s1, ,s2, s3, .saE +6f+. EEq +4\t +4g
B76Ir +Eq dtJql= ++61 "*3 fz| gltrl-. + .J+ llEz}? r +4g ol$allal ,,oll 4oJ 49 +
Eol d6Jq +61= +¤ H zH"J 4e E4.
+61-4.
(b) Alo{E,t7l gFJr(sierpinski carpet)E-zJgol d'Jel 2
o) +qt4 7l.tHg ol+ql^l #g +8614.
rtf 4*"14. "lag EE aolTl_ lql 4.(l-r+Bg
6J
(c) fq{ #eFufz} +HE}g _H_oltr-, r q}g +6t+.
g:="5fa|,tl zlSrll ++g xllzlop. hl$ s2119 trJ zlg

10.3 l4EEJEH3[Bsl +E
gHI4sE #+el Cqs 6Jg +6|= 4+ qB+. 7l6F"f4 tJfl#f(tele-
scoping series)E" ,+ a+q] ruE4l ++6J s,ql ql6J +++ +^lg +g + ql*.zl
qlEql dq6J 6Jg +g + BIH+. rel+ 5-,LI4eE rfl 4g +-b 4+ fl^l
?+'I. rEltr_tr.'+¤. HH ¤ql^l Eq"L4l #+q QIg *xl gfr.l.lr #fzI fH
a}Ezl*&alizl +{tr + 9t- ¤4 zl-xl +{H.il 'il611 "Jo}ts4. ({+ql ,rl
+^J= +{HsE 6Jel +-} +¤r,ig +aJ + 9lr+.) a tr41 +{He ol+4+
4 +flE 4o14.

r 4EEEH
B¤ol "Je] C+9 zll$9 E+"J +s=+ rJg +r+= 4^f6ll Ezl.
n ":+
rn
I
,/-) .a
i:t t- 11 1 I I
+ + + + +
5 t.4636 n:l ll ,1, 2
2
J 2
4? 5
10 1.5498
50 t.6251 ruH4l r;J7+^lel 6J s,ql ql+ rJ++ +4e s.xlq} 4+qE sdql +^l{Ig tsq
+= gq .EE+EI n---> @"J .ll +E6J+ 1.64 Y=9 +ql d=dl--l- 9l+g "J +
100 1.6350
500 t.6429
1000 1.6439 914. rfl^J -rr+=. +Hts AsE _H.J+.

^J4g zl6lq4.J tHsE +.Jp f

s000 1.6447 olfl gl4. :zH t3 y - Llx24 +dr+
 10.3 4EtrJtrEzl- --Jsl +E 637

v
I
v-

0 2 3 4 5 "r

Llal :
a-l
T H"l :+ 'Jol :+r1 r--l
Ed
_1
)' -rel
4Et {

"l +d offiql +ql zl^|4¤g +4U+. zJzl\ {^|4¤9 "JH$ zJol loJ +
+ol:Z k"lt. ++E s gd"il^l y : rlx24 ++#r+ "Jil6J4.
=+ rJg rl-.+4
trl+^J 4^f4¤Ee1 Holel +Ll.
1
+
1
+
I
* -f
I I
+ _s I
I 2
2
rl
J 4" )'
-1
n:l ll
I

d Hax zl^Ir+e¤- 4lel'J 4"lxl z]^I4Be] dill HolE x > l"J "ll *c y:
t/r' o;4E -Jol, + 4+ li 0/x') d*4 {tH+ z}tri. 7.8¤ql^J ol olt4Eg +
H6l-r r {lol l"Jg EH.+. ,r}4^J rfl_oE+rl e- +EEL$ rl-+4 z;-ol 2E
+ 4t+- ag "J + ?l+.
I r*l
7 * J, 7dx:2
+EBC +4lol+. E=J (E= E-lol "J#olpE) +ts6J9 ¤=zlal-E 4g
trlEl^J
.J+. r4.=e. (+a+g{4ql el"11) ++4.g +H4Eg E+- +H6l-r, ++
4,Jol #+g q}(++6JE 2H+ ++.
=6Jg
:1
\'- 1 r-r-r--L
1 l r
r "'-\4
-/-n
f.,n,- 12' Z,' 3,' 4,
tol #f9 {q.J Rg 4fl^9 fel-x} goJ4Geonhard Euter, t707*r783)oll
fla\ rrzl6J"l Eldd.xlql, ol ^ldel +Hg r11+ qgq.l
olztl ffig rJ+ #+= &ultrzl.

:l 1 r 1 I
f'Ji Jt tr'JT'Jn
1
\'_:_J___J__I_I_ |

,F n
I
n ":s
J N ,4-J /;
,,9 sE+ E- +E6Jol +++qi d=6}xl *¤¤ g-^l6t_r gl+. Irt
#91 ql6J
t-)

4^J +"141 #+= E+61+ As-e- tr?l+. olag q."J6I7l gla]l, +^l rHg
5 3.23t7
l0
ol+q14. :rB 2E 4d y : l/Ji* Eq+q, olHql- +dE +l+q fl Hol
5.0210
50 r2.7524
oleo aJQ. r00 18.5896
+.J {^lr+fr-$ 500
4 4^I4Bq "JHe. z)olzl 1011, +ol= +rJe] g+ e.dollrJ y : r/J;E 1000
43.2834
6r.8010
s000 139.9681
638 108 +EIl=+ ral-r. TlErll#+

v
v: .,/, 1

--__+
----.
t t t
0 2 J 4 5"I
Hol: * Hol :* ulol
dt
:
t; Hol:
aeJ 2 vl .l) vJ G

111 1:- I *...:s t

Jt Jz t-t-t
Jt \/+
lt ' r= '
V)
.Lt
n:r 1fn

"l d4l H"lE x> l"J ,l 4d y : uJ; ol-4el Hol, + zJE Iil/J; )arg
{ttr+ r+. 7.8¤E ql4l 4E+rl ol ol^J4# E+}6Jg "Jr tl4. +^l E6ll
o}4el -J"lE ++ol+, E|+^i -of9 6JE +E^l ++ol+. +, #+-
^l +d
B4l6Jtrl-.
+lE + qlql^l oleot 7l6lq}4"J +Br+ E.J+ BIH9E trt+ +CHg +E
E + ?ttrr(+Eg ol ¤q Eql 9l+).

EIEITJEE f7l U, oo){lal "Jel {tg z}i z}L+++ 6|tr,

94oll a,: f(n)
ole| olxf. rflH #+,E,r,ol +H6l-zl +lr.J g,q+EaA+ oltr-4$ ti fU) a*
7l +H6I= 4o14. +^l ,J6H 4*-ol ^JBEL+
(ii j, ft.l dxtl+Holg o,* +Hql+. !
,--_,

(ii) d.xzl g4IElE E r,8 g4}+tr}.

l;/(n)

NorE 4E+4H9 oISEJ

"ll #++ 4Eg n: Ioll.tJ a1z1a} gs* H+. ql= E
H qg=r+ ?JL+.

fl;T++dtstrrr J;#dxEor*
ErJ /zl- t}+ ,JAE gF -tr H4. /zl- ;l3{ o -tr ziaajul-= r|dol +It6l-tr}. +,
qtr + I/-H-+ * *#91 ql6[ ,J46IH g+" :.48 E*r,ol fflop. "14^J F:,o^,
+H,tL+. U0.2¤E trl-4"+ql 9I= NorE +al

EIEgJEE= 0lEEfTl +|"-tl^J= ti 7Q) ax (o{t4t 1D ++ E 2+l ol +e6L=zl $.$ ts&al}xl ar.1-414.
n:l ll
Ahfg + ?loloF 6lEB./q qE-Bt+
=
E "J0l0t -dtl-. 0lae qaJT-lLf ETl Eql ++ f (x): tl(xz + 1)e [1, m)9]rl fl4oll "Jolq ,Ja6+. trt+^l zlggd
rl.E =617tle.l EollA1 +aJql 4El
9 ol*alfl q+4 +L+.
=61.E-+ ^ll
rl= E8H0l =J-eaEl
1 : : ti* tun-'']i
[' x'+l
Jr
dx Iim[.'-+
r+mJtx'+l
dx
 10.3 4gtrJgg7l.--Jsl +tr 639

: /r\irrtrl
Itan :_
lim
[+ F
\ 4/l-_ 2 4 4

:.*lse- Ji t/(*'+ r) dx* +H6l= 4Eolr Ei+^l 4E+4H"il sl6l1 f+

2 t/(nz + 1)+ +H+'1.

(qH 2D #+ P,#ol +H6l-=p9 #9 +6t+

Efl p < 0olH lim (l/nr) : *o14. stp: 0olE tim (U"o): 1o14. + 4+ E
+ lgt(t/np) * 0ol.EF 10.2¤ 44 Elel B4I+4Hql q++qd -=fb E+E+.
p > 0olE,*+ f(x): rl*r* Hq6l [], oo)o]l.rl fl+olr oJolq z3+aJ4 j.B4
E trhil^J trI+. gtltrl.
^l-¤g
rml
J, 7
d*Y p > tolfl fflair. p a t"lE g+++.

r4=_+ 4E+4Hql "I+ EL/npP p > tolE +H6E 0 < p s rolH g&6Jtr1.
(p: t"J ull ol ++= 10.24 ql4l BqJ^J Ee]+ aEl:tjfolu[.y r
{lxll 29 ++E p-E#@-series)rJ oJ+.p-;-+- l0A-el 4"lxlql^J trl+ +,q
6|E--tr qlxll 2E A+= +94 zjol $ffiu|.

I p-#+: p > tolfl fflalz p t t"lH B4I+tr}.

#"

(qrll| 3l)
(a) 4¤ E+ p: 3 > loJ p-#fol= e +Hf,+.
$l: r * *I *F*
1 I +"' -Br-01 gF+?]a+ol +Hg E+ol :dol g
!r7:1, + 0lul uul-=Zl 0oll tr=olErlql A
oe 84-'J * ?,lrl. p > 0?l EE =a1?l=
p E#
(b) +s ++b p : t< t"J p-E!+olF + g4I.J4 0ll tIJd[T 3J a,: llnr? 0oll trtolxltrJ p
g ,Jol rl zE ri Eal ooll tr=-drl.
P,#::#:'.#.#.#+
@ ruore 4E+{Boil^J ++e.l EI"l zlEE 6,1+ zJ4a +EB1^J=.q] g+

?,i: ft Hleqt f idx: tol4.

:.fl.u-e gH14se +s=+ rJ4.

E,o^ + t* fk) a*
640 108 +ErlE* r4z TlErll#=+

ln
( q4! 4 D ;!+ f 'z ol +H6l+xl E4I6Ibrl *¤6I+.
n:l n

Efll e:z'J++ fl4oloe Bf /(x): (ln x)lx}x ) 1.J trll E+olI oJolr+. rBl
4 ftl zJ4al-=xl EHil gsEE ++rI zJol sBfE +"ll^'l .JoI-u-21_E ofxf.
: (l/x)x - lnx I - lnx
.f'(r) x' x'
l4o-e. lnx ) 1,4x > eoJ ull "f'(x) < 0ol+.tr}{^j fYx > eoJ ull zJ+$4.ol
41 4++4Eg 4s"6J-E q+r+ A4

lnx
_dx: rr ln x (ln r)2 l'
I; Iim l-dx:
Jr lim-l
I+s
x l-T x 2 l,
(ln r)2
:lim' ' :oc
[+s 2

ol
"l+4$ol g{!o}EE 4E+{Hql ,+4 ?+ >(rnn)/nE g4}++ tr

r E+el EJsl +E
zlE+{H$ ols"dl^-1 -rf xa,ol +HoI= Ag E"J f fl42 zl-C6l-x}. :z?-l
_;1 ol #+E 6J,9 *,{{tg **42 6l-z}. EE solE__tr. "JEel +EB
,1gr, =
s,* soll rq'+ g"I4 4¤,il21-E .Jzl floll.rli cJ-o=$ zjol
=^l-+tr}. =)tatol
L]trf ll(remainder)ef aTlE +¤dl"I ++.
v
y: f(x) ftn: s - sn: an*r * an*z* ar+z + "'

4"1x1 R,e: nH4 E*vl^lel oJ s,ol dxlJ 6Joil ql6.J trll E^86I
=*als-E ^l-+g
b 9i1o1r1.
4n*l on+2 zJ* zll.E4 .E¤g 4E+4Eql zJ-ao6L-7., ftl [n, m)o]la-l ,J4+r+r 7]C6[
0 n nll n*2
;<l.x l ,zE 4l y:/(r) olullel -Jolel 4^l-4$Eel Hol= le 3$ zioJ uln
-ral 2
6fH tr}e-s "J + !lt|.
JE \Jl

v ae %FH
oE rH 4E+E1 ++g g + gttrl.
y: -f(-r)

ftn: an+tlan+z*... = J- rfb)a*

4+^l r+g=r+ ,Je- s,,l +4¤. +E'J+.

0n+l frn*2

0
n n]-l n*2 2 4EEtEEl0ll Ell:d Ltqrl x > noll.rJ /zl- g+olr oJolq ,J^EL+E
+8
reJ 4 :
/(ft) aooltr, E a,ts +B++.:r zl-¤a.lxl-. R,: r - s,olfl ffiol 4H-J+
^l

I*,r@)dxsR, =t-t{*)*
 10.3 4EtrJtrErl Efel +E 641

Iro{l4l s r)
(a) ;1¤- lOzfl a}s.1 E.Jg ol¤.6l]^l ++ zr/n3E ql¤- o1 **r*ql Ell+
=^I^lzl_L,
szl-= +46|+.
(b) #+e-l t}ol 0.0005 ollllE cqEtg _H_tL6-I7l +lEl^j= E"Iut E++ 6}0l gs+
7l?

EOI ruls+ o)E Ezl glall Ii tto d.x+.JoloF f,r+. f(x) : rlx3z 4E+cBq a
ag "J+6}E_E trI¤¤ E=4.

t; xt- dx: /+@

1
lim
t#l t1
: lim
l+E
(-#. 2n ):#
(a) 10H41 ffistog fr+9 Elg ++¤- E=+.
=^I6IE
+1 :sro:1,111
* f * y +'..* 1

n: I l'I- fOr:1.1975

+E Elql^l qr1zl #Cql trIsE 4_g¤ ts=+.

R,osfi+ dx:"-hr:#

"l+^J sz.lel rzl= zl4floF o.oosol4.

o) 4qEz| 0.000s ollll4E
^ld+
Rn { 0.0005E "J+6}. ng #g +6}+E a
I9"lEL4.
["+ *'-
R,<- Jn
x3
a*:! 2n2

r4=-s ffiol cH6-ITlE g+q.

*'l.n' * o.ooos

"l ++4lg EE +e¤ E=+.

o'
= o#,
1

: looo E=, >..ftooo * 31.6

trl+^J 0.000s ol']]e.l ¤+EE +l6lJ^"1}. 4qE 3z/l! o'3-o1 pe6lQ. r
+E trql il= +E4 4 z] Hgl s,,g rJ.l-E s, * Rn - solF-tr ++g E.trI.

3 r, * dx < s ( ,s, + f{i a*

,t_, ,f(x) !-

Eq +Ealg s.ll ql+ ^J4le+ 6l4lE ++. olae #+q qlql 46l] ++Et s,g ol*
f, q 4+.J
=+t{ts-+ =*a}g =+.
642 10E| +Erf E+ rzlr TlErllE+

p : 2011rH-d p-E#q -Et= sge17l- EEf (qrl| 6D n: 10rl 4l Elg olg-al].{ -=+ i {e q}g +461-4
6[fl1 Xltl:ilxlEj, p = 3oll tH-.J EefEf -'J
P r ++E +--J + H.flrl. ralE qlll Eill tre +#l*'l'q-l]. +.-l.
60ilA1 0l EtE +861ts "JEE gtofHrf.
fml
[-+dx<s(s1nf
sro* Jlr
I'
Ld*
JIO
J"

{xll 5EFq +¤+..J+.

fml I
J^jr*:,n,
-r.eltrF sro*
#(s(sro*U#f
sro - r.t97s32= ol+6LH trl+g E=+.
1.201664 {.s (1.202532

"l ++E +dg s9 **{t-e--tr ^}-s6}8, sx}e zl{a11op +rJ a"lel E*ol gtrt.
r++^l 0.000s "l{el -q-x|ql^l rJ+.
=*{tg'l+.r+
1
1.2021
n:I nt

qlxll se+ qlzll 6¤- ullalS s : s,,-Br]

^l
EE ,H%tg +4ol tJ +g a¤- E
+ gl+.sil-= 0.000s-H-'t zl4 o.fzl +16ll qlxll sql^J9.3un a]$ ol -"alxl"J ql
zil 6ql^l= szJ l0zll rJ+ E+.
^|+6LH

r 4=EEElsl
=B
v y: f(x) #+ un,42 tl/i4l 'll+ rH
> zql^l 4E+cHe.l +Eql B{ 7lt4ql
1r+
711r-Jg. olul $r. ?l+ "JHI4"J E+Ea,oll 4.H, rH se+69tr-xl. rH sql^l

A H4l 4A6J 4^I4Bq Hol= [], 2]e_l s_Eq-EEql^l /el {toltrl.Z f e):
arol4. trl-4^] tql^l ntlzl4e+ 4^l-4BE 'Jolely:f(x) oI4E HolE ul
jil.l-H tl+gt+ 9l+.
0 12345 nX

ral s 4 az * at *. . . + an 1 litt.l o.

v y :.f(x) (ol +E{+ f7l +++trlL ^l¤"il el=+g +="6IxI.) ,Jg %ttsge rH 6g
+¤+ Hq++.
dn-l
5
fftrl dx < {tt * az *''' * an-r
12345 nX q+g e-+.
l;/(r) dxtl +H6LE, ,f(x) > solE-tr ^l EE+q
0
(i)
lal 6

2 o,. Ii tt.l dx < L tt.l o.

i:2
 10.3 4=,'JEErl- -Brsl +tr 643

r4o-+ 9H tlrql '}]6]] ++ ++^lg gb+.

lt
sn:a, + E aila1 I
i:2 frt,l dx: M
-E.E rzoll 4rl ,, < MoIFE fE {s,}g .+lE +4lolr}. E6J a, *r: f(n + 1) > 0
ol=E ffiol ^3HEL4.
Sn+l:Sn*anal2Sn

5, {s,}* +7l.6-}= *4lfEol+. q4^l 10.1eel +E+g¤q FaE+El +g

e +H,tL4. "lag > a,E +aEL+= Ag *++.
(ii) I, /(r) dxtl g+6t8, ,f(x) > ool.EE n -+ moJ ql liftrl dx -+ molr|. :r=l
+ ^l EIE+q q+g e-+.
rt- |

L f(x)
dx. E ai: sn-l
i: I

rElE-tr- s,,-r r *oltrl. ol4.+ s, * mol-tr Zo*ol B+Elg E+4.

_ 10.3 | E+=xtt
1. fHg reJ^J ffi alol cBEl¤. Eq+. n-
1

I
11. > 4+4
n:l ll
12. in:2 nlnn
: I r*l
), *u o*
"?- "* ' 13. 2 ke-k 14. T
*1
,LJ}2
ql6l] qH AEg ,llB + ilEz}? t:l n:1 11' t fi'
"l*+q
2-s 4E-*CH¤. ol.$a[.rl a+71+H6]=4 +g g4]6f= ls. 4ts+CHge #+ in:t cos?r,? o1 +H^Jg +4?'l.zl *
zl +4614. Jn
al}ol ftE ¤86i4.
2. ) n-:
n:l
,.i 5n-l 2
16-17 ++ E+7| +H6}7l 91f, p#9 +6l.4.
6a *l@
4. y -:- 5.> 1
16.> ^-j* tz.En(l+nz)p
n:2 ll" t I ,(tr rI n:z tt\ltil tl)P n:l

5-14 ++ A+71*Halbzl +e E+Ial-Exl *46t4 18-19 altrJ lllEl flf(Riemann Zeta funcrion) +4+ soll 4
:r'l-,. :
: 1-
4Eqb'.I+ (= 4"J xll4'J++ ++.
6.> I

nt,
r
a}] ((s)
P:, ;*
1111 + + -
7.1+ 8 + 18. qH 44 x"l1 4rll r(r)zt ¤94ts21?
27 64 125
le. -q-oJElE p : +"J p-#fE Elg trl+4 zJol 7IH4.
1111
8. +_+_+_+
I
7111519
((4):E#:#
a
J

e.in:l Ji:o
n"
10.i-]
u:1 /l- t 4
.
s"JBlq a+= ol+6ll^J trl-g E+e] qlg +6I+.
644 108 +ErlE+ ralr 71Erll#+

22.A+,E,n-'*'E B9 +44 zlr-loll.! 9x[

olzll ol.-a=all
,",p- (rJ- ru)
" s I
7:'G-2)o zl s-H-4 AiE+ 3^I^lTlElH 1011'3016} olt'-g q6llo} ql
g Bq+.
20, (a) il¤- l07]] ti}e.l rJg ol$all.tl ++ s, unr4 qlg + 23. (a) 4l EE ol$all.tl affiaq nH4l +Eq+g s,o)4
{iit?+. ol +¤<t3 E"t4 4Ei'6J71-? 6J tr1 4g-ol CB,*g Bq+.
(b) n: l0"J trll EIg ol+ql^J (a)el +4#g 4ld6t+
^l s, ( 1* lnn
(c) (b)oll,tl ++ +4#g g"Jelz} +fl 4++ 4k n'16
(h) aEiH:+= g4}6tzl+:+Eb ,l]+ L4+. i-l¤+
4 u1:aalr{.
(d) s == s,ollAl 9-ilz| 0.001-H-tr} zl4l 6171 flt, el uI"J H4lE 6}7txlE B-ol lsBtrl zt_r1 drrJ {4q
=1t# 6}7tzlE E-ol 228+ 4'-+g (a)E ol+6ll^J Eqil|.
el #g +614.
zt. L,1zn + l)-69 4+¤ oI4 +d.4ll zlfltlz) cq6}al + 24, ++ E,r'""1 +H6Izl +16} "J+oJ E= bel #¤. +61+.
461=}.

10.4 I HIEtrJEE

Hlr+CH9 zHHe +84 g4I ol+= gr

91. #+e+ +q{l #+E ulrr|
a"lq. + E+ "J+ 6Js-+"J olFq4 ?lsts qL 4.ol 4 -zl "J7l
= q+q+ =.+71
6Jg zld Hlj/g +E 9ll. (4d Hl-u-+CB) Eb rll+61-.6JE
+16ll
HIE +ELg +ul$ +E 9l+(++ Hliil+{H).

r EIE HIEEEE
q+ + _ofE alzJoflEx[.

:#, 2,+
+ Hell #+,E, t/2"* a:*.o]tr" r: lql zlaffi-aola q-+^l +H++. + #+
* ,]]+ +^1617l qlEql a H4l ;:+ E6J +B6llot"J ++. L4g *=+. d
xJIEE d Hall #+- +H+4, trl¤- +Eo^J
11
2n+l <_2'
9 -o* + l)el qrol zl6Fof 2rl2.E E-lBtrt q At+g Bq+r, 4+
211Q"
E= +EEI E6J (716F"f9 El.J) 1E+ zl¤¤ Eolftri. ola.* ol ffirJ
^l
ol +4lola f,z|.}. +g.Jg elul6[tr, E]?+^'l +H6J+ E.il ol ++e.l 6Jg
zlo|ff+fl 6JE+ zI+.
x
s.{.r I
n:1 2+l 1

-r/
 10.4 Hl_EEiEE 645

#+E E$ alol "J+oJ -',foll"J

4+El- ++ +4Hg +E6l-. gl Hl++
be]= ^l*++ + gl+. a +E+ +H6l+ asE EEl4l #+q 6J-EeB+ 4Is
6Je-tr ol+"141 -ofE q^l +H6Jg
"Jqi+. EEll +++ g416l+ aqE "JEl
+1 #+E 6JB+ 3 aoe_tr ol+qd B+E q^l B&6l-= ag EdJtrI.

EIE HliltrJBH 2a,,4 >b,sl 4.Jol E+ oJ+"J f+"J trI

(i) E 6,ol fflop., EE- 4oJ] a, { bnolH : 4,E +H++.
"91
(ii) E 6,ol ${!ap, E= an} b,olg Z a,E $4!o34.
"91 4uil

oo
=tr{
(i) qs--4 *ol FzI #Ezl A+ol il-olE= +Eg + ?tqoF
t1 n
-drl. +93 +q LfEolrlu E+= -tsr.o1
sn:2ai,
j:1
tn:2bi, t:2b, rl. E= E+ > a,? F THol +Ezl SaJ
i- | n:l 0l ?ltl. -*Eel #E {n,,}zf -!51--to;
=,
+ ++. E+ "Jel oJ¤ zlzl-=E, + +E {r,}r} {r,}e. 6z}#¤ol4(s,*r : *E {s,,}olrl

ff,-]I tn) /olIrE E"E noll Ell6J] tnl tol+. ail biol=E
sn* an*, Z sn).
s,ltnolr q+^J E-,?gl trllofl s,, </o14. ol
^IdE+El {s,}9 +lE +4lql
+7f+g'Jg'J + 9t+. IIl-+^l +a+gc4ql sl6l] +E++. reltr_tr za*z
+H++
(ii) >b,ol E+6IE (tt,\+ +71a17l trI$"il) tn+ *olrl. :flrJl ai) biolEE
sn) tnolr q+iJ r, --+ molr]. relE_tr Za,* g+++. I
zld Hlr+¤Hql^J= Hlf,sl q4ql q6J gel4l -=f >,b,* oJr il"lot + HljlsaHs E#-or
^l-+q+
+. 4rlle-l 4+ ++ #+ + 6l-Ll^= ^l-+d+.
. p-#+ prlnpz p > rolE +HoEp # lolE E4IEJ+(10.3¤el cq tr +
a).1
.716F-rr+ [Ear"-'g lrl < lolE +H6]r Irl> lolH ts+drl{l0.2EE 4
4 E +4).1
5rt
ilqlll rl} #+ i zrr, + 4n + 3
7r +Hdl-=^l ts&6}*zl +d6l-4

Eil ++ul 3 n9l qi:ll +EE xluflaJi otg Znzolo + +qd B+= #+ E S/(Zn )
e+ Hlj/il+ ++g ++61-xI"
)5 (-=
2n2+4n*3 2n'
ell+ElH alHE EezI'l =zl ullEol4. (zld Hljt+dHE TlsE a,,* alHoll
&,3 *Hol4.l ol*l ++g "J + gl+.
+ s _s i I
3'2,i-T n:\ fl
646 109 +Erl.E+ ralr TlExllE+

p -z > 1?l p-E+oloe. +HaJ+ EI+^J 4d HIESAH (i)ql sl*ll trl'gg +H

+tr|.

fr,# r

NOrE zld ult+4Hql^J _tr= ngl 46ll au) b,ol4+ anl bnol+= adol +q
4,¤-zl4r ¤xlle= qE r4g 4+ /iol +x}]6ll^J n > l/ol cBE}trl= 49 sol
H gq ell+6}E #+E +ee **z]]9 .Jql e]fl^J= ¤o#9 Bzl t*zl rll$"l4.
olfl glz} q+ ql4l zol4.

(qlil B+ oJ4l q+E +¤6I+.

2D
rZ Tq +H,

Eil ol ++= 10.3¤E {lzll 4"llC 4E+4Bg zl+611^l +4+ Ht 9l+. :244 "l
E affi'4q Hln6ll^l +49 +E lttrI. k> g'J ql hft > lolEE ++g ++6}z|.
Inft 1
k>3
kk
rfltrJl >t/t<* g+I6Fr-E (p: roJ p-?f), zld ul:zs4Eql ItI+ +q4l #+E g
+I'JtrI. I

I HIEtrJEE
=:d
zld Hlr+cBe #+el 6}ol +H6l-E -"fe] .Jtr't 4r-4+ B+16l-- ++e-l
6JE+ ,l"J +46J + gl+ #+q 6}ol +H6I= .JB+ *4I rrl'l
=
6l-b #+el .*E+ AIsE 4d Hljl*4Hg =-+el qlE.q
4so6F^l *+tr|. ++ +
+E Sr+6fz}
+t
.U1nl
n:lL -I

{zlrJ +s=i{ eg 44 ul:lSCEg #Ytl fl+

11
2"-l 2n

r ol+= Dbn: >(+)'ol +H6fxl"J a,7 b,ol7l oll$ol4. :zHqlE E+61I.

>rl?" - t)ol +H6l-= 7l6F!"f E(l)'r+ "ll+ +^1617l "llEql raol +H=J
4014= L4g *-+. olfl 4+q1= q+ +CEg olsog + 9l+.

HlEttgE 2an4 Eb,el E-lol oJfoltr c > 0"J +++ colJ 46ll ++ol ^.{
=Et
B6-IE F -ofts E+ +H614+ E+ g4l6-J+.
a"
E#EIll zsollAl c: *oJ e+= tlEtl )'!-;: '
 10.4 HIEtrJtrE 647

ma+ M+ m < c < MoJ "J+4 6}zl-. +E6l 3 rugl rllaf a,lb,* coll o]]*
=B
7l*41 EIEE ++g TgoJ a,xll++.
"J+6I=
*<7,?.ru, nlN
q4AJ mbn1an1114bn, n>N

+HflE >M4E +HEJ+. tr|+^l zld Hln+¤Bfl (i)ql elall Ea,E

Eb,o1
+H+.+. 2b,o1 E4l6l-H Zmb, q^l E+I6II zld ult+CBE (ii)ql el6}] E4,,
E B+I+rI. r
(q4l 3D *+ 3 r+E +H, srl q+E *86I+
Eq 'l+-+ zJol Fa;,gul.n*4Hg ^1.s."++.
an: Z, l1l, b":
- Z^

rElH'l-g¤ e=q.
l/Q:';;l): lim ==' .: lim -1- : 1]
n-n 9:
um Hm o
bn n+b 1/2" i-i 2 - 1 n--* 1 - l/2

+6Jol 2t/2 ol +H6l+ zlE|-tjfolo+ +qd #+= =-u3ul_u.*4Bql

q++H*+. =,xll?'J-r.
r
(qlu 4l) ++
?,#E +H, s+Iq+E+C6I4.

EOI Ezl-9l xlufl6"-e- zn2ola-+rtel zIHJ]BJ-e- G : ns/zolpE trl+4 rJ"l 4t4.

2n2 + 3n Znz z
'in: ffi b^:
ns/z: *

l,*t:.rqH+:.,gH
2+-n3 2+0
lim -_-
1
I
II+@
5 zr/o + t
2 I
-*
n-

-o# E bn : 22 t/nt/z$ H-4161-E-tr @:, < tql p-#+) ++ Hlf,+CBql q+ +

qd *+. g4I++. r
#+e.l +{ql^l= E-E-, e4E 6lril+ 6Jg f6ll^J 4A6J HI;t#+ Eb,=
EI=+- Aq +q6J+.
649 1Og +EZIE+ r4r 4Er]lffi+

r -Jel +E
Hlf,+4H¤- o1¤-6ll^l Hlr-of I b,9E #+ Ea,9 fec¤- H.JrfE, 4"lxl
E¤ Hlr"ll^l >o,9 6J¤- +C-J + gl+. 10.3¤4 rJol 4"lzl$ rS4ralx[.
Rr: s - sn: an*r * an*z + "'
ult-=* Eb, oll 46]] qlg" o-l- 4"lzlE i}r+++.
Tn: t - tn: bn+t * bn+z +'' '

EE noll 4all o, < &,,olEE R, < 4o14. Z U,ol 10.3¤.llrJ4 Eol p-i#olfl
4"lxl 49 4l4IB + ?l+. zb,ol zl6l-=ofolE 7,9 716F"#9 aJol s'l.s-+ {
q-5}rll 4l4IB + gltrl(Et$xll 22 +4). 4+4E R,g r,E+ ztr}.
"lL
ilql4l 5D il¤- l00zll 6Jsl Elg 0l+6ll^l ++Er/(n' + 1)E E.¤.=..^t6I4.ol
=
*r}sE eg sil¤ +46t+.
Eil rl-+"J CHtJ+.
11
f+r*,r:
fqo-E +q41 #+= zld HIE+4Hql tr}+ +E6-trI. Hln++ }t/n3ql rI+ +
,*lzl 49 zlg+{Hql ql+ +"lxl +49 ol+q]^J 10.3¤ qlzlJ sollal +4*.4.

,.=!:\o*:#
trl+^l +q4l #+E +"lzl R,g ++g EI+rJ+.

& < ,^=#

n: 100oJ ,]] trl+g E=+.

,troo 5 *:0.00005
2(100)'

4l4}zl EE d+ElE ol+El-E 4g¤ Esq, sil-= 0.00005-Bq zI+.

i+-S-J--0.6864538
Ttntll n:-1 n'-ll
r
 10.4 HlltrJtrE 649

to.4 I g+=xtt

1. Ea,rl 2b"+ "J+ E-lg ,*L #+oJ_r. >b,e. +H++r 18.il -t'(*)
- z.|.{a121-.

(a) EE noll 4ali an) bnoJ 4l Ea,9J q6l^l= q$rll

n:t
a
lXl

ll
"' ,:>-,

"J 20. > ll n

p + ilbzl? rqr r ol ft #H?lzt? n:t -tan-
=
(b) -E.E noll 4al] anl bno) ull Ea,9l ql6l]^J= q¤41
"JB + ?ibz}? rr-lr :a olf+ FHqlz}? 21-22 4¤ -"f9 4* toz}| BIE Elg ol$all.! il+sl +e]
2. (a) u14 ul-n*¤Hg ol$rll.{ + H4l B+e.l +Hdr+ +6}r, sil¤ +46t+.
=+t{tg
-l&
ulzal-{ A tr41 -of7} +HE}g Bq+. 21. > .-+ 22. E 5-',cos2n
n:1 )*n" n:l
¤6
E n sl
nj + 5 ?* n' 23. + 0.di?h...e] A+ EBH9 9"lE r]*4 ,J-+
^:t':z

(b) +6J Hljl+4H¤. ol*aH.^J

F HEll fr+E +HC4
ulrrl-{ a H4I E|+7} +HBg trq+.

x
tx
s (q7l^J d,= 0, t,2,...,9 7l+ql qL 6}+0lr+.) olfl
n'-5 n:2 7 ++E -Jt| +H'Jg Eq+.
3. q¤ +ql^l qL +E^lg ol+6l]^J + 1)ol +d
i,"/(",
6l-=zl tr"J + glbzl? 24. i 1,,-..1 g4I6J$. Hq4. [ele: 6.3¤q 4]
^ n)rntnn
X- (ln E
nl (b) - nl <- (x' :stn')91 x > 1ql^J lnx ( .6.J ol+Bi+.
(a)n'+l > ^I¤g
#+l n'|-l n
,*=
nl
2s. (a) 2a^4 >b,ol "J+ 6"9 t+"lr E&,ol g4I6J
(c) ^-(- gtltJ.$ +86i4.
n'l l n' Qz ap1 ffio1 {BBIE EanE
an
4-20 trf+ ++q +H, Btl q+= +46t+. lT-h:*
4.i
7tn3+8
I
s.in:l n-f I
(b) (a)E oJf-all.! ++ #+7I ts4}6Jg trq+.
J;
n
(i)i+
" (ii) i]ry
u.i7,3+10" en
7.i .,-1 lnn
1 n 7--z ln n:t n

26. a, > 0ol.I- + 0olE Ea,ol g4}Elg gq4.

t/i )*"",
f.i k:l 3+4 +3
o $ l*cosrz
n:l e" 27. >a,ol oJf ,Jg +E #+olr +H6IH Esin(a,)E fH
@ -l
altzl?
+,1 n + I
10.y 11. 5'
- J2n-n L + 28. > a,4 Z&,ol "J+ 6Jg ,*= #++r 6tzl-. trI¤- E4l7l-
I
n:l n:r Jnz I
B"Jzl-, otqE 4A"J7l? Hxllzl zl+lolH Hlql= Eq^l
i ++-l-
¤
,2. l*n
n:t fl- t l'l' 2*n ¤H6I+.
(a) Ea"4>&,ol g{16}E ZanbnE g&6Jq-.
: 5*2n en*l
14.)-.-
7, 0 * n')'
Is. i ll¤"
4
t l
(b) Ea,ol+H6Ii1 >b,oJ E.+}6IH Za^b,E tr4}+trI.
n:t
(c) E a^4>b,ol +H-IE Za,b,E +H++.
*
in:l 2 sinn I
tG.
n' n:1
( 1+-n )"-"
650 tg$ +gzlE* rfll 4E^ilE+

1o.s I ;il.E]|A+sl trEll +eJ

zlEnlzl +trlE +B+4H* trxl "J+ 6J¤. *b -"f.fl"J 4+g+. olH Er+
oJ+oJ gs= S.. A+E +Fts
'l+ ¤ql^JE 6*0l +E^l %r-Hg ¤ElE l.
=
61 rJE Sszl rqE Btfl= nql#+- o|]+ +,q61+.

rEE]|E+
6}ol f,4s +++- -.lfE EcHE*(alternating series)=| qlq. q
"J+sl ¤+zl-
+ + ql= Ezl-.

1 -+*l-+ *l-++
2 3 4 5 6
..: i (-r)'-' I
"-Er- n

23456
2 34 56
1
+ I---I
7
ll i t- t1'--!-
n:l n+ I

+lel ql.il^l n{-ofe] nH4 o-"t9 q+-r+ rJ+ BEIl"Jg E + fl'}.

a, : (-l)n-'bn E= an: ?lY bn

{zlal b,.$ "J+"lr(dxllE b, : lonlol+1.

q+ +{Hg nql#+fl 'JEsl ¤HAlol 0.o -+ +&aIH ol ;-f +HEJ+
=
- 4"1+.
EEIIE+EJEH r4#+

> (-l)"-'bn: br - bz+ h - bq-l bs- be + "', (b" > 0)

zl-trI-¤- + aAg ++61-E ol fr-fg +H++

(i) EE noll 46'lJ bn+rl bn

(ii) b, : 0
,lim

+E6|7lql gi^-l rB 19 ¤flBxI trzl fzldoll s, -- b,*:a?-Itr, e2. uull^-l

srE TalE szE sr9 S{ql +Aq. f +g b3= qafl srE +6lE sri. s29 9E

bl

0 54 J6 .l S5 S3 Sl
rEl
JE]
'l S2
 10.5 rqE+cl trE]l +aJ 651

+q +q14. -244 b, < b2olpE r.* sr9 94"11 F"lzll ¤+. "l q-¤g 4l+
affl ffia;ol syle. d+ELg g + gl+ h+ solFE +4lE ,lE.J++ dd
rJ zI"I+l+ 4+ ++6J s2, s4, s6, ...9 fr=zfap, ¤+ +EEl .e1, s3, s5, ...- rJ
46J+. +, + +gC qH + s(-ofg Er)ql +HB 4 ?JLI.rqF_tr_ ofr.ll +E
ql^J 4L+ +ts6Jl+ si+ ++*e!i Lltl^J
^J46Jr]..

E.El|E+EJdEsl Hxl al-* +E+g ^J4'J+.

=B
&, < b,olg + sz: bt- br> O

b4<b3olP? s4:s2 +(bz-bo)> t,

"JHlZigE brnA bz,_rolgE s2,: s2n_2* (bz,_r- br) 2 rr,_rol4.

trf{^l ffiol CB+trI.
0<rr(50(5u( {rrn'
oJ¤, trt=r+ ,J"l ¤+ glr+.

szn: br- (br- bz) - @o- bs) - (br,-r- br^-r) - bz,

gE qlE E.- 6Jg oJ+olF E EE n{J 4olJ sr, S b,o1r1. f4 = -e 4+ ++6J

e-l +g {rr,}* +1tr +41"J 6ztfEol4. trl-+^-I +E+gBEql rl+ +H++.

"l +a-Jg +s_4 zJ.l se} 6txf.

lry*",,:'
olxll ¤f ++BE ++g ++4 #ol 4&84.
rr,*, : (szn * bz,*r) reJ 2= $ a,, : (-l)" '/nlf +EEt r,,=
lgg ,lg EoJoell.l qllll l= ¤E--Jtl. s,,el ,JEE
: lim sz, * lim bzn+r 7lEtrel Ll-El-Joll +
n---+@ fl+@ =-d,J=
e]6l^|.. qt^l-rl]lr+
+Etil= 0.7_e LEfUrf.
: ^lg
:s*0 [azJ tiilql s]all
Af
=+sl
Etrf-Lf --JP tn 2 0.693oJ8
^tr{6l. -\ olrl-
OO= I A/\.-I .

s++ ++*l} $-+ +ERol sE +H6l-E_tr lim s, - soltr, q-Ef^i #+- +H

qL+ r a
tt
t a a aa
{r,}
a o a aa a a a aa.
aioll'l11"..""'

(qq 1l) q+ *+. lq+sF*++'J+.

- L I I
,-=-=--l- --:-/)
i(-l)'-, ' . t t a aa
{or}
234Ern
a r a aa a a a aa a

0 t'l
aattl""lf"

ol #+: +q ad " "J+++

(i)n+r<-Loloe br+r I b,
-ral
JdL
D
652 10E| +EIl=+ r4T 4ErJlH+

(ii) lim
,l -m
b n: lim] :
ti.-m'1
O

r4 o = ol !.f| nq#++4Hq "|+ +Htr+. tr

{qq 2l} #+ #+ l-q++olxlt}'l+q-zJ+ ol#E rrllliag4ur

"Z
e) 47f, (ii)E "J+6}xl tJ4 rql+++4Bg 4e"¤ + H+
'r++^J
in33
;-;-" n--i4n- I ;-* I 4
4--

HlEql #+q ,H4l .}el ++g a }6l-ts q-q-4 ar ol ++e +xl]6l4 ?+.+.
(-l\^3n
nlg":]4ffi
"I{^J B4I+{Hql
,rl-+ ol fr+= B4I{L+. I
(ogdl 3D -,,#
n:I
i (-,)'. ,n'n3+L E +H, g+I ol+E t¤51-4

Efl +q+l #+= nq++olEE r-4=H++4HE ad (i)+ (ii)E "J4a}Ezl 4

q]EH EoF f,+.

t++ 6l-^l"J +fl$ $* /(x) : x'l(x' + 1)g ^Jr+61-E 'I# "JtrI"

f'(*):ffi
Exl "Jf xoll 4oH^l"J .zEJ6l-H 2< 0, + x> i4olE /(r) < 0ol+.rElE
- x3
.E +rJ (8,*)ql^J /= rJa6J+. ol4g n> 29 ull /(n + l) </(n)"Jg elul6p.,
EI+^l bn+r l b,ol+. (+E^l b2< btz flrll +E¤ + ?lxl"J dxll4 "e +e+ a
EEr-+= zltr6ll^J ir.rHE+trJ^{E"l EZ g +g [b,]ol 4q zJAE.J4E 4ol4.l
(i)E 4=61.= A ildoll l0.lE qlll l3sl
b,+t1b,,Z4
4d (ii)= q-s-4 zJol HqaL4l CB6Jtr}.
Eol 1ol 7lE= olE6HAl
tr Hg + ?lrl-
limh-: Iim ,n' : lim l/n, ,: o
n+@ 1+6nt*l n+nl*l/n'

rflEe jlqlf++{Hq ul+ +qd #+= +e+4.

I EEllE+sl :d,sl +E
.JEE +H6l-= #+E +E6J s,3 d;ll 6J 19 ol+E +- gIzlEJ,
=4t#sE s s,9 ol+g trll
4q.EE +46J + H= {+ql= EE +-r7} Hr}. -
=+t{tE
+4+. sil. 4"lxl ft,: s - s,ol+. trI-* {el. j/']]+++{Bfl 4Ag
El+6i- E+"il ql+ s,.l-9 =-zlE z]¤.-e--e. +^lg + 9l- .J-E ¤H4koJ b,*,
E4 zr+= ag Eq=+.
 10.5 rq;+q trE11 +H 653

+++r 6l-xl :.aJ r_eFB rr}lE+ +¤Eal7[ ell Elt]

Il 7l6ftrl4o+ s # ?lrl. s - .ea ( b5,
(i) b,*, s b,4 (ii) bn:0 l, - r,l .
Iim
n-@ bu, . .goll +g6[rl-.:all s

:aqfl ffioJ ¤B+'1. Tl "Jelq E013 F +E-Er g0l4l

^l0l0ll
Eoll ++68|-,
lR,l: lr - r,lS b,*,

+EsE+rl
_il.Q1-rag4HE ,E
"Jele_l flol* + ++B s,r_f sn*, At
=B
ol.ll +t14. (sb EE 4.+ H6JE+ aa, E+ ¤+ +EEIH+= z++.) q+
.tJ ffiol CH++.

l,-r,l{lr,*,-s,l:bn+t r
(q4 4D #+ i tge.l Ets a+d ol-4 dlall xlflnlzl¤++4I +6I+. trsloll r[a[0!: I

; ;;;H # ; n*,=e zr,;asd*qr q+ +H++

(i)&,+r:#o:#, .*:u,
(ii) \ * +--ool-a, rEI+^J U- : *-
n -+ *oJ trll 0 < O

+^lql ^F8-6]loi g 6J"l H zllqlxl ojolETl +16]l trl-*.+ rJol #fq 4+ H zHg .J
$ ,rrlez|.

,:l-+*l-
0! 1!
1
+l-l*'
1
2t 3! 4t 5! 6! - 7! +...
: I- I + + - |+ t- h+ fi- #*-+...

++q +E-6rzI.
b, : #* #o-: o.ooo2

ss: 1 - 1 + L- i+ fi-fi + h:0.3dg0sd

trI+^J n4++ +C44q1 44 rl# g + it+. l0.lOtrOllAl EE xoll cfofl e' :,,iox"f nlg
-Hg ?iolrf. :aH^j qlrll 40ll^l E= ,Jrl.
l, - ,ul. b, < 0.0002 grll * ,-'gl
= =ltJolrl.
{zlrJ 0.0002-E-+ z++ sil-= 4+d o}q fl41 x}elz}zJoll= tr}g ulilzl ?j:-q_E
E 4+E ol-4 rjl4l z}4ql^l 4+6141 s - 0.368"]+. r
@ morr (s9 Z*#-q-_e s,g i1-a-o B trll) sil-= zl¤-_q_E +^lg= =lJE+ 4I+= +4
e "JHI4S-+ nq#+ +4C4 q aAg El+6I= r4-ofoll"J +a4+. +, ol H
4g trI= ¤.}lE *+ql* 4*gxl t+=+.
654 10E| +Ezl.e+ rzlr 7lE^llEE+

I trE]l +AJ4 Efl+ +EJ

"Je-lg +q+1 ;'+ >a,oll rt*4 zlol zl.Jql ¤q#g +tql B+= c4r.6lz]..

2lo"l :lo, l+lazl +lo, l+"'

n:l

rl=7rlxl "J+?l BE 7l-t1 E+q f,44

t Esl ¤Hrfie] #+ Elo, l"l +HB oll, #+ Ea,$ Etll #aJ(absolutely
+0ll tH-d +H'JtrH= Eololftl+. ral
FEU 1-E+4]6141 BltltlE ol
L|- ?+ --Je.l convergent)++ll 6J+
*JAlgnl? qlrll 70ll^l trrH +gsl 7H'J0l
e+ +E-.r"e g4l
-of Ea,ol oJf 6J¤. *= #+olH lr, | : o,olFE ol d+ql-
0leJ 0H+ =J A0l+.
EE]] +Hr+
+H* rJ+ql +E-6txI.
(o{ldt s1; rql++ i+:r-
n:rn-Zt3'4' !*+-|* etrqt +Heq eI

,+-"IE ++l} rJol p :ZoJp-#+ol-EE +Ho|71 trll5oltr+.

i,:, lr+l:i+
I n' | "-t
111
:1*-223'.4',
^t ^*
n- -i"'

2 8sl #f za,ol fH6I7l"J ¤ql +H6l-zl t+g oll, 4 :a,3 fH6}zl+

E lo,l* B{I.J trll, #+ Zo*t EA+ *eJ(conditionally convergent)ql+-'L ++.

(qil 6l) qlrll 1++El 4*r.4+riE-+=+H+g gr ilq.

!, . :l-r-i
g(-1),'-' I I I

rel+ "lql ql+{+ tr}¤-$ rJe

dq{}fl E+= aEE-+(p - 1oJ p-E*)oloe
ol f+- ¤ql +H"lzl g:=+. trI+^J ol nqlaFF-rr+:. L4+ +H"Jtrl.

in:r [(-r)'-'l:; r:r*l* 11

-+-+ I-l
I n | ":rn z 34

ql4l 6e E -ofzl +H6l-zl"J ¤q +H.lzl ?+g + 9l+g Eq++. 6fxluJ

q+ c4E ¤'I +H6tE HIE^I +H+g "Jql=+.

trq +eJe rj A+-d EEH9I +aJ0lalr

84-g + ?,lrl. ql8l ss.l E+sl. ,Jol trrt|
:dq
E gzt ++ >a,ol E4 +e6IE r +++ +H.Jr+
+eJdtts E+ts +Esl rJ4lflol +
aJ6l^loJ, g+"J :dE -e
qllll 60l
a,EZ -a,olP+ ffiol CB++.
=B lr,l3
=+ts
F S+tr Hl+E +gdl^l g=tl.
0 1 an t lr^l .21""1
 10.5 -nEH=+ef trq +eJ 655

I,a,ol trql +E6l-H >lr,lol +H6IE__+,221o, ls +H++. ,rl+^J 4d ult

+4Bql q+ 2(o, * lo.l)* +e,r+. relE_a q* -ri+- +H6Ib F #+
E ilolrrE +H.J+.

\ a,: E (o^ + lr, l) - E lr,l

(qxr 7D #+Z;f :+ .Y.Y+ . E +H, ts4l q+E + reJ 33 qlrll 7ol E+0ll rH-d oJU-d a,,
461-+. al- ?E-Et s,,ol -Lalln= H?lrl. E+= S
+sl.g+E ilil-e +rl PJEoll +el-drl.
Eil "l ++= "JE o}r+ +fl .J$- eF z*xlq} j/ql?+= "Ir-14. (A t.Jg "J+, +
+ ^ll o}+ ¤+olq r +¤. ^ll 6Jg oJ+ol+. +, pszl $fz16}rll ul-fl4.1 :*l'I 0.5
¤Hr,tsE ol+q{ +*- -=fgl zld Hlj/+cEg 4s"B + gl+. {r,}
@
COS n lcosnl
n:I n' -s
-Zr n' {o,,1

0
EE noll 46]] lcos n I s rolp + q-3+ E=+ aa
t'l

tq.I=
n- 4n'
-ral
*tf
2
\J

oltrll x L/n2 ol (p :
p-#f) +Hfl-EE zld Hln+{Hql q+ E lcos nll*r!
}oJ
+H'tI+. trI4^l +"l+l #+ E (cosn)/n,* ¤ql +H6Ir, ¤q trql "I4 +H++.
I

(qH 8D ++ #*zl-Eql +H6|bzl, aA+ fflalbzl "t,JE E+I6l=zl +¤

6}il+.

tu)5+ ft)i+
n:-1 nt n:L i/n
r,ri(-1).,
n:r
n
)n -f I

Eq
(a) ffi ++: (p: 3tl p-#f) +H'J+
- l(-t)'l:+ t

->, I I frn'
n3
q-4^J +qrl t+= ¤ql +H.J+
(b) +d ¤ql +B6l=4E Sgts_s.E til-x} tr1-S #+E tp: +ql p-##) g4I,J+.

$l(-tl'l:+
.Lrl
n:11 I n-r
t!- | .Lt
,
=r
i/n dfl
trl+^l +q4l #+= ¤ql +E6izl rql#++CH(&, *,sb,,
gJ:zl"J
,t!gb,:0)
ql tr}+ +H++. +q{ fr-+= +H6Izl"J ¤q +H6|zl ?*zl rflEql 4a+ +H
6ltrI
u t.
656 I08 +gal.A+ ralt TlErllEE+

r-.
I t',,
I
f (c) ol f+= aql#+olxlql *a.J
0.5 a a a
a

,lgr,:,lg(-t),#
0 il ol fzNalzl ?+=+(reJ 4 *aytr|{^J ts4it¤Hq 4+ ol B++ ts4I'J+ I

-0.5
'aaaaaaaa
I TI|HI|E
.rE 4 #E ia,,)sl -Btg H30[41 0.s
+qd #+7t ¤4 +e61+xl oLqE 4a+ +H6l+xlql 4+ E4lts ++6Jol
el -O.soll 7luLl.
++etz]H zls"flt7} 6l-. Ezlle+ tr+^dg ?*+L+.
++Rql^J o;IEel +^J= xllull$oJlE BE6l qtE #e Hd-xl t+=trI. relLl
+6ts"+E 4++ HIE^I rfl ag olq+. +6ts"+ za,A rllHll$(rearranse-
ment)* tr+61 6.l=E +^J= HI+l Eq4l #+E 9"1il4. qE Eq Ea,eJ ufl
gg rI+I+ rJol al4ts + 91tr1.
ar * az * as * at * aq * as * ae * at -f azo | "'

ar+4s-tr-
Ea,ol ¤tH +E6JE -ofolz fl-ol s+ 6tE
2a,4 .JEel xlluNpE ag R sE **tr|.
rq+ 4a+ +H6l+ #+= zllH]]gElH ^]E trt= Rg ¤ + ?Itri. olfl ^l-¤
g ¤E6I7l +l"ll ql^ll lE jilqlasl:"45 446121-.

4
,L-i-rJ-4-r5-6f1-S-
I r r l_l+!_l_r_,..:ln?

f+ql lg +atu ++g e='1.

+-L++-|+-..:ltnz
oEE rl6t|E A+"1 E'E Ealxl Lrtstl. -ofg 6.J
^tolql
Gg BeH trr# E=+.
HHAF 71 6lo HlHtrlTltr[ -61-0
:
--I--Etl -T-=i ---llL
^cCOl dL L:-.-l,.lL:

- l * o+*+o-
-

=JLI. 5 o+}+o *+ .. . ltnz

10.2¤E C"-l trg ol$all.! 4l Ee+Eq 9l.= #+E qELH ++4,J+
6 r++-f +i**-|+..:)t"z
41 @.il ?lE -rf} ^l
Eql fl= +g'+$$ saJafzluJ, F z]]9 "Je-l 6.9 4.
o-EE fl"ll 6}+e-l ¤.EE-Jol 44LlE+ xHEllgrfltrt."lrR= ol #+E qlg ^l
E. +Et|. ¤4lE P-l"Jg t}gg +Bq{q.

Ea,ol 6A+ +HEF. #+olr rol oJ99 d+'J "ll

Bol ,4 AAI q- 2a,4 xlf uflSol +z]]q}+.
 10.5 l'Etl=+el E+ +aJ 657

--- lo.s I u+eu

l. (a) rgl+++ -?H.JzI? (- 1)',*'
le. > (leztl < o.oooos)
0) r.ql;!+= qH adql^'l +H6I=71? nu

(c) olfl ad¤. "J+6J ql nH4i 6J (-r)'-'

qE4l "J'g # glEz}?
"l+el 44xlq 46l] ,0. i
n:l
I
n' /," ^n
(lsztl < o.ooos)
^J=
z-to 4S #+e1 +H, B4I q+E +4614.
21-22trI+ E+E EIE 4+¤ o}?.ll glEI zlfltzlxl
z, -! +[ - I * $ - f; + ... =*#g
4+6l.al +614.
,. i !-,1:-'
7t3*5n
o. i
,:r'
(_r). ?^"
2n*1
!.
zl.ig
n:-1 Qn)l
zz.;(-t),ne-z,
n:l
s. ) (-l;'r-' 6. > (-l),*,
nZ

ffi 23. jr.{=L+ p,f - r)^-'/nq s0Hnll ++* srs¤ ol ++sl

@ - sin(ru+i)n
t. l(-11"-ttz1, g. E 6Jtr+ zlgxl5 ¤E6l+.
ffi =zl
- lr- 1\n

e. > (-l)'sina 10. > (-1),

n' 24. ir.q;|+ > +ol fflalzl +l+ pilkg +6I+.
,:ln*P
n 5',
25. nol ¤+g 14 b,: llnola_, rol alf"J ,ll bn: lf n2ol
H -of )(-l;'-t6,oJ BtItJg trq+. ql rql=-=++d
11. (a) Eql +HE]ft. #+$ 9"lb SHq-lzI?
G) 4A+ +H6l'= #+el 9"lE Ffi,.JzI? Hg rl-SE f H*zI?
(c) oJf '6J
#+ E,r,"l +H6lE ++ ,E,(- r),b,ql qlB]l 26. gEsl +q{] -of Ea,9l 4di E= oJ+ 6}EE
"l+q
qB4l g.J + ?lEzt? 4l B+E Eaf,, EE *+ 6JE".+ ol+q4l #fE xa;
s 4el6JtrI. += uJ 7414 o e qs=rl z;-r4j1 alx|.
+¤- ;!+7I ¤'I fHatbzl
12-17 , 47L+ +HBl-=zl olrl
H 9+16l+zl +d6|+.
ai: a, * la,,l a; : a, - la,l
(-1)'-' (-r)' 2
,r.' i
2

n:t
-
,l-
i/ n'
13. i
u
,:t )lz f I a,, } 0olfl atr: a,, a;: QolzJoJ a, < fiolfl ai: an,

(-1)'
: -+ + 2.sinn
atr : o"Jg +E6l+.
14- > 15. $ 1
Etn'+l n:\
{
n' (a) Ea,ol E4 +H6IH F -*f }atr4Za;Z E.F +
H+g Hq4.
16. in:2 (-l)', 17. 5t cos n7r
ad+ +Ho.lH + #+ Eaf4 Ea;* -s.+
il
lfl n -^
":t Jll t .!, (b) Ea,ol
g++g Hq+.
EErB. B+ i #q 't]6il E'J+ HriEEql 'J¤E +g 27. -o# }anol44+ ago'3rll rlz|.
+ ++bg +gg :aEJ+. :74EE oJg-all,r.J #+s; gl (a) #f znzaool g4I'Jg trq+.
g q+4e-+ +4o|+. r q¤- Eql#+ +d¤ElE ol+ (b) Eo,9 ad$ ffl{ol znanal +e6J+xl Ee6}=
6l]^J E.¤. A+E ot4 gl4ll zlt)nlzl c+a}rll +46t+. ql +E6Izl f+trI. znanol +H6Izl+ zanol5a+

1e-20 trl-e- :aH+71-+HB¤- Bq+. +qd cgrql.r.1 4g +H6l+ filej}na"ol g{!a}zlE} Ea,ol ad+ +B
6i= qlE 4l^l6}q, ol Bq+.
E+E *E +o-171 +l6ll^-lb H ztig t;tnlzl Etg ^l-dg
=*#e
6l+7I?
41

4}6}]ot
659 109 +EatE+ ralr tErll#i+

10.6 I HlEEErl
=EiBE
++e.l elol ErfLl-g?-l zJ+ s;g f;zlafixl= ++6I- t zlxl ,JH-g E++
oJE HIE 4l+4= d,ol4, zlrP,,f >ar"-,= E.= rzoll 4all lo,*r/onl : lrlol
r lrl < rolH -of= +H6J+ Hl+4Hg ge.le-l #+"il trl]6}] *"J ,-*"J 4l
Hl lo,*,/o^lzl- 1-E-4 49 #ql d=6tB ol !-f5 +HRg "J:"H++ Hl+48
r+ -+{Hg +HE|71 srlall 716}-a"#E ol-u"oJQ.

I HItrJEE
tr}+ +CEC +q{ #+7t ¤4 +HalExlE 4461-= tll {l+ +s"61+.

HItrJEE
*
(i) lim
an+ I
an
: L < lolH #+ > ,,3 ¤4 +E+trHtr|4^l +HB+)
n+fi n:I

: molE ++ 2 o"Z g4I++.

r

(ii ) lim
An+l
: L> I EE lim An+ I

n+fr an n+@ an n:I

(iii) lim
an + I
: lolE Hl+4Hs-tr. AEg ol¤qB + S.+.+, Ea,9 fH
n+Q a

E= g&ql ql6J qts eEE. q]e + Hq

=B
(i) +B ,JHe +qd ++e+ +HBt. 7l6F"fE ullafi- 4o14. L < IoJE +
L 1 r < lql + rE qoJ + ?l+. rillE

L<roltr H*l an+t I:,

'-*l an I

oll:+, Hlla,*r/o,l+ tr=t .-H4 zlg 4"1+. +, 4B+ 4+ Nol a-xll6ll^l +

*"1 CBEJ+.
tl a"+r
nZ N"J_ trll I I. ,
lo"l
7
---l

1 n> N "J ,ll lon*rl < lo,l,

trql^l n 4d ¤+4"F IYr,N+ l, I/ +2,...E..I"J611^-1 q+¤ E=+

^l
Ior*,1 < la"l r

lor*rl < lor*, l, < I o*lr'

 10.6 HltrJEE4=trJEE 659

lor*rl < lo**rl. < I orlr'

.JHI4eE r+f.4 rJol LI4Utrt.

2 EE r>lql ql"}] lo**ol<lorlro

{zlrl ++ ++- 0 ( r < lql zl6l-:a=folge +e+r+
fr

E lrrlro: lorl, * lo*lr'+ lorlrt + ...

k:1

tr|{^] ++41 Ee+ zld Hlr+CHg 4so 6l-H trig- #+71. +B=J+.
T

: : lor*, I * lo**rl + +'''

,i, lo'l 2rlo**ol l'r*rl
-z*f s+ F_,l",ls +g++(s-JzHg "-Jg +Hql B""lg TJzlzl t++g Tlq".J
+) trl-+^] Ea,g ¤Eil +HoJ+.
(ii)la"*r/o,l-L> I gll an+r/anl-*olE Hl lo^*r/o,l= ¤+ lE+ Aol
+. +, zl$+ 4# ruol
=
4g.ol ¤BEL+
=z16ll^1

n) N "J trll lo'*' |

lo, =,I

olAs n> N g trl] lo,*,1 > lr,lg EulrlEE q-q=+ ?JL+.

lima"*0
:r4pe. g++Ctsql q+ 2a,* ts+++.

{lqdl 1I) #+ i t- ry *,t¤4 +EE}+ Holq. Slol *r{

H-l Tei
10.3*5E0ll^i E+sl --Jg +tr61_= rl.gt
Efl o, : (- l)" n3f 3" ol+ +r, ++r+ zJol ul*Cgg. zrcJfl= HHfltl. r glEg +=E
^l-SoJ+. 71 9l6H ol8Ef trJEE0ll sl=--Jrl. =Edl.
HIEIE

(-l)'*r(z + 1)3
Eol 4-BiEl" E+oll r[|6}|Al= cltr7l? F
Tfrl 7lts.8ol ?lrl. a+4 qlr{ l4 eol

t;
I + 1)3
o n*1
o,*, J (m 3n
l)" ,'f +n]-l r.EHE+olE t0.sEel 'JEE olE6F= a
Jn- 1

0l 7lE ¤rl. sE -Bfol S+?l e+ql=

" an
HJHE

:+(+)':+(,.+)'-|- r
=E-Lf ^l-BElrl.

_r.4 oE. HltCHql q-+ +qd

=|+=
¤ql +H6l-r, olql q+ +H+trI r
(q4l 2D *+ P,#e +Hcs +¤61tst
Eil 6J an: n'fnt* "Jfol-os ¤HAI 7lE=i
^J-Sg
gs-zl- S,rI."--+*oJ rll +
660 109 +E7t
=+
rel-r. 7lE^1tEE+

¤-ol cB+rK6.4¤ 4l E E'= 6.4*¤ ^l E +a).

an+t (n * 1)'*r n! (n + 1)(n+ 1)' nl
an (n + 1)! n" (n+I) n! nn

:(+)":(,.:)".-'
e ) tolo_tr Hl+4Eql "i+ +qT1 ++=
g+.Jr+. n

NorE qlxll 2ql^J Hl+¤Hg 4+4,zl"J ts++4gg ols-" afi d,'l 4 d4.
fln n.n'n' 'n >n
"nl
rElF.+ n--+m9 4l o,* 0.o-tr. d=E.Lzl t+=+. lalF-+ +q41 f+= B4}+c
H.il "+il+ ts{I'Jtr}.

(qr{| (iii)g hmla,.qf a,l: lolE ol +¤Hg ot+fl cp + z]]+

3D uls¤HE
6t,(l ?++g +Elu+ qlE Eq q+ ,+ fr+ql Hl+4H.g zl+6fx}.

E
n:l
I
ll
i+
n:t fl-

fl Hxll ++ql^l= an: tlnola- n -+ mg el tl'¤+ ts=trI

_U(n+l) _ n
l;
I o^*, __-l
l/n n*l
+ Hall -"f"llrJ} en: llnzolt-n --+ m? trI trI+g g}.trl.
HltrJtrE=
nHr|| -dol
qlll 1rl 20il^lsl eol E+sl
!E= 4l+= E-'J-'J ttl| 'i
Inul-utu+-t)':( " \'-,,
lo, l- t/n' \"+t/
g40lrl. ^l+
HJE, HltrJtr*= qlrll 3oll^lsl
,Jol p-E*oll rHdH^l= gg glfldl-xl E + 4+ E+q^J Hl+{H.$ ++fl +H q+= +461-xl *++ El-+^J trIE *88
elrl. g ++. ol 4+ A Hx]1 ++= zla|=t,foll. E{I+g "Jr 9l+. + H4l
^lE6]]oF
B+= p > toJ p-Efolo.+ +E6J+. r

r
=E!EE
q+ +4H9 ruz[ 4Ex]l#ol +s= 4+"il 4s"6]E ¤46]+. +Ee Hl+48
e] +84 +^l4q E#Exil 24ql B4 E+.

=trll{tfl
r-riol=

(i) rimi4;;l : L < lolfl ++ > a,3 ¤4

m

+eqlu;1q+^1 +e'Jq)
(ii)
,lgx d@l: L > 1 E= Ix,/@l: ooolE, #+ 2 o,* ts4}+tr}
 10.6 HltrJEgal.=EftrE 661

(iii) lim M: lolH

=+4BsE
as-¤. 4B + H+.

Iim,-* </@1: lolH (iii)ol SC"ll olgfl ABE +zl t+*¤ "J
=+dH9
+rl. ol4l -,* 2a.* +Hts +E glr B4Ig +E gl+. (Hl+{Hql^J L: I
olE L: roJ 4.olo_+ g:=r|. _:. gs
"I&
=+cBql^-lE
zlxlo1r1.;
=+dHg. ^lE6l.zl

(qril #+ **ds+c*l-+
4D
P,(*#)",
Efl ,, : (#)'",n 6tH trl¤.ol dB6IF.-tr +*ld E++ q+
=+CHql
¤'I+H+trHtr}4^l +H++).
1

2nt3 2+=n --+ 2 (

illa"l: ,n * ,: ,z - 1

3+-n

(qld! sl) ++ +e, s+I q+E +d6I+.

:(*)'e
Efll ++{Hg 4+6I}- 4{ol x}flae1g e"J4. n--)*g o}] ffiol ^"iB6J+

{@l:-4---,
"' n-fl

*+alol lolF_tr *+cHsE +4¤- + Htrl. 6-l-zl"J 6.44 4l E(E.= 6.4*E 4l E

)E ol+6IH n - *E 4l trI¤¤ E=+.

an: ln \' : I 1

[r.t/ ln+*-;
\./
ol ++#g 0ol olq E-E gt+4Hql 44 ol f++ B4I++ tr

ql4l s= +H, g& q+E +¤ts tr]] +. +4Hg ;,lralzl dql g4I+cH
g 4s"61-= 4ol t¤i E+ol ¤+= 4g tzl^14=+.

_ 10.6 | E+=xil
1. trH. 4+ql #+ E","ll 4ol] qE ¤E--g LllE + gt=
tl? (c) lim
n+@ *l :1
ontt I

: 8
l+l :
An+
(a) lim (b) lim 0.8 z-ro ul*¤Bg olso 6ll^l trl-8. #+q +H4 g4}g +46I+.
n-e an n+e
662 10E| +Erl relr 71ErilEE+
=+

"J+ 6}9 *b fgol4 -"*

@ atl

3.>r-l)'-' "= Ie. +eq+ 6tz}

+
1

2. {b,,}ol +ql
>,,
,:l ) ;' ' Z',n'
: e# cosnr. -
:
4.i kt.
I 10'
t' Lt (n + l)4""t n:l n

20. q+ + HlsdHsE +H, g+Lg +46J + H= +++

i. (-3)',-'
,nT" i cos(nzr/3)
q= 4oJzH+, +BE + H= A)?
6.
;
, 7
P,
:
8. >.
n:l
nrm loo'
n!
"t
(a) i+
n:t Yl"
(b E
n
T
(-3)',-'
,.L-
2t
1.3 1-3.5
3l
1.3.5-7
4t
+
J;
(d)
i,*
EE e,rynlol fHEJg trq4.
n! 21. (a) xoll 48il
+ (- l)',-' +
1.3'5""'(2n-l)
(b) -E.E xoil qlql hm f lnt.: 0"Jg +E6l+.

10.i 2'a'6':"'(2n)
ni 22.;a,* "J+ 6o9 ,*= +++ a|.-tr r, : anit/o,o|+ 6t
n:l

^h Jtgr,
- L< 1ol4 o1H, ul*4Hql el6ll >a,9 fE
fl-13
=+4H¤ "l+oll,rl
ffi -"f9 +H4 B4Ig *4 ++. n,¤: "H4l 6J ol+el 4"lxl4 6txt. +
6t+. Rn: f,ln+r * an+z* an*t + "'

,,P,(#)" ".2# (a) {r,}ol+4+goltr

q+¤ Bq4.
r,*r < lolH 716F"*E q6ll^l

,r.E (, . +)* R, a
An+l
- 1-r,*,
(b) {r,}ol +ztfEolfl ffiol cH6Jg Eq+.
14-17 "JEE SdB¤. ol$a|l.tl trI+ #+7t ¤ql +e6l.b
zl, 4d+ +eo-l+zl otulE "J4}o]+{ +4614.
Rns#
(-e)', 5+,* srE 7al-4. g++xll 22E
14. i
(- 1)" ln n ls. if,1 nll'*' 23. (a) -o* p,r7@2')9
n:2 n ol+fl^J -rf9 q+e-l s5E
^j-+g
oll sit
(-1)'arctann
=}t{teE
,u E.; E +C6I+.
3(*)' n:l n'
0) qlE e-;(} 0.0000s ol4oll s,ol ?Izl +lt nel {tg +
aI4. ol ng 0l*6l^l ++9 +ql ql* ++t{ig +
18. -tjf9 olEol trtg=!+ zfol fiffi4gE cEgtrI. Ea,9 6t4.
+H, g+I q+= +46I+. 24. +8614. t(i)0ll rH-d -.J=: L I r < loJ rg
=+4ts-g q .i/j7;T < r$
at:2, ar*r= ffio, qol.I- n> N or "J+6}=- {f Atol 3zg
6Jtrl= ol+6J+.1
^Idg
 '1O.7 E+EtEg Pl:.J d+ 663

10.7 lA+EJBE?Fdd+
zlfrilzl #+fl +H, E&g +Co-I= {4 zl-xl ,}H."ll 4rll 9o}*4. rflql
Ezll= +qd -of9 +e, ts41 +49 +161] qE +dHg 4+aflo| alfTl= 4
461-= dol4. ola Hqj^-l +++cg ol-^l ++EE 484 +^l-61-+. EE +q
Tl E+ql zJ+61-- ql 4l+6}r "+rJ+ +CHol 9I- 4* olulzl"J 4s=4 rJg
dqql^J "lL 4E AoJ^]]= EAtr + 9lg 4o14.
.J BcBol 4aJB olztxl E4EL +^]E "JHE +cH# 4+61+ ag ¤
H6l-xl g:+. olag ^l+4 Lqg'JuloJ 4olrl. q+^J 4+4 ufalzlzlg frf
E{ql qq 4¤61 Salt 4ol f¤ d+ol+.
=fl
1. gttEEH ag g + ?lsE g++eBg 4++'f.
)\",o1 ool oLU

2. p-E* #+71 21/np ¤4olE p-#foltr, "l #+= p > lolfl ffloil
p ! tolE B4I6-Jtrl-.
3. 71o[l+ #+el ¤4zl- Zar"-r E* Zar"olfl "lE zlo}=t"folr l.l < t
olE +H6lr lrl > lolH g4I++. #+= old ¤4E HL+zl flafl.<J. qF
+E 'll+4ql 44r-ol peafr|.
4. HIEEEH +q{] #+7} p-#f'} 716tr1+e+ Hl+6J E4= +l6J A+ql
Eln+4H + 4q¤ -r.q6floF ++ Efl a,,ol n"ll ** +El6J++ 4+
=
6J+(+'.1'J+g zll# EE:61-=)olE _u =-rr+E" p_-ofel ul;r6}+ gt+.
10.4¤ E#Exll"ll^l ql++E #+7|ol E{E zl-zlr gl+gj f9B4 (p
e-l {tg EzLe+ +Eql fl= ,s.l 4lrzl-+.J {r-qE -ftzJofl,<J l0.4EijB d

eElqoF +rI.) Hljl+¤Hg "J+ b.JE #+ql"J 4g."¤ + glsl+ za^ol

¤+ 6Jg EEI61-E ¤4#+ zlo"lql Hljz+CEg 4+61-H Erl-.

Hg +d6l 4+B + ?l'l-. El"J -of zb"ol +H6l-8, +q+l #+- ¤'I
+H6l-I, rl-4rJ ol #+- +HEJ+. Aq +E6Izl.
6. HIEBE 4l+ol+ trl-E #(^J+e-l nB4l TlE4l+E E+6ll)g E6J6J -uf
- ++ Hl+css=- ol-$al-| {ol Er-l6l-rt. eE p-#fql qlql ru--+ mql
lo,*,/onl- 1gg Hc6l-zl- reJFE n9 EE +r-]EI+e+'l+Et+ql ql
all.<lE ufalzl-zl+. oI+^J Hl+4H9 :fl #+ql 4"H^J=
"l+6IE q]
s+
7. a,ol (b,)'E4olfl g-gafQ.
=ECH =+¤Hol
s. 4EEEE Ii tt.l dxtl fl41 +6}] zly a,,:.f(n)ol4Etol +AHg dxlla
zJol
"J4¤+. Ttdql^]) 4++4$ol s44ol4.
q+- qxll=ql^-l zf.$lal 4l&6}zl= t*xl"J rffi-aflof B +4Hg ++61 HoJ
4o14.
664 108 +Erl.E#:al-r. 7lE^ll#+

(qrlll ll) i#
z + moJ 4l o, -l + 0ollrB ts41+4$g 4s." ++
@ *
(441 2f":-1
> 3n3+4n2tZ
a,,o1 noll q].J 4+6J+olo-tr_ +qd fr+e+p-;-+E HIJ++. {zlrl ++Hljl+c
Eq ql6J Hli++= >b,oltr, b,g ++r+ +r+"

. J"t n3/z I
un
3fi 3n3 1nt/z

(qql > ne-n'

3D

Ii *'
.'dxtl flrll 4l4lqsE 4$SAHS. HIS4BE ol+E +
"ls-"44. EE ?l
+r
{qd! 4D i(-r).#
#fzl- Iqlti}E-s ittrllfi++Cflg ole" o}rf. EaJ, fr+ > lo,lol (++ 2t/n24 Hl
l.6l-q) +H+g q"JB + 9l"EE +q4l ++= ¤4+H6lr trl4^l B+= +H
+tr| r
(qn rD
_z#
klg E6J6I.-L !{ o utr- El+¤Hg ol-0." elq. tr

(qfl6)irf-/, t 3"
":1
ol !-f| zl6F"f >t/3'r+ "Jd6l4l +flq=E zlfi HIE+¤B$ "l+oJ+

loJ I E+=xil
1-4 + #+= +^I6H-H-oJ+. ?+r+E +H, ts4}g +¤61-+ :1 (b) E (;.*)
4.(a) Z
1.(a) i+
n:t )"
(b)
P, ,;
,r:1 fl -t
-
Yl! n:l

-,rf9 +H, g+I .l+E S46l-4

s-24 trl-+
2.(a)
Z,+
(b) i 3'

t. i n'.- |
ll
6. > (-l)' n2-l
n:l

Ttnr+l n:l il+r

3.(a)
Z,i? G):r,(r=)'
,.Yt
H')
n:t fl-
8. s
¤

n:2
1
---------
nJln n
 10.8 71E^il#+ 665

,.,1 (-1)' 10. E .+) ,t. i ri

A^nz
19. ).
: _klnk
i!, G + l),
a4L n n:l
@

11. 4
6

\. 3'n-
^n
)

7?,.
rc aft-loft.ll
T'
Htk ' 20. + (- l)',
4
COSn
21. ),
t:t J -K
J<k
t
-1- Ak
+
n:l n! k:l K ":1
7? -

-
,,.2,(rh)"
"*u'
14.i (-1),+ 15. > (-1)'cos(l/nz) 24.Zk/i-t)'
n:l Jn n:I

: 4 costt
,u.P, tan(t/n) 17. )'_ -
F, J"

10.8 l4ErflE:=*
zlfi7?lxl+E ++,2a,3 oltl6l-H.trI. olxll 4 E.}ol Hf ,9 4E4l+g EEI6I
4E4l+#+ Ec,x'oll 'l]6l] ^8r+.J+
=
r 4EI{EF=+
++4 eg ¤t}]el #+. 4Erll#tj+(power series)E| qI+

I E tn*": co * crx r czxz * cax3 * ,..

n:0

{zlr'l r= ^}+E "l #+E fil*(coeffrcient)r}-tr 6J+. xql tl-+rrt

E+ol-tr. c,,9
g 4.J6IE #+ El* +H E= B+ "l+= +4ts + gl= ^J+EE *fzl-¤
4. zlExll+#+= .rel #ql '+4 +H6l-zlE E* g+6}zlE ++. #+zl-+d
6tb, dillE d'Jg {elqsE 6|= ++ EL+
f (x): c6 * c1,t * c2xz + "' * cnx'+ "'
E- #+q dJol+r ++. ol E:+ /= +'J'J+e+ +^L6Lq, +"J xl-"ldg /- + g7F=+

+q ".+g af$-zfxlr gI+= 4o14. ZErllEE+= 4 -Brol TiErjlEEt+g! E

ql= EE ngl 4aI] c,: 1+ q6IH zlEzll#f} tlaftfzl g+. +0ltl. 6[zJ6[f(trigonometric series),E
qE4 ?J}l71Bf0l g4=J+"J E+olrl.
=q *

2 i ,' : 1 * x * x2 + '.. * x' * ..

n:o
) (r, cos nr * b, sin nx)
n:0

olal EEI]gI E+ts qE fl^folEoll^.i ts

ol _1 < xz-rg +Hq-q lrl>l.J
r11 trll E4l*tr1-(10.2¤el tr + EErl..
=-+=7l6H:+ ^l www.stewartCalculus.com
a).
^l-d Eql , -L& BsE fr+= +H++. Additional Topicf; Fourie r se r ie s
==6ln
dE_I6fel..
:/rY I 1 1 1 =
,4\;/:r*i+a+B**+'
666 10e| +Ezl-=+ rel? ZErllH+

r4+ zl6t#+ E9l , - z= Bsq #+= g4}+tri

2? :1+z+4+B+16+...
n:0

+ rl "JHI49E ++4 eg ¤Ellel ++E (x - e)el4Elllffi+ E= Eflol

atl 4Eril#+ EE soll E-.J zlEfil#I++ll'tl+
s
3 E - a)": co * .,(, - a) + ,r(* - a)' + ...
n:0 ",(,

El4 Eql^l ru : 0oll 4+61+ 'Jg +ElE .l x: aoJ 4+qra *=lltF (x -

^l
a)o:1E qql+. x: oH 4l n>t ?l EE aJoJ 0oJql +el+t}. ttl-+^J x: a4.
*I 4E4l#u f ffi '}{r- +H++.
zlEx]E::z=fzl-+H6I= xel {tg e46}zl +16ll -H-E H]+CH(E-
=+4H)
I "ls"*4.
(qrll * xzl qH <lg 7l-¤ Ell +Hq+7I?
1l)
"+:P-
#
Efll et 6l-Fol a,ol ol E+el ,H4l .Jg ++Uqa 6lE, a,: (x - 3)^/nolt
n ___+ moJ rN ffiol CH++.

I o,*, I (, - 3)'*' n

lo, I
tt-t I

I
n*7 (*-3)'
:=l'-31*
I
l*-31
n

Hl+{Hql 4+ +q4j -ofE l, - 3 | < t"J ull ¤'H +Hair. tr+{^l +HdLq,
l, - 3l> t"J trll ts+I+tr} "lxll 4*4rJ"l 44H + 3l+
lr-3lct <+ -l<r-3(1 <+ 2<x<4
r4o_E 2 1 x < 4oJ "l #+E +H61-I. x 1 2E* r > 4"J trl] B4I¤1tr1.
aJ¤ x - 3l : toJ oll ul*CH* -F6LsE x: 24 x: 4E E4
I
"lE $BE +xl
ql^J
^Jr+6ll"i ++.
x:4"J ql +q41 4E4l+"+= 4EH!+ zt/nol q_E-E g4I
al:r. r: 2oJ trI= +qd 4Exll+=*fE >(-t)"/nol 9.=e r.ql+++4H"il trl+
+H++. 44rJ +q4i 4E4lF"+= 2< x < 4oJ trll +H-JtrI r

(qq 2|) ++ ) n!"r'$ xtl 4tr ,,lg 7Ie ql +Hdl+7I?

Eil ,l+4 E¤- ole" aJr|. a, : nt x" ol e] alx[ . x * 0 o] H q-g¤ g=+.
+E
It_ o,*, (n * 1)!x'*l
(r + l)l : (n + L)n(n - 1) ' .. . '3'2' I lim lim : lim (n + l)lxl : *
: (n * L)nt.
t't+N
lo. n+x nl.x'' Il+6
 10.8 ZEEI#+ 667

Hl+4Hq Edl x loolH ol ++= g+6J+. trI+^J +qd ++. r: 09 ql"J

+e.Jq. I
( qq 3 |) #+ *>-h" xzl 4E {tg 7td Ell +eq+7}?

Eil ¤zloll.*.J a, : x^/(Zn)tolI n---+@"J rll EExgl 46ll trh¤-ol CB++.

l+l :l
*n+1 (zn)l |t : -l---^
(zn)t ,

,. t.r
lz(n + I)]t xn I Qn+2)l' I

(2n)t
l-rlI : --+0 { I
(2n)t(2n+t)(Ln+z) (2n + 1)(2n + 2)

:a+loe. Hl+cHq q+ +qc ++= EEx9 ,Jql ql6l] +H.J+

I +AJ +7J
?.lfiitfxl +ElE 4Ezll##+# _H-E #+7I +H6l-- *{t9 dB+ .Jt} 6l.+
el ++sE qF+u4. tzlaH-f4 qlzll l9 -"#oll qlEH^l= ++ ++olr, qlxll
3ql^]= +6J +rJ (-oo, oo)olq, qlxll 2. +49 ++ [0, 0] : {0}oltri.) ++ 4
4b ol4ol "JeI4qE 4.ol4= ^l-¤g Eq++.
@

4 EEI 4E4lF"+ I ',(* - o)" ql 46H, q+ ^Jl TlAl + qL 6I+"J zl-b

6l+.
(i) r - aB qloJ +H++.
(ii) E-E xgl 46ll +HE+.
(iii) zl%If, oJf nz} l* - ol <n"lH +e4r, lx - al> RolH B
=zH61l^J
4I++.

(iii)e.l A+ql "J+ RE zlEzll$-o#E +E uJIl$(radius of convergence)ol4

I aJ4. Ee]^J (i)E 4+= rt: 0ol=}l ap, (ii)s] A+= R: oo4tr oJ4. z-l
Ezll==-',f9 +H +il(inrerval of convergence)$ zJExllfi-,,fzl. fflaf| s.
E *9 *sE +C¤ ++ol+. (i)el 4+ +H +rJ* il zl]g 4 oE_ +dg +
zJolE, (ii)E A+ +H ++g (-oo, oo)ol+. (iii)E 4+ +t4 l, - al < ft=
a - R( x ( a * R-tr- rE + + fl+. xzl Jtj4¤4, I x : a + R"J oll 4
E4lB#fE ++ E= "Jq gdql^l +H6l-7-14 "J gd"ll^l ts4I'J +E 9l+.
tr|F+^l (iii)el 4* zl#6J +H ++e +g + qL 6l+ol'+.

(a -R,a +ft) (a -R,a +R] lo- R,a +R) la-R,a *R]

rH lg ol ^J+g ¤H6J 4o14.
668 108 +Ert=.+ ralr 7l=^1lE=+

l*- ol<rRql^l +H

a-ft a atR
-rel
JEI
.r
l*-ol>Roll^l gtl

ol ¤E
olx-ll Sqrl "l"l rg+ qlzll=sl fH HlzlE H +H +rJg-,qE6I
E trt+{ rJrl.
"=.-\
H-r +zJ HJrl= ^e1
IEIU =7 l-

715F"f i,"
n:o
ft:1 (- 1, 1)

{lzll I
¤ (x-3)' R:l 12,4)
n:l n

{lxll 2 )n!x"
n:0
ft:0 {0}

{lxll 3
sX \- --n

R:co (-*, *)
:":, (zn)t

NorE "JHI4 o e Hl+4B(trllE= t+4H)"1 #H elzlE RE A¤d+ rll "l*H

4. :244 x7l +4 ++el EE.J rllts ul*¤Bol+ +{oJ f H " e
=+$HsE
E +E +{Hg ol$-*|lof ++.

Efll o, : (-3)'x'/tf-olog n + moJ "ll 4g.ol CB++.

:3 t + (1/n) --+ 3lxl

t + (zln) lxl
Hl+4Bql ItI+ +q41 #+= 3lrl < lo]H +H6-Ir 3lrl > lolH g4I.J+. trl-+
a-l lxl . lolfl fflafa lrl > l.lu E+6l.+ rElE + *H Hlxl+g ft : +"1q.

ol #+7l- +rJ (-1, l)q^J +H6IzlEl, ol ++q Edql^lE +H q+= EF_e

+c6llot +trl- x : -+"J ql q+ #+= E&+trH"] #+= p : + < loJ p--ufol
+).

i,:''o(-3)"(-+)' : ; _-- : + * _L * _L * _L + ...

J"+l ?*J"+l Ji' JT' ,F ^F'
*: t"J .ll +qd #+E trl+r+ ,J-!-EE nEll#++4Hql q4 +EdJ+.
 10.8 TJErltE=+ 669

J"+t n:0 i
n:0
(-3)',(+)'' _
i J"+t
(- r)'

r4.o + +qd zlgxll;;4g -+ . * s \"J *ll +H6IEe +H ++g (-+,+].1

+

n:0 J

Eil ,, : n(x + 2)"f 3"+ t olr: ? n --+ moJ ,il rI+¤ E=trI.

I o^*,, I _ | (" * 1)(x + z)"+r

'dx+ry 3n+1

l*l-l ,"*
:(r*r\ nl lx+21
3 -. l'r+21
\ 3

Hl+4Hql E6l]lx+21/t< 1.J trll +H6Irlx+21/t> lg trI ts41++ irl+^J

lx + 2l < s"lfl ++6Ir lx + zl >:olg g4l¤L+. 11H_o+ +H HlzlSgrr:3
ol+.
+E4 lx + 2l < :g -5 < .r ( 1tr ¤.+ iissE EE -se| lql^l ++E +H
H g+ q+E SdBlloF r.Jtrl.r: -5oJ ql +qd ++= +q=rl As Ee E4I+B
H [(-l)'ng ooE +Ho.]zl f+b+lq q4 g4]f,+.

?D'n
"e#:+t
x: 7.J "ll ol q-q=r+ a-q_Ee ts4i+cBq ,q-+ g4I++.
=-+E

B#:lt'
trI+^J #+= E4 -s ( x ( 19 trll +H6IE_tr +H +rJ+ (-5, r;o14.

10.8 | t+=xtt

-
1. 4Exll++,f* FHq]zI?
z-ta q+ t+E fH elzl$4 +H ++g +6}tl. '.i4-
Er n44"
,.i (- l)'4'
"

Jn
en
.,^,

a s^
e*fi

n-l n
*" ,.i n: l ^fi
,0.,_8,
#Tx" 11. -(x
E n2+l
il:0
2)'

$ (x-2)'
@

l, \'_*n
-<n J
n:l
n
5.E
n:7 n 3n
x
,r. i G+2)"
7:, ?nln n
ts. H
n:l n"
xn x
6.; z.E i ,t.
712n-l n:0 n
14.
n:4 'nn
n
*n
P, fru - a)n, b>o
670 10E| +Ezl=+ ralr 4Erll#+

(5x k7l"JE 4+g trll E+ +HHlzl+g +61

16.Enr.(Zx-l)'
n:I
17. i
H1
r:l n-
-4)', zo.
V-#r'q
+.
21. +H +rJol [0, *)oJ 4Ex]lt--a"fE +g + glExl ¤H
"I+.
te. i +EB "ll q+ #+ +ql^l qL A"l +HBJ+
c,4,ol {;l : c(c + 0)"J oll, zlEzll#+ Ec,.r'9 fH
22. ,lU*

I AEg']]g + tlbzl.? tlxlt9ft:l/cflgBq4.

23. -=f 2cnx"4 fH tlzlEg ?ola Zd^x'4 fH HlzlE
(a) E c,(-2)^ (b) E r,(-4)'
n:0 n:0 g 3ol3l6IxI.+Jf E(c, * d,)x"4 fH tlzl+g +6I+.

1o.e |
:*+= 4E8lE;l+E' LlElLHTl

ol ¤ollil= HH "l++ B+59 z]Exll#"f9 Etge ++ql. "JHg +qE

4. oltrl oJr gl=.J+E ++61 g}.$,JE RsE +Ei44r.l+ o1$zf E4
xll +E"Jxl olufE ;L+B dol4. ++q olfl dqlol zle qE.J+71- H= +
+E zl+61-4+ ++E +uJEJ+-+. trll ++r14= 49 'J4l E 4ol
=^I^lrJ 617l
+. (4qzlE=g rE-ol trI+t E:+- ++61 +16ll ol %l-Hg ols-" aJrJ. E
+ fl+El 4olxl¤$ 4l&zl+ A+EIE 6J+E &g +61-71 +lall ol oJHg ol
+++.)

ttl6F=+E 0l86[q E¤ LI,E}LIITI

716E+= 4:4r6}q 4.4216J+E 4E4#;-+ g.¤g gsqr ++. olul ol

dql ee q+ ^lql^J ^14+tl.
m

tr I
I*x* xz * x3 +... :Dxn, lrl < 1
l-x n:0

ol 49 10.24 ql4l 7ql^l iJ+ dlHg "ilq].+q4] #+E a: roltr r-xoJ

z16l-=,fE ++6Lq EH+. 4zlrl5 q= +dql^-l H}+E-E+ 6}xl-. zl+g
^l
lg 6J+ fu): rll
- x)g 4E4l##+q 6JeE +El.u 4ol4z ^Jr+6rzL.
*+ 4,,, (+, lrl < 1)g ++ (-1, l)ql^J rl0 - x)el 4E4l+#+ EBol+
r +4.
r.H tg Elg zl6l-Ezl-"E ¤H+ 4o14. ++E 6Jg +ER +gE +'il
^l
oloe ,Hxll ++Bg s,(x)- I + x* xz +...+x'ol4tr6J trll, ffiol CB+tri.

*-,h1xs,(-r)
 10.9 -Et+= zlErll##E LfEfLHTl 671

4ol f;zfrlql q+ s,(x)b -1 < x ( lollrl /(x)ql 4+ q +g *^L7I Eql +

+6tz},

v s l1

f
s2

0 J rg 1 f(x)=*q H 7t|q /(.r)9

tl ri *l
-rEE

'Jf /(x) - tl(l - x)E ++'ll- 4E4lF"+ tr* *c += *+EE 4E

^ll#++ E¤g EE ^l-*E f gla,
rll
"I4 ql4lql^l ololl
'116l] ¤iilez}.

(qq 1D t/<t + *')* 454lg;fE aje-tr +EIqr r +H ++g +614.

Eil ^l
Eqlal ,441 -*r* 4E6l-H +q=r+ ?JL+.

!
I
E (-*')'
1

1*x2
'_
- t-"' n:o

fi:0

olA* zlo]--rfoJe+ l-*rl < tg trll, + xz < I E=lrl< l"J trll +H++ ,'I+
^J
+H ++* (-1, 1)ol+. (EE Hl*4Hg 4+"H^-l +H tlxl# ecB + gtxl
"J, :-Bzll Bg +4=
q7l^J= Eg,q6L+.) r
(qfl 2D rlt* + 2)g 4E4l;==+E +EI.1+.

Efl ol ++¤ ^1 trq 4lEE E4E Hl-+71 +lEl], +q=4 zjol g_E_ql^l 2E +q
.d+.

2-fx a\
\\,/* 2l
,1,
'['-(r]
(
:+3(- +)': i
z
11".
/ ^:t'o
2n+1

ol !-f;-l-*/zl < rg trI],4 lrl<z"J trll +H.Jrl-.tr++^J +H +rJe ?z,z)

"J4. r
ilqrll 3D x'lT + 2)g 4EzllE#fE +44+.
672 108 +grlA+ ralr 7lErll#+

Eill ol EI+= ql4l 2el EL+ql r3g #oJ 4olF_tr trl.gg e=+.

ffl E+Elrl LJen-e IEE| 7lA

noll
x3 _ -3. I :,., S (-l),, x,,:: + (-l)' .,*:
oJqE B7lts Ae El-'.l6lt[. [c =.r301a1 *+Z:.r.. _+Z:x_,L^ Z,+t ?o Z*, ^
+-r. 10.2E Eal trlel (i)=
^l.E-dtf.l
: l.*' - i*o + *rt - h*u +
ol ++= trl+4 rJol 448 +E tl+.
x3 +\- (- 1)'-' x
x*2- 3, 2n-2
qlrll 2e+ u[4!z]xlE +H ++g (-2, z;o111. I

I 4EfiIEF=#OI trIEEI 4E
,184]#++9 ELe #+7| ++6t- +?J+ 4Eqse ?*= ++ "f(*) :
A',(, - a)'olcl. olfl B+$$ "l$6i4+ 4$d|rxt *tI. ++ C4= tt
6J4r+ uf{zfzlE 4Exll*-"f 4 16}E¤ zflp{e-tr" olts6}4+ 4E6J9-tr.
/il reTll 'J + ?l¤¤'J6ll+r+ olfl %r-H¤-:dE ElEal EE 4E(rerm by term
differentiation and integration)ol4 6Jt|. +Hg S+6Jti

2 trq zjEzll#?f }c,(x - a)'E +H qlzl#ol n > OoJ 4l r14-"E 4el

g 6J+ f Y a* (a - R, a + R)oll.tJ ul$zl-=-" afQ(tr|+^l fl*"141.

f(x) : c0 + cr(.{ - a) + cz(x - a)2 + rrr : E .,(, - a)"

a4a ffiol CB++

(i)oll^l /q 8+-Etg c,ol E-d+= 00lE (i),f'(x):cr * kcz(x- a.) +3c{x- a)' + "':}, ncn(x- a)n-l
E E+ol -dE ,r = l0ll^l /.l+-drl.

(ii)oflAl jtod*: cox + CrP cu(x - a) liiyJy(x) dx:c* cs(x - a) + r,+* rr++ "'
+ c_e + 9lrl. qTlAJ c = c, * ac,,
=
olE|.. re|1^l E+s] EE -dg e3 cEH -ratit'(,-'o)i*'
-l'- n:o nil
= 7lr-rL
xL-l .
-

4 (i), (ii)oll,tJ gg ,lE.4l="fr+E fH elxltg -tr.F RoltrI.

NorE 1 44 trq ^l (i)4 (ii)= ++4 '/Jol

Hi+l ¤ + 9l+

r,t,r
f[i,^(* -,),] .:r_*tc.(x - a)^f

(ivy i [i .,u
J l_n:0 -,)'lI dx :in:0' i ..1, - a)' dx
+6J.J"J A+ql E+el EEt+= EEi+E E.,t4 geq, E}E 4+ q^l 4+e-l 6Jr+ e
 10.9 -Bt+= 4Erll#=+e LtEfLHTl 673

+= Ae gr. ?l+. 4 (iii)r+ (iv)ts 4E^ll+*+E trl-= "il ++q+"J A+qlE +

,Jol +oJg Hq++.(+= ++E EL+e; #+ql 9lq^1. 1r%rol olgzll ++6I
xl ?++.)

NorE 2 44 E]= 4E4lE--=fE"lEaL4+ 4+6IE +H HlzlEol H6lxl 9+.

+r 6lq+E +H *zJez1 +96l+. 9"lE olq+. d4l fl49 zltxll#"fE
oJ E¤ql^J
+H6IzlHI ulBg zlExil##E 4t14 E.4l-o-l7IE +trHfl+
^lqEL
gzll 23 +a).

(o{l4l 4I) 4l trg ulgall.<J rlio - r)r¤ 4E4IF=+E 444r, r +H q}xlE zErJlF=+E:dEe rl=61.= 71lE= 0l
g +dI+. 44q Efl= Holll-= nIESE4E +ts
Ee-sr E+olrl. le, 20oll^J 7l
Efl| r|* ^lql^l
,tl$afx[. Erll#=+tr =*Exil
s-.JE -Er'+7|. olE4l rlEgr
E^lql .-H7l E f ?l5xl= tr'tr1H/l EJ
I^^*
.l-x :l*xlx2+x3+...:)x' a0lq.
n:o

ol alel .JHg trlEalfl +g 4lg g=4.

l@
(l - x)'
1 * 2x * 3xz +... : E rr"-'
n:l

n*, + l-tr Hl-+I -:

tr}grl- ,J-"l 4rl + + ?Itrl.

4q trq nl4 "lE* fr+E fH tlxlEg gr{ #+el +H t}zlE4 zJol R: 1ol
+.r
(q4! 5 D mrt + x)E 4E4l*-"+e 444r r +H qlxlEg +61+.
Efl ol .J+E EEI++ 1/(1 + /)o1+. g=+.
^l
EL++EI 'I*g
I
1*x 1-(-r) -1- x*x2-*r*..., lrl <1
ol 4lel +¤¤ e=+.
"JHg 4$6tl^j

ln(1 +r):J 1

1f r dx-f t, - x r xz - x3 + . ..)dx
:,L--T
x' x3 xo
rt_
234 --r

:i(-1)'-'t+c,
n:l n
lrl< t

cel {tg +6}71 flall x:0¤- qlE6iE, 1n(1 + 0): so14 El-+^J 5': Qolr. u}*
4 e+.
674 10E| +Ert r4r TlEr{E=+
=+

)c'+
ln(l -n' - z ' ''3 - ++...:
+x):' 4 ''-- f,i
(-l)'-'4,
n
lrl< I
fH tlxlE¤. fl4 -=fE +H tlxlE4 zJol R - 1014. F

( ql8| 6 D /(x) : ran-' roll ** 4Exll+Ei+ EHg +6l.+

EOI /'(r) :
r/(r * x')ol=E 4zll tql^l ++ tlT + /)ql EIil 4Erll#=-+E 4
B6I^l ,q+q= ++t +g + tt+.

qlll 60ll^l *-d tan-rxoll rJEl 7]Er'tlE tan-rx : J, # dx:J tt - x' + xo- x6 + "')dx
rEllr.al E+al. -drl. 0l= hEJ
=+E
0l ,JrJ-d HH
^ldE
qlz=dE 4.7'E
:c*x-T )c3*T-
xs x7
7
+-.
+IEsl ++II ralllal(James Gregory,
1638-1675)el ol-=E ttl^i E?.! E+01
+. rillrzl a+E -l ( x < 1g tttl +
olxll cE +El-71 ?l*ll ,: 09 ql"J6IH c: tan-10 : 0014.
"++^J +++ e+
Eo[r;. lEUf ir = +lg rflE +Edltf=
_-+
?
x5
aol "J=fltrK=$e flrl Lrtl). ;r : lE
x" )c'
tan ';6: a
I

a
J
._^
ft
+
trl| E+E +ga|.
'Jol Etl.. m --2n*l
rr.111
4357
0l olEtfE
=71-=
z'CI| rH--J afoluq= ,,)qt e+ zlExll+==+E
1/(1 + ;* *;;,1,== tan-rrotl q+ rl='4l=++
E.!.lo+ galrl ?itri. r
E +H HlxlEE loltrl.

( o{lr{l 7 l)
(a) zlE4lF,r+s^J j ttltt + ,')l dx= 4l+6I+.
(b) (a)E
"l+611^l J3= ttl(t + r',)l dx? sxl- H+l 10-i ol4e 4q6l +4-0.14
Eil
(a) HxJ E]4EB+ 1/(1 + x',)¤- zlE4lffifq qI!--E -8tr6J+. qlxll lql^Jel- ,J
ol 4l Eqlal x$ -x7 o + El-Etr}.

I I
l*x1 l-(-x',) E (-r')'
n:0

n:0

ol ql^ll= zErll#=+ E-.JEol +E-d olx-ll ol 4l¤. +¤-r+ rJol 4E6J+.

-LfTlrl ,JEE -EqE+. t/(1 + r')E 4.1
'Jtrs
* a
tr 4E6l'= a= At=Jdl olaJq, A+E1 tt| r I *'ln*l
+ill4loll i+af E'01 +efll +qrlq, !E-Lf J
dx:lf :(-1)"r'"dx:. * :(-1)' 7" + t
gtrtoltl. +
=Jg D]|+ Glxll 7(a)ol!Al +-Lf
EF=#"| 6|]= 4+El7l ril,\l-d *-ztollerf
',, :C+x----.xB* -f: -:+...
)c" 15

Etl tl-+71 flrl.

8rs22
ol ++b l-*' l< +l*l < l.J tril +H++.
1oJ Ell,

(b) El4B+9 zlE44E zl++ql flq qE qE++-= ol$allE Ar+. As E-=,

 10.9 --J+E 7-lE^llEE+tr LfEfLHTl 675

++r+ ,Jol (a)oll^J c: OoJ qE'J+E olg-alx[.

t/2
ro.5 I -trt -r1s x"
I
Jo l*x' -
dx: +-
81522 +...
0

I 1 1 I (-1)'
\
2 9.28
'
_L___J_
15 .Tts 22 - 222
| /

(7n + l)2t"+t

ol +6J=|+7f +ol+l 44+E d++ #olzlE| r.ql++olE-E nq#+ +dB"]E

ol$afl.! I BE +g + fl+. g 44 n - 3ttlzloJ -Jg +6IH :. eif!.n
:4oJ +¤_B}E+ =jt;,|g
r++.
I : 6'4 x 10- ,,
Zg .*t
trt+^l ++g e=q.
ro.slllll
J, t+xrdx-r-T:T * rs.z" - n"21I--o'49951374

r 4Erll#t+E E+ EgIEJ
4qr-ql^l 716r-+,q+ .J+ + .J+- 4E4lF"+_a CqElr (7.s¤ql^l ¤H
*l zlEaJfE EEaJ + Htri. ol+l+ Er-+ + *e +EC zl-EsBzll "lEB¤
4E LlElt+. r+l+ oJ+ + 6l-+. +.J dEqlxl ullts(Friedrich Bessel,
EllE
1784*1846)e.l ol$g E Ellfl=J+(Bessel funcrions)"1tr1-. ol aJf;. Bd-$d;$ zl
++,ll$elq ,J¤{g tsllgoj oll xl+sE E"1t9J4. :t ol+E Ell^JEI+
=Hg
- fl+E gEE_n ",t 4lt6}= "+E ¤48 ea;-r3 *e += E"-14 tr-+ql 4+
Elq *4. Ell^JB+= fl+E4l 20+EI ol-Ll+ ++ qlzilql^lE ++t4 zlEzll
+l-z"fE ¤Eg'J+9 +E ql- E#Exll 21ql +e+ ?lrl.

(l qH I D oz1- tsll¤E}+= q-s=4 ,Jol ¤E¤tr}.

JoG)::E.ffi
(a) Jo9 {elqg +61;+
(b) Joel EtrI+E +6J-+
sll tr-Bt+sl. i/.l.?]:EI+7 l. E+tE TlE
EEI
61.= Esl fl+El 8¤ _qB

(a) a,: (- l)" x2'f122"(a!)21o1-p + EE xoll Qla11 r1g.ol dB+trI.

l+l :l
(- r2(n+r) 22, (nl)z
1),*,
22(n+t)[(n + 1)!], (-I)"*r"

*2n+2 22" (nt)z

22n+2 (n + l)z (nl)z x2'
676 10e| +Erl=+ ralr 4E^1lF=+

x' ----0(l
4ln't t)'
:fElo + Hl+cHql q+ +qd -=f=- EE x9 #ql^l +*sJ+ +^l E-6l]^l tslloJ
++ /oE 49q+ (-co, oo) : Rol+.
(b) 44 Elql r}4 Jo= EE x"ll 4d]l trlEzlr.o ap" r E¤:+= olE ulE* EEil +
*4 rJol +B + 9l+.
J,{(_t):i
uu\*/
d (=1)'1'.':i Gl)!Lnx1'-t I
?:o d* 22^ (n!)z F 22" (nt)2

-of9 qlg +Eqls-E ol+qd +g.el ++.J 49 r}zl6tzl. trl+^J ql4l I

ql^l tsll^Jqt+= -of9 *sE {Eg trll, E. 44 x91 ++g 9"ldrl.
'116ll

v
/o(x) : ;gs,(x), s,(x) : f|ffi
J2
I so
q+4 ++.

I
zJ+ H zllel 5-gg-g

so(x) : I
\ s,

0 "{ /\x2-
sr(x):1-; +
Jo
sl s3
x' x4
a.4 2 BllgEf+ /,,"1 ?E-sl sz(x):1- , T-.
464
x2 xo xu
v J3(.r/:7- , T-:- -.-
4 64- 2304
1

y : Jo(x) xu +
s,(r):1-*'+*o
r4\'4l-' '*
4 64- z3o4'r47,4s6
l0 10

0 rH 2= +6JE+rl .lEl+ +EtlEq r4s= Bq=4. rE+ E+ ++ r0ql

\rlilzlxl"J q "l-++ 6}0l E+g¤ *^l 4E7l-+ol'dg g + ?l+. rH 3g
f.al 3 + q Sdil Ell¤El+s-l reflsolr|.

lo.elt+eq
r. 4EzllFof F:oc,x^E +E Hlxl+ol 10olE, irncnxn-' a' ,f(x):* 5. f(x)=#C
el +E tlxlE* g"Itlz}? E :r- ol+= Ffi,tlz}?
G. f(x)= l; I
2-6 trl¤- E++E 4E=4l+="# s.f,g +6.ir, r +H +rJg
"f'-a L

tr4614. o.
l1
f. "f(r) : 7. H4 ++++= ol$allzr-l f(x): x--+x-r5
,'* . ,E 4ESl#
Z. ,f(x)
' l*-r -rJ\' =_--
l-x'
 10.9 -BF+= 7lE^1l#+e LfE[LH7l 677

-"#9 dJs_tr 4441, r +H +rJg +rr[4. 4g "J4EI¤ Bq?+.

8. (a) trl+g ol$all,rJ E}+ /(x): (, xzil(x) + xJri(.r) + x2,Io(x) :
h9 4EzilE-,f 0

sttrg +a.I+. fH tlzl$E E"t"Jzt? o) fi JoG) dx? 4+d ol4 ,jlali zlfl7lz' c+6I41 4l

(b) (a)E ol$oll,rJ ¤l* /(x) - 1 +6t+.

-(l * x)' 9 4ExllEElf
E +61-4. 2r. ffia]- rJol C9E oJ+ AE ¤+q f4xl-olE^J a+tr+
:
(c) (b)E oJg-oll,rJ 6J# /(x)
#.f9 4Exll#f
(
zI.J qq4(Airy: 1801-18e2) 4E olfi$ tr qqE {}
E +6I+. ++ ++.
e-11 +g EI+el zlErll#f sd¤ +6}r, : fH tlxl A(x) : x-
1
xu

+g tr46}+.
1
2,3 2-3.5.6
* x'
f(-x\:
9. J\ / - 2.3.s.6.8.9
(t++x)'
11. /(x) : ln(5 - x) (a)
"]jol4 EI+fl Ce_lqg +61rJ.
ffi (b) iJ* H z]]9 ++Eig Bzls+Hql :44.
(c) fl.sel ql+41418 ol+6}q q"l4 E+AeI (b)el +
ffi rz-r3 tr+¤- /g 4ExilH+
-E¤g +61-r, E.J6J B7l+H T
ql /e+ H zl]9 ++ql s,(x)9 r4EE :rq+. nol 6zlBoll EBg E"JBJ B7l+Hql :41 ++'Boi qBril A
trtE H+E +e6I+. ql +9614.
=^la}ts{
12'f(x):* -2
13' f(x):''(i+) 22. 6J+ /zf rp-=q- ,Jol
^d984.
f{*) : 1 * 2x * xz + 2x3 +xa +'..
4E4lE¤-+= ols-allxl trl-s +44+g
r4-1s 41416l-+. + + E= /, > Oql 4a]] 4l*zl crn: l, czn*t: 2014. ol ;i-
H HJ;(l# tr"t"Jzt? +q +e+zJ$ falz /(x)oll '}lq} E++ 4¤. +E}4.
,o.J tt. I x2h(1 * 23. J \"/ i 4.14
f(x): dl-z1. f f',/'q qql +H +rJg +
#" x)dx
614.
Ft n'
,

16-17 4ExllE-E-+E- ol+6l^l ++E oI4 qC.all zlQzlzl 2a. f {x) : lliJ
- r)g 4l e (-r) : xf '(x) + x2f"(x)ql ql+ 4
4qEJ 44+E +6}+. E4l#+ Etr4g +6I+. :7ulr fH elzl# ec6}
=*{tg
15. If0.3xf0. + x2) dx
4. old¤ ot+61q ; *: 69 Bq+.
L
Jo I * x' 1
'' I:'.h(l
n:l

-^dx 25. tan-rx.il !il+ zlExll#"fE oJgallal ?-zI +-q=r+ Ag

18. qril 6el Eq¤ ol-$rll.t'l arctan 0.2E #g c+d otfl +6J;!+e.l E.s-E E¤¤g +H6t+.
+dall zlflllzl 4+6lr| 4l4IBl+.
le. (a) E* /(r) : trlE%}C^l f ,(x) :/(x)g
r:2,/TB#%"
,e 4+
oll

'JS u-q+. 26. Hl+4Bg ol*611^J B+ ,3^c,x,g fH elxlEol Rg

(b) /(x) : e'fl¤ Eq+. o|], trl-* 4 -u*9 fH el4Eol RoJ-$ trq$.
20. (a) J0 (ql4l 8ql^l xll^l¤ 0i| Hll^JE!+)b trl-+ EI+HJ¤ *n+l
C--
"
n:0 n* I
678 108 +Erl-=+ relr TlErllF=+

10.10 I Ellgal a+sl o||=EaJ a+

1O.e¤ql^J= zll+g aoFg 0J+8, + 7l6Pri+-E+El gg + ?t* 6J+"ll qlql
4E4l+++ E¤g +ts + 91fl+. ol ¤ql^l- H+ BHI4"J Exllg qE q++
Eol 7lExil+++ E,f,g zl-zlq rfl .gBg "lB4l +g f ?lEzl ¤484. ,'
4 sin r4 ,J* "l4Eqql^] zl-6r- +s+ EL+ + "J+= 4Erql#"+E E¤g
+ 9l+- Ag +qE 4o14,

r 4"Jq E+el r|l=Eal E+e! Esl

f ?l Ll+4 rJol 4Exil+f+_tr s¤¤ + gl,+r zf{al-r ^146J+.
I .f(*): cs t c1(x - a) * c2(x - o)'* ca(x - o)' + c+(x - o)o + ''',
l*-ol <R
?+ Al+ c.ol fE =Jql^l qe4l ¤44=xl ¤sJexi.^l trql x: aE 4fl6IH
a uall .J Flel E= 6Jg 0olE51 rt¤¤ E=tr|.

f(o): ,o

10.e¤el 4q trql q-+ 4l trql fl= #¤'JEe trl+g + ?l+.

2 f'(*): cr * \cz(x - o) + 3c:(.r - o)'* 4ca(x - r)'+ "',lx - al<ft
r4l. 4l trql x: a#'1lfl6}H ++g E-+.
f'(o) : ,,
4l trg "JEg ul$all.rl tri+g ts-+.
3 f"(*) : Zcz + 2. 3c{x- *) + 3 . 4cc(x - o)' + -. ., lx -ol <n
+^l ^1,
Eloll , - aE 4"J6IE 4+g S=rl.
f"(o) :Zcz

+ H ,:1 ol 4Cg z1+6ll EzI. Eel #+E trl+E}H ++¤. g=q,

^l
4 f"'(*) - Z.3ca * 2.3 . 4cq(x - a) + 3 ' 4'Scs(x - o)'+ ' ' ',
l*-ol <ft
4l Eql x: aE 4'J'lE ++g E-+.
f"'(o):?'3cz:3!cz
olzll 41f"il
'1]E! BEll= E + 9l+. gql^]el zJol 414611^J trl$o|r. x: aE 4
"J6IE e-+.
 10.10 Ell"Jzl
=+q
E11=eaJ E+ 679

fbl(o)-2'3'4 ' r" ' ncn:nlcn

ffHRll 4lf c,oll +6ll ol \t'-4^lg +H +gg g-+
r:- fb)(o)
vn
nl

0l : loleJ- ap. lto) - /4 6tE +l 49 ru: OoJ 4+qE +E6l-tr1. trI+^l +

g ¤4zl-*B¤r+.

5 gq /E aojlrJ ++4 zJol 4E4l=|++E -*.tr(d7]]).J + ll'Il 6l.zl

¤

Er,(, - a),
,f(*): n:0 lx - ol<R
rqE r 7-lExll+#+E 4l+Ee +¤. *l.4l.oE +qd+.
fbr(o)
" nl.

q+ "l +4lg #+q qse ql"J"H^J /E

c,,ql aollrl 4$xllfiufe Etr$
+ ?leE q+ B4zl-E4Y Ag "J + ?l+.

6 r(*):B# (*-a)'
:f(o).+G- o).+k- o),.+tu- a)3 +

qEalgl0]la=trE!
4 Eel -rfE a0l^{(agj 4e} s- +dol aoJ),f9 EllgEl frf(rayror series Eil"J4 E+sl ++rl Ell"Jal
of the function f at a)4 +rl. a: OoJ -gfuj A+q Ell.JBl -rr+b +*4 rJ+. (Brook =+E
Thylor, 1685-1731)sl 0l==
'g aolr, 0}l=EaJ E+= Blgal
+sl =
BE[]0lrltrJ .{?=e.!E
=E-d
E ++Il- nHEEaJ(Colin Maclaurin,
e r(*):U 49 an:/(o)++ *+ff*'+ i6e8-17405a1 gq|$ )El7l +i6t| 0l
EqTltr|. :4U zl
=ol =E-'J:-t45
Erll,=E=+E sE-d g4= +EJzl-Il
4+a1 gHJ4oJ Ell"rej
ol A+ tl$6l zl-+ +ElqsE E||=EaJ E*(Maclaurin series)4t"8tr6J ol$ =al7fq =+
= ^=Ez.!Esl ++rl-rell
l668Eoll
ol EH,+. tr31(James Gregory)Lf l690LJtH0ll 4
+l4sl ++rl Hleh0l(John Bernoulti)
E grr. ?lHrf. Bl"Jal= l7lsLJ0il r-lr1
NorE I E++/E #+E +g trll Ell"Jfl fr+el Bol /4 ,Jq44b s_69
Ell"Jel
(=Eg Methodus incretnentorutm directa
H+. 44 E= UJE /zl doll^J zlExll#-"f s¤-g zl-+l+H : 4Ex{ffi+= H} et iruersah}ll rA= gE-Bt tt1 lalll
zlel Hll=+Olq gq= oJrl
E^l /eJ EllgBl #++E a¤. "J6ll++. EoJ zl+lq Ell"J+l ++e_l .JJ+ E"J6l-zl tt =:*tr|..
r|l
E+= l742Ho1l rsl El4=+
g +I+E +xH++. =EaJ
rA- il=+^1fl71 rr|lEql Eq
NOrE 2 4il-l trl= .J# ftl 4E4l##f _s¤ /(x) : Ec,(r - a),9 zlzl4_ c,,z ^1 ol=oltrf.
[.!
680 10E| +Erl-A+ ralr. 7'lErll#=+

+E^l f@@)/ntolg "J6ll+a ?I.o.oE, aollr-l EI+E zlEzll#f E¤g +61-=

%r-Hql +41#.ol +"J6Ir+. 4+^l l0.e¤ql^J ++ E. 4E4lE#+ Ede ¤e E
*zl- 444. EL+q Ell.rBl #+ol+.

ilq4 1D ro.q¤E 4l Eltr+El Er.+ /(*) : r/(r - x)b'l-+ ,1E4lF=f -strg

7f4g'Jr ?i+.
l*
E*,:1* x*xz +x3+..., lrl< t
-:
4E Eql qsE ol 4lf c,oJ f@>Q)lnr.e- +q41 /9 ,]lEefl ++"Jql EH
=-+E
s.4. olE q.J6I7l +16l] 4l4I6tE +-q-+ ?JL+.

f(x) : 1
: t
,_ "f(0)

,f,(r):fr 1

,f'(0):1
1.2 :l'2
f"(*):4(r - r/- "f"(0)

f"'(*): # f*Q): r'2'3

r4r 9HI4 oe. ffiol CH++
n'' r(')(0) :
,fh)(r) - (1 -4'*t'7
! n!

Etq^J ,^:fff: 1ol-tr al Ele+El 'I+g ts*+.

^L:
1 : iry an:i*, r
1 - x 7:o nl. n:o

(qlrl| 2l) ++ f{x):e'oll 4Bll 4==8fl #+E+_o.irr+e H}zl+g+61'+.

Eil /t l : e*affl E= "oll 4all ftu)(*): erollrF r"t'r10) : eo :1ol+. :a4uE O

ql^J /E Ell"Jtsl #+{+ ql=efl E+)= +-q=+ ++.

i/1,,I0)-7sn:i+:1+$+ +*** ..

#H *lxe¤ i*o**,, :-i^,it,n=+r;; nl*

I o,*, I I *n+t nt l'l + o (
l*l:l(,+rx'71
I
I
n*l

4+^l Hl+4Bql q+ "l #f EE xoll ql6l] +H6Lq, #H ElzlE+ R - mol

=
+I
 10.10 Ell"Jel E+el EH=eaJ E+ 681

r flfi| :'Jt= rltlel E{|"JE1 LtEtLHrl=7l?

=+E
2s+4 ,.tlOql^l 4E4l#-"f strg 7l-49 tlrlE
4F-l Ee+ qlxll r 4Ezll
+++= Hlsrl 4* oHEEfl ++4= eEg 4g + 9t+
s
d

')r"
e* -
--L ,:o llt

r++H e.ol 4E4lF"+ .gtrg z*bxl9 q+= qB4l tr¤g f ?llzt?

tr+ .JEI4"J sl$ql {.fl a^I6]| Ezl-. "lH ad{l^J ++71 aE Ell"JEl #
+E zjolxlizl-? +^l
EF+ ts:"ll^J ftl EE 4lel E6J+zf fxllafH e4l +s
ol ¤Bfl+7I?

i 49
f(x): n:0 n!
(* - o)*

+H6l+ ";ele_l #+.il^le+ ,Jol, "la+ f @)zl +E6J +gE +EL.JS 9"laJ
+. Ell"J4 -"fE 4+q +EBe q*q=4 ++.

" r(i)(a\

:'lo',^.
# (* - o). +(* - o),+ ... . +(* - o).
T,$ nzl q6o}6J+E oolla-I f 4 flga{ rl$+l(nth-degree Taylor polynomial
nxJ v
y: e*
of f ato)ol+++.ql=Eq zl+6J+,f(x):r'oll 4loll qlxll 2E trr+= n:r,
y: y: rr(-t)
2, 3oJ trll 0"ll^l qlgq +6.J41(E= ,ll=Efl r|'J^l)e- ol4e+
Tz(x)
Eq+rl. 'J++ y: T/x)

Tr(x):1*x, Tzk):1+ -*{, Tr(x):1+ -*{*{ (0, 1)

y : Tr(x)
21 3l
x
zl+B+g r4se+ ols ql"Jq +'J^lel r4s. rH 1.ll :r44 glr}.
3zlJel
y:
dH6l-E /(x)E rE qlgq #+e.l oJol+.
?"r(x)
"JtI4_"-e ffiol
-ral
JEl
r

f(x) : lim 71(x)

lfl loll^l rz0l f,(x)E e.'oll E
=7ldlE
g + ?irl. O|AP er4 laol
rBlH rlg=4 rJol ¤ + gltrl. =-BfE
Ell

gel E+ol -Btol 'Jtl= A= g^lEttf.

R,(*) : f(*) - T^(x), f(*) : T"(x) + rt,(x)

{zlrl ft,(x)E qlgBl #+e-l L}trlrl(remainder)=} +r}. limR,,(x) = 0.Jg H.J

f"J gl4fl ffiol ^JHElg E + 9t+.
rim r,(.r) : [/(r) - R,(r)] : f(*) - liq ft,(x) : f(*)
l1x
relp-+ ++ ¤4zl #Bfl+.
692 109 +Erl.=+ r4r TlErllH+

8 Eq f@) -7,(x) + R,(x)4 6}zt ololl r,g dql^J /9 ,^I Ell"JEl 4alal"l
4. 1* - al<Rql EI6l ffiol ^dB6l-E f++?Jl*- ol <Rql^l rE q.Jq
B+E 6J4 'J+
rt,(x) : 0
,1!g

.trE.J ++ /q ql6]] lim ^R,(x): O"Jg -trolzl +l6IJ^l tl-+ 44e zl-+ r.I-S
++.

9 Eflge{ +E4 l*- ol s a"J 4 lf '*'(r)l< MolE, ql"JBl -o#9 4"lxl

R,,(x)E'I+ +F^lg ++*+

ln,(r) I s (r#lx l* - ol'*', l* - ol < d

*d ,: lg Ell"Jel +E4lg +H6l-zI lf'k)l a M {

=B < Mo)H o S x"ll1a + doll qql ++oJ CB++.
zfsa}x}. 561
f"(*)

!)ro dt < !)ru at

EiloJEl E+el Lltrlrl goll r[Et
^l /,,9 graJ+;_.f,ol.o-E "l4Bqre.l 71t44 2.ll q+ q+g g=q.
Ellgzl +E^lol EHEo._e LlDlrl -doll rH

-d rlE 4.101 ?lrl. +7J 10114 .f0 *')z[ E f'(*) - f'(o) < M(x - a), + f'(*) S f'(o) + M(x - a)
+01I. x E IelE q"=01 d=J-'Jtr|,

: lr, - il'fbt t)ft) dt

trI4^l q--q-q *ol 448 + 9I+.
ft.(x)
):(.
^
0l
^.lE-Bre,l
Llrlxl
Llqrl Asl 4E
=^lolel
-.Jtf.
afraJ+ 4l0lalts E tlE E
Ert t) dtsl:lf'@)+M(t-a)ldt
?ttl". +, Ll¤E Ll+6F= olE * ezf
.+
^.101
xela Alololl Er}lotE Aol+. /(r) - f(o) s f'(o)(* - a) +

it.(x) : {('*t\(',) (x - a\,*l

(n+l)!' f(x) - f(o) - f'(o)(* - a) < YU
2
- a)'

0l
^lg
n = OoJ B+ EfrrJ Ealel trftrt
rq+ ft'(x) : f(*) - 7'(*) : f(*) - f(") - f'(,a)(x - a)ol.uE ++S e=+.
0lrl".
olelEt 84lel 6Er'l l0.10Erl 10.11

trel qlEE E7l +l6H^J 0laE qEfll

= +G -
R,(x) o)'
zloJxlcll ^l
r|,|Et tsslts tfg fl,\l0lE
E--J
ollAl
=
+ 9,lrl- ec B]-H _o 1 f,,(x) > -M* ol+6IE ++ +¤-4g e-+.
www.stewartCalculus.com
Additional Topic sS 3alof-L Formulas R,(x)
'_ -+ G - o)'
for Remainder Term in Thylor seriesE
CEl6lel..
trIP+^l rl¤^ol
^dBELtrl

ln,(,)l=+V-ol,
 10.10 Ell"Jal a+q 0H=tral 683
=+
r > d+= ,Ldql^l BHxl"J tsl*uJ %|HsE-r < doil qlql^lE ol +E4lol C
B+g EoJ + ?t+.
+l 44C n: r.J 4+ql 4+ qlg+l +E^le] +E"l+. gEel ,zgl 4+ ¤
r+E ,Jg %IHsE n * tH 4E6I^J +H+ f tl4(n: 2ql 4+= g6.gxll 4s
+4). r
NorE l0.11Bql^j .=t+E ql qlgEl +F^lg ol-Lo6-J 4o14. "l +E4q
=^l-^la
zld4"J ol*3 44 tr4 +flg+

44 tr4 E. 4+.J 'll '|+ ^[¤g ol+.|E trl]E- E+ol Etrt.

10 -tr= d+ x9l 4all ,r11#: o

qlzll 2-a+q A+ Zx'f nt+ E- xgl 46ll +e6ir, ul4rJ ,H4l a}ol Oql +H
tr+b ^l-dg gr 9l7l qEq olAg eml4.
( qq 3D e,ol r9 4=8fl #+9 6Jl+ ,J+g +H6tq.
Efl /t l=e,o_E +gE EEnoll qJ6l] "f,*,(r)-e,ol4.d7l $g dfol .JelE
r lrls aolfl l.f'*'(r)l- e'< edol4.q+^J ql"Jq ++4]9lrJ a:0, M: edeE
+sH l,l< dql qlql cH++.

ln.(,)l= #l*1.*,
EE n9 '*ql 4Bl] eg tl+ M: e't?
^l-*oJr+. ^l
EeE+q 'l*ol cBqL+.
lim: e : l-rl'*t:edli-,l'l'*l
n-n ln + l)! n-*n (n + l)!
:o

"J+ $4tr.+El JlXln,tr) : oollr -e, EE x9l 4a]] Jiqft,(x) : 0ol+. l4

I
o-E

4El trql 44 r'9 trlglt ,J"l z trl1..gfl ++el trL4 rJ+

1I E= ¤+ *91 4dl t' :

,:i*#

+61
^l
11 ollrl x: 19 qloJaIE # eE +ffi+.el ElsE +4U ++ 4lg
e=q.

:1 1 l r
E+El9 -EBetr E?Il--= e9 ,JE ol
12 Ill 4+E 0l6lsl rF^!+rtrl trefa;X|
7:on! lt 2t 3!
41

$6l"fit|.
684 108 +ErtE+ ralr 4EEIH+

(qfl 4D o: 2oll^l f@): e'el ql"Jel #+E +61-+

ENf@e1 : s2olF r Ellg+l -=f9 Cel trHl a: zE 4q6IHq+4 ?JL+.

iry
7o nl G_2),:
-/ i 4u_2),
7o nl. '
qlzll 2ql^J4 ,J"l fH tlzlEol ,R :
*"J¤. +Eg + gl+ s {lzll 3ollr.Js} zJol

lim R,(.r) :09 +E.J +E il+. trI+^l EE xgl 46I +gol cB'Jtr}.
,t-cO

13 ,.:i,;a-z)^
e*oll zlE4l##f dzfl{$ EH+. +, ffl9 oll=Efl #+e+
4B + 7l-zl
^l
ul mq Ell"JEl #+ol+. uflpEfl ++- 0 +=el *9 {I.il 46l] qlgel E+=
2 +.E *9 #tl {a1] +s" 6l-+.
'J

r Eilga1 E+
=gEl:d+=o!
qlzll 2el4ql^J=6Jf ,.9 4Exll##g'tr#+61-H.r, lO.etrql^Jt ln(l + x)
s| tan-r-r= E6J+ H zlxl qE q++=ql 46ll^J zlExll#=f .E'dg +"1-H.+.
olx'll sin xe| cos;5 EEJ* H zl-xl +,q+ +zl- El-+=q qldl^J zlE4l##f s

Eg +6}zl-.

( qlll| 5 D sin rel uflpEfl #+= +6I+. E -l -of7l- EE xgl Qloll sin rE 44
ts9 s-q+.
ral 2= sin -rel rzllEsl rol Hlgal(E
oil=Eal) +-d4.lel ra}|s= Hq EU q+4,J"] 4l+!9 F tse 4il-l6lzt.
= =q.
rix): x /(x) : sin x
"f(o)
: o
,l

fr(x): x-x-
3! f '(*) : cos "r
"f(o)
: I

f"(*) : : 0
?{
r,(x): *-*** -sin x "f'(0)
3! 5!

nol Ez|-eql r[a[ Q(x)E: sin xoll rHEl rl f "'(x) : -cos 'r /'(0) : - I
¤g Eoil +sl6l^1.. tttt@): sin x 7r+i(0)
: 0
=^I7I
v
Tl
s*fzl Hl H4l"l+ HI+E]F-tr, trll=-eil f+: ++r+ ?JL+.

f'(o)x-f ,f'(o) t , f*(o)

r\ftO)+
2
T5
f 1! 2t 3!
y: sin -r
-x"*-x5+
0l x
:-r- *t *)ct
3! 5! -*'*..r:ir-y"
71 74' -t'.)-
(2n + l)l
T3

7t'+t)1x)t: *sin.r EE tcosxol-EE, -EL=x"ll 4dl lfr'*')(r)l<1ol4.,rl-+C Ell

-rzl ,
JEL
gel +E4lql^J M: tol+ +s{ ffiol lbB'Jtrl
 10.10 qlgal E+el EH=traJ 685
=+

14 lR,(x) l
'--"\-/,- . M, lx'*rl
< (n+l)! : l'l'*'
'-' , (n+t)!
^l
Eql 4zI " - *oJ oll ol +E4lE +Hg Oql B=6FrE, S+ di]ql E6l]
ln,(r)l--*0ol+.trI+^l n--+moJ 4l n,(x) --+goltr, oltrll C4 Elg. 4+6IH sinxi
:.el ull:=Efl E+E eI4 A+. r
+-]1e qlzll sE er+= 4sE +s=4 +q.

EE roll 4a]]
15
x3 x5 @
. )c7 *Zn+l
3! 51 7 ! ;--o' -' (2n + l)l

( qU 6 D co' xel uJlfrefl +¤ +61-4

Efl zld 4l+6lIE qxl"J 10.e¤el 44 trlE ol$allal Eql +q
qlal se+ zJol
^l
4l sin x9 u]]Eefl #+= trl$Bl+ 4ol =l fl'I.

d d( lx- )i xs x'
cos-r:-(Stnr) , \
dx' dr\ 3!
-T 5! -r.''1
7l I

-r-1 \xz
_ + Sxa ix6 )cz x4 tc6
3! 5r - 7t *...:L-,*A-A+...
ql4l 3, 5, 60llA1 EP u', sin x, cos xol l[|
E+ts +Eol tl-= "JEE ol8dH
=EEl
,rl"JzJ:ltrl-. oleJ 'Jtr^lE 0|1F tselE A
lO.eEel 44 trl= sinxoll EI+ 4E4]H+E alp ulgal a+E sinxg EoJ+, oltf. eHLFolE Ei tr QollAj rriel E= E
f cos xtr fflap fH elxl$"l Halzl t+¤+ "J"H+trI. trI+^J ol fr-fg EE x -Er.+= pJrlE olal Er.+0il rll-d E= a=
ql qlql +H++. I g + ?,t71 nHEolrl.

++ +4= +16]] qlzll 6e] ¤48'i+4 zJol E^lqf+.

sE.roll qal]
16 x2 x4 x6 .1- : :-
cosr: 1 - Zl
*e- e* )(-l)'
xLn

en)t

(q4l Z D ffx) : sin "rE 6d ol rl3.J qlgq #+e-1 aJc-E str6l-+.

Eil 4+g F E-+ 4461-H +g=r+ ?J+.

/(x) : sin x :+
'(;)
f'(*): cos r ,'(;) 2
696 tgg +grl e+ ralr. zlErjl#=*

qlrll ssl l0ll.! sin xel AIE tlE F E+ T;

(rH=eeJ E+sl- qlgal E+)= Eflrl f "(*) : -sin -r (T
TI
:-- VJ
2
r1=tral E+= x = 09 +=0llll 0lE6l
E ¤I, Ellga'l E+= x = rrl3e-l +=oll TI
f"'(*) : -cos -r
1
A1 0lE6fE r-J 3E 3if Ell"Jal q f"' ;J
=+. 2
B4l r:ts z-l3 .flEollAl sin xoll rH-.J zl
E| Elolxlu, 0 +=oll^lE :H
=:e
rl LJrf==7i= LIEILH_r.9lr[. reJ 20ll^l
olel rJg glHol ES.ol HI+EIH, +Col nl3"J Ell"J+l fr+= q+r+ rJ+.
+0lTl uH=tral +-Bf^l r3]l.Hl;1d|.^|-. ]
qE Erolrf.

v
,(+). {a 1!
7T
n
J ).
44 (.- +)'. 4A
2t. 3!
TI

3 )'.
y: sin -r

:+.;n(.-+) - *(,- +|-#( TT

3 )'.
0 x
T ol#fzl- e.E x9l rllall sin xE 44d+= A+ qlxll s91rle+ Hl*.J 'JHsE +E
T3
g+" t^l Eql , 441 x - (rrl3)E 4"J+4.1 ol #+ql^] JT+ E+61-= 6Jg E?.1
6l]^l zls._tr- +448 'l+4 rJ+.
-rel
JE\,
2 ^lruf

t)'" *i
(-r)"/1 (- 1)', 2n+l
ui, *: i n:o 2(2n)t
x _
n:o 2(2n + t)t
x-
;)
.

(q4 8|) ge-lel d+ ftql qj6l] f@):0 + r)tsl q=Efl E+= +EI+.

Eil +t trl+$ A-ol Eo.J¤ 41416l-= 4.e = ,rlzlrlxi.

f(*) : "{)&
(1 +
"f(0)
: 1

f'(*): k(1 * x)t-t "f'(0)

: fr

f "(x) : k(k - lxl * x)*-z f '(0) : - 1)

ft(ft

f*(*):k(k - lxft- 2x1 *x)r-r /-(0):k(k- l)(k-2)

,fto)(r) :k(k - 1)...(k-n + lxl * x)*-" /tu)(o) -k(k - 1)...(ft - m + 1)

q+^J f@) = (t + "r)t 9 tr]l==Efl #+= q+r+ ,JtrI.

$
.L
/(,,)(o),,
. !t" :-1/ i ft(k - 1) "' (k - n + 1),,
n:o n!
r
n:O n!

ol B+E opE=+(binomial series){-L fl+. /cz} $o1 "}U 4+ol$ afr4ge a-}
5o1 ool E"l ol fr+= #ffif"]+. kql qlEL += #ql ql6I q.. 6JE sol olt-1z,
ul-+^J Hl+cH¤. ol+6H^l ++el +e^Jg +Bts + gt+ ,H4 r]$ 4,ola| o|fl

"ll 4*"1 ^Jfltrtr+.

n---+ moJ
 10.10 Ellgai
=+q
o11=EaJ E+ 687

An+

an
tl I
k

It-"1 ,,
I tnt- I
n
lxl--+ lxl aS n --+ oo
n-lI I
l+- n

rElF_tr Hl+¤Hql Irl+ ol olrffi+= lxl< tolH +H6}7 lrl> lolE g4I+
-l

ol6;E+ql^J 4l+E Liqql- dF4"J zlg= ri+4 ,Jq.

/t\_- k(k- lxfr-z)...(ft-n +1)

\"/ "I
ol +E 0l-dflI+&inomial coefficien$n+ +tr].
q+ 4el- (1 + x;tol :-9 *r+ rJ+L 49 "J:"H +r gl+.
#+E
"lEEfl
ql+ +He 4olzl a.l rR,(x;z} Oql +HEg -H-olH gzlr} 4+ qB4. olgl
"lql
Hl6ll E+Ezll aeollrl zllgzJ-e_E _HoJ +Bol gd fl+

17 ol:BE+ k7I oJEel ¤*"ll lrl . lolH, ffiol dBqL+.

n(n,, ,)
(l +.r)k: I* * + k(k - t)(k - 2)
3 (f /)r,: ftx
2t x2
3r
13 +

l, I < 19 trll olal =-" f;- E-}{I +Halzl"J Ed , - + I ql^lE +H q+- ftel
#ql qi+ B?+41+. -l < k < 0olE ol =-rr+=- lql^-l +H6l-r ft > 0olH "J EE
ql^J +H+r+b dol e}-dfl+ ft7\ *fl Cfolr n > kolE (f)ql ql6J 49 ql

+ (fr- ft)E Ee'6Ir glor,+ n> koJ A+ 6J+r-(l) :0oltrI. olAgftzI oJE
4folE olo"FtJ#E ++ 6J¤- r*r, "JH]4.J "l.J44zl-E¤- g"l+4.

(q!41 9l) EL+,f(r) : +9 ollEefl #+ H +H qlxl# +6t+

,/4_x
Efll /t lb ol6J-j:a=+E olso E + gl= eqE q+r+ ,Jol 448 + gltrI.
I I I
(,-
1

,R 4 1--
x
2 I -- x
2 +)-"'
4 4

tr: -lolr x 44. -x/a.E 4zlql ol6J=ra= ol+6IH ++g g++.

688 10E| +Eal=+ ralr. T.lErll#+

"':+*(;'Xi)'
#:;(,-i)
:;[, . ( r( +) .Lda(-+)' . t-+lt;rx:a(+)'
+ *(-lX-iX-f) :(-i-"*r) (_i)". ]
:;I 1 r
1
8
* t
1'3 a t 1'3'5 2 I
2r.8'
-- 3!83
r
1'3'5""'(2n-l)
n!8
-L

-=l

-o#*l-*lal < l,4l*l <49 R:4

-,5
4.1 EE+rl ol oll +H6lr.fH H}zl+g
ol+. r
+* E- *sE $la1z1 +l"ll ol ';94 l0.e¤ql^l +il -*n
H zlxl fe6J o]l=E
fl ++= 4?]i aol+.
E, 1
l*
ot|=eal E+ql
=9-J rq +aJ HJrl= R:1
I-x n:o

x2 -r3
e':ZJ-x"nl, 1*_*^.*^.+...
x
I! 2t 3t -R:cc
7-o

sinx : ir- g' L + l)l : - *3! * +5! '- +7t *

)c R:m
n:o Qn
a --2n --Z
::--
XO X6
E(-1)': *+ 4t *-+...
cos-r: -: I - R: co
n-o Qn)l Zt 6 !

a
*Zn*l X3 X5 X,
,R:1
n:o Lnt 1 3 5 7

I 01fl 4= olEidfq E{lge{ +6171

^l|Et =+
NorE zql^] ++ + ulq ,J"l Elfzt aglrj 4E4lE*+ etrg *. A+ 4
Ezll+fr+= +.J6L4l 4611TI+. +,
"lB4l +6I
EI-+ /E ,l$xll#"f sf,*
rJ+E r #+= HI=rl /E Ell.J+l #+oltrl. tr14^J cq trql +qd 4l+ +
4g ols6l.- 44lql E lg -ofE a4rE.ctr*l r]ltr$ el"JEl #+ E¤g E
g+ 9ltrl
10.9¤el q41"il^l g a^lH +q41 Ell"J4 -ofollrJ x 4d cx'B'l]el 4+ rl]
 10"10 Eil"Jal
=+sl.EH=traJ
E+ 689

"Jg+E g]-tr, rq+

B4el 4¤. +6}zl+'j-ts +E glsq, olE EIE E= E"J
E 4Eg e+ +E gltrHl0.e¤ c?-l tr +4). qlg+l f+el Er-, iI, + E= +k
cg E6l] ^}]E+ EilgBl #+= eg +E 9l¤¤ -H_"J + 9t+.
(qlll 10l) q+ ++ /q qt=Efl ++E +61-F+

(a) ,f(x) - .rcos.tr (b) /(x) : 1n(1 + 3x2)

Efl tul cos xel trll=Efl -ofoll rE #alfl EE xoll Qloq q4.ol CH++.
m a
: x,E (- D" *2n
(- t)"
-Zn*l
x cos x
t*\: ,e efr
(b) 1n(1 + x)9 o}l==Efl #+.ll^J xE Zf _o-tr Hl-+E
'l++ g=+.
ln(r + 3xz): i t-t;'-' -(k')" : i (-1)'-' 3n*2n
nn:ln

-E ls+El ol #+= F*rl < l, + lrl< tlJi"J rll +H6IEE +H tlxlEg

R: r/r5ol+. I
2nxn
> (-1)"
ilql4l 11l) 4E4l#f+ tt:o nl.
I +4']]= Er-+E +6i-+.

Eql +q4l ^l¤. trI.sl,r+ aol 4txl_.

ir-v+:B+
ol E+= e*9(E 1) #+q^J xE -zxtr- Ht+"1 gg. #+olr+. trI4.^J ol ;!+E E-
# r-u? ++U+. r
(qq! I2l)f+ t 1 1.-r 1
4 - z e, +, 4 -
1
"'E'Jg+61-+.
^.7+
Eq ++E.tl:zuf zlsE "l+61^J
E+s=4 rJol *4.

it- t1,-, -\;: :(-1),-, +

rElH s lql^i ", # x: +g ,*= ln(l + x)9 fr*el "JzlElg "J + fl+
El+^J +q41 ++E ++ trl+4 ?JL+

it- t1"-'\-\r: h(l + l): tn31

#+71+,qoJ ol+ + 6l+= zl=-ollxl *4zL 4+'J f S.H.'J EI+E

Ell"J+1
g 4Bg + 9t4l ++- 4"14. ¤4lE hHC 4+ol qe+ B+E 4E4l+#
+E E¤+ + -=fE qlH-e zl+q{+b Ag ol 6LE E"J+ql^J fl#*+. Et+
f(*) - *-*'* r qEEL+zl- zltseL+{7 .54 +z)71ol-,1zl qEql zlsizfzl gul
690 10El' +Erl.E+ relr 71Er1lEE+

E HJHg-E- 4EoJ + Htrl. ++ qlzll- hHe] Etlg ol-$all.! ol a]ffi 4

++ri.

{ qU 13 D (a) I ,-*' dx* 4E4l-"=fE ol$oll.tJ 414}61-+

G) jj e-*'dx? si} H+l 0.001 "lqlE ,ll+614

EU
(a)dxJ,f(r): e-"4 ull=Efl ++= +dl-z}.zld4ql %r-H"E +qlE 4xl"J oll
lql ilEr',9 ?+ql^l xE-f o-E Hl-+-l +E6l +,*+ ?l+.tr++^l EE
=-Efl-Erlla11 r1g-ol
,9 #.ll ^dB$tI

ol4l ol4*.JEe 4E6IE 'l+¤ e.+

t ^
),-"dx- J [', -n+;-,
,/ )c2 xo x6
+...+(-r)"\+
x2n \
)
dx

:ilr x' xt x'

3. 1! 5-21 7-31

4zlrl e-"ql ql+ g4 ++71- EE xoll qlql +B617l trllEql, ol #+ S.tl EE x

ql 46l] +H*+.
(b)
"l4Eo]9 zlB4?.lql E6l] +Sg tsb+.
^, l- )c3 xs x7 )cs l'

(a)0114 C : 0?.1 EEEJ+= El-g + ?ltl.

: I - l + # - fi+ #- "' -') 1 - + * rr - h+ *- 0.7475

rql++ +{Cfl"ll 96}| ol sil+ 4*e+ z+t}.

=*{tE
1 : I <o.oo1 r
11 -5! 1320

ql"Jel #+= q+= qlrllql^le+ Eol **<19 +ts trllE ol+E + iltrI. (g+
+qL a=E+JqE olEl+ Bt+lge ++g 4l4}+trt.)

ilqu r4l) rg+

+84141614.
Eq E. lql gl=e.el ullptrfl ++= ole"of{ (e" - | - x)/xzE qlEEfl #+=
'l+r+ a# "J + 1l+

+:[(,*+.*.*. )-'1-.),o
 10.10 E1l"J4 oH=EaJ E+ 691
=+cl.

:#( x2
2
+
x
a
J
+
x4\lrx'
*--.t--+-+-+..-
4!/2!3!4!
qlrJl 14ol
7g tE
+Elg
?lrl.
-+trl=J tr4= ol8olq

trl-+^J zlExll#f#b flao$olEE trI+4 zJ"l 4l+lg + 9l+

ti*'-1r-':r*( lxx'
x+0 X" 2t 3!
x-0 \ --T---r-T 4t

1l+0+0+.'.:- n
2!2

r 4Eril#t+ol EEt Ll-kfl

zlE{lff',*fl *, ;<l+ (10.2tre1 4?-l tr"il^J HFol) +=J4leJ uJ zI4 ,JoI
414}ts + 91trI. 4¤- 4lzll= F6l] 4EB f ?lFol 4Exil##fel +r+ ,+kd
E ri6*^lE E- "; q-kc4 t-.J6l-41 aruB + glr+. ¤x] 4l+Iql^l- iJ+ H 'J
ol zltr ¤:s_61-r FIE 6J-==+ qlEql 4Exll###e.l zl¤. H
^J+6I71 'J"J +61-
E Erl-.

(| qll| 15 |) q-S ++4 4f, ,]]=efl B+E 0ol o}U il+ *}g +6}+
^ll
(a) e* sin x (b) tan *

H
(a) .tr lqJ^J e'r{ sinxel uNlEfl ++E ole"6}fl q-q=r+ z}rJ.

e'sin *:(t +1t! **:*d* x3* \

)f, - 3!
\' zt 3! /\* I
oldg E6fr q.J4lql^Js+ Bol E.JEE F o E +g=+ +r+.

1*x+L*'+L*'+...
x x -t*'+...
x* x2+**'+*ro+...
+ 1r7t
- 6-x- - 6x
x* x2+lr'+...
trl+,rl e'sin x : )c + xz + lr' + ... ol+.

(b) -g lql^l 4=Efl ++E ol+6-fH q-# Eb+.

x3 xs
sin x
r_-+
3t 5!
tanx:-:
COS -T x x'
n

+
2 4!

++r+ rJ"l ^JxllHg ol¤:6]]^l

'lkd¤. +ql+.
692 108 +Erl-=+ ralr TJErllH+

xf,11,2s
,x'* frx'*

1r
jx.- #rt "' +
1r
1x- L*t+"'
fr*t + "'
,ti{i-l tanx :.r * lr' + &r' * . -.ol+.
ql4l lsql^l ol-a-o + B44"J 4l4I .%}Hg 4Bp+6|Ela ;.lsalzl= ?+9lxl"J :z
: :
HJH=g 4+61-trt ,f(x) Zcnx"tr] g(x) }b,x" ol E+ l*l < Rql^l +H6tH
ol= ++E +6}^li]B #6il^l gg #+E lrl < ftql^J +H6Ir /(r)s(r)E *
+u+= El-4f,tr| L+tscql^l= b, # 0o1"lot q-kfl_o + gg #+
^Idol "t4
- l,l7l-+E6l 4L¤-'ll +H++.

1o.1o l E+Edl
1. EE "r.ll 4dl /(*) : i b^(x - s),"J q esql qldJ 49 ,l ?+=+.1:z4a ¤+g fH HlzlEg +61E+.
rA+. 11. /(x) : xs + 2x3 + x, a:2

2, n:O, 1,2,....11 46J| "f(,)(0) : (n * 1)!g trll ,f9 "11:=g 12. f(x): [nJr, a:2 13. /(r) : s?', a:3
fl E-+el fE +H HITIE¤. +oI4. U. f(x): sin.n, a: n 15. /(x) : sin?x, il: n
3-5trl+ Elf /(r)"ll ql6rq Ell"JEl E+q 4EE ol$allrl a
E +d-o + 6l+ ++E 0ol ol{ ;ajg ,il 4lE 6Jg +6t+. 16. ¤+Ezll 79l,tl +aJ E+= sE.rgl Qlalf cos.rE 44'J
g Bq+.
3. f(x):)c¤*, c:0 +. f(x):4/;, a:8
5. : sin .r, a: r 16
17. fl+E4l l0ollrl ?fl -"fb EE;rgl 4loll sinhxE 44
"f(x)
Hg trq+'
6-10 EJI=tr-fl ++9 ¤9E 4¤ /(x)91 4+ ,]l=
ol$allal ta-te olaJ-=rrffi ol-gall,rl trl-S E++E zlE4l{-rj+_tr. d4l
Efl -,fE +tit+. t/b 4ExllEf+E dzllE # tl4l zI 6i+. +H qlzlE¤ +61-+.
4+trI. &(r) - 0g -E-olzl t+=+.1 f-ell- E+g +e HI rc.4F-x te.
1

C+#
^lEg +6t4.
6. /(x) : (l - x)-2 7. f(x\: cos n
20-24 .E lql^l +q41 4=8fl E+E ol$all.<J trl-s tr'-+E

8. /(x) :2x4 - 3xz + 3 9. f (x) -- 2. tr}l=Efl ++E +6t4.

10. /(x) : sinh x 20. /(x) : arctan(x2) 21. /("r) : xcoszx

22. f(x): xcos(lx') 23. /(x) : -:
11-1s +qd aE *Cg-E ,*= qoJel -ufE +6t;+. L/E J4*x2
4Exll+'f+tr" dT]]E f gl4z ,I4E.J+. ,R,(x) --+ fl$ flol 2a. f(x): sin2x [:d=: sin2r: ]f t - cos 2"r)E
"l+rJ4.1
 10.10 qtgal E+cl lH=trcl *+ 693

2s. 4E sinhx : +, cosh *: e'oll 4EJ

37-3e 4E4lH+9
=|"14
L]-irCE ol+6ll^J trl-+ 6J+E

4=8fl #+= ol+Ell^_l q_sg Eq4. "Y4 ,l]=trfl -o*ollrl 0ol otH il+ +g +?'[+.
^ll
@ 37. Y: s-x| cos-r 38. Y : :*
--zn+l sln.r
(a)sinhr: E
#n 39. y : (arctan.r)2

(b) coshr: i *Qn)t

7--o 40-41
'Ig 4Ezll#fe EBq= trL+¤ +6|+.
ffizo-zt ("JEE %r-Eg 0l+6ll^1) /ql 4+ E11=Efl #f4:z +o.ir-ry# 41. >
x
(-1)',=--:-
_/ _f
u2n*1

E +H rlzl# +5r4. EoJ+ ETlsrlHql /e+ xl+ H zl] ;0, Zr,*t(Zn l)

E Ell.Jq +oJ{E rqs$:1q+. ol +o}{r+ /E qH +

42-4s q+ fr+E B.¤. +6t4.
4lzl 9l*zl-?
26. f(x) - cos (x2) 27. f(x) = xe-' 42.i+ n:0 n\
43.i(-r).-,
n:l
3n

n5"

28. cos x{l 4t EJ]=Efl ++-s ol-f-all,tJ cos 5"E 4+E 44. i !-,')'n'"*'
7:o 4'^*'(2n + l)!
oI4 +C.4ll tlflnlzl +6I+.
92181
45.3:_+_+_+...
2e. (a) ol6JE!+E ol-$al,rJ tl,FFg dzl]at4 2t 3! 4t
(b) (a)E ol$rll,tJ sin-1roll 4oJ q]=efl ++E +614.
#. ptl n;| ula34g "ll
tl+ol ¤B'Jg trq+.
30-31 +EF"+E olf,-oll,rJ trl+ +c4+g 414i6I4.
30.[,f+fd* 31.
cosx -
_dx I p(x+r):B tP
I' J x
a7. f (x): * sin(xz).ll ,J]pefl B+= 4+.Iq 1zo:r1O)9 ?
32-33 rrr+¤- o]+Bll^l +"1+l #qE 4ql^J 44EE 6l+.
=4t
{tg +6}+. 48. n: zql qlgrl +E4g +HBI+. + l, - al<
Eil6J a"S
,r, I:''x3arctan
xdx (4|d oI4 'Jlxll zt4l 4 l/-(r) I * prolfl, ul--Sol ^dB.Jg Hq+.
, M,
,r. J;' Jr + *o a* (le^Il <sx ro-u) lrR,(#) ls
?l*- ol'

4e. q4- +4lE,l+ 4?-l Ep +H6t+.

34-36 ;+= olf-all.! tr|+ +,Elg +6Ir+.
(a) g(r):po(*)r'e= -a1, trlEr[fl ffiol CBq+g
34. lim
x-ln(l +x) 35. lim
sinx - x, + [xj Eq+.
.r-0
-l (x(
x2 x-0 _f '
s'(x):P+'
' I *; 1

xt - 3x * 3tan-rx
36. lim
x+0 5
x- :
(b) ft(.r) (1 + x)-ks(x)tr- gL a(x) : OoJg Hq+.
(c) s(x) : (1 + ,)0fl9 +E6t4.
694 108| +Erl.=+ ralr 7lE^llE=+

10.1 1 I EtEq +*^l"l EE

ol ¤ollrl. +6J49 + ++q ++ql ql6ll +trlEtrt. Hzl E}+E
Ell"JEl
=^l-61-
5 ql Ell"JBl 4.Jalol qB41 rl-8.q-xl ¤qE+. a+q 4qrzl-==* +6J++
zI 6Jf zl-S4l zL^J tr#6171 ul]Eql 6J+E ql EllgEl +'J^lg
=^16|- qal ^l^s"q}
r|. :z trl¤. Erlqtxl-q =o44¤ol ^J4idolE, =Jql-, +^1,421 ffizf, $
eElel g.E, ^1"+g ¤+61= _r.+EE a¤ Fq^J EloJTl +o}4g qBrll ol+
6l+xl ¤ElE+.

r qBg+oll slEt:d+ol = l
f(x)tl trI-s+ aoJ aql^J zl-4lel Ell"JBl #+E R4 rJr+r. TICElxt

f(x):in:o/+
n!
k- a)^

10.10eq1^l ol #+E nH41 +E6Jg 4,(;)E +4.llr r4g aollr.l /9 ,;I Hl

gq +6}alol4.z qtq.

r,(x):
B{P k- o)'
:f(o). - ,). o), + . .. . ry(* - a)^
+(* +G -
f4qoJ4 -"f9 BolgE-n+ *9 ull T.(x) -"f(r)oJtr. ILI4^J r,(*)E/sl -
)
ol$p + ?l+. I fk) * r,(x)olt}.
y: ex y: Tr(x) ^fE
lzi ql"Jel +6}4e 2.e¤ql^l b9tr a"lla-l /E d¤+e+ +trt.
v : Tr(x)
: f(a) + f'(a)(x - a)
T,(x)
v: TJx)
(O t; r,4 r9 E,*+= 4tJ a4l4 f , f ',+ eg #¤. ,*=+. "JHl4s.E aollrJ r,9
0 x
EaJ+=g nllllzl 4l+ql ql+6il^] /el EEL+EI+ ,J+ #g +-tr|= ^I¤g
HoJ + gt+
olfl 4r+g ¤H6I7l 916]l rH 1o1l rej+ly: e',9 :4se+ zl+ H zll9 Hl
-ral ,l
.J*l +6J49 r4g= Bxt. r,el rqE= (0, l)ql^J y: e*oll
'I+ ddoltrt.
JEI

x: x: 3.0 "l ddg (0, l)el +=ql^'1 e'oll 46J 414e-l d¤=^lol'l rrel rulls- EEd
O.2
y:t *x* x2/2olt7r9 r4g-3zI+d"J y:l *x* xzfT+ x|6oJrll,
"l4g rrE4 zl++d y: e'oil E+ q d*6ll 9l+. r q¤-
Tr(x) 1.220000 8.500000
ql"Jel +.J^l 74
ro(*) 1.221400 16.375000
7u(x) 1.22.1403 t9.412500 Btr} q +g =,_^F| ¤ 4014. 4144-"e ol 449 ^J4¤ + 9l+.
r*(x) t.221403 20.009t52
gql il;- r.lEg Eilg+l +';l^l r,(x)tl Etf y - e,gl +Hq+g +il4-q_s +
I,o(x) 1.221403 20.079665

"J^14 +rl.x:0.29 "ll

,l]+ 94 +H6I;(]"J x:39 q= ErJ e44l +H.J
e' 1.22t403 20.08s537
 10.1 1 Ell"Jal +-d4lsl 3E 695

4. ¤xll-e.;rz| 0oll.! 8"1¤++ 4(x)ts ,.91 B4 e?-l4l +Htf+.

E]]"JB] +E-J^l r,¤. ol+6ll^J ++ /"ll -^I^la ull, +¤.4 ,Jg aEg EHoFtrJ

++. E"I4 ++ *^l-.JzI? s+g* 4+EE BC6l-71 9l?5ll H"ILI-= "4 7ok

g dqEllot rl+.7|? olfl d${l R6I7l flql^]= r+s=r+ +e +qzlE ¤H#g

*Sallo} +trt.
ln,(r)l: l/(*) - r,(*)l
szl-E a7)E +461-71 +l6-J 7l-zl ,JHol 9l+.
^ll
1. 4l4}zl+ a+qE ol+"l]a] lrR,(x)l: l/(r) - r,(x)19:z4gEr=lz ol

E+El sil¤ +4+ + fltr|.

2.Z+zl r4#+"J ull= -u.q1#+ +4C"lE oleoB + ?tri.
3. E= 4+q Eil"JE] +t^l(10.10¤E ¤4 E)g
^l-+oJ
+ gl+ +
;rt'+tr(x) I s u ol{ ffi"1 ¤B=J+. ol++ri.
^}dg

(q4 1D

(a) a: ql"Jill +'J^]ql EBI +f l(r)

8q1^l 2xI : i/i* 3a1-alzlr{.
(b) T 1x <e"J trll ol E"l-4 C+oJ7}?
=+t{lg
Eil (u) f(*) : fi : *'/' f(s) :z
f'(*) : l*-z/t ,f,(B) : ,l
,f"(r): -$*-st' f'(8) :#
f*(*) : fi*-trt
:14 o + 2iL q"Jq +'J^l+ q*q-r+ *q.
r,(x):,r(B).
{P(x- 8) . #(,- 8),

:z+iG-s)-#(r-8)'
Ir++^J frp4. 6l-=
=^I4g
+q_4 rJ+.

iE : rr(x) :2 * hk - r) - #(, - 8),

(b)x< a"J uI qlg+l #+irq#+7l"Iqt=+ ol r4+++¤4E1E

{lxlJoll,<J
rBzlEJ n:2ala_a:8.J ql.JEl +E4g nlgB+
^h+EJ+ S.+ 3l+.

lR,(x)l= #l* - Bl,

{zlrJ lf"'(*)l .prolr+. 1} Tolp+ x8/3>t8t3ola_q+g ts=r}.
,,,(*) 101101 /
f Zj xt/t - 27 7s/t
0.0021
696 to8 +grl A+ ralr 4=^jl#=+

2.5
4rt^-l M:0.0021E $43+ 9IrI. Et z { x ( golEF -l <x - I < lola l, - I I

< 1ol+. rqE q"J4 +=-4lql^l r+*. +41= g=+.

T2

v: 1,1*
lR,(x)l<0.0021
3! 'l':
0.0021
6
<0.0004

n 15 ,+4^J 7 < x < eolH (a)qlr-l gg 0.0004 oILIE 4+6I+. tr

=^l-=
,
fqlEE E6l] q-"J6lzl-. rH 2- ;zI soll 7lt4+ 4 y : tE
-ra.l
Ja a-
ql4l lel 4l4}g
0.0003 4 y: rr(,4{l4Ez} ^lE "}]+ ag B"l=+. r.e 3+ +* ^le
=E6L4E
E+q 4l+g l^Rz(x) l9 :4eE Bq=+,
y: lftr(x)l
l,t,(x) l: l<E - rr(r) I

r4 EE+EI 7 s x < eg "I q+¤ "J + 9l+

7 9
0
lnz(x) | < o.ooo:
-ral 2

trt+^] ol 4+ql f4s "JBsE s;(t +4e Ellgq +41"11 e.l61l 4l&+ szl. +
4-H-+ E# rl 4"J6I+.

( qtltl 2l)
(a) -0.3 ( x( 0.3"J tl-* ole" oJrlql al4 61e" 9z}ts ts"ttz}?
"ll =^l^=
x'1t x- :
sin -r
3! 5!
ol ol$-all.<l sin l2'$ A+d oifl old4 tl\llzl 4q441 +6}+
=^l-=
(b) x9 qH #q Eil"ll ol 0.0000s ol4E 4q-ilzl?
=*#"1
Eil (ul ++'11.8fl ;_+= 0ol oILJ ,9 E-E rJql ql6}l j/ql++"]+.
x3 )cs x' -T
sinx: T '
3! 5! - 7t

lr l < 1ol7l ullEql fl+6J 6J=E a71+ rJ4+tr}. trl-+^l nql#+ +d4;.1.4+
+ + 3t+. ,l]=_tsfl ++E ,.1¤. 4l +ql elall sinxg fap.le ql rJzlb sil^= ",+
olo| ffi$ ?JLI.

x7 l,l'
1 5040

-0.3 < x < 0.3olE, + l"l < 0.3olE sz|= ++EtrI 4tr1.

(0'3)'
5040
-4.3x 10-8

sin t2"g +-0171 glaH Hzl trl-q-4 ,Jol zI4oJgE H+IqL+

 10.11 Eilga1 +B^lsl 3E 697

sin 12o : sin (#) sln (;)

s1
-n-l,\',
rs \rs/:r .(+) 5t
: 0.20791169

:74 o_e A+d

"l-4 4d N
zl!t4^l dSd 4}* sin12" - 0.Z07gtzol4.

(b)
I x17
< 0.00005, gil+ 0.0000s-H-+ 49 4"14.
s040
xql 4al] ol FF4g EE +¤¤ ts=+
l*l' < 0.252 e.E lrl < @.zszyn : 0.821

ttI+^J +qd < o.szg ol4E 4q614

=^I= lrl
trll 0.0000s

qlxll z= E7l +lql ql"Jel +8419 ols-"6f$ q$zll BzI? fa)(*): -cos.r 4.3 x 1o-8
olF-tr l"f(')(r)| < 1ol+.q+^l trl++ tsb+.

1
y: lftu(x)l
lnu(r)l<7lrl'
r4.oe. jilql#+ +d4elE rlle+ rJg +c¤- E=rI. 0.3
^l-s"6-J -0.3
r4s %r-B+ "lEzl-? rH 4. +* EL+E r4s= Eq++ 0

:rEJ 4
lrRe(x)l
: lsin, - - lr'+ #*')
(, I

0.00006

rqr olaoE+El lrl < o.:"J "ll lnu(x)l< 4.3 x ro-8"J¤ "J + flr+ ol ty :0.00005 I

4e qlxll 2ql^l Ec +44 ,J+. ft)ql^J l,ru(x)l< o.oooosolzlE g6.IE_E v : l&(x)l

y: lRu(*)lel-y:0.0000s= re sql rH.+. rHql^J s¤+ jlxlEql 4^JE
+9.E * I < 0.82oJ rI +E4 ol HI+61+ A¤" g + ?l+. Er+^l olA+ dxll 2
I
-l
9 Eol.l^l e+ +44 rJ+ 0

{lxll zo{f.! sin 12" 441 sin 72'E a--0 441 a: n13414 -ral
JEi
tr
vr

Ellgtsl +6}^l¤- 01+61t- dol

=+t{tgE-+8,
q+6}H a: rrl34l zlql# x9 {t"ll
=l trE6t+.
aJ sin 19
=l +g 4zl ollE"l+.72"+ 60"brli rad)oll 7l+a sin "rel E
=^ltl
,J+E nl34l4 4l4}ol ¤.olaJoll ++alxl-.
rH 69 ^l-.J+C"ll 4+ ++r+ ,Jg ,H=_afl *rl- +.J4Eq :zflug B
q ++.

y I T5

0 x

y:sin"r
T3 T1
fg6
698 108 +EIl E* r4z TlErll#+

x-3
T.(xl:)c--
3!

Tr(xl : x - x' .rt x7

3! 5! ',71

olrHql^] ,?ol ¤=zl+ql rl-4 r,(r)= q+q zlxlt ++ql^l sin xoll 4* =*9
.^t.Jg g + fl+.
ql4l 4l+16I. +Be 4l+Izl+ e+El"ll^l +++tr}. qlE EH 4l4I
1r+ 2ql^J
Tlql^l sinol4 e'el r{E¤. += *ll+ a+q F_Er4Il7l-dr-46J+, xl+*+ E
- tsll¤R+.| rlol r.l-E-SH(subroutine)S ol+$ oll, g|+ 7l4ltlxlq^J +16l-

^I7r
4l+94. ol"ll +'J4le e;fzf + +rJ di'llq^l r.s4l +sgb +cg Eil
"Jel +.*alol xI? ,t^oJ+.

r aE
=altrioilel
E4Eql^l xlf "l*g+. qE
Ell.JBl trl-.J^lg +E+6l.71 +16l] Erl+x}=
^l¤.
++ Ell"Jq #+el i]+ +^ll 7l]E B"Jg d4+seAl 6J+E ++fl +tl. +
rJ ts:"]-H E444-3 ql"J+l +6+419.J+el 3;.fal.o_tr
^l-s++.
rqE ql"J
q +F^lg C$EE +C6l-71 +16]] ^l-S+ + 9l+. 4* ql4l= olfl ^J
=^tE ol+q=,il
zJol 5f4t4d "lE"ll^l 4*"1 4.

(o{l4l 3[ ol-"J#E}eel 4E o-tr. +zlol= Eiflq gS m* 4

=+tF4C"lEql^J
+4 rJ+"
nls
m
l-u2 L

¤zlrJ moy 4zlt4"J ul] E llE d=Jolz, cb Hg +qol+.Eillel +FqlL{^1 K

trl+J} aol + qlLlzle+ ¤zlt49 .llHzl9 ilol+.
=
K: mcz - fitocz

(a) uzl'oll ul4l +El zlg "ll ,,(el .Ed+ rd hH EqqL4 "Jzl6Jg tr-q4. +,
K: lmsu'gg trqq.
ft) qlg+l +¤4g ol*"ll^J l, | < 100 m/sg trll Kql 46J olfl Etrql^J zl¤ +C

"l-+.

H
(a) ,(4 *"ll 4al] +q{ EEg ol+6}H '}-g¤ g++
- t,ocz :
tltoCz
K: mc2 - nx11gz :
| - (, - 5)-"' -, ]
u2fc2
r*ocz[

x: -azlcrolE (l +1;-tr,9 ,JlEeil iaH+= k: -Lg olffifE rl1+ #41 414I

ErH, a 'olqE- lrl < 1"Jq +E6.I.ZI). trl-+^l ++g g=+
 10.11 Ellgal +-Bt^lsl .8 699

ral zoll,'.j +l +dg

(r + i-,/ z : | - !*. q-a*, * (-|X--3X--*)-x3 + . . .
*E a?.1
=+SrH.5olE0ll^l
EEollLl^l trOll LH-d raH
=illel
uolrl. 0laH +dP -r.E hEJ Eal+ollAJ
: I - L, +l*'- rtxr + . . . 1(0ll rHEl -st+= Eq=+. uzl Hol *al
0ll Hldt| rH+ 4= ttll + +dg 7.le.| ,Jtl.

3u4 5 u6 \
-L\ ,7*sr-*ro;*
K:mnczl(r*raz
)-r
K

:
la2 _t_ __
3u4 _L __5 uu
_L K: mcz - frrocz
ft\,OCZ
Zc2'B C4' L6c6 '

uzf colJ Hl"ll+E6l +sH a4l 6J ++E E- 6"19 Aall 6F+ HIj/E "ll ,}]+ +
trt. Enll 6J ol+E E+ +^l6IE +¤-g e.+. K: 1e
lmou'
0 cu
K: mocz(+*\: t
i*oo, -tzl'?
Ja'
\o /

(b) x : -u'/ c',,f(r) : moczl(l + v1-rrz - ll olr M+ lf"(*) I s erg El+61+ +

4H, ql"JEl +=:41¤. ol$-oNal +++ rJol ¤. + gI+.
lRr(x) l<**'
2!

f"(*) : |mscz(l + x1-srz olr I o | < 100 m/solp-tr trl+g eE+

lf"(*)l:'1rffi=ffi eM)

trI+^l c : 3 x 108 m/s ol$ tr}*¤ g=+.

I t-2+', 4(1.'Tol]^,
Rr(r) I < =,=,^' -100'-
-loo,/cz1s/' c4
< (4.17 X l0-r0)m6

r4=_+ lrl < l00m/sg trl #qlHzlql 46H hHE Etrg ^l-sg ull silel
r7l- @l x t0-'o)m6ol+. r

EElqlql '}]+ ri- +¤+ +qlql^j +4++. rH 8g d"*g sE+q +e +

0,

0.
.T

t.. (,i
R 0,
V
C P

so S;

nl n2

f.eJ I +ill BfilEoilAlel Etr

 700 109 +EIl=.+ ret-r. zErll#i+

*dol f,olr. Hlxl$ol R.J +H4 "J+- +qlg E_^taJ 4o14.

^Jol
Hg ^lrJg 44E+61-E+ q4ql+= 4le"l-9 flFlE ol$rllal q-* 49 e
qg + el+
n, n, L(W_ ,,r,\
tr + (, '(i - rR\ti (oI

{zlrl n,\ n2Y E¤zl+oll {0, ti, so, s,t .fH 8ql H.J Az'lH zi4ol4.a t
ql H4g +[48 ACse+ACpoil ,+r+ 4+61-H +¤¤ e-+.
2 to: 2+ , + ,R)' - 2R(s, + R) cos f
q7l^l tlg=
^l-EEttl.
cos(rr - Q) = -cos @ ti: 2+ - ,t)' + Zrt(si - R) cos @

Elg 4l+6171 H4E+E-ts 1841troil 7I+4= .dE 4I+ r*ql qlql dE *^I
^l
4l cos @: 1¤. olE ++s+r14.4("lag .JzI ql"Jel 4'J44 rJ+).
^l*8-6]]^l
rqE ^l rc r+*E ++e+¤ alol 84.
ll.t l-
llz llz - llt
3
-i.id Si R

44.il^l HlEg %rqt olES 4-+^I.J +El E= 141 *Elo_=. .Jelzl ?lr fl
ol

==
q4q_l6l-= ql
^h.8-g-
TlEzJql
"lE4 E+71fl+.
q cqrJ ol# cos t'g 3xI ql"JEl +6J4 oE +^I^14 g=r+(2i| Ell"J+l
+6J^]4 'Jtrl). olag o7l "l+ zlxlb ?+g %+d, + + +lql^l q 4fl ftql
=
?l= E.Hg zl- "Jdg reJ+4. ol -^l-^Jg ol+6ll^J ol4e+ zJg rl 4+,J
+tr + 9t+.
=^l-^lg

4
?. : :T + hzl*(* . +)' .
*(+ ;)']
ol A$E +sb =JqrolE$ 341 *Elol+ ++.
E4qL4 rl4lq}.il q+ EIl"Jel q6}^le_1 += ++e. E#Exll 17,18, leoll
olrL
,{,I."1.

10.11 | t+=xtt

ffi l. (a) 6Col a: OoJ f@): sin x9 q"Jal trI6*{g szft\ 2. f(*):e', a:l 3, /(x) : cos.rr, a : rrf 2
zl +6|+./e+ olfl +'J^lg E"J+ ETlEEql :244. :
a. f(x):In.tr, a:l 5. .f(x) xe-Z', a:0
(b) x: rf 4, Tf2, a'olJ^l /e+ olfl trt6}4E At¤- +614.
(c) rll"J4 46J^lol qBrll /(x)oll #Halbxl ¤H6I4. T 0. 4#rl ql+ill4l= olf-all,tl n : 2, 3, 4, 5ql 4dl o :

ffiz-s q+ ++ /qj 46J ?dol a"J Hl.JEl +.J4 rr(x)E 7 rrla4l4 f@): cotxel Ell'J+l +a}^l 49 +6Ir, ol +
6l+. E"JaJ -HzlslEq /e+ r3E r4-s.E-fq+. 6J4El} /E E"JEJ Bzls+ts9] :-44.
 10.11 Eilgal +B^lst 3¤ 701

7-11 q -q
/E f
P
(a) aollrJ nil F +^16I+.
El"J+l +60}41
o
D a-l
(b) Ell"JEl +¤-^1¤. olsdlxl xtl a44 +rJql fl¤. tril
=^l-
f (x):4,(x)9 4qE= +46I+. 1s. zlolz| roJ ,+E7t ,Jolzt aol ul-ffi zt_Edel gE uE
ffi (c) ln,(r) 19 :4eE fq^J (b)E Arl¤ +?16I+. +{g rll ffiol dB.J+.
: L/*, a: l, n: 2, 0.7 < x < 1.3
gt. : !-aLtanh
7. f (x) Zrrd
2rL
8. /(r) : x2/3, a: l, fr:3, 0.8< x<1.2 -
(a)Eol ,J48, u - g L/(2rr) "JS s-q4
9. f (x): sec .r, a: 0, fr: 2, -0.2 < x < 0.2
(b) Eol "Jtrl$, tanholl 4'* ol$oll,tl
"]]=Efl -,r*E
10. /("r) : s'2, a: O, fi:3, 0 < x < 0.1 o * Jsa "Jg Eq+. (trt+^J Eg Eql^J= rlEE

11. /(,r) : ff sin.tr, a:0, fr:4, -1 <-r < I +E= 't4.el zJolgl ¤6#3 +.zl t*E 46}0l gltrl-.)
(c) j74fr+ +44r]E ol$all,rj r > l0dolE
o' : sdb 9;1 0.014 gL ol{E ¤qElg- H"l+.
=^l-
12. ts+E4l 3el 4E= ol+6ll^J cos 80"e1 #9 +#d ol4
trIdBfl zlt)nlzl 4+6141 +{o.i+.

13. Elgel +E4+ ol+El^J sil H+l 0.00001 olr_ftr e01 F_L
d
I
+4al-zl +l+ e'ql 46J,]]==Efl #+E +9 +E E
i .,k,
I

4Et+. - \,,,

EE14-1s jzEllf+ +4¤41+ Ellgel +E^lg ol+6]]^J +ol4l re. .r.1qg qB6l-b -7+EtrE- a¤6pl sl4l +trzl^t7} r
*^I7t 7l¤E sz| H+l oIq]E ¤+6J xE '.tE H+lE +4 EE +¤B 4*,
zl-= zl*9 ++ql ql6ll B4¤- 6]l"t ++.
6t4. r4EE Bg q.J6I+. (a) fiE zl+E HlxlE, rg I.+EEE ,Jol+.J trll E4
oJ rl-e-$ A+g Hq+.
14. sin x: x - +b (l.sit | < o.or)
C:Rsec(I/ft)-R
x' x5
15.arctanx-x 35+- (leitl<o.os) ft) qoJBl +aJ{$ olsaflrl ++g Eq+.
L2 sL4
5* yR-. z4N
16. ,q+ilz} fq+l
fzJ"ll +E 20 */s4 7l-+E 2 mfszo
s BTlr glLl. 2),1 ql.JBl 46J4g ol$rll,rJ 4¤. ra (c) 100 km ,Jolg r+EEql qdl (a)p* G)ql^J +qTl
^l_Fitz} E"tul E4 +4olbzl +c6i4. 4*
EoJ r+ "el6J Hdg Hln6F-Hzl79 *zlB9 6370 km
^lql
+.J +4e 44E. +46t=- ql ol +6J4¤ rl-.sal-b d ol+).
ol 4Btzt?
17. 4Al.tr-+zl+ a7l+ zJxle} PgzI Hlql"J F zflg dat
R
E +^dElq fl4. da} -q4 q7l 4E 4El drJ+ Eol R

4l +lzlql il+E fHq d pql^l dzl=* E= ++4 ,J

+.
ri_ q q
E- Dz- (D+dy 20. 3.8Eql^J (x) :0E rE +^l6i= }rHE
^l f %'-Hg
¤irl*+. +HE ,JHol*=;q+ x,_o EpEl
Eql Ell+ ol Etr9 dlDql ++ 4EzllEti+.tr. flzlrH,rl =+t6| ^lz+6fl
P7I 4;frzlql^J ,Bd E4 ilg 4 Etl d=4 oE 1/D3
trl_¤.r+ zJol ¤44?1 x2, x3,...9 g=+.
^J =*#
ql Hlqlqlg Eq+. (x")
xn+t: *" _ f
J,1m)
7O2 10E| +E7l=+ r4r 71E^ll#+

n -- l, a: xn, x: roJ ql"J7l +E4g ol+6l]il f, xn, [o14.9 x,ol ]Lfd "]illl dell
zlflllzl 4qqE ru+r*
,,+19 EEl6.l+ ++ lql^l f"(x)71=zJl6tr- EE x¤l A+d ol4 E 2d?i{- 4+61-trt:. d¤. 9"laJ4.
^147+^1
ql q6l] lf"(*)l s tnt,l f'G) I = ,<ojE, cl¤ol CBEIg H z11116-l
"J6tE mt4l.ll^l e^l7l zl{a11o1 10-*olE
-Hq+. n * t t4lq^J szl+ zlfidlot wlznrc-"ol+.1
lr,*, - ,l=#l*^- rl,

E tl.,\
-r l=

IllE +OJ

t. (a) +H6l= ftsol* +E"J7l? (b) f,+7t utn*4Hql tr}4 +H+48 ++q Be q
(b) +H6k -oft FH..JzI? B4l +461-=71-?
(') jlT",:39 +qg EEI+7I? (c) ?fz} nql#++4H"ll t,|4 +B*+H E+q 6J

: g qBril +461"=7I?
(d)
,_E
o" 3g +fl9 E6h=71?

2. (a) zl6F=f* Ffi.flzl? q¤ 3Aq,tl ol E+TI +HBt 5. f(x)tl +H HlzlEol R?] zlExll#"f4 ElzI
(a) /E q$4l trl+!fl+7p /'ql ql+ ++el fH tlzl
Elg Ffi."JzI?
+71?
(b) p-;!#* Ffi..Jzl? qq azlgl{ ol #+= +Eo} E* 9ulelzl?
l--l
a-/l!
.)
(b) ,fE qBal 4e6l+71? J/(*) dxoll 46J -"f9 fH
Hlzl+* BuloJzI?
3" cl*g 7l+61+.
o. q¤ E++ 44ql ql6]] {l=Efl ++E 4r +H ++g
(a) B4iSdH G) 4ES4H
(c) ull${f
+61=t.
(d) +EJHli/+4H
(a) l/(1 - "r) (b) e'
(e) r4#f$dH (f) Hl+48
(c) sin x (d) cos x
(g) sSdH
(e) tan-r.r (f) 1n(1 + x)
4. (a) ++7I 4++CEql trt+ ++.J+E ++E qle ol
BAI +461^=7I?

i[E .'ilrl
.tJ\
=ilr
tt-

trl+. Ex.llTt ar"Jzl 4+i.Jzl +E6l-+. a-olE ol*¤ ¤E6t + el4.

I rl4.olfl "lf¤ ¤86i4+ HlqE E4. 5. 0 < an< b,ola Eb,olts g416lg >.anE ts+l6JtrI.
,. nTxr, - OolE Ea"e: +B+q. 6. -t(c ( lolH j1x"' :0014.
,. )*"": rolH ut'*'r*r: Lol4' 7. -EE ;r9l 4"ll /(x) : Zx - x2 + tr*' - "'ol +H6lE
-(0) : 2014.
3. )cn6'ol +H6IH Ec,(-6)'E +e+q. "f

4.}L/nlol +eo]-=zl$ A4o-17l +16]] Hl+4H9 ol{:6J 8. {a,}4 {b,}ol g&stH {anb,,lE g4}++.
 108 ++ 703

9. on > 0olr Ea,ol +H6lE Z(-t),a,E +E++. tr. +H6}} ++ql +EJ7HE 6}0l +7fElH ^llES -=f*
10. 0.99999...: 1
qdd +HEI+.

q+Erll
1-4 trt*- +ge] +H, g+ q+E +46F+. +H6.l+ 4+ le. rl+-8zll 6:;E d.¤ olsoa]]^J -of i,{z * 5,)-,E +g
-f. +6J-a- +6I+ ol g^J6l-= sil¤ +c6I4
2*n3 =^I^144. =^Lql^l
-.. ltn ----------- 3t I'12
n3
l*2n3 l*nz
nsinn
20.+,r ft,o.ot ¤Eil +H6IH ++ p, (+),.= ea
3t 4. {(1 + 3/n)a'}
+e6Jg Eol+.
L4n
-
n'*1
r++ #+9 iH elxlE4 +H ++g +6I+.
f Eol 4 o, : : 21-22
S. lb^ + 4)ql 4+ Etr+{gg 4
l, an+t
q¤+. {o,}9 ¤!7}6Fr. EE rugl qdl ,, < 2"Jg trq 2"(x- 3)"
2r. + G+z)',
H 22. >
4. {r"}ol +E6Jg +Eo}l :zE +'*g n:ln+" n:0
+o.}+. ^/"+3
6-11 ++ #+q +H, g.4l q+E S46t+.
23. a: r,r1641^l f (x) : sin xel Ellg=l #+E +6i+
6.i*-1 nr,n.
* I
,.;t-
n:t 5n 24-27 /q ql+ ,]]=Efl #+e+ :1e-l +e *xl$g +614.

#+q 4elql tr}e) zld4ql ,JHg 0l+6]-71+

s.
-- 7- i+ e. i,:r I cos3n
* (I.2)"
1u]l=.-trfl
10.108 s. 1ql ilb ql=efl a+E ol$allr 94.
"rM
'o'E# z+. flx) : ;--tl
x2
zs. f(x): ln(4 - x)
I +x
*E 26. /(,r) : sin(xo) 27. f(x) : 1/+,f,6 - x
11. > (-t),-' n*l
":r
28. +6J-E!+E olga[,<J
II o.=+6i+.
12-13 q¤-;!+71- ¤'il +H6lb{, aA+ +Ha.l+zl E=
29. /(-r) : J;,a:l,n:3,0.9<x<l.lql qd} +¤¤+
tr4}61-=xl= +C6i+.
m 6 (-1)'(n+l)3' 6l-+.
12. > (-11"-rn-r1z
n:l
13. E L
42n+l (a) f aolliJ mil Ell"J+i +6}4lq e.l6li ,fE +^l-^lzl4.
n:l

ffi (b) F'J,* 4q r?]lsE:74+.

BTlp+Hql /e+
14-16 trl+ ++e] B¤. +6-t+. (c) ell"JEl +F4g +q4 ++ "Jql qig
ol+6H^J x7l
q t^I f (x) - r,(x)A {qEE +C6i+.
14.i+ ls. i[tan-r(n+ t)-tan-h]
n-l L n:l
ffi (d) lR,(-r) lE .zqal (c)e.l pfl-= +.J6t+.
-e2eteo
?t 3! 4t 30. frf-= olga|1.! ri,qEI|aE
l+U X"
41416l-+.

17. E-E-"r"lJ 4sJ| coshx > I + i*'"J+ Eqr+. 31. -EE xql qlEl /(*) :Acnxnole{ z}{a}x1.
(a) fzl zlaJfolfi co: cz: c4: .'. :0g. -E-q+.
18. ++ P, #fl *g 4+A otq Hlnlt x|=JzfzJ {g (b) /zt *E+#"lE r,: c3: cs: ... :0.J¤- H"l+
tl}rll +6I+.
 {
)

h t
,j

\
L*
0
I

*-.. -.--

HFJI+ Eoll sl6fl e Eol Elt ¤Eul HgE flg ul|sl EJ6ll ESEf= e¤E!tr}. olal,Et flE azpl HI:BE zJTl rrt|Eoil Hlq-e fl4 EHEtrl.
Gaborturcsi / Shutterstock.com.

trl Elsl EzJTl6l-+

11 Vectors and the Geometry of Space

0l 80ll^1ts 3ilfl ErJ0ll EH-d ElElel EtE4lE A7ll6JEl. ol= ++ql^-l +dql ql+
"l4EqI4
t?*rstr-ql^J ffi olH+Et+(:u4=zl-++ql^j +Eol+)E El4EqlE 4dol gr+.
E+ ElqE ol86IE 3il-fl ++ql^J zldr+ *lHg flril E^l.J + gt*g=Hl
.Jrll g 4014.

705
706 118 EElelErJTlofql

11.1 I 3il.El ElE4l

Btsqlil 6J Eel +lil= c6lzl + fzl- 9,q6I+. ¤Eq d* "E x4

g-lrN.<1-

E, b= y+l-se fl+ + ¤+E +^Jr^J @, b)tr- +{tr + 9l*g "jl 9l+. olfl
ol+s EEg zZ|flo1?++-+. ++ql^] oJ de] +l,.l= 46-1-71 +l"I]^1. ^ll +
zf Sgof+. +rJql fl= "JEE E* ^.ll d+e.l +^ladr- (a, b, c)E 44U+
o

-)
r 3tEl EzI
-r
++ql^l dg +4421 +l"l] Hxl l4g
d o(flE, origin)$ C6}r, oE zl+
feJ 1 4lE+ q ,Hel +'Jzld(directed line)S 46J+. oltrll ol zld$$ EIE+
^lE +{.J ^,11
(coordinate axes)ol4 6|.l, 7J4 x4, y4, z4al4 ol$ +"J+. tr-E r44 y+g

+¤sE, e43 f4 "-=. ^J46}l, +E9 oJolg rH l4'Jol 44Utr1. z?4

"J6Jg rH 2e+
gol 9E* E=l(right-hand rule)9] trfEl 4B+. oJE ,+ollrl oJ
9 y+sE H]^l4l 'J6Fg Eln+ e0' Eld6l-= "J.JSE s=+ *zI*¤- e+¤- +C
-e-tr.E4E Hzl#zl-4* zG "Jg oJ%hg 7l-elrJ+.
I 4lE+g :zH 3(a)ql^l -E-= 44 ,Jol iJl ++EBg!(coordinate plane)* Ed
^ll
.Jq rry¤E+ x44 ),+g s.o-J6}-r., yzBES yA4 z++ -troJa.Lq , xzEEP ,
-v

,{

.f.g 2 s# EEI
44 e4¤ EElfl+ ¤Hol4. ol$ ^ll aIE¤E* =JffizJ(octant)o147 6l+ q
rJ 5-gs E +rJg +t.r+ dHql +4,+ gl. r{l1EJ#z}(first octant)g o}E +
Eqt E6ll tr¤¤ gB++ol+.

yeEH

--t;z-_-E-a-
y
Y

-ral
JEg
2 (a) 4sBH (b)

4+E 3zl+l "Jill EBg zlal4.o+ tltl "lflzl ullgql, rH 3G)4'Jol

Hlq flF"lE g4sE 6IzI. g+ qol xe
^J46IE E¤.ol I 4o14" ILr- "Je-l +
qlH, s-E+ tuol yz¤B, "JHtqg r"y¤Eol4. \LlHlq.4 g+ qol "Jr+= *g
44 x+ol +s1 e-E4 Hol e}4t +g ul4 y4ol +e+. z4* F
%IHIE+4
Hol "J4E +g trlq "JHlElql^J AtL +s_E gr++4. olzll {4tso1 zlllgE
+rJ"il +lz16lr. ilqq, += "JE g++Tle +F9 erJ4 d oql el6l] Eeq
- g+ ,}]el ri= HJE{^ll ,l= a+ *, 'll zll= o}4+ql H4)ol +l^16]] 9l¤¤
^J+g + 9tg dol4.
 1 1.1 3xl-fl 5l+4l 707

pE +rJql fl- .Jelel d"l;+ 6l-8, ye¤Hql^] pvlTle] (+.$4 4E o,

olzll
,e¤E{l^J Pvl^19 4q= &, rry¤E.llrJ ptlxlE ,14E.4 6l-zt d p= d
^ll P(a, b, c)
+E +^Jt} (a, b, c)E ul-441 a, b, c$ Pel EtE(coordinares)e} oJ4. 1, aE
x4E, bs y4E, c}- ealEolul. 4+^J 4 @, b, c)4 +lzl= A46L7l +l6]]^J= a
C

rH 44^-14 ,Jol gd oql^J ¤H¤]].! xf$ ulrf at?l olE+ Fl, y44 ¤B y
J
al-41 at$l, +^l 244 ¤4"|4l oleoaJr{. b
'g-gl
4 P(a, &, c)* rH sql^Je+ ,JC 4+H4l txl-3 eddJ+. pql^J *y¤Egl f.al 4

+dg 4qE rry¤B +lE Pel llE(projecrion)ol?+ +s= rlgzl- (a, b,o)"J d
OE 8.4. "l-&zlxlg.R(0, b, c)el- S(a, 0, c)E zlzl yzBg4 xz¤E +lE pE
rI¤ olrl-.
+zl4.J ¤EeE E (-4,3, -s)e+ (i, -2, -6)0l :zH 6.ll E^lEl"l gtrl-.

(0 0, c) J

R(O, b, cl -4
.l(a,0 c)
v
P(a, h, c) 0
-5

.t
(o b,0; (-4, 3, -5) -6
(a,0 o)
v
,{
Q(a, h,o)
(3, -2, -6)

fal 5 fzJ 6

Ttql^lq} x R x R: {(*,y,41*,!,2 e R}g d+fl +^J%l- d^llE

# R
^ll
4ajoll R3o_tr +Elutri.olae-++.el ¤ pel-Rre_l +^Jlc;(o, D, c) Afolql g
ql"J qls"+41= 4sE 3itfl 4EErEfil+ qL+ 4IE^J_q_-tr. xlllgB*+g 4l
=
E7l -E+ "J+oJ del d.JsE +ElE + fl¤.qJ f.:a--oJ-zf

r +EIr1 gi{l
2i|fl a]]4zl6L+ql^J .re} yE E+6I-
"J4{9 r4E= R2ql^Je.l +dol+. 3

zIfl 6H4zlafql-ql,!E-x, y, z= -truJ6l-- BI44g R,ollrJE +Hg +EiU+.

(ql4l 1D q-g "J¤4e 44 R'ql^J qtr +Eg uI44EzI?

(a) z:3 (b) y: 5

Eil tut "J441 e: 3* Rrqlal z4EzI 3(xel yy rl4 .JEE d+)e d dillel d
*{(r, y,r) l r:3}g +E}U+ olAg:.H 7(a)4zJ"] xy¤H4 ¤6}olH^J 3tr+l
trIE xy¤E +lq fl= +¤¤Eol4.
G) ,Je^l y: 5E Rrql^J yalszl s"J ¤ d4le-l d+g 'lqu+ olA+ rH 7G)
709 1 18 trlElsl 8#716t-+

,T .r
v -y

-rzl
JE'
"
(a) R39Jrl9 BH, z:3 (b) R3oll.<lE ¤H, y:5

4 ,Jol xz¤H4 *l"JolH^l s++l"jE re¤EE e#ql fl= +4BEol4. r

NorE 6I+E %Ld4lol +qzlE, r d+ +4le+El raol R'ql^le-l +dg +El
4tsxl E= R3ql^JE +Eg ++'I=zl olrfiallo} r}4. qE Eq R'qlil ,: 2= ¤
Eg ++4r gis+, 2il-+l dl4zl6tqlg q$i 4* x:28 R'ql^l {dg 44d
x
0
.)'
+trH 8(a)s+ (b) +al.
(2,0,0) "JHlzlqE /<zf $folts ,: k= yz¤H"ll ¤B"J *lHg 4441, y: k. xe*iH
q Bqql *Eol4, z: ky xy¤EqJ ¤6J"J ¤Eol4.rH sql^"l zl+Eill trzt9
(a) R3oll.tJ$ ¤8, x:2
Eg 4lE¤H. x: 0(ye¤E), y: O(xe¤E), z : 0(:.y¤$r-1- ¤E x : a, !: b, z:
^ll
v cE oJFo]414.

(qIil 2D
0 2 l
(a) olE d (x, y, z)71 HJ4 4 f * y' : lr} e: 39 qfsalizlr
(b) EJ${ x2 + y2: 1+ R3ql^l qB +Hg 444EzI?
(b) R'?ql,qe-l {{, x:2 (c) PE{ x2 + y2 < t,z s z { 4= R3ql^l qtr EillE Sqg +44Ezl-?
rH8
EI
e:3olE.+ {J4l r(a)e.*El dEe +E¤E e:3ql +fltr}. E+ * + y': lol
(a)
EE ol d.e +Col eG *loll flr. Hlxl$ol 1q-l fl +lql +"J+(rH e +IE).
Z z

(0,0,4)

I
i

0 (0.0, 2)
+
------r---*

v
0 0
x

v .v

x "{

I
I

f.g g E x'+ y2: l,z:3 fal 10 fl7lE x'+ y':1 f.al 11 gillsl EE;r'* y's 7,2 < z < 4
 1 1.I 3xFfl rlgill 7Ag

(b) z9l trI+ ,, * y,: tol #old.o pg d (;r, y, z)y "Je.lel +¤¤H e:
xllqF #,ol
,t glel fl r' * y' : rg "J4alt dol4. 4+^J Rrql^J *E x2 * y, : 1e E= 7t
b.J+{l flr' ! y':1, z: /i-tr ol+q4 ?IoI]+ ¤iC+"] e4olr H}zl=ol 1tl
flzlEolrl(ffl 10 +a).
(c) x2 + y' { 1ol7l trllEql gEE E= d (x, y, e)E f¤¤H z: ft tlg qfzlgol r
olr 5:rjol e4oJ ge] Lll+el g+ +l"l gl=trI. E+ +q4l +E4 2 5 z < 4ql el
6lq EE e: Z* z: 4 gl Ei .r.|o1ql gl= tlzlEol lolr e4ol +d"J flE9 +
Eg LI+U4f:zH ll +a). r
{ qlll 3 l) R3ql.! .J¤^l y: rE sBEl= +Hg ¤H6l-r, +Ee] rqsE reiq.
Eil +q4l %}4^le. R3ql.! x+}Eqy4Ez} eg ¤ dxllel dB{(r, *,4 I x ¤ R,
e e R)9 +ElU+. oiA,g 4d y : x, z: 0oll^l ry¤tsr+ +4sE Elt+ aH tz
ol BEE r4s +ql xlllg+++ql +.1 il= ? Eol+. r
=
v

r 4ele.[ +E 0

¤Hql^l + E ^l-olel 4u1"il {fl ql+EL +{c r+94 ,Jol 3xJ-g +rJql^Jel ,I

+4qE d4l qtl-g+. :lal t2 EE.)': x

SrEloll^1sl 4El E+l

+ d P,(xp h, er)4 p2(x2, !2, zz) ^l-olE ,lEI lprprl+ q-q=4 ,J+.
lP'P, I : (x, - *,)' * (y, - yr)2 * zl

ol +4lol +gg _H-ol7l +lEll rH 13r| ,Jol 4sH;ll ^Jzl¤ ElEtrl. ol4l pr z

4 Prh +lldol:z 4 Hg 3lg¤Eql S"IoJ+. A(xz, )r, ur)4 B(xz, l,2, ur)ol -f P1(xr, yu z)
Pr(xr, Yr, zr)
Hql +4,J +48otr+ 6IH ffiol CB'J+.

lr,a I
: lr, - *'1, lABl: ly, - yrl, lnpzl: lr, - ,,1
+I4E p4p.e+ plAB= E+ zl4+4¤ol=-+ 814744 44E 44 zi+6IE
q+¤ e=+ ,I
B(xr, yr, z,)
A(x2, yr, zrl

lPrPrl' : lP,Bl' + l BPrlz v

fH 13
lrrn l' : lP,A l' + ABI'
I

ol + 4lse+El r}# E=+.

lPrprl' : p4l' + lABl, + lnpzlz
I

: l*, - r, l'+ ltz- lt l'+ I

zz - zrlz
: (xz - ,,)' + (y, - y)z * (r, - ,r)'
710 llB EElelE'ZJTlolqt

z
trt+^J ,14 I PrPzl='t++ 'Jr+.
P(x, y, z)

lP,P, I : xz- xt 2 i (yz- !i2 * (rr- rr)'

c(h, k,ll {qH 4l) E P(2, -17)ql^-l 4 0(1, -3, s)7+,'lE 4q= trP=r+ ?JL+.

0 lpQl: 1-2 + -3+1)'+(5-71': l+4+4:3 t-t

.t
v
Hlxlgol rola +dol C(h, k, /).J +H3 ce-$q 44tl roJ d P(x, y, z)
fB
dzllel d,*ol4i:-B 14 +4). 'r+4^J P7l +4 9l"ll ?lzl +l+ g,q+E4ag
14

lrcl : rol4. +, +* "J{{g g=trf.

(*-h)'+(y-k)'+(z-l :r

"JHg 4l+6tE trt+el e+= e-+

E}r{Al
=tr{ol
I E-l C, O-t

+dol c(h, k, /)olr qlzl+ol roJ 7H4 o}4^le. ++r+ rJ+

(*' h)'+ (y - k)' + (z - l)z : rz

+61 +col gB ooJ +Hq *44e +g=+ ++.

x2+y2+22:rz

Efl +99 *xl+ rC F E (3, -1, 6)r+ (s,2,3) .tlo1e] 44ol+.

r: (s-3 + n_ -l +(3-6;z L
/nn

tt}+^"1 +trel ,J¤^lg

(, - 3)'+ [y - (-l)]'+ (, - 6)': QE|
rE
(* - 3)'+ (y + t)' + (z - 6)2:22
oltrI.

(qq *'+y'+a2+4x-6y+22+6:0ol +Hs1

6D %l4^1"Jg. 5t"lr, +d4
H}ZIE¤ +6}+

Eill +q4] H]¤4g trl+rl- zJol $dxilE¤e Ht+E +Eel o]c^le-l ¤qlE r-4
++et+
 1 1.1 3xlfl 4lE4l 711

(r'+ 4x * 4) + (y'- 6y + 9) + (r'+ 2z + 1): -6 + 4 + g + t

(x + 2)z + (y - 3)'+ (z * 1)2: g

ol %r-C49 E+E+ ulno|fl, +Col (-2,3, -l)olr HlzlEol ,/B : ZJiil. +H

E %I44gg "J + 9l+ r
(qfil 7l) q-.9 FE4 ".+ -Edq= R'E BEg +61-+.

l<x2+y'+z'*4, e<0

Etrfl +F4] I < xz + y2 + z2 .-4= +s-r+ +ol ++E + gt+.

1< x2+y2iz2<2
.I
v
ol= gEss+El 44tY 4qE 1 ol.rlolr 2 olEI"J E (x, y, z)E ++E+. rq+
e s 0ol7l ql+ql d* xy¤Eql flrlr} ol-4ql ilqoF ++. q+^l +"141 ++4le

*E x' + y' + zz : 14 x2 + yz * z2 :a ;-|ol(EE +ts +l)ql flr .ry¤E oI{(E=

BH)ql +q 9l= dEE "l+qd qqg +4utrHrB 15 +a). r -IeJ 15

_ 11.1 | E+=xil
1. gdq^J ¤g6ll^J r¤9 "I4 "Je-l Bt6Je-E ,lr.l 4++l 4. "l +tr4 yzBE9 -ud* #9.e]zl-?
+E +zloll, 4,rl 3B+l"J+ olell f,ra"ieE +zl?l +lzl e. +col (3, 8, 1)olr E (4, 3, -t)¤. zl+= +EE %'-C^l
sl alEE +6F+.
g +6I+.
2. E A(-4,0, -l), B(3, 1, -5), C(2,4,6) +ql^J ye$Holl
10-11 trI+ Bl4^lol +Eg 44Hg Eoltr, :u #C4 Hlzl
tlz] tlnlS Ag +a.I4. xe¤Holl +q flE Eg qL a
.Jzl? +g +614.
1O, x2+y'+72+8x-Zz:8
3. %[44] x: 471R'q R'ql^J +H,g 444bzl ¤96]r
fHg rel4. 11. 2x2 * 2y'+ 222 - 2x * 4y * 1 :0
4. %'-c^l x + y: 2E s¤qb R39 +Hg ggap :.fl
g rBJ+.
12. $Al P,(x1, .Ir, zr){liJ P2(x2, !2, zlvl^l ol9 d+E
=E
x1*x2 h*yz z1*22
5. + E (3, 5, -2)e+ (-1, l, -4) +401 ( +E6ldI
^Iolel 44= +614. 2 2 2 )u*
0. +48"1 p(3, -2, -3), Q{7, O,1), ft(I, 2, l)oJ +4¤q
13. +Col (-1, 4, 5)oltr (a) .lry¤8, (b) yzBE, (c) xe¤H4
4 HE AolE +6i+. ol +I4Bol zl4+r+EoJzh olF (+ + aql^J) d6l= +Eq %r-4^lg 44 +8r4.
H+48 "J7l?
7. trI.¤- dEol + z1d 91.il glbzl tr46r+.
14-21
'l-+ %I4^l E= +E^le + EBq= R3E ¤qg "J
E ¤H6I+.
(a) A(2, 4, 2), B(3, 7, -2), C(1, 3, 3)
14.2--2 15. y>l
(b) D(0, -5, 5), E(1, -2, 4), F(3, 4,2)
8. +Col (-3,2, s)olI. HlzlEol 4tl +Hel %r-4^lg +61
16. -l<x<Z 17. x2+y2-4, z:-7
712 1 1Er trlElel=rJ7l6lqr

18. y'+ zz <25 19. x2 + y'+ 22 :4 (b) 4C l,,ol ,ry¤E, ye¤H, -rz¤Hq 44 "J+= ff A,
B, c= rH +lql +El'I+.
20. l <x2+y',+2',.5
21.01x13, 0<y<3, 0<e<3 Ltz

22-23 trl-s¤qg ¤H6Irl +l'* +E^lg +61+. P

22. yzflHr+ *H x:5

^tolE ¤q
23. flflol +Colr qlzlEol r4 RoJ F +E
^Flql ?t= B
L.

dAlE ol+old qq. {zl,tJ r rtoltr + +Eq il=

< }
J
d9 xJl4.J4.

24, q+ rHg 4d r,4 xyBHge_ t,g ^Iq*

+rJql^J
25. + E A(-1, 5, 3)r+ 8(6,2, -2)e+ ++ 44q1 fl= d d
4d r2E t}4utrk+^l oJ:otH rr9 d ==3 r,9 dE ut
illel dt.Jg +44= %'-4419 +"t+. rElI ol drJg

_ts +l E.= o}4ql

flq). ¤H614.
(a) 4C r, 919 d pe.l 4+E.= +6I+. 26. +*H x2 +y'+22:4* x2+y2*22:4x*4y+42-ll
,14= +6I+.
^l"le_l

11.2 | trlE'l

++4 r+qql^l ^l-Sg= +q.J ElEl(vector)| zzls| ,J6Fg z}4l oJg tl4tl
- ql "l+g+. ql= Eq +4ol= Eitlel +Et +Ei'il71 +ldl-"1 Eillel +er+
olE%r-.;hg 444"t 6J+. ElEl.el +E ql- E, H+le+ 7I+Eol+.

r 4Hsl 7l6l-ef4 trE

Eq= g6l sl¤E+ +'JdEqs +ElB+. ffige1 ,Jol= EEle-l ?7lE +
D
+rllj1, El+sE EElel %16#9 7l-qrJtrl-. Eq- #g -rAl(v) EE EzI +lql sl-
B ¤E(n). Rq E^16Jc|.
v
u
qlE oJzITL d Aql^l Bill^l dEg"I+ +zl"J+r zlzJalzf. rfl 14
=q6ll$6l-= H!+lElEt(displacement vector)
,Jol olql vb llfl(initial point)ol A(]/r-l)
C
oll point)ol B(q4)ol{ v: eis+El-U+.ulel u : Cie+ +l
A

=eJ
1 ExlEEl il* =E(terminal
+ExluJ zjoltl zta HJ6JE ++ql +el6l-z}. u4 vE Eil(E= ,Jtrt)+ 6I
C -tr. u: v+ ++. $ElEl(zero vector)|.0.oE i!-trll 'Jolzl- 0ol+. ¤EEi- -tr

B
6J HJ-6Jol S.- +gqi Eelolrl.
EEIfi$ 4'J61. 4"1 tF +++ ag Erll E 4ol+. q= Eq ojxfz| A
oll.<J azlzl s4"J4r 7l-¤6tH olql 6l]E-61+ H+lEEl- a?o14. :fl ffi r
A
e 2ql^JiJH oJ6#g HI+l Hglulrlz| nirl gE+ Bql^J cTlz1&4.J4z 6l-z}.
-ral
JEL
D
 'a1.2 EE1 713

"]. E+l{qq tr6Js4= "Jx}zlAql^l cnltl *zl"l= s4e+ +Ll."l ¤4.11

eJ+ E+l*q a7. a-d.e+ r?gl Elol4 6l-i1 ++q ,Jol +r+.

rt: e-i + ni
.J+zlsE + Eq uel vE zlxll veJ rldol u9 ¤:84 "Jzl6t
^14+6J+H,
EE vE Szll o4 19 Elg q++,Jol C9++.

trlE1:de| ¤e| u4 vE veJ .tl4ol "9 +d"il +ol= EE14 6ix}. rflE E
u * vE u9 rldql^l v4 *Bttxlg 4qol+.

:H 3* EqE ELg q4d+. ol rHg -HE ol 4e-1. ollollE g?E HEI

(Triangle Law)ole} 6l-= ol+E "J + 9l+.

u*v v v

u u

2 .\l-7
-IE'l u
JE tfixl
E-dl-ol tl- -rEl +/t
rE ir{dHrltfl:ol
OO.'IUO
u-l^l
tl-

rH 4.:fl Ag + Eq u, v.E. us{ t"JeL ^ldg ,*3 v9 E +E

:ql.qe]-
+^IEg rfl+. ¤4^IHE¤. rqE u + y- y + u7f Eg g + 9t+ olErel
dlElE Bg +E6t.3 E triE "JBg "Jgt+. EEI u4 vE t"J+ dql^l
^1461-
E+ +sH, u + vE u4 vE BsE 61. EBJ^[H¤e] 4z,td4'Jtri. ol= B=-J
IIEE fl+l(Parallelogram Law)ol+ ++.

llqlxl| l]) :H se.l 4rl ae+bel Etgrel+. a

Efll "9 +dql bel ^ldol +olE+ bE #A+. olull bel +^l-tol bel zzls{ gra; \
"l HlTlzl t+E+ +el6l]^l rfl+. rqr a9 alEql^l ^l+611^J bg +^l-Eel +E
ral
JE9
tr

"11^l E+=
ulel a + hE rfl+(rH 6(a) +E).
+E %r-H o E az| r.lz1a13 *ql^l b7I ^I4L6IE+ +-tr, :.H 6(b)oll^Je+ e"l Bq
a + h= 4'-Eo}+
^LE¤ H4ql 4zl
a a

a*b
b

(a) (b) I fAJ6

"lxll
Elrl v4 ¤f ,g +g cE+rl "le+ +fl6H^J d+ cE ulElet +E6l-71
714 119 ulElel E?J7l6l+

+1611 AEaKscalar)4 6-J+ q= rJ+l] 2vE v * ve] ,JC EE]E ulaj$ v

=qoE
rJg,+ ,Jolts. zHllol+. "JHi4
4 +++ zJol ulelq +6J+.
^+el¤
Egl c7l +?J+olI vz| 4r]olfl AfiElull(scatar multiple) cvE 4
,\#afi[Hflol
olz| v9 ,Jol"ll Ir IE E.J 4.r+ 7Ja, c > OolE osl gg o}EJol-tr c < 0olH v
e+ HI{%FaJE ElElolr+. c: 0o144 v: [oJE cy : 0014.

ol49E:zH 7ql ¤Egq flq. {zl^l ¤+= Hlql"J+e} rJ* qBg 6l-rl
trllE"il ¤+E- ,\zjffi +-trt. 0ol olu + Elrlzl 4-a + ulElE
^rJ4ul]olH
+ Eq= Bfl(parallel)oJr4. 561 ulel -v - (-l)vE ve+ Aol= ,Jzltl 15r-oJol

e]4o.|4. olE v9 fitrlel(negative vector){ 6J+.

2v
u/ -1.5v
ral 7 Ye.l ,{=alH[l / /
+ EElel i(difference) u - vE +*¤ 9"1t4.
u-y:u+(-v)
rH EEI u4v9l 4r1| Hx-l v9 *uleloJ -vErfl +¤-:.H 3(b)e+?J
8(a)e.l
ol B4^IEB B4g ol+6ll^-1 .lE uoll rJall u - vE r-EB + gt+. trl= ,JB
9-tr v + (u - v) - sol-u+ ulel u - vE voll ,,14fl.! u$ E-+.irl-r+^l rH
8(c)4 +o\ +7+B Hzl$ ol*6]]^J u - vE zlEB + gl+. rr4 o9 ,r.lflol zjs-
H, u - vE vel +Eollrl u9 *$rtlzl EEEqI +E-6Izl-.

v
u

u- v u- v

u -v Y

\ u

:IeJB u-vai-ltl (a) (b) (c)

(q!41 2 |) EEI ae| bzf rH ee+ rJg trH a - 2bE rEJ{.

Eql H^l hs{ u}B=ol t}4"1r 7Jol7lz,lloJ 4q -zbE rfl+. ol Eqg rld¤ a
el +dql +r +48 Hzlg ol$a[.rl :.H 104 rJol a + (-2b)= ril+.

a
-2b
a

,1 a-Zh
-ral
-Et
o
v ral 10 tr
 11.2 trlEl 715

r HE{sl ¤E
qE +49 +16ll^l= 4l-E4lE E.E6l-r. dlEl= ql+4sE +l#6I. 4ol 84f,
A*tl gt+ 4jz6tE4le-l fld4 ulrl a9 ^ldg "Jil^lzlH als4lTl-2zlg E
ts:z1gq1zt"ll 44r] a9 +dg (ap a2) EE (a, ay, a3) ¤4zl- E4(:zH 1l
+4). olE 4IE.E a9 #E(componenr)ol4 6l-r q+4'Jol *4.
a : {or, azl .E- u : (ob a.z, ai)

¤Hql ?l- dr+ +flfl +^J{I (o,, or)4 gf6l-zl *zl fldl EElcl +Hg +^l
aJ9 zlsE {a,, ar)E E^l++.

(ar, a2, a3)

v (av az)
a
a o

o x x v
!
I

a: (ay ar) a : (a1, a2, a3) -rzl 'l

JEtt
.l

ql=Eq :H 129 ulEl=g+d"l p(3,2)ql 4q 07: (3,2)eltzltl E t,!:i

i' (4, s)r
rlol4. ol ElEl=.el +Edg eE+ge 3++1, eil_tr. 2++l.J xld"ll
^ldql^J
+dol gl+ olfl E- 7l6l-ql4 Eq= 4+4 ulrl a : z)g +aes cr+
(3, (1,3) P(3,2)
ti
B + ?l+. gdsE+q d p(3, 2)qj olE..trE Etr o?E d pe.l +titElEt
(position vector)E| +rl
3zlgql^J Ulrl a - Ort : (a,, a2, a3|* 4 P(a,, as, a3)4 $lilfle{oltttrfl
13+a). rldol A(xt, 1,r, er)o]tr, +Eol B(xz, !2, z)gl aq E += E¤"J +6J aEJ 12 ulEl a: (3, 2)ol E-d
d+ e?= ^J4I6Izl- rE]H xr* ar:x2, lr* az:!2, z1 * ar:zzof+. 44il
at: xz- xt, az: lz - 1,r, o3: z? - erol4. rB]H t]+ trr+E g=t} z

PP] 9lilElEl
1 +q4l 4 A(xr,Jr, zr)4 B(x2, lz,ur)ql ql6ll a? gq= ,*= ElEl aE q-q-4 P(ar, a2, ar)
,Jtrf
o
I : \xr- rl, lz - jt,zz - zt)
v
r A(x, v, z) B(x*ar,y-l ),, + o,;

(q4! f D rl4ol ee, -3,4), +4ol B(-2, t, 1)"J +o-Jd+s-tr _tr¤E EEIE + lal 13 a: (a1, nr, a.,)91 .E:-J

614

Eil e4 trql ,++ A;ql 4so6l-b Eq= q+4 ?Jr+.

a: l-2 - 2,1- (-3), I - 4) : {-4,4,-3}

ulrl v9 371(magnitude) E= Bql-+ Etrg EElel ,J"l

e.='J0l(length)i
olr l, I s= ll , ll9 zla-tr. ++U+ dE orq AolE +61-= 44*49 ol*
716 118 trlElel.Eil716'l+

6l-H r}+g E-+.

2j,1fl ulQ a : (ap az)A zJolE {gq +r+.

lul : a!+a|
3zlg Ulel a : {at, az, a,,}4 zJol} ++4 ?J:.+.

lul: al+ al+ o?

v
qBrll EIEIE
'il+4sE qBz}? :rH lao{ zjol 4qE cBEol "J+"J A
(a, * br, a, * brl

+"il ql"J] a: \a1, ,r|,6: \bp br)4 o.IE 6Jg a t b : (a, -t b1, az t &r)ol
a*b b?
+. +^l "J6ll^l q+zlsE EqE q+qfl rEE CEzlfl q+ts !a uffiz|
hl
4E 4qE mXelH 4Bzl4 mXH ¤4. :zH lsel *g At4Bg s-H ca9 dE
!
Z cat, ca2ol4 q+^J EEl.il 4zJfl¤ +6Fb d* 4 CEq r E-EI
Ot LI t

laz ^rJE¤
ar+ +c+.
0 al bl r =
reJ 14
fl,: la1, az)olr b : (br, brlo]|H +g=+ ?Jq.

a * b :\ar* bra2* b2l, a- b: (ar- budz- bzj

cgt: (cat, cazl
CA CA
a u uffizlxlE 3il-tl ElqE'l-s=+ *q.
__l _____l
ai t : (o, + br, az * *
at
al cat ( f,tt, az, \br, br, br) bz, bsl

lor, or, orl - (br, br, br) : (o, - bt az - bz, at - bsl

fg 15
c(au az, at) : (car caz, cazl

(lo{l4l 4D a : (4, 0, 3)olr h : ( -2, t, 5)"J 4 lule+ EEI a * h, a - b, 3b, Za*

sbE tlzJ ]t;1fr.

lul: 2+02+32 : 1f25 :5

a*b:{4,0,3)+(-2, 1,5)
: (4 + (-2),0 + 1,3 + 5) : (2, 1, 9)

a- b: \4,0,3) - \-2,1,5>
: (4 - (-Z),0 - 1,3 - 5) : (6, -1, -2>

3b : 3<-2,1,5) : l3(-2),3(l),3(5)) : (-6,3, 15)

2a * 5b : 2<4,A,3) + 5(-2, 1,5)
: (8,0,6) + (-10, 5,251 : (-2,5,31)

_E= 2zl-g dlElE d6Jg vz, EE 3il-g ulqel 46Jg y3s-E_'t4u+.# q

 11.2 ulEl 717

ulEl= +SuJEoll ufal fial 5+"1

"JHI4ss ES niffil dlElE d'J %g 'l-+ql s4E ¤s-zt ll¤. dol4. nxlg nil'E
gE LfEfLH= rll AI'EE+. qE Eol qE
Eq= +g=+ gol n_#.rl*ol4. 4 ge 6xffi ulrlol 6Eg EE-d EA
E trJEts Ell 4 olE 056q rlE fl
a:(at,az,,.,,anl ^lE
-Eol 714= LlElL.lrl,
4zlrl a1, a2, ..., an* ¤foll a9 {Eol4 ++. %ql^J 6Jrl n: z p : (p,, pz, pt, pq, ps, pel
^rJ+}]=
4 n:3.J 4+s+ u|4lzlxl-E ^dBg ol$all.{ Ce]g+. Aftlld olEoll Al-BEl= 4ifflulEJ (.r, y,
z, t)i iJg dEB Eiloll^lq q^l=
ql ^jl
LlElLHl uil|l ¤Ee LIEIL.ILI.
gE a, b, cz| %q EElol-tr c, dtl t-t;4.J *l ffiol CB6J+
trlElgl ^lil=
1". a*b:b*a 2. a* (b+c):(a*b) +c
3.a*0:a 4.a*(-a):0
5.c(a+b):ca*cb 6.(c+d)a:ca*da
7. (cd)a: c(da) 8. 1a : a

+leled zVl EElel Cd+ 7l6l-trlzl E* ql+4sE flril +Ets + ?l+.

ql= Eq ¤d 1g fH 4(B$^IEE Hzl$ Exl)E E"l] fl41 .J + 9l+. E=
n: ZoJ A+ r|e=r+ zJol g"J + 9t+.
a* b : latorl * \br,brl: \at * btaz * bz)
: (b, * at, bz * azl : lbr, br| + (ar, ar|
:b*a
rH 16ql^J +L4B Hzlg qfl H 4+6]| _H_E de 2(A$Hzllzl-+"Jg .J fi

+ gl+. Hq r7- ij*-ql a + bE zfE.ap q-gql cE El6l-rl'i ElEl b + coll

c

a$ QoNal Eg + 31tri. (a+b)+c

: a+(b+c)
%- SEEI qBJg ol-b dlElzl3tll 9l+. a*b h

b*c

i : (l, o, o) j: (0, l, o) k: (0,0, 1)

P
a

ral 16
olfl j, k= E=TlllHlEl(standard basis vector)4 +t| ol EEI==$ z)olzl
ElEl i,
lolr,+r+ "J.el x4,y4, e4 BElol4."l+IzlzlE 2zlgql^lE i: (1,0)4 j:
(0, r)-tr CE++(tfl t7 +a).

y Z

(0, I (0,0, l)
j k
(1,0) j (0. 1, 0)
0
(1,0,0)
v
.{
(a) (b) reJ 17 v.ef v.ollAlol E=7|^JEEI

a: {at, a2, a3lolE +s=4 zJ"l ¤+ ?14.

718 I18 EElslErJTldl+

)
(ar, az)
t: \ar,az,at): \au0,0) + (0, az,0) + (0, g,orl
a
: at (1,0,0) + or\0,1,0) + 43(0,0, 1)
azi
2 A: ali -f azj f a3k
0 atl J
,rl4^J %E ge-lel Eq= i, j, k-E_ +48 + Bltrl. qlE EE rlg=4 rJtrl.
(a) a: ari+ arj
7
{1,-2,6):i-zi+6k
uffizlxlE zilgql^J tr1e=4 ,Jol g' + 9t+.
(ar, a2, a3)

a
3 il: (ar, orl : a1i * a2 j
arl atk
trr+ E9 zlal4ul Bll4lg rH 18ql^J o3oftr-Z rH 17r+ ulroll E^l-.
x
v ^l
azJ

(b) a: ari*arj*a3k (qH 5D a : i + 2j - 3k, b : 4i + TkoJ rl E4 2a+ 3bEi, j, k-=. +44+

feJ 18
Eql EElE C 4. r, 2, 5, 6, J* ol+61-H
'++¤- EE+.
2a * 3b : 2(i + 2: - 3k) + 3(4i + 7k)
:2i + 4j - 6k + lzi + zlk: l4i + 4j + 15k .

zjolzl lql ulelol+. qlE

EPlslEl(unir vecror;E i, j, k- -E.+ ++lElEl
,J+ =q
olri. .JHI4sE a * 0olE ae+ oJ6Jol Ae. ++lulEl- +s-+ +Ll.
qlg46'Jsl +alEaltrl r.+HE ai\
(Josiah Willard Gibbs, 1839-1903)
a
.= 1881LJ0il HlEloll E-d E4?l (EE{otl 4
4Vector Analysis)E r'l8o-tr
tl. =trJifl
aHgE(Hamilton)E gqlol 4B+a[
q +Er:Lf E|]Arg E7J= ¤86l= ol= EolTl +16l] c: u la loJ4 6IE u - caoltr, c+ oJel 4+4o14. *l-4rJ
= = "
+-qt4 E+E I9J-x{oLl, 0lA= Tlqf b a4 %r-o;ol ?Jq.E,* tl+ol CBql+.
rl=01 l0ll= flrl E?,tEl. 4fl+
^l.E6l-7
4e+ +Ell. ErrEl +E1ol "Jtrl' 'J
= g4= ulel ggg Ealollrl rfE
^ol
lol: lr"l: lrll"l:#lul: I
Elts A0 lfl E l.'-{Afl (Maxwell)If -ollH I

AfOlE(Heaviside)-E Hl+-d 84= 7l'

IlqL|-, A^q tr=ol EzJ= E7El7l ilqlr{| 6D EEI 2i -: - 2k %loJE ++lulEl= +dl+.
Pl:?t 7|.trf tral-d gE?l ?t0l EBflq-.
Eil +qd ElElel ,Jol= q-s=i+ +L+.

l2i-j-2kl: z + (- l), + (-2), : tE:Z

tr++^l Eql el6l ,Jg *+ldlq= r+q-J} ++.
^l "J6Jol

iei-j - 2k) :li - li - f rr

I3E
HlEl- E4E+ =o49 qEl +Bql^l f+61-+. l2tFql^J ulrlzl-+rJql^J +4
ol- E^llE +Eel 7l+EE qBrll zl$aflxl E 4oltri. {zl^J. 6Jq ql6ll "J
 11.2 EE1 719

ol-tstrl.

Eg r7l(u}*= E+ hHsE +{)eI HJtJol E+ glzl rll$ql Eqe. etr

g+. oJ Ex.llql qBl 6Jol zI+.1-H oJ Eillql ¤oJg += #+(resultant force)*
ol$ EE EEl"Jol+.

ilqq :.H leelzgol e+ 100ks.J E4l7l+ ¤ql ,l]geJ 9lg *L +¤ql A

7D
el= tlq(H) T, , T, zzl$ +61-4

50 32"

Tl T,

lfi) .f.H 19

Efl Ezl Tlrl T2E +¤ "i +4ceel 4s-? ul-e}4zl- :2fl zsoe+El ++g "J
+ el+.
5 : -lT, lcos50'i + lTrlsin50" j
Tr

Tz : lT2lcos 32" i + lt, rin :Z' j

w
6 I

Eillql zl+6.lb +qE qlg F : -100(e.8) j : -e80 jol+. + ZJqq B4 r, * r, f.eJ 20

re| +Bg oJt o + tr;e-r+ ?J+.
=
* Tz: -F : 980i
Tr

(-lr, lcos50'+ lTzlcos32") t * (lT1 lsin50'+ lTrlrin32")j:980j

cEg e4l +sE r}+g E=+.
- lT, lcos 50" + | Tz I cos 32o : o

lT, I ri, 50" + lTz lsin 32" : 980

A H4l %I44glr,lql 46l] + Fl F HBfl %F44lql qi"J6l-H +s=+ +q.

lTr lsin 50" + Itl!!"rt ?o' sin 32o :

cos 32o
e80

/ sin 32' \
'aT;
' ''\I ( sin 50o *
lT, cos 50'
cos32" t): laO

ul+^J ,+ +e9 tr1.94 ,Jtrl

=-zl=

lT, l: - 839N

lT, lcos 50'

|lTzl:
-r cos32'
- 636N

ol {l=¤. 4 Ee+ Eql .IE6I-H rJe 4Lq4qE e=+

']j_=4
72O 119 HlElelEilTl6lot

Tr - -539i + 643 j
Tz - 539i + 337 j tr

ulBzlTl- Hl-* +"ll^J tsr giqB Hl6Jzlel d4l 4E E- +zl+ ultlzle| u[

*el +E dlEle.l 6Jqel "J6Jl} +Ll.ul$zl9 xl+r$fl(ground speed)$ EL{E
r7loltrf, uf4lzl-xlE ss= Eql^] 6}6116l-=-ull9 dxll "J6Jg Hl]e+ .6sE EE
+E ElqE 6Jqel ,J6J4 +L+.

v
{iqlfl ID zJEol 4 km/hoJ +Etr al$ f,ia.}e-tr" o-eq +rll tsg,}el B+ B11"Jql
^J
+ olxlz| Hl]= q+4. ol ^I*g +* Tlileel {qq-rll +E]]+ 6[oJql 9l* ^ld
s q E+61.71E. g+trI. "J"J El]el +qol 4L+ElEql^-l 8km/holB qH HFEJ9E Hl]
v
E a46}¤oi E4zlql Ezlg f ?lbz|?
vb

Eil :-H 2l$ zgol E]]el ++E+E flflola| alxf ,JEE +E= y.: -4i
olr =gd+g km/holF-+ HllE
Yc0
(4!d-6J Eql^J)+qolHl]E +EE vu: S(cos 0i + sin 6j)
-l;

"lull 0= rH+ +s4, Rqg

ol4. +-q-r+ ?JL].
21
=4 Y:Y6*Y.
H|]q
:EFH
"J:d= LlElg ufl PalE xlf
:8cos0i + 8sin0 j - 4i: (-4 * Bcos0)i + (B sin0)j
N20' wgl'2Jg (bearing)$ At8-dtl.
0l= =aJ
g:BF0llll A15L-o-E 20'
ullzf u|-tr "*e¤ ++ dHqlql EE6.Iqo| afzl qlEql v9 xcE-g 0ol+.
A
=+ E==aJ
E "lElElrl,(Ets3 --Jar Er+ 'J+E _4+8cos0:0 cos0:| 0:60"
Exl ,t l"E-elrf). - -
trI+^J ullE 0: 60" %l-r-J E= N30'E-tr_ a46lqot *r+. I

11.21 t+=xtt
1. trl+- E4elol ulq.Jxl lzJ4tlzl ¤H6l-+. (c) a*c (d) a-c
(a) ¤P}+*tr-
(e) b*a*c (f) a-b-c

61 zJ-$el a-$
S^Hql^l gE4rtzl{ a7l Hl68 4E
(c)
a
b
,1
(d)
^ll4l 'J+ -
z. r+* EBrIH¤ql^J +il.J 4E1= EF *ot+" 4. -f.Hql^J$ zJ"l c9 "l{e+ dE il471E-F ORE +E
^1tr ql 9l+. ce+ dE a4 h-e ++LH+.
B
P
b
a
R

d
O
D C
---+ --->

3. rHel EEIE +^loll^l q+ 4ElE :14+. 5-7 +6JdE s¤q= ulrl aE +6t+. ABe+ fldql^l
AB-E
ole+ Eiltl ElEl= r*l+.
(a) a+b (b) b*c ^l4i6t=
 1"1.2 ulEl 721

5. A(-2, 1), B(t,z) 6. A(3, -1), B(2, 3) 38

500
7. A(1, -2,4), B(-2,3,0) 2m 3m

8-e +q4l EElel .Jg +6tr olE 716}+4s.tr. dH6}4

8. (-1, 4), (6, -2l) 9. (3, 0, 1), (0, 8, o)

10-11 a* b, 4a * zb,lu l, lu - h l= +6i+ le. qH EIlql 'ilol ++*+. ol= + + flel .tlol4o1
^ll
10.a:(-3,4), h:(9,-1) 100'oltr ?+?+4 atlzl2s Nrl 12 Nol+. Hnll Elg
^Jl
1l.a:4i -3j+2k, b:2i -4k atltl 4 Nolr il¤. + HsE "l+q4l ¤Eql *zlol
4. rll Elg BBss "Jsb E9 =zlE 4l+Ia-t4.
12-13 +q{ EEle} %r-6}0l eg ++lEEl= +61-+ 20. 4¤:^|z[ N45'w %l-']str +rl+q(+T]+ +7lql^-1 +q)

12. <6, -2> 13. 8i - j + 4k , 290 km/h_s ultszlE 4zJ6Ir. 91trt. Hl+ol +q ss km/h
-tr. S30"E H'6J9-E Er 3Ig ql Hl6J7l9 dxll 4lB %I6J
14. EEI i + v6 je+,r+ ofE HJ-6J
49 +'I4. 4 4*449 +614.
^l-olE
rs. %q^J rldol gdolr +dol 412^I+Eql ?i= ulel v
7I "Jel r+r+ olf 7+ol sT/6olq lv l:4"J 41, vE C +6I+.
=
Es-a ++4+. 22. A, B,c= +14¤E +1l4ol4 g a-ri + si + c7-=
"tl
r6. +lElu4ol 44 20 mlstr zlE4 40" 45-E qHl+g He +.I4.
oll, *=HlElE +¤d$l} +zl{tsg +614.
23. (a) 4rl a : (3, 2), b -- <2, -l>, c : {7, 1)g :7e14.
17. trl¤. rflql^l o.Jqel rTle+
"J9 .r44 ol.=, E 4EE + (b) rflg rej,q c : sa + rbE "J+6t= L*q se| rzf
6l-+. +x}iBg Eq+.
.v
200 N
(c) :H9 rBl^l ssl 19 {Ig +46t+.
(d) sel rel4{t+ {}g +6I+.
300 N 60"
0 x 24, r : (x, y, e), ro : (ro,3,0, zo)oJ oL l. - .o | : 19 "J+6I
4 (x, y, z) dillE dBg ¤E"l-4.
18. rflr+ +ol 7Jo17t 2 mpi 3 moJ Esql elql +_=ql ao7J =
2s. rB l6e Eqq d4 2E 7l6}q}4ql +Eol+. 4Eg
*^l7l +r qlql^J "HEBI ?j+. Eeqlg #4lzl- 3s0 N ol$a|l,tl n: ZoJ {+ql ol ql+4qE +B6I+.
oll, .r-lE +E Holql l.dg -EsE 44 +¤d4 s0" ^d¤g
e+ 38"e1 4EE olEtrI. 4 e.=q1,q +e4 xJ49
26. EEIE ol$a|1.! +4Be] + Hsl +dg "i= d+e +
=zl zJ"lb HI.J$ +H6|EI.
+614. "lzl H4 ¤6J6I_z
=
722 119 EElst
=il716t-E

11.3 | Ll|4

zlEzltl + ElElel Hd "t EEle+ +g +q*+ #ol +a-" + oJol q

^rJ+q
E+ + dlEl= #.J + o,fe=vl? 61. el$ol ^Ja+. ols+ rJg Bfl 6l-+- q7l
ql^l Cfl6J 44o1tr, 4= 6t+- ++ ¤ql^l ¤HaJ 94o14.

r + 4Elsl L!|4
ulrl a4 bE
'l]4g +6-IE]E
,+r+q
^dEg =-.Iq Et 6J6iE ¤+

1 Lllflol Egl a: (a1, a2, a3), b : ( bp b2, &r)ol+ o,l-E a9+ bE Lfl{(inner
product)$ El+.-q-E- ¤Eg= f a' boltrI.

a'b:arbr*azbz*atbt

F dlElE 449 EElzl-olq4 ¤fol4. ql4g olltrllE

olzJg ol+tr.
^'JeE
(scalar product) E= El{(dot product)ol+'JtI. 4E Elg 3i|g ulElql {qL A
olxlEL +¤.4 ,Jol +^l-+ %r-HeE 2^1fl.4qe.l 44ol 4qg+

(or, orl ' lbr, brl : atbr I azbz

(q[ll I l)

{2,4>. (3, -1) : 2(3) + 4(-t) :2

{-r,J,4) . (6,2,-+): (-lx6) + 7(2) + q?il: A
(i + 2j - 3k) .(2i - k): 1(0) + 2(2) + (-3x-1):7

trt* 4?-l= ql4ol d+EE +C.il^l CBg- "t+ Hzlg trl={- Cd-$
+4U+.

2 Lll4sl dE a, b, c7| %E ulElola, c7l lzJ4"l$ c}*ol CBfltl.

1. a.u: lul' 2.a'b:b'a
3. a'(b+c):a'h*a'c 4. {ca) ' b: c(a'b): a'(cb)
5. 0'a:0

dAE+ del Elg oleo 6l.{ flrfl 5=$gr}. qE Eq Cd tq

ol 3E +
=B
H+ +g=+ a+.
1. a. a: a? + al + o?: lul'
 11.3 Ltl4 723

3' a' (b *'

I Y,',:;,":'),rl' .)*," :,; l'',u*l i0,,,
= * afir * azbz I azcz * azbz I azct
arbt
: (obr * azbz * a$i * (a1c1 * azcz * a*t)
'a'b*a'c
4"lxl +Hg E^oExllE B4 E+. I-l

44 a.b- a4 h ^Iolel 4 0E ol$-all.<l zlafqr{ oe ¤HB f 914. .loll

tJ 0Y gdql^l a4 b9 -sd rl-olel 4s.E celElq 0 < 6 < rol4.
^l+6I=
+^l g6fH 6= rH 1E dE ojp+ o7 ^;o19 4o14. ael h7I ¤qoJ dlel"lE,
0: 0 EE A: a.ol4.
q+ 44q +rfLI- +{3 E4elzlEol 44fl 49e rl^-$6f. Aol+.

3 Eq 0zI ElEl a4 b
^l-olel
z-l"lg ffiol dfl++
a.h:l"llblcos0

rH tql^l +Ir-ie oArql r^loJ H4g 4+6lE ++g e=+.

=B
4 lanl' : loA l' + | oBl' - zloA I loB I cos
g B
a-b
(t^loJ E4g 0:0 EE : n, a :0 Ei U - 04 Ag ++4"J A+qlE 4+
B
b

u1gq.) rfl+loAl: lul,loBl: Inl, larl: lu - bl

A
g+= 49+tr1_H-zl a

olEE E]= ++4 rJ"l ¤r*. .t

^l -y

- bl' :
-ral .r

5 la lul' + lbl' - zl"llbl cos g

JEI

44q C4 r, 2,3* ol$alJ.rJ ol %l¤^ls-] 4].Hg q-q=r+ zJol t4 ¤ + gl+.

la - bl': (a - b) .(a - b)
:a.a-a,b-b.a+b.b
: lal'- zu.n + lnl'z
r+lEs 4l trta+rl ffiol ^dg+trt.

lul' - za.b+ lbl, : lal, + lbl, - zlrllbl cos0

-Za.b: -Zlullnlcos0
a.b : lal lbl cos o r
{qrl| 2i} Eq as} b9 t)oltl ?++ 4e+ 60lr rE ^fol9
ztol $13"J 41, a.bE
+6lr+
724 118 EEjel#?JTldl-*

Efl g"] trg olso6IE +s=4 ?Jtr+.

a.b : lal lbl cos(2./3) : 4' 6' L: tz

c4 trq t^lg ole"als + qEl rlol9 4.g ++ + ?l+.

E rt=Eal 071 4ol olg qH aet n r1olg 4"lH ffiol CH++.

a.b
cos0:
lallbl
-
(ql{ 3D ulEl a:12,2, -rli4 b : (5, -3, 2) a1o1e.] 49 +6I+
lul: z + 22 + (_1)' :3
lbl: 52+ -3 +22 :,R
a'h :2(s) + z(-z) + (-t)(z):2

:a4_o_e l"l!__e+El ++g eE+

"+-=4El
a.h 2
cos 0 : .-----
lullnl zr@
44^J ae} b ^tolE ,+g ++4 ?J+.

o:cos-,(#) -1.46 (E= 84') rl

Bol ol-H + ulrl ag} b ^lol9 0: nl2\ 41, a4 b= AIE *El(perpen-

zlol
dicular) E.= I1E Eln(orthoeonal)fl4-il. 'J++. C4 trsE+El +¤¤ g=4.

a'b:lallbIcos(r/Z):A
qgE a.b :0olH cos 0 - 0olE E0: rrlZa1r4. ¤EEl 0- E- 4Elq +
40.1 fl.o-+ 44++. :f4=E q+r+ rJe- %lB-o + F ulrlzl zla.aJ;x1 019
zlE edB + il't.

7 + Elfl aet b7l zlr6tzl +lq} Es*EazJ$ a.b : 0ol+.

( qrll 4D 2i + 2i - k7F si - 4j + zkql +zlflg u_qq.

Eil tzi +2i - k) .(si - 4j + 2k):2(s) + 2{-4) + (-t)(2) - oolEE. 44 Eql

,'I+ + Eq= +zlol+. r
0<g { rrl2olS cos 0 > 0olI nlL < 0 < rolE cos 0 < 0olEE 0 < nlL
 1 1.3 Lll4 725

olE a.b- "Jfoll 0 > rrlzolH a.b- ¤+o14. u4 btl z;2 rJ+g tlqtl
- 4EE +C6I- 4r + a.bE 44.J + ?l+. ae] bzf "JEl4sE ,Jg %r-.J "W a.b>0
d= ql4

I zl-471E a.b. "Jfoll, ^lE +4o1fl 0o14, a4 bz1 .J+zl oE Hlql EJo"J
9 zl47lE a.b= ++ol+( a4 2 +a). $al ael b7l C+6'l ,J* B";r9 zt4
7l- ++zlql a+{b e: 0ol+. q4^l cos 0 _ 1ol_tr +¤."l dB++.
V a'b:0
0: rl2

a.b<0
0 d= Er+
a-b:l"llbl a

-rel .)

4qq HI4 %r-'$g tlqtlE 0 -

JAL
ae] bzl. zroltr q+^-l cos 0 - -toJz ffio1
¤BEtrl.
a.h:-l"llbl

f HJe|4E[ uJrdzr.[?!

¤ol olH ulrl a9 HJd4(direction angle)$ atl x4,y4,249 "J9 BoJ4 zl"J
zlol a, F, yoll a,F, y* fzJ [0,
"r]9 {to]+(rfl eral.
3
E ol5 "J.J4E i^IoJ cos n, cos B, cos yE uJrl a9 H-E=Atfl(direction r---
cosine)ol+ EL+ trlEd4 Eql^J bE i4 6IE,
'l+g E=+. (olag :fH 30ll v
D
g
zld +E 9I+) at
a
P

^J
v
a'i : a1 x
8 cosa:
lulll lul =aJ
3

+^l_6fr.il +*¤ e=+.

I cosB : io'i cosy: ,o',
lal lal
4t Eq- E9 trEg xll#oll^J q6IH +L+.
'l-*r+
10 cos2cr + cos2B t cos2y:1
E+ tr4 trl= ol+6IH rl*-r+ eol + + gltr|.
^l
a : ( at, az, azl : (; .or o, la I cos B, la I co* 7)
";
: la l(cos s, cos B, cos y)

tri+^J q-g¤ e=+.

11 : (cos 0, cos B, cos y)

#"
ol4 oE+q a9 uJ-aJ.a^foJg a ufaJ'el ++lulElE c+ol4.

(qIll 5|) Elfl a: <1,2,3)el oJ6J4g+EI+

726 119 EElslErJTl6f-4

Efll lal: 12+22+32: .,/r+ o1tr +,

^l
El} Ee+ul ++g E=+.
I ^J
COS CI : _-:, cos B
' : -:.2 COS.V:-:,
,/ t4 Jr+ ,/t+
tr14^J ++g E=+
0 : cos-'(#) o't4o, F :.or-'( __:
2
- 58", ?: cos-l __
3
-37" I
Jt4 J14

I
^}E
R a4 4+ ^14 pTl rJC + ulq a4 b= P?e+ r?E E¤6Ii1 ?ltr|. s= Rql^J
b fr= E+6I- 4dq qlfl +dg tsol4r B oil, rle. Etrg EqE a flE n
a el ElEl A[$(vector projection)ol+ o.]I, proj, b(ol$ dlEl bel :flxfe ^J4E
a
P
s
+ gl+)E +4u+.
proja b
a +lE bE ^gel ,\]B(scalar projection) (E- a %l6JE bel ¤+)Z |tl ae+ b
ft
^l-olel
4"J trll, ElEl ^l-¤E Fszl 9l* =-zl, + lb I cos 0E ¤E++(:aH s +
I
\
4). rElI- olag comp"b.E- ++t+. n12 < 0 t rrolE ol4C ¤+71- Eql +
+6}xl-. rt+ 4c ae+bel 4401 a +lE be.l 4a+ ^l¤g ael aolql +6J as
\ a
1

P O
s E all{43 + 3l+g E"l +r+
proja b

azJ 4 ElEl a. b : lallb I coso : lul(lb I cos0)

^lE
r4=_+ a HJEJE be-l ¤E.$ a'IJ6JE ++lEqe+ bel 44ge 41+IB + 9l+.
R

b
lblcosr:ti: fi'n
a
0
s 0 ola¤.,qqE6IE +g=4 ?J+.
P
lnl cos 0 : compu b

-r
JE
el E
U
/i.7 t= [ /\tI Loq
o a +l-e. bE rltJ: compa b: a'b
--et
^++ H

a ?l.tr- bE EEI rJ-¤: proj*b : a'b a : a'b

lul ld lrf "

dlEl 4rJ+ a uJ.Jel ++lBlElg #"1+= ^l-dql ++.61-zI.

^l-g+ ^l-84

lloll4l 6|) a : <-2,3, l) er]-tr b: (1, l,z)el LvJq

^l¤4
ElEl
^|Sg+6t4
Eql lal : a
+37+12 : ,/r+ ol:r-tr- a gl-=. be-l ++r+ +r+.
^rJ4 ^tgg
-L

- a'b : (-2X1) + 3(l) + l(2) 3

compab:
H fi fi
 1 1.3 Ll"l4 727

Eq ^I¤g ol a HJEJel ++lBlqg EolgE ++4 A'I.

^rJq ^l-S4
pro1,b:
3a3l 393
,R lul: *u:\ 7' t4' t4

rEE: ts
ol¤-alb + el- Er-lqlql^l gg 4l+16l+ 4o14. s.4¤ql^j Ei]I= 4 /t
^l-Bg
4 a"JE "lEalA q g4+ E rzl 6J "Jg w: FdE- 4EiH+" :H4 "l C F
++ Eillzt ¤-zl"l= d¤ rt+ Elel ELr-6Jol +q4 ullql"J 4s"gq. rq+ r
H 6ql^le+ Bol 9C+ Eol "18 trI= %L6Jg zl-4zly EEI F : p?ep a1-21
0 s
P o
EJoJ E-x]lE rq1,<1
OE olf^la ql H+lHlEl(displacemenr vecror)- D: r7"l D

4. ol 6Jol 6J E(work)* qsl=r+ ,Jol D %I6JE E9 ^dE4 ¤.zle 44.e1 +s rg6

-E 4E++.
w:(lrlcos6)lDl
{el trsE+El q-e¤ E-trI.
12 W:lFllDlcos0:F-D

"I+^"1
D7t E+lulEl"J
"ll,
g4+ E FzI 6J.Jg 44 r.nol4.

( qrll 7 )) to Nel "J{qL 6J od+EilE +B "J 'Jg. trl-+^J 100 mE g.7 gI+. a
-+
+qlE ++olzf +B flE 3s" 4E-E_ gal 9l+. ol Hol + "Jg +61+.

Efll zg 7ql^ls} rJol F, DE 44 ts, E+lBlq41 6IH EI "Jg q-o=* A+.

35"
w:F.D:lFllDlcos35"
: (70)(100) cos 35" - 5734 N.m : 5734 J I
F
35'
(q{l 8[ flEl F:3i + 4j + 5k-tr +qd Eol "Jxl¤ 4 p(2,1,O)ql^J g(4,6,2) D

e. *ll 6J "Jg +6|q -tzl -l

"l5rlA 4Ef
'

E4 H+lElEl= n: pi: (z,s,zlolEs 4l 12 ql tr}{.J "Je 4g=4 ,Jtr+

lV.: F . D : (3,4,5) . (Z,S,Z|
:6+20+10:36
,JolE tr+l7l- mol.7, Hg zzlg Eglz} r*rolH + "Jg 36 Jol+.
728 118 ulEist
=rJTldl-+

u.3 I g#=xil
1. tr+¤. .E¤ +ql^J golzt il= ae qL a"J7t? 9"lz} 14. i + j4 i + kql E+ +4.J t+lElElE +6I.4.
fl= a+? ¤H6I4. ls. + 4d y - 4- 3x4y : 3x * 2 .tfo1E ql4g +6t+.
(a) (a.b).c (b) (a'b)c 4+4 oI4 4.411 zlzlql^l HigH+ 49 ol*rl-4.
(c) lal(b'c) (d) a'(b+c)
(e) a.b+c (f) lal'(b+c) 16. + *d y : x24 atol9 ql4g
y: *'9 ieq^l + +d
+6l.4. a+E ol4 a4 44ql^l HlgHtJ 49 ol*a}
2-5 a'nE+6I+.
4. (+ +d ^folE 4e. l4q1^J + dd ^l"lel 4ol4.l
2. a: b:(-4,6)
(1.5,0.4),
17-1s trl-s ulElel %16J4+ u3-?'3=3.$qlg +6I+ fitl-.J4*
3. a : (+, t,l), b : (6, -3, -8) tl$ zl7l$ A+d oH Aal xlr-l z-|rE r4*+.)
4.a:2i+1, b:i-j+k 17. (4, 1, 8) 18. 3i -i- 2k

5. lal:7,lbl :4, aelb 49:o"o1c;- 19. (c, c, c) (+, c > 0)

^|olE

6. uzl- EflEEloJ ul] u' vet u ' wE +6t+. 20-22 a slE bE 4rJ4 ^lgr+ ElEl ^I¤g +6I+.
20,a:(-5,12>, b:(4,6)
u v 21, a : {4,7, -4>, b : (3, -1, 1)

22. a:3i- 3j + k, b:2i + 4j - k

w
23. ElEl orthu b : b- proj. bi ulel a4 +^lgg Bq+.
7. (a) : k' i : 0"Jg Bq+.
i' j : j' k tol ulelE b9 4a A[$(orthogonal projection)ol$ q]4.1
(b) i' i : j' j : k' k : 1"Jg trq+.
24" a: (3,0, -l)oJ ull, comp"b:2tl
Eq bE +6I+.
8-10 + 4El ^l-olE 49 +614. (trzl d++ ^l¤- +6J +
2s. EzllE- E (0, 10, 8)ql^l E (6, rz,}A)tl\ 4d+ trI4
* tl* tlnl& 4+ 4E.tr. =^l-^lvJtr+.) +4"J rj F: Bi - 6j + gkzt+.Jg+a.t4.4qE +
8.u:(5, 1), v:\3,2) f]| molI. .Je.l ++lb Nol+.
9. a : (1, -4, 1), b : (0, 2, -Z) 26. *J¤+ b +lql^-l -e.E-tr ¤"l]E +B +l-tr- 40' 4E
=+.
10. u: i-4j + k, v: -3i + j + 5k -tr 30 Ng Cg zl+6}q ¤'1]= 80 m $zlg.4. ol aJ"il
e-lEl ol+qd "Jg +614.
1r. qlldol p(2,0), o(0, 3), R(3,4)"J +4¤9 rll zJ& zl 27. E0lli|\{ flz}xlq 7.lel 0l+6ll^j fl P,(x,, y1)
* zlnl{ rdf 4se r46fi^l +614. ^rJ+ ^}g¤-
ql.Al 4d ax * by t c: onlxlE Ae-lz| !-e-a1 +¤¤
12. +qd 4elEol +4oJzl, ¤4?_lzl, qL 4E otHzlE -H-q4.
a¤4q. lan*by*cl
(a) a:(9,3), b:(-2,6) Jd+b,
(b) a : (4, 5, -2>, b : (3, -1,5)
(c) a: -8i+ 12i +4k, h:6i- 9i - 3k
ol +{g ol$a]l,rJ 4 ?2,3)ql^J 4d :.r - 4y + 5 : 0

(d) a:3i -j + 3k, b:5i+ 9i -Zk ,rl^14 ,lflE +614.

28. d,zll xl4ql,q Hlgfl6li^l ¤+Eillql{ ql4
13. EIEIE ol$oll.! 44dol P(1, -3, -Z), 8(2, 0, -4), ^+E "t4
R(6, -2, -s)'J +4Bol zl4+,+E'Jzl EdaI4.
d4 E E^17-l ^IolE 49 +6I+.
 11.4 el4 729

2e. EllE(cHJq BzF= {^IHillE q{dql +agxt 47H71 30. 4zle-l ^d4(4El E) 2,4, sa +H6l-+.
9Jilal-r. +41+C9l E++lxlz} +lil+ +aE Elq fl+ 31. a.t!-+HtEE +=41 44 trg ol$all.<l q+ n^l-+Hl
eg4e H_c_H AE+ol olf 4"14. + tsdflz}el i(Cauchy-Schwarz) PE{$ +E6I+.
= =
+ +aflzl¤ tsAd+ + dE rl-ol9 4o14. EaJ4ol
E 109.s'oJg trq4. [el=: :1H4 ziol ,t'[fl;]lel ql q lr.blslallul
AEg(1,0,0), (0, 1,0), (0,0, 1), (1, 1, 1)_=. AigE + 32. BU^ltlE HEI BB^IH¤ H4e +s-r+ Aq.
4+ce (+,+,1)"t+.t
la + bl' + Ia - hl' : 2l"l' + Zlbl'

H
(a) ¤flrl-H$ Hzl$ zlot$4sE 611461+.
(b) ¤fl^IE¤ Hzlg +HtlI+.
[e]s: la + bl': (u + b) .(a + b)e+ Lll4E dA 39
ol+6Jtr|.1
v
?tl ulq g *l
^Iolel 4ol4l 4¤¤
33. ag} b Hol+.
.T proj,b . projr a : (a . b) cos20

1 1.4 I sl4

¤ol olH ++q{ EEI a: (at,az,atll b: (b,,br,br)ql 4611 + EElql E

F +zlql Bol ol-H ElEl. +61- ae rl]+ fi+6}tr1-.tr]-¤- E4 tz, t3tlql^J
olfl EEI- +E+.
"lxll rfl6J
EIEIE EIE- 94ol+ Er]- ts4}g CE.}zI.

r + trlE{el sl4
¤ol olH + +0141 EEI a: \or,or,at)4 b: (bt,bz,br)oll 4"I] qol otH El
el c: \rr,rr,csltl ag} b E+9+ f4ol+ 6l-H, a. c:6o11 b .c: 0olr+.
trI+^J ffiol
^dB'J+.
1 aft * a2c2 * a3C3: 0

2 bfit*bzcz*b3e:0

c,E C46l-71 +16l],

^l Eql
b3g +61-r
^l
Eq a:9 #oJ + "JHg rBllH trl-¤.
g Eb+.
3 (orb, - asbt)ct * (azbt - a.sb2)c2: Q
4l Eg * ecz:O Sqle,! zl$+ dlE r, :
pcr e, cz- -poJ{. q{^l 4l tr
E Bil= ++4 +q.
Ct : Azbt - Azbz, Cz : Atbt - Atbt

ol ## ^l
tr4 trql ql"J6lH rl*¤ e-+.
730 118 EElsl.Eil716l--+

Ct:Atbz-azbr
olE ag+ bq E+ +4e HlEl* +g-4 +¤¤ 9olaJ4
lcr, cr, ct} : \orb= - azbz, atbr - atb* atbz - azbtl

ol ElEl= ae+ bel el4ol4 6Iq, zlE a x b-tr- +4U+.

EJl"JEJ 4 qqgl B9.l a: (a1, a2, a3ll, b : (br, b2, \)'J 4l uet b9 $rl(cross product)
sl4g ol"JtlE +:+rloJ 6H"JEB
+ ++q-rJg ulrl.l4.
(Sir William Rowan Hamilton, 1805-
1865)01 l.oJ-Lt Aolq. r= 4fl+el a X h : lazbt - atbz, atbt - arby arbz - azbr)
6l= EElsl Ea= u=Hrl-. 6H"JE=
5Af n|] a|.EJcl, -]alr,q lell 6lqal
ol= gl= + ?Iflz 8¤ ttl1 uaJaol F Eq ae+bel 94 u x b= EEl'J('}]4ol 4zJ4'J ielafxl. o1
HlHql)ql
e[ 0lEJzl0l-ol= +7rx{trt. l0¤ ntloll=
g1g + ?lH
e+ ,J+ ol+E olag {E{fi(vecror produc$ol+r +EzlE ++. a X bb a4
o|.=Jolef tF=a;=q=
Ef. 21goll q=Eloll ?l= EalLlElrH+ h7l-3ilg qqoJ *l"ilEl 4qg+= ag Ed6l-z}.
e] ++^ltroll 6H"JEJ= E=+ E+ "J
olgaJgsl eJaJ EEEl1Sre.e "JBfltrl-. Cel E= ilAl zlqdlzl +16]] qE4E g.¤9 ol$d4. 2it fl=lal(determinant
of order 2)+ trl*4 'Jol C9E+.

a b
:ad-bc
L d

t44dzl4 +61-ol U+.) q= 5H q'q=4 'ZJ+.

2l :2(4)-1(-6):14
-64
3it ilH4l+_zzy 6JE4g ol+6lq ++4 zJol ¤Eg + ?l+
A1 a2 a3
bz
bz
bt
l_,,1 hbt lat
bt bz
5 br
C1 c2
bz

c3
a
c2 c3
t-l c1 cl C1 Cz

^l
trE +E9 4 aJ+ 4g4lE 4 Hall ee-l + a,E: .tr6J6I-I flqq, o,E 4E
el 4E^loll.! a,z| Eqfl- qr+ Eg 4146}l^J ?3 zx1 BH4rl #6Ir- 9l+g
++61-zI E + H4l .Je-l *.el +sE +E6izl-. qlE rig=4 +q.
=H
t2 -1 30
30 I :1 01 -2
j 1
+ (-1)
42 5 2 -54
54 2

: r(0 - 4) - 2(6 + 5) + (-1x12 - o) : -38

¤el EIE 2i| Be4+ 'E+TlzlElEl i, j, kE ols-o 6ll.rJ +^l eE, a : ari * azi
r atke+ h : bti + b2j + bskE elzlg q+r+ rJ"l E¤ g + fl+.
 11.4 sl4 731

aXb: Q2 A3 A1 Orl at az
6 + k
bz bz br Url' br bz

Ee+ EE +^l-dql Hl+"1 E ull, gal ri-o-=y1- ,Jol *4.

^l
ijk
7 aXb: A1 A2 A3

hbzbg

^l
Eql^l 71o-+ EE6J qE^le-l flol u.lelE ol+14 glxl"J, olAg 4l
A Hal]
Eel +4g ol+"ll^J HEq BE+l_"e. ^J461-r dzllrlH ^l E.g e.+. ^l tr
9 zls4tl +{ol o}trl-E. el4g zlflafr.41416l+ ql TltI fl+ rlfl"J Aolq.

(qd I D a: (1, 3,4>, b : (2, 7, -5)E E4g r+q=$ g+

ij k
aXb: l3 4
21 -5
4 4 t3
3

-5
l-
1
i+ 27 k
7 2 -5
:(-1s-28)i-(-s-8)j +(7 - 6) k: -43i + 13j+k r

(lo{l4l 2D %q gflE otiq aoll 4all a x a:0"Jgtrgq

Efl , : ( ar, a2, a3)+ 6IE t+¤¤ g*+.

i j k
aXa: A1 A2 A3

A1 A2 4.3

: (azas - azaz)i - (apz - afi)j * (aoz - aza)k

:0i-0j*0k:0

I el{ol dE
94 a x hE ae+ bql E+ +zlol EIE+ "JEH+. olag e.lzlE 7l-tL +,q6J
¤¤ +E al-4o14. trl-+^J q+ 44ql^J olag +66I.r. q.oJ6l_71 +lE]] dB4
e +Eg xil^lql+.

E gq ulel a x bb a4 boll E+ 4rd+.

a x bzl- ae+ 4E+g _Hol7l +16ll ++r+ zJol 449 4l+'J+.

=B
732 l lg HlElelEZJTlEt+

(axb).a: az al
a lo, o=lo,+lo,
- lb, "'l A3
bz bz lb, b,l b,l

: at(azbt - atbz) - az(aftt - ozbi * as(aftz - azb)

: atazbt - il1b2a3 - arazbt * bfiza.t * arbzat - bfizat
:0
Hlta.}4l 4I4I6IE (a x b) . b : OHg Eg + ftq. trl{^l a x b* asl bql E
5 zln.B4. r

asl bE (rH l.ll^le+ zJol) rldol Ag +.JdEee EB6IE, 44 trlg e-l

4 a x bE a4 bE zlLl- ¤Hql +zltl %FElg tl4tla 9l+g "J+tt. a X b
axb
E oJ,Jg _s=+ Hzlql q+ +q4i+. + sE+9 *zler-g aql^J bzlxl (180"
E+ 4+ r+sE) qd6}. uJ-als-E ++rlE, gxlfz[$ol a x be] u]affi zf
a
0
b { 4rJ+.
! {El a x h9 ,J+g E?I+ 7l6l-qr-zl ¤Eg SC6I7]
olxll
zl= ,JoI la x b lolrf. olAg ++ 44E +"l4ltl-.
+16ll gsdJ +tr1

f.al 1 9.# Haloe a x bol HJ--J

o ol --r-
,A olrl
= = r^-l .

9 Eq 0(0 <0< rr)71ae+ b r}"l9 4ol$ ffiol ^dH*+

laxbl:lullblsin0

E4r+ EElsl ,Jolel CflE+El q-e¤ E=+.

=B
ra x o l'l
?;r ,',!,)',,)*o:,":.;r;':'';r;.:'::,.":;',,',* orur
+ a?bi - \atazbrbz + alb?
= (o? + al + a?)(b? + bl + bl) - (arb, * azbz * a3fu)2

: lal'lnl'- (a'b)'
I"l'lbl'- Iul'lhl'cos'g
= qtt:¤9 a?-tEI"il e.16il)

: Ial'lbl'(1 - coszg)
= lul'lbl2sin2o

xllfi;p q6}r 0 < 0 S noJ ull sin p > golFF .fl1r0-: sin OoltrI. ul+^l tr
Oo OFI l-rl
Er
= T=1---l
.

lrxbl:lullnlsin0 r
 11.4 elE 733

10 rt=Eq ¤ol ol-H + EE ael bz} ^lE BB"lzl +1fl Bs++4a+ +

g4 e+.
aXh:0

¤ol + ol-H ElEl a4 hzl-^]E

B¤olzl +l+ gs.+ts44+- e:0 Ets rr
=B
ol+. qL 4+ol[ sin 0:0014.tr]r+^j x bl :0olEtr a X b:0o1tr]. r
lu

Eq- rTle+ %l-'J"ll E6l] sd6l e4qEE, x h= ol6.Jol s++ H

olzll a a X bol zlafe,fE E¤
zl_o e. EdElr z)olzl
I I I n I sin 0o14, a4 hql EF +4"J EEI;ir
gB +
"
9l+. rtd olaol Hf_+ Er]Exl-7I-a x bE 4961+ +ralol4.
¤E-l Ee] 7l6l.EI4.J 6114.9 f4 2A gEi-H-H g + 3lrl. a4 hE,r.lflol zj
+ +a.JdEs-e -EE6IH, olE=* eE la l, +ol lb lsin 0ol-l. Holzl- q+4 eg
b
B.J^lHBg tr{-Jtrl-.
A:lul(lblsin0) :laxbl a

rg2
trl-4^-l e-lzlE a7l= q+4 ,Jol ¤H6J + 9l+.

9zl a x bel a7J+ ael b-tr 8¤q= ¤B^IHBe] Holel rJ+.

(qlrll 3l) d p(1, 4,6),9(2, s, -1), R(1, -1, 1)g xl+= ¤Eq +zl"J ElEl
^ll
E +6L4

Eql El q pA x p?3. F ,iol ffiq E+ zljz.Itr, trI+^J p, e, RE zl+=

ElEl
¤Hql 4r.++ n.24E c?-l EIE+EI ++4 e'l

fr: ?z _ r)i + (s - 4)j + (-1 - 6)k : -3i + j - ik

^p?: (1 - l)i + (-r - 4)j + (l - 6)k: -sj - 5k
"lE ElEle-l e.l4g +6IH +g=r+ rJ+

---> .-.->
I j k
P8 X PR a
1 I -7
0 -5 -5
( -s - 35)i - (15 - 0)j + (ls - 0)k: -40i - lsj + lsk
4+^l EEI (-40, -1s, ls)= +qd BEql +zlol+. ol EIEIE S"l olU "JelE 4
A+tsI, ql= Eq (-8, -3, 3) Eql EHr+ fzlol4. r
(lo{l4l 4D +}ldol p(t,4,6),9?2,5, -l), R(I,-1, 1) +r+BE Hol= +6}4.
734 llEl EElsl Bil7l6lqi

Eil qlal 3ql^J +q| EIe+ ,J.l fr x r?:

(-40, -1s, ls)olr1. dE rce+PR¤:
ol*61+ H.oe 6t= ¤"g^lHBs-l Hol= 4s-r+ rJol g4 fr x p?q rTle+ ?JL+

lpi"PTl:ffi:s,M
+4¤ pORq H"l a* ol ¤"J^lHBsl l-Jol9 tlol4. +, tjr/Y1"1'4. r
4El tr4 EE E+TlzlEq i, j, kql 4e"6l-I. 0: rlZE "l+6IE
r- tI
l- t.

ix;:L jxk:i kXi:j

jxi:-k kxi:-i ixk:-j

++q +=-6fx}.
ixj#jxi
@ trt+^J sl4* t$Hflol dB6lzl t+-+. E+ rl-Sol ¤B.Jr}.

ix(ixj):ixk:-j
(ixi)xj:0x;:6
@:el= e #ql +"J ABHzIE ft'-4_o + ^dflo.lzl ?*=+. +, "JHl4-og ffi
r+ e+.
(axb)xc*ax(hxc)
rfl+ el4q q"}] sr"lzi.J trll+H4 H tlzltl CBE+. q+ 44- s]zlE C
¤g s"+* 4o14.

tl gl49l ¤E a,b, c7l4rloll ctl t-2374o1fl ffiol ^JB++

1. aXb: -hxa 2. (ca) xb:c(aXb):ax(cb)
3. a X (b + c) : a X b
t aX c 4. (a + n) x c: a X c * b X c
5.a.(bxc):(aXb).c 6.ax(bxc):(a.c)h-(a'b)c

olC¤g ulq= {Ege. +41111 e]zlE {EE ols-"a}fl +EB + ?lq.

{zlrJ* CA s+ +E++.
¤E 5ol a : ( at, az, or), b: lbr br, b), c : {ct cz, cs)olfl ffiol rol
=E
B++.
12 a . (b X c) : aibzh - ll.cz) * az(btct - hc:) * a{brcz - bzc)
: a1b2c3 - arb{z * azbtct - azbrca * a3b1cz - atbzcr
: (azbs - atbz)cr + (afir - atbt)c, + (arb, - azbr)cz
:(axh)'c
 11.4 elE 735

r tr=4
C¤ SE * a.(b x c)E dlEl n, b, cel .tffel tr$4(scatar rriple product)ol=|
il+ al EIe+El ArJ+ ++49 6JE4g olg-all.! +g=4 Aol + + glg-"ll
+E6}xf.

A1 a2 a3

E a.(bXc): br bz bt
Ct cz c3

LvJ+ ++4 4 tl6l-+4 9"1ts Blrl a, b, cE A¤El= ¤4+HillE

^J46I bxc
E "Jf ?l4t:zB 3 +4).¤6}^l-H¤ql gEE H"IEA: lb X clol'l-. 0Ea
s+ b x c rl-ol9 z-lol+ 6rE E4+8419 Hol}. h: lallcos 0lol{(0 > nlz
,l 0

ql 4+qlts cos 6 44lql lcos g l= ol+"}]o| fl+). tr|+^l ¤"JqE4lE +El-

t
++4 ?Jq. b

3
V: Ah: lb x .llallcos 0l : la'(n x *) I (n.3eet d4 Eqt E61)
=aJ

olE+El q+ +4lol +Hg+.

14 Elrl a, b, cE Adq= Bq+EillE +vl= +gl} zJol olEel +

^rJ+
+4fl =7lol+.
Y: la.(b v *)l

+E Eql fl- +4g oJ+6I_r n, b, cE acEl- B"J+Eille.l B4zt ool

E, oI EEIE3 E"J BE "Jql ts4oF oJ+. +, ol ElElEg t"J BHql fl+
(q{l 5D 5rJel ar+zlg ol+Bll^J ulfl a: (1, 4, -7>, h : (2, -r,4>, c _ (0, _9, 18)
ol ,J+ ¤Hql 9t# Eq4.

Eq ^l Eg ol$aN.! olEel LvJ+ +L+4-g 4lC6lE +gr+ ++.

t4 -1
a (b X c 2 -1 4
0-9 l8

:1 -l 4 24 2 -l
-9 18
-4 018 l
0-9
: l(18) - 4(36) - 7(- t8) : 0

rflo-s +H E"ll "t+ a, b, c.E- tr{q} E$+EAlel +E= 0ol+. ol4* a, b,

czl-Eg BHql fl¤+ 9"1d4. I
d¤ 0E # a x (b x c)E a, b, c9 HlEl EE4(vecror triple product)ol4 +
736 119 HlEle[
=il716t+

4. ol CeC n*4 rllEBlel qC+E zlllH4g +E6l= ql ^F&g 4ol+.

r#: EldH
T el4e] 4l'dg Etltrlql^l zl-+ +4+tr1. +61 +lilulEl rE #ol4l dql^l ,Jalql
4eodlt E F= ^J4611 Ezkql$ Eq rH +e+ rJol fllzlql E9 zl-ull EEE a
"J+E ald a45 E=trt). (gd.il 4+) ElE+(torque) ri q=q-r+
zJol glxlul
Ele+ EEEIE el4sE 4E++.
0
F
t:rXF
fH4
rn-lI ol E* +ldg #d o -+ EillE qdal= CE= +4U+. sldqEElel
qd+g +4utr1. 4?-l Eql qsH sldqEqE
\t'-6Jg =71=
071-+lxlqEle+
EEE] alol9 4.J 'il q+4 ?JLI.

l"l:lrxFl:ltllFlsin0
sldg +g^l7l= Fsl +'Jf, C++ rgl fzlql C+, + lF I sin 0 oJql aq-6pa1
r4dqel
=71=
r4 FE ¤{El= EB^IEBE Hole+ ,Jtrt.

(q4! 6l) :zH 5e+ rJol z)apl0.25 moJ flilql 40Nel H9 zlal] EEE aoJ4.

75"
BEE +dql 4+ qdE9 azlE +61-4

0.25 m
40N Eq qdqqEl9 =zlb tr|e=4 rJtrl-

lr x FI: l.llFlsinJSo: (0.25X40)sin75o

lrl:
: 10 sin 75o - 9.66 N.m
EETI. s= +^l-olH, EldqEq Tlxll= q+rl rJ+.
-lal
JE
E
t,

r:ltln-9.66n
n* tolEsE Eqzl= %r-6Jq ++lulq"lq. r

1 1.4 | E+=ril
r-q g4 a x bE +EI+, ol4,ol a, boll E+ +zl'Jg Eq s-6 "JE^lol otH E49 ^deg ol+6ll^j EIEIE +614.

+. 5. (ix j) xr 6. (j -k) x (k-i)

l. a: (2,3,0), b : (1,0,5)
z. rl-* 4l -EBol 9"lzl ?iExl Ele+. 9olzt S.4E "lf.
2.a:2:-4k, h:-i+3j+k
E ¤86.[r, 9olz] 9ltrtE EE.J"Jzl g-dt+.
3. a:li+ l; +}k, b:i + 2i - 3k
(a)a.(bxc)
^zJ4q]xl
(b) ax(b.c)
4. a : (t3,t2,t), b : (r, Zt,3t| (c) a x (b x c) (d) a.(b.c)
 1 14 sl4 737

(e) (a .b) x (c*d) (f) (a x b) . (c x d) +614.

=
B. lo x,l= +6Ir u x vel HJ'rlol ¤ol$g_+ EqzlEzl
t"lE o _++El Lle=xl Ec6i+. 60N
70'

lul: +
l0'
lrl:3 t
P
150"

21. 30 cmelfl;l7l- oJE y+¤ ul{ +q flsq gdql 9I=

9. a : <2, -1,3), b: (4, 2, l)oJ 4l a x h9l h x aE +6I+.
EEE 4r. 9l+. fllilE Eql^l (0, 3, -4)'JoJ"E Hol
10. (3, 2, t>+ (-1, l, 0)oll E+ 4l.al+ F zll9 ++lEEl zl+g trl EEql 100 N.*9 ::ldqg dE.dlrl +16ll g
E +6I+. -stl Elel rzlE +a1-+
11. %e] gEE 4rl aoll ql6ll 0 X a:0:a x OoJ¤trq4. 22. a. b : .,6oll a X h : (1, 2, z)"J$ ae} n,r.|olel zr
12-13 c4 rrTlE e-lzie.l +4 da¤. +E6l+. 9 zzlE +6I+.
12.C8 1:axb:-bXa 23. E0ll^1 .Ul/lrle! flel A P= E 0e+ Rg xlLI= zld r 91

13. dA 3:a X (b + c) : a X h * a X c 9l tlzl t*4_2. atxt.

(a) E Pql^J 44 LttyzlE ,14 dtl trts=r+ ,J*3 eq
t4. +1l4ol A(-3,0), B(-1,3), C(5, 2), D(3, -1).J ¤4^I 4. ¤zlrJ u : doJl h : O?o14"
EEe] -JolE +61+. d: la x bl
lul
1s-16 (a) d P, Q,, RE zl+E ¤Eql z116.l-= Ool olH ulrl
E +6}z, (b) /S4B POR4 HolE +61+. (b) (a)9 4¤ olsall^l 4 p(1, l, l)ql^J 0(0,6,8)!t
R(-1, 4,7)+ zl+= 4/$t4t1 zl?]= +6I+.
15. P(3, 1, 1), O(5, 2,4), R(9, 5, 3)

16. P(l, -2, 0), 8(3, 1,3), rt(4, -4, 2)

2+. la x b l' : l" l'lb l' - (a - b)'9 +Eo.I+.
25. (a - b) x (a + b) : 2(a x b)E +H6I+.
17. UlEl a : (1, 2, 3>, b : (- l, l, 2), c: 12, 1, 4)_tr tr48] 26. a x (b x c) + b x (c x a) + c x (a x b):09 -H-q
¤B+Ei]el +q= +6t+. +
=
19. p(-2, l, 0), g(2,3,2), ft(I, 4, -l),,s(3, 6, tig rll a x (b X c) : (a. c)b - (a. b)cE ol+qtq.]
"l* [e.!-=.:
6l+ Hol pO, pR, psoJ ¤$+H4lsi +ElE +6I+. 27.a#0oJtrll
^lJ
19. ++49 ol_gaN,<J uleJ u: i + sj _ 2k, v:3i _ (a) a'b : a'colfl b: ctlzl-?
j,^rJq
w: 5i + 9j - 4ktl E"J BEql flgg -H-q+. (b) a x h : a x colfl n: coJzl?
(c) a. b: a. coJI a X b: a X colfl h: c?Izt?
20, rHql^Je+ zJol zld4q slBg CsE H.=+.
60NsJ
qlgq +q l8 cmp q, pql
'}]+ trldq 4 ztl
7Jol7I
738 llEl slElel*,J7l6l-ql

11.s I 4fl "J BEsl 'JE+l

r4d
ry¤H.il^l 4dg zldsl * dr+ 4CE oJ.;\zlgzl EE 4rlzJ)ol +qzlH ¤
CE+. "l 4+ zlCel ,J4{e fl-t!&tl$g ol$a]|.! + + lltrl
z
n[4!z[z]E zld rs-l + E Ps(xs, ]o,zo)4- ¤46]41 zldql ¤q+ ulel v.ll 9
Po(.r0, yo, zo)
ql a¤4- rg BlE-Jg "JE 3il-+l +rJql^J 4d rol ¤cgr}. p(x, y, z)E 19
I a
P(x, y, z)
ge-le-l doll, ro4 rE tJzJ po+pE +lilulEl(+, ro4.= d4 o-F* +E}u
L
r q)n+ 6l-x}. rB lql^-le+ z;o1 azf p?.E EEq= ElEl+ .}H, B]EIE 6Jql +

o v
+ +14¤ HzlsE+rJ r: ro * ag g=trt. rflql ae| vz| ¤4e dlelol=e
a : tv3 qI+6I- L?J+ r7L ez]]a.J+. ,rl4^l rE 4E{HJflAl(vector equation)$
x
v +s-rl +q.
ral 1

1 f:fo+fv

uHzllE*$arameter) 4c r +lel 4ql 4+ +lilEEl rz[ z$o1{4.

/E {lql q-+
/:0 r>0 +^l "J6I4. ny Ee.ql 44 EEI rel +4q zliltl4dg rfl+. f"H 2011.^le+
r<0 L ,Jol 19 "J+#ql= po9 d+ql fl- rE dol ql+ElzloJ, rE ++{tqlt POE
+E ++q il= rq Eol 4+g+.
4d rel ,Jolg 46ll += {el vE C+g ol+aflil y : (a, b, r)4 zJol 48,
.{
tv: \ta, tb, tclolr4. E+ r: (x, y, zl9i.. ro: (.rs, 1,0, zo)E + + gloFg EEI
v
%r-4^l tre +++ ?Jr+.
-ral ,
:
1aL

{x,y, zl (ro + ta,yo + tb, zx * tc)

+ ulQtl zltl 91,* $g++aAe 4s"6l-ts CE=ol EoI"F ++- 4"14. -z

elFtr / E R.J trI q+4 rJ* /l! tz;tl%r-C^lg g=q.
^ll
x:xo* at, J,:),o + bt, z:zs* ct

ol$ HJ{{g d Ps(xs, )0, zo) xl+I., ulel , : ¤¤'J zld 19 utlzfi
(a, b, c)oll

H+U¤^l(parametric equation)ole+ +t+. "llzllHf tq 7+ #ql q+ tE d (x, y, z)

,| E4g+.

2 d (xn, 1'0, zo)E xl4l "Jt.JEEI {o, b, r)e} Bfl"J 4de-l {iHH+H}{^lg
++r+ +El.
x:xo* at, ):)7o + bt, z: zs* ct
 11.5 EIE ";'JEel ,Jtr^l 739

(q4t 1l) ral 3g qlll lsl 4ld r= Hq +q, +

(a) d (s, r, 3)g zl+_r. ElEl i - clTl trrl-: a.ldq ,Jd= rll^ldk
4: - 2koll *q"J 4dq ElEl%r-c^lr]. 'llzllEf+r g s4l= Eq Tr ?t+.
EE1

4^-19 +61+
(b) 4d +lel += + Eg +61+. Z

L
Eq
ro
(a) ro: (5, l, 3):5i + j + 3kolr v: i + 4j - 2koJtr,E, EE]%I44 +¤. (s' 1' 3)

4 e+. v:i+ 4i-2k v

r: (5i + j + 3k) + r(i + 4j - 2k) x

+ r:(5 +r)i+ (t +4/)j + (3 -2r)k

-rel
JE
e
g +q= r+ rJ+
Llt
,ll z]| H#oJd 4l

x:5*t, y:l+4t, z:3-Zt

(b) oll4lH+E Alg /: l-E dqal{ x:6, y:5, z: lol=-E (6, 5, 1)g. 4d +le-l

d"14. r|gzlzfE t: -rol$ E (4, -3, s)E ts=+. r

zldq Elq"Jdal4 ,HzHH#rJCalol +g=J 4* oI,Jq. d"l4 qlzHHf
. HI+4+ EBrt +E EIE1E dq6LE
'JC4le g4+t+. elE Eq qlzil 1ql
(s, l, 3) ql+lql E (6, s,1)g dq6lH zldg ,Hzl]H+%r-4^lg ++4 +Ll.
^J
x:6*t, y:5 +4t, z:L-2t
E= E (s, 1, 3)g r4E +:r, ¤fltl Eq 2i + 8j - 4k= dq+H, Ilr-4^lg
++4 +q.
x:5+2t, y:1+8r, z:3-4t
oJ*4 -" + zld rel "J.Jg E^l_l+ ql Eq y : \a, b, ,lz olso 6FH, # a, b,
cE L9 EB"J gelel EElzl-^l-+¤ + gl
EJ:d#(direction number)4 ++. vgl
o -tr- a, b, cll HJqlq+ +E rel ""l=J+-E ol+g + gl+
^ll
4d rg ¤Hdl+ E qe %r-Bg 4l E.ll^J "llzllHf tE 146I= Aoltrl. a,
b, c * qL AE OoJ oLqH, 7+ %l4^l$- roll g.a11 + + glo-t:E :z {ffi g
4l +sH tl* 419 e=+.
. x-xo Y-Vo L, _ LI),-
L- 7 L-
'
a-
a b C

3
abc
ol oJ{{g tel EflflHJ¤Al(symmetric equarion)ol4 +rI. 4l Efl BEql +q+
f a, b, c7l tel ,J6J+, + L+ BEJ"J EEIE ^d$gql +E6Izl.o, b, c 69 "l
! al-ufzf 0.J 4+qlE E,r.l rE a4.J + ?t'l-. qlE EE a: OolE rE ,J4^l
74O 118 EEJel"trJ7l6l.trl

c +94 ?Jq.

!-lo z-zo
X: XO
b C

olAg tol +zl$H ,: xo *oll +q fl*¤ 9"laJ.J.

(qIil 2l)
ral tll ol alCol
4E qlfil 2E EIC -,ry
(a) d A(2,4, -3)r+ B(3, -r, 1)g zl+= zlCE {zflHf%r{^lr+ q4*4419 +
EErt ULlts E P= {r[{l o,{rl. 6I+
7 (b) ol 4dg qL d"ll^l ry¤Hr+ q}4:-zl-?

B
1

EI
4d4 Eqe ulrlzlr BIE +q4 glzl= ?*xl"J a?e. g.¤q= ulrl vE zldql
.!-
4 (a)
x P .v
B4"lz q-s=4 ?JLI.
- 2,-l - 4, 1 - (-3)) : (1,-5,4>
v : (3

A trt+^l %l-6J+= il: t, b: -5, c:4014.4 (2,4,-3)g Poo-t +8, ,l]zl]Hf%r

ral 4
4^l trE +g-+ ?JE+.

x:2*t, y:4-5t, z:-3*4t

x-2 y-4 z*3

1-54
(b) : 0"J ql 4d* rryBflr+ Elt+. ,l|zllfl#+r4^lss+4 z: -3 + 4t: a, fi
e

t:lg ts=rl. rrl4^l x: z + ?: *oll y: 4 - s(i) : Iole-E zld"l rry¤E

4 EI+= d+ (+,1, o)ol'I.
+= HJE o.+ qlA%'-C4lg1r.1 e: 0ol4 EreH ++¤ E=trI.
x_ 2 y-4 3
1
-54
ols+q x: +, ! : ig g=+.

"J+4gE qlall 2e+ rJ"l d zl+= zld re] "3

p6(xs, l,o,zo)rl- P1(xp )r, zr)9
a6+- x1 - xs, 1lr - 1l0, z1 - zsol4. trIu}^l tel 44'JC{g r+s=$ +q.

X-xo )-)o z-Zo

Xt-Xa )r-)o Zr-Zo

++ +q= zlC dillTl-ol-U z "J+E"J d+ql 4+ ¤Hol $ealr[. qlE

Eq qlxll zel d+ ABE qBrll ¤HB f tlgz}? qlxll 2(a)9 "1]z]]Hf%rc^1"il
r: 0¤. 4"J6|E 4 (2,4, -3)g EI r - 1¤- ql"J6l-H d (3, -1, l)g gE-+. trt
4rJ dE AB+ r+s=$ AC,l]rll{+H}4^lsE ¤E¤+.
 I !.J E
11 tr_l E{tr{ol Htxl^l 74'.1
^l/\l
-U
t OU-l ()O-

x:2+t, y:4-5t, z:-3+4t, 0<tSl

EE EEIBI-d^lq elE]] ++4 zgol E¤g+.
r(r): {2+ t,4- 5t,-3 + 4tl, 0 <t<l
gHlzlgs lTlE+El EEI ro9 fr:flg xl*l %r-uJol ulrl v"J zldE EEI
^l
%l'441+ r : r0 + rvgg g + fltrt. 4dol ulrl r,9 +EE zl+E v - rl - r0
g qE + 9lI, tr|+^J zlde.l EEIBr-C4lg q-q,=4 +q.
r: ro + r(r1 - ro) : (1 - r)rs * rr1

roollrl r,t\zl olg d$g oJ|zJ]Hf ++ 0 11 < 1E +{Tl+

4 rrollal r,nlzl olg d+g .l+ EqILI¤4ss +qd+

r(t):(1 -t)ro*rrr, 0 <r< I

qlrll 3sl 4ld r,4 rr= lal 5e.l #ol Al

e I?.! +l^lsl 4ld0ltl-.
Lf. x:l*t, y:-2+3t, z:4-t
Lz: x:2s, y:3*sn z--3*4s Z

+ + 4dg "J4xlr g7 ¤86}zlE *

5
Lt+ L2+.<Je- lilp! +{ile-l Eld(skew line), L7

zld(,J* BH"il glxl g+=)gg trq4.

=
Efl + zldql ql+6}= %|6JElq <r,3, -1)+ <2, 1,4)zf BEflElzl ?*zl tr{Eql 4d 5
5
l0
Eg ¤qol olq+. (rEg aJEol Hl46l-;(l g+++) Lt+ Lzq idol glsfl, r4 s "{
v

9 <tol +xll6[^l ++g uJSollo| 6J+

-5
I + t:2s
-rel
JE
tr
-2+3r:3+s
\|/I

4- t:-3*4s
r+l+ a+ + %F44g EE r : *n+, : gE gril q=41, ol {}E+ c*il ll}c4lg
"J+6Ixl t+=+. trl+^l ^ll %r-c4lg El+61+ ret sg Atg #{6lzl ?+i.+. rflE
E L,r+ rr- "J+zl t+ts-+. -f.elF-E_ L,4 LrY.<lE laoJ +lilE zld"l4. r
I BE!
+rJql fl= zld+ dJ} HJ6#s_tr tr4EtrI 6ILJ+E, ++q il- ¤E* ¤H6I
zlzl 4fi rJ 6J5+. *lEql ¤qoJ + 4qE ¤Eel 'HJo#g ++47lql- E+
+6I+ rEl+'BHql +zl"J ElEl= BEel lLr-,'}.g +E6I4l +E}U+. trl+^J +
tq^J ¤Ee- ¤H.Jel 6J E Ps(xs, !0, zi4 ol TlH.il +4e Eq noE ¤C
¤+ ol"ll +zl"J EEI ng BEE ElClflEl(normal vecror){ ++.p(x, y, e)E
742 118 Eqq
=,J7l6l-qr

z
BH "JE "JelE dol46ltr, ro4rEPr4Pel +lzlEEl+.1-8, ulfl r - ro9
n
pTe -EEg+( a4 6 +3). HdElq n9 +"141 *H .JE -tr- Elrl"ll fzlol
P(x, v, zl + .61 n* r - ro4 fz1oltr-E +¤¤ g.+
r-
tr n'(r-ro):0
ro

r
)0, zo)
ol4g +*^!+ zJ"l r4 + + 9l+.
y

:19 6 6 n.r:Il .f0

"J4^l E s- Eg BElsl EtE{gE*l(vector equation of the plane)ol+ ++.

¤Hfl "-rJ+o}dal$ Ezl $lall ,r : \a, b, cl, r : (r, y, zl, ro: (ro, !o,zol
+ 6IE, ElElBlC^l trl= q-q-q +q.
\o, b, cl' $- rro,I - )0, z - z6l : g

ol qtr-C^lE 4lEg d4lal-¤ ++g e=+.

zs)g zl+r, HdElr]zf n

7 Ps(x6, v0, : la, b,r)tl ¤EE ^,JalHJEal(scalar
equation of the plane)$ +++ *c+.

a(x- ro) * b{y - yo) + c(z- ro):0

(qlIll 4l) d (2,4, -l)¤- 4+r Hd49zl- n: <2,3,4)"J BHE %r-C4l¤. +6t+.
¤¤g +6tr. rqsE rej+.
Eil Eql,<l a:2,b:3,c:4,r0:2,!o:4,20:-7"1++gE, ¤EE rJ¤
^l
4e q+4 +q.
- 2) + 3(y - 4) + 4(z + 1) :
(0,0, 3)
2(x 0
I

)- + 2x*3Y+42:12
4,0)

(6,0, v rE¤g +61-71 +l"ll ol "J4^l9l y: e: OolEl --98 x:6* B=+. uf4lzl-xl_tr y
¤¤e 4, e¤S* 3olq. old o-e xllrgtst+ql il= ¤Ee.l "J++g rg + 9I+
aEJ 7 (fB 7 +4\ r
q1z1l +oll,rl4 ,Jol 4l Ee-l 6Jg +sH ¤EE B}4^lg q-q=rl Bol r4 #
+ et+

8 ax*by+cz*d:0

¤zlrl d: -(axo + byo + czs)olif. 4l E9 ,, ),, roll +'* dBUE+.1(linear

 11.5 4lc "; EEq gr.8^l 743

equation)ol+ ++. qgE a, b, c7l E+ 0e olg trll, d,B"J44l E}g BdEEI

tl @, b,'loJ ¤Hg ++dtrHfl#E{l 4? *4).

llqfl 5 l) E P(1, 3, z), O(i, -1, 6), R(s,2,0)g zl+= ¤Es.l %}C4g +61-+. ral 83 Ar4E P?RE Ez-Urt"J qlfl s

----->
sl BEel g+Eolrl.
Eil rcs+ rn"ll Eil+51= ulel a4 b= ++4 ,J:-+.

a : (2, -4, 4>, b : (4, -1, -2> 8G, -1,6)

aelhzf E+ qlH qlql +q iloFtr- gzl a x bE ¤Eql fzlolq HculqE d P(|,3.7)

qtr + ?l+
jk y

n:aXb: t; -44 : IZi + 20j + l4k -f,

R(s,2,0)
t; -1 -2
.19 8
d P(1, 3,2)e+ H{EEI nS ,*E ¤HE BJ6^le q+4 ?J:u'+.

t}(x - l) + 20(y - 3) + t4(z - 2) : 0

r-
rl-
6x* 10y+72:50

{lo{l4l 6 |) ,11z11g+%}dal x: z + 3t, y: -4t, z: 5 + /-tr +q4 4dol ¤H +x +

5y - 2z: lsr} ++= dg +o-l-+.
EOI 4fll$+rJ{4lglrl x, y, z= ¤Eg %'-¤^lql qloJ6IE q+g E=+.
4(2 + 3r) + 5(-4t) - 2(5 + r) : 18

t : -ZH trll :
^JrJ+. :-effl x Z + 3(-Z)
: -4, y : -4(-Z) : g, z: 5 - 2 : 3ol
IrE f,d+ (-4, 8, 3)ol+. r

Eddlelzl BBg .ll t BE* B.J(parauel)ol+. ql= ¤E x + zy - 3z

=q
:49+2x * 4y - 6z:32 r HdEeJzI n, (1, 2, -3>, 12: (2,4, -6)oJI. n,
-
: zrlrolF-tr_ ¤4ol+. + ¤Eol ¤6JoI olqH + zldql^] Hl+r, + ¤H
^Iol
E 4e H{EEI ^l-olel {49e del$trHrfl ee.l tl e **).
-ttl O

(q4t 7l)
(a) ¤E x + ! * z: 1I+ x - 2y + 3z: 1 .tl-oJE 49 +EI+
(b) ol + ¤EE jld re-l qlarJ44lg +61-+.

Eq
(a) F ¤$fl HdEElTl- +94 ?JEI.

nr : (1, 1, 1) , n2 : <1, -2,31

744 118 EE1sl"Bil7l6l+

reJ 103 qlEl 7sl BE="1 ol=e.l r.c E+ BE ?+g 0+ 6LH, 11.34e1 4E¤;-l trls-E+El r-l+g E=tr}.
^lolsl
r= LlElL.-lrl.
^ nr 'Ilz r(r) + t(-2) + r(3) 2
COSo:-:
x*y*z:1 x-2Y*32:l ln' lln, I l+1+l l+4+9 ,@

6
4
2
g: cos-l
h) * -7ao

Z 0
(b) HzJ r + d¤. +6lz}. ql= Ets + ¤Eq %I4^lql^J z: 0ol4 F*ge.nl
+lE
-2 zlCol ;ryBflq "J+= Eg +g + ilrl. olE+El ,J{^l x + y: 14 x - 2y: 19
-4 gtr, : ,ill= x : t, y: 0014. trI+^J d (1, 0, 0)+ t +lql 3i+.
-2 -2
0
2 2
0
r olxll rol + BEql gl.o _=_+ , L+ + HcEqql E+ +zlol+. trlr+^J r +lql ¤q
v

ral "J {El vts

rl* el44 ?Jr+.
10

j k
Y:IItXnz: I I 1 :5i-2i-3k
I -2 J

r.C= +61= !E trlE 'JE= El E+= o|| tr14^] re] qlA%r-¤^lg tl+4 A+.
THEt+ SrfE]|^l Llolrl + E+0ll tll*d
-1
EEe_l ,JE^l= += Aol+.
7
v
5-2-3
NorE n,), zoll +6J dE,lJC^lg ¤Eg 4442, B4alzl ?+g + ¤Hg + 4
2
dql^l trJ+E-tr, + dB%r-44g + zld+ +4'J + 9I+. a,x * bil * c,z *d,:0
L

zo
I
4o*+ bil t crz* dz:0gE+"J+6F= d (x,y, e)= oJ + ¤Hql fl+.tr}+^J
t2 + 6FE CEILrA4g ¤ts(¤flolxl ?+g 4+)el ndg +4U+- qE Ets ql4l 7
I
ql^l 4d z+ ¤H x + t-r z: lr+ x - 2y + 3z: lel l.$o]4. "l"l +oJ rsl qla
-2
-l 0 0-x -2 %'-4^le. q-q=r+ rJol 4rl 6J %l-E dBr}4^l_o_+ + + 9l+.
v lZ
x-l y y z
ral 11
5-2-2-3
rzJ I lE qlrll 7q EIC r= 4EUE4 olA+ rol + BH (x - r)15 : yl?z)el yl?z) : zl?3)4 ndg¤. elulaJrfi:2fl
o_e+El Eolrl= EE=E -ndoP ,g4
11 +4).
--J + ?,lg= Eq
"JHlzlse {dE ,J{^lg q-q=n+ ,Jg 'IAe + +{tll$
=q. o

x-xo :- l-lo LLO

abc
r zldg trhs-r+ ,Jg + ¤Ee.l nd o-e.
^J4B + 1l+.
x-)co )-Jo I-)o z-zo
a b b C

r 4al
{ P,(x1, }r, er)oll^J ¤H a.r + by * czt d:OtttlE ,lel D"ll +6J {g+6}71
+l6l-q P6(xs, ys, zg)¤. +q41 ¤H +le-l "JEel d"lr* 6}-r. b= 4+6.l+
";i"il
 11.5 4]d .; EEsl 'JE^l 745

EEl+ 6IE +¤.4 zJol ¤ + ?l+. PL

b : (r, - ro,)r - lo,zr - ,ol

rH ¤Hzfzl9 44 n= HCEEI 1: \a,b,rl fls bE lrJ+
12oll^l p,ql^J

^l-Bel
¤*{}+ ,J+g "J + 9l o .r,E(l1.3¤ +E) q-gg E=+.

D:lco*pnbl:4+ rEJ 12

lnl
la(xr - *o) + b(yr - l,o) t c(21- ,o) I

a2+b2*c2
(axt * by, + crr) - (axo + bys * czs)
a2+b2*cz
pool BE +loll glo =-=. r 4lIL- ¤Eq ,Jc4l¤. "J+6E, qEl^l ffio* byo*
czn * d : 0¤. E=+. :aH u-a Dql ++ r+*r+ ,Jol ¤ + gl+.
^l*
9 E P,(x,, )r, zr)91^J ¤E o, + by * cz* d:\ttzl 4?-l= ++4 eq.

D_ a\*byr+cz1*d

(qd! 8l) ¤Be + ¤E to, +2y-zz:5*5x*y - z- I ,l4E+6In+.

^l-olE
EU B4 + ¤Eq HdEq (10, 2, -2>e+ (s, l, -l)ol BBoloe + {lEg ¤q"J
g .J + 9l+. + EE 4rl DE +6171 +16l] tL ¤EE gqE dg Cq6Ir
^l-olE
oI dql^l +E SHzlxl9 4"-l= +o.|E ¤trI.=q A,4l BHsl %'-C^lql^l y: z:0
ol4 +E 10x: 5E e1 ++^J (1,0,0)e- ol ¤Hq + Eol+. 41 E.il E6fl d
(1, O, 0)+ ¤H 5x * y - z - 1 : 0 rl4= r+q=r+ A+.
^l-olel

D _ ls(l) + rtol - rtol- rl _ ', -Jj

+ 12 + (-l), 366
r++^J + BE ^Iolel 44= ,/-t/o"l'+

(q!rl| 9l) ql4l 3ql^J 4d r,4 Lrtl .+le_ r["J +lilE 4.ld"J¤. EH.+.
I
I
Li x:l*t, y:-2+3t, z:4-t
Lzt x:2s, y:3*s, z:-3+4s
ol!1 ,r.|olE ,lqE +6I+.
Efll + zl:J r,4 L.TY \tr lzoJ +lzl9 4dolqE olEg Bq.J + ¤H p,4 pz fal 13 qlll qqlrlgl ,JP
^lE
noJ
ql gl+-il E + 9I+.r,r+r, rple_1 44= qlxll Bolrl 4l+l* d4 rJol p,l r, ty +lilg 4de -d8 r,+xt gP) EB-d
EEoil ?]tr|,
746 119 trlElel.=il7161.tr1

olE 4tle+A+.+ ¤Efl +E.J HdEElEvr:(1,3, -l) (tr9 rJr$r+ yz:\2,

1, 4> (L24 ELL6J)ql E+ zlrdllot"J oJ+. tr|+^J HdElEl= rl-g-4 +Ll

ij k
Il:YrXYz: 13 -1 :13i-6j-5k
2l 4

rrel ,J{^lollr-J s - 09 + +gH LrA 4 (0, 3, -3)g BI., q+^J Pr9 *C{g +
*4 e+.
l3(x - 0) - 6(y - 3) - 5(z +3) :0 E= l3x - 6y - 5z -t 3 :0

olxll I,9 /:OoE +sH, P,9 d (r, -2,4)E g=+. trI+^J Lt+ Lz
%l-4^lql^]
r}"l9 z]4= (r, -2,4)ql^l 13x * 6y - 5z * 3:Ozlxle1 44e+ +q. Eql el
^l
611 4?-lE. +q=4 +L+.

D_ lr:1ry -6(-2) -s(4)+31 :+-0.53

132 + -6)',+ (-5)', \/z3o

lr.slE*eq
1. R3ql^J q+- HzllTl &.Jzl 4}l"Jzl +8617+. 6. E (-6, 2,3)g zlLtr. 4d l, :ly: e + loll BfloJ
(a) t
zlCql ¤4.J + 4Ce B4ol4. xl,dl
-1 L-l
(b) 6J zldql +zl"J + zldg s"J"ltrt.
(c) t ¤Bql ¤qe + ¤tr+ ¤4o14. 7. (-4, -6, l)4 (-2,0, -3)g zl+= 4cg d (10, 18,4)
(d) 6J +Eql +4'J + ¤He B4ol4. s+ (s, 3, l4)E. zlLI= zldr+ B4elzi?
(e) oJ BEql SBfl + 4dg ¤flo14.
8. (a) d (1, -s, 6)¤. xl+.r. 4El (-1, 2, -3)ql ¤fl.J 4d
(f) 6J BEql +zl"J + zlde sflol+.
el qla%r-4419 +8I4.
G) t 4dql Bqe + qlE+ ¤4o14. (b) (a)olJ,tl irt zldol 4+E¤Hr+ "J+= Ag s+ +
(h) + 4dql +zl"J + ¤Hg B4ol4. 6t+.
(i) + ¤E+ "J+4Lt ¤flo14.
e. d (6, -1, g)ql^J (7,6,O)zlxl ol+ d+e-l ElEl%l-441¤-
U) + {d+ EiLl4Ll Eflol4.
(k) ¤Bl} 4de "J44+ ¤4o14. +614.
zld r,r} rrzt sfl"Jzl rzq gl=xl, E= Ei+=
1O-r1 trl=s
z-r 4* zldE 4qoJC^14 "HzllE#%I4^lg +61+.
z.l= +8614. EI+: {+ql= f Edg +6i4.
2. 4(-1, 8, 7)= (+,l,ilq ¤ee 4t
zl+r EEI
10. Ir: x:3+2t, y:4-t, z:11'3t
3. E {5,7, l)g zlL}r. ¤H :, - 2y + e : 8e} +4.J zlC
Lzi x: 1 *4s, y:3-Zs, z:4*5s
4-o r1=o- zldq ,l]z]lHf"J¤^lr+ qla%'-4419 +Efr+ 11. Lt
x-2 y-3 z-l
I -2 -3
+. fld4 ¤ (8, -1, 3)g xlq= zld x-3 v+4 z-Z
L -1
5. e (12, 9, -3)4 ?'1,9, l1)¤- zlLI= 4ld 3 -7
 11
. a.J
tr tr_l ll{tr{ol
OU-l
Hl-x.l^l
OO- 747
^l/\l
-u -

12-20 +g ¤Hel ,J{^lg +6I+. 3r. d (1, 0, -2)e+ (3,4,O)oE+El +* AE-lql ilE d d
12. 4 (3,2, l)g xl+_r. BdulqTl si + 4j + 6koJ BH xlle o1-7qd ¤EE ,Jd{g +a}E.

13. d (5,-2,4)E zlLlr. Eq -i + 2j + 3kql +zle BH 32. xpgol ,, yEEol a, eE¤ol c.J $HE ILI-4^lg +614.

zl+r zfrJ + 3 z - | til+ 33. d (0, 1, ¤8, * y * z:24 Sqo.lq, 4d

2)E xl+a.
14. E (1, 3, -1)g. 4t:-y: x: I + t,y - I - t,z:Zt z: Zfq] +Zl.J z]d9 rHz.;]
zlol
--'l L.: rdd
o r-l ' H+HJd^lg +6I+.
15. d (2.1, 1.7, -0.9)E xl+r ¤E Z, - y * 3z: lql ¤4 trl+ ql BEql^l ¤q?l Ag qL
34. d"JzI? oJxl6F= Ag
'J BE qL a"J7t?
16. H (0, l, l), (1, 0, 1), (1, 1, 0)g zl+E ¤H Pi 3x + 6y - 3z:6, Pzi 4x- 12y + 8z:5
17. ¤ (2, 1,2), (3, -9, 6), (-2, -3, l)g zl+= ¤E fu: 9y: 1 * 3x* 62, Pqt z: x+2y -2

18. E (3, 5, -l)g zl+r zld x - 4 - t, J:2t - I, z: -3t 3s. 11,4¤el fl#E4l 23el +4lg ol+EIl^J d (4, 1, -z)ql
sq++ +E AJ {d x: I * t, y - 3 - 2t, z: 4: -3ttttl At]= +
=
19. E (3, 1, 4)E zJ+r. ¤H x + 2y + 3z:1l4?*c- y * z: "I+.
-3sl j/dg EEI+ BE 36. d (1, -2,4)ql^J ¤ts rx + 2y + 6z:Svlzlel 44=
20. E (1, 5, 1)g zJLtr- TIE Z, * y - 2z:2* x * 3z:4 +6I+.
ql +4.J ¤E 37. ¤B'J + ¤E Zx - 3y + z:4* 4x - 6y + 2z:3 ^l-ol
e-l 4PlE +6t+.
21-22 d¤g ol+"ll^l trt+ ¤Hg:44.
38. Bfltl BE + ¤E ax + by + cz* dt
4El ¤4.J
21.2x + 5y + z: l0 22. 6x - 3y + 4z:6 : ^tolsl
0e| ax-t by + cz * dz: O q+r+ A+
^lolE 44tl
g Hcd+
zt-24 ffi +q{ ¤H+ qi+* dg +6i4.
I I'

zl.rjol
D:
ld,
t' - d,l
23.x:2-Zt, j:3t, z:l*t; x*2y-z:J a2*b2*c2
24. 5x: y/2: z * 2; 10-r - 7y * 3z * 24:0 39. qA"Jd{ol x: y: e4x * 1 : ylT: zl3oJ 4dol aJ
-tr rloJ +lilE zld.Jg _H-o17, olE 4d rlol9 44E
25. EH.;r + y + z: lr+ x + z:0E .il.dE %I"J+E +6I+. +6I+.
ffi $flol ¤e.Jzl #4?lzl, sE qL AE oluzl
26-28 40. 4c rrg +ld4 E (2, 0, -l)g zJL+r zld rr3 d (1,
E +8614. olL AE "tH 4+qb rE ^IolE ,+g +61 -1, l)4 d (4, 1, 3)g zlB uil, + zld Lr4 Lz ^|olE 4
+. (4+d oH aal xlelql^i HlgH+ E= ^l-S61r}.) 4= +6t+.
26. x + 4y - 3z : l, -3x * 6y -f 7z :Q 41. Br + 47t Eel dxJq 6rzfa1r. il4. B=-Ae+ Bel +l
27. x + 2y - z :2, 2x - 2y * z : I ]rli zJt; (325, gl0, 561)r+ (765, 6't5,599)o1u1.
(a) F B=-.<1o1e1
=+dq 4Ei {l/l$+%r-4419 +6tr+.
28.2x - 3y: ,, 4x:3 * 6y * 2z

29. x* y+ z: I, x + 2y * 2z: l"J trll (a) BE9 j/del rJ]

,HE+HJ{alg +6tr, G) EH ^l-olel 49 +614. (4

+d ot4 d,xfl xl.4"ll^l Hlgeql EE ^l-+atz}.)
30. 5x - 2y - 2z: l,4x * y + 2:6tJ trI EHe.l -n.dE ql
--.t}a"j\-
erJ4^lg +6I+.
748 118 EE'tq Bil7l6l+

o) a+dg 5FE6J rll Bz AE+EI Bzlxl FBdel r q+.

EE AE tlfr9-E 549,566,586, 58901+. + Ba= [els: a I Oolef Btr ,]4^lg trl+r+ zJol z4 +tr].1
HleJ¤-f glEzl?
^lE {1
d
x*- a +b(y -0)+ c(z- 0):0
42. a, b, c7l Efi. 0ol olH .l %l-C^l ax * by * cz * d:0
ol sEg 4441, {o,b, c)z} o1 ¤He] BdEEl"J¤ e

11.6 l+EstoliF+E
g^l ll.sEql^]- BE, ll.laql^J= +Er+ rJe + ++E +Eg +q
=EqL
Htrt. olzll ol ¤ql^J- += + ++e-l +H"J +84 "lzl-+Hg +ElE+
+EE r4E= t4t1 +IEI]^J +Eol 4lE*Eq] ¤¤"J ¤H4 "J+= +E
E ndg a4q+ 4ol *861+. olfl +d9 :. +HE rJil(trace) E* EE!
(cross-section)ol + +trI-.

r+E
TE!(cylinder)P +q41 BE+Cg zl+l- +qd 4Crl ¤q"J E- zld(Efl)
o_s ol+qd +H"l+.

( q4! 1 D +E z: x'4 rqE= rei+.

1\
Efll :z4sE "JC^l z: foJ +CqlE),71 E6Jgq llxl ?+s-IrB ol= %1441 !: k
I (xz*$Hql ¤4)e "Je.lE +zl¤Hol ,J4^l z- foJ +dql^J r4se+ r.i16Jg el
trI+^J olE f4z}+l= s$dol 94. :zH l3 xe$Hql^l -ILEd z: x25-
"l¤L+.
q6Lr y+ B'6JqE ol=oSe-tri.q r4s7} q$ril BCEI=zJ Bq ++. ol rqs
tt
E,= #E!(parabolic cylinder;o14E *Hee +goJ E"Jq sgdg. -T f al Bol
x v
= gq4l+ {zlrl +Ee-l Edg y+ql ¤4"14. r
+^l6IJ^l ol*l^lzJgenl
l=J t *E : =.t'= EE +E
0lrl.
ql^ll lql^J +He-l
'J4^lql H+ y7I mt4 9t¤¤ fl#iHtl. "l qlxll= +EE
Edol 6}+el 4lE+r+ B4"J qlE4.J qlol+. Hf x, y, z + al-4zl- %I4^lql
+4+ ?lzl g*sH, +Eg +Hol g+.
1-

I
(qd! 2D r1+ +Eg ¤E6l-r rflg rE{.
(a)x'*y':l (b)y'*22:l
-----r
I

I
y
L
I
Eq
I
(a) +4+ 1[z.| $9EE EJ¤^.] x2+y2 - 1r+ z:kY ¤E e:ftoll^J qfzl$ol
ztl 1

12+-r':= I
.J +l¤. 4441, 4E x2 *y'-- 19 +d+ol e+oJ flzlE"lrHa-4 2 +a. 11.1¤
=E,Jz
 11.6 +Erl- olxEE 749

9 +Eg trI+H+. {zl^J Edg +4"J 4dEol4.

qlxll 2ql^J ol
(b) ol 4+"il xzl-44421 t+r, +H+ +d+ol xftt_l flzlF"lrHrH 3 +E). ol
48 yz¤Eq^J fl y' * z2 : r, )c:09 dq6fl x49J Bqo}rll olEoIH ts"1+14. r
@ruore +Hg += "1] *'+y': 14 Ag %r-4al* fl"1 "lq+ +Eg- +4U+= v
49 q]4l6l+ Aol +s6l-+. ,.y¤H9l^J +H *'+ y': lE zl+l* %144{"1 + f I : x
t, z:0"J flol+.
ral 3 y'+ f : I

I olrEE
oliEE!(quadric surface)$
^ll
E+ rrlltrol4. "1fl
x, y, zoll ++ olzl%I4^le-l
%'-c4lE 7l+ "JHI4.J ErI= A, B, C, ..., J7l {F+"J .ll q+r+ g+.

Axz + By' + Czz + Dxy * Eyz * Fxz * Gx * Hy + Iz *,I:0

rgxlu3 ¤4 ol*l4 qdql e.lafl r1e-=4 ag + zlxJ E#B + 6l'+-tr. H]¤ +
gltrt.

Axz + By' + Czz +,I : 0 E= Ax2 + By, + Iz : o

"lil-+Hg ¤E ?Ie-l flB+dql 'I+61+ 3xl-+l +rJe] +Eoltri(Eg+Cg +

+6lalE l.sgg -E-i+).

ilqx{! 3 D z},f,lE ol.$all.<J tr|g rJdzl oE +qx1- olzffiHfl r4s$ r4+.

x? +
v' + z2
I
9 -:4
Eil .:09 4"Ja}Ery¤HglrJg xl-fz} x2 + y2/9: 1ol sl-tr, ol5. 4flq %Fd
rl"l4. .JtI4 " -e *H e : frgl^l f¤zlf E q-s=+ ,J+.

*r+t:r-L,
94 z:k
"lEP < 4,+-z < k <29 "ll 4flol gtrI(l kl:2olfl zl-+l=+ dolrlkl> 2
olfl xtf} *dts"141.
ufafzlxlE +4zlfE q*q=r+ zJol 4flol ¤4.
'\,2 +-z2 :I-k2, x:k (-1 <k<l)
94 (0,0, 2)
\
^ z2
*'*T:1-;, 1rz
y:k (-3<ft<3) I

0i- --l"-
f+
t\
4+ +Ee.l Eol¤. E^l6-l+ z}+l=¤. r4= %r-H¤- Eq ++. EE zl-fz} 4 (1,0, F
3,0)

flolzl qEql ol +Hg elflE(ellipsoid)ol4 i+. ol +Eg ?+?+4 rlslBEql 4.il

qlA.Jg E + gl4. ,J44lql^l Bzl x, r, z4 4f 4t4l+"Jg sE-6ir. gl
x r- v

"lAg
+= ^ldql zltlt 4.o14. r =aJ
rt EI.EE *, * *94* !: ,
750 118 EEle[8rJ7l6l+

t (qq 4l) xI,?lE *E z =4x2 +y'9 r4sE rE4.

ol$-a|1.<J
'1

\ Efl ,:0"J e: y'zg E=tr}. 4+^l yz¤E4 +HE -uil-+d+ eEdol4. x: k

4l
(k= ^J+)"J *l z: !2 + 4k2g g=+ olE yz¤Eql ¤BJ'J 'Jel9 *lEg-e +Hg
-T
zlsH +ls gfl sEdg E=+.ufalzlzlEy: ftoJ 4l zl.+lb z:4xz + *2olI 4
^l +lE Eil
egd"lri. e: ftoJ oll f¤z}fl* +x2 * y',: k7l 4a- ol= E+g+se
"J^l++ zt+lel EoJg gH rB 5eI rJe r;]ls. rg + 91trI. El.flzl.+le+ sE
0

dx|+lE oJ6ll olil+H z - 4x2 + yzg ElflEEE(elliptic paraboloidlol+ 6J+ r

-\

f.g 5 4E z :4x2 + y'z El.flEEEol

+. +grl+l= Efflolr +4lrl+l= EE qq
c0lrl.
( 5 |} +H z: y2 - *r4 rqsE rq+.
EU +4EH ,: ftoiJ^l x}+l= +l-ts gfl sEd z:yz - t2ol4. y: ft9lrJ zlf.
ol4-tr. gfl z: -x2+t2ol4.f+lzl-f:.'tF+d+ y'-*':ftol4.rH 6ql
.E.Ed
.<J xlilf$ rE.lr re 7ql^l z}+lE"l 4+6J ¤Hg-e +qa 4l qBrll +
"lEol
rl4Ezl Eol ++.

y
-t2

y x -t
0

-t2
I
f.g 6 +4lrl.+l= EEcolr, +Erl
fl= gqcoltrl. E= rl-+l= ksl ,Joil .r:k"ll^l zl-+l= y:koilrj xt+l= i:kql^J zlf5
ria[ftsflrf. z:yz - r2ol4. z:-xz + r2ol4. -yt - ,':kol4.

't
I
I I

\
t*- I 0
v v -i'

I .t
J

t) -l
-1 0l
aEJ 7 4 EE +lel jr:kql^l xi+l y:/(ql^J x}+l u:ftql^l zl+l
^1"+l

"v

f.g 8 AI+EEEoJ 4E z : y2 - x?91

+ 7l-rl Btr 7
 11.6 +Erl. ol^EE 751

rH
74 x|+l$ E-f q-ofl $+EEg(hyperbolic parabotoid)olap 6l-= +H
z:!2 - x2=" rH sr]. rJol zH + gl+. gE +=ql^J +Eg -E_oJ+ "JqlrrrJol ^g
A aq +E-6IzI. ol +Hg 13.2{ql.+1 ?i+dg te.lal *I q+ z}.l]Jol iFBE} fl"I
+r
7

ilogd! 6 D +H +. r, - {- ret rqEE rEJ+.

Eql ggE +BBE e: ftolla-l zI+1:.'l+r+ zJ* rtflol4.
x2^k2
/ (0, 1,0)

O, z:k
(2,0,
T+y':r* v

rqLI reBH4 yeBtsglrJ x}+l= q=q-l} e*;-dl+dol4.

xz z2
;-i:t, y:ooltr y'- 4:1, x:ozz

rs s +*.'-f:,=
ol +HE :r4s= rB 9e+ Ar "Jfits+g(hyperboloid of one sheet)olu| EI4.
=E
olo4IU"nEH^lrL
=tlci-
L-]vlLl .

r4sE tqzl ?l"ll xl-?l= 0l+61-= 7l].dg 3i}fl r4q AFEflqql

^F+
E+. 'I+EE 4E_E+llq= ¤.rJ4el kaH 46ll +4BE ,:
ftsI y _ ftql q16l]
zlf= rfl+.

"l+. E= +88 eqgl qql ']]4ol4. oJil{flol += +"ll {Ell 44olE %}d
4e rql q+ Hl-+lril 94.

( qlq 7 l) +E 4xz - yz + zzz * 4:09 ¤E6fr r4EE rEJ+.

EOI -+e ++q^J, +++ Aol H;d4g E+¤gE Hhf+.

-"''
--ztY'-" -T-T--, |

E 1+ ul:zols, ol a+ jJ+EE +c+o] y+ol+= zlol"J llg s, ol

ol %I4^lg-
EtL+Eg ,++tsg g + ?14. ,y¤H4 yz¤Eql^J zr+l= trI*4 ,J+ t}+dol4.
^ v2 y2 z2
-x'*-4:l' z:04 4 2-
I' x:0
ol +Hg.rz¤Holl^J zl-+lE r*xl t*xlgl,
lftl > 2olfl +4¤E y: ftql^-l zl-,?l= +
gq-++ 4flo14.
^/It -2 t-2
,t-r;-:-;-1,
24 y:k
ol4g +s=4 zJ"l ¤ + ?t+
752 118 ulElsl.ErJTl6lqf

E' 1 ol^}-{Eql -1rflr

-rLtrl Hlrl^l -i7 EH
t--l
Hlrt^l
o o---r
O O---1 -
-Li

EfflE ^1
flEE z' x2
4*)+1:
a' b' c"
t 1
c'
---r- a'1
|
y2
.a
b'
EE xifl= 4floltrl. +¤xtf:4fl"14.
a: b: colH. E]-gEg SE x: fteI y: kql^l f4x|#l
+Hol+. Y k + 0olE ++dol.I. /<: OoJ

E + 41"e-l zlCol4.

.t
EIflEEE zx'y -.2 oto4A l'_Ltri
*' , y' zz
c- ,z'
=tlo-Li
a'I ' .a
b" ,
c-
-, '
62

+¤^lf= 4flo14. #sx}?lE 4flo14.

+4xi+{= sEdol4. +zl^If .q6+c"lEl.
zlfzl loJ H+* El-gsEH qlA+g =A1#zl +"J H+q rI+
el +d+g 9"1f,4. 6J+.

,)'

.|v(ta.[=tri
o_.!= r_ zx-l t -.2 vl Ed-
^ldlAE-EHui
^)
x'YZ- _
ca2bz ---
-::--i-r-:-l ^-T j |
a" b- c'

+Eztfl= tl+dol+ klcEEft<-colflBEz:ft

#zlxl#lH EEdoltrI "ll,tJ *¤xlf= 4goltrl.
#zlx}+lE t}+d"ltrl.
-v rHgc<OtlA+e.l
F ,flel 99 Pszt "lE¤ 44
-t
-v

.r
f.elluolQ.
u+.

I (0, -2,0)
z

0
il kzr
--4
-I
x'
1 2
O,
4
Z,

_,
l, y: k

] .-------..->

-{
(0, 2,0)
.y
ol= zl-+lE ol$-all,rl r4EE. r4H rH l0r+ rJ+

rA 10 4E 4.x' - y'+ 221 * 4: oP (q4l 8D olzl+E ,'*222-6x-y+ 10-001 "1tr +Eqlzl ¤+6.14
olES=Eolrl-.
Eq +d4l#+g "JEq +q+l %r-4^lg r+s-rl'Jol *4.
- l: (x - Z), * Zz2
y
ol HJ44* s tr+ Hlr.6IE, ol4g 4gEEEg ++Hg g + 9l+
rEl+ EEHE +g y+ql ¤qolI, +adg ¤ (3, l, 0) o + olEoJr+. ¤E y: ft

(k > l)ql^l xlf= q+4 rJe 4g"l+.

 1 1.6 +EIl 0l^EE 753

(x-3)'*222:k-1, y:k
ryBHql^J x}+l= %r-¤4lol y: I +(x _3)r, e: OoJ EEdoltrI. ol EEHq rqE
=
rH 114 e+. r
I oliEEsl EE
0

- ,\,

olz|+Hel ql. +p-l +Eql^J *ol-B + gl'1. zl+ r

^ld +rl7} ^l--
zfxlJz|
¤* {l"l+. "JH}4eE xl7e.l e4z} 74r dr+6l.zl"J 4+61 E6l-E +gE _t
(3, l, 0)
ol+. e.ll+"lH zl+el zl-dg ++4 ts+¤.il^l +H¤. qErJ q ¤¤6frll q}Szl
oll5ol +( ¤^= Exll 26 +a). rB 11 xz +2zz -6x-y+ t0=03
+g +dgE EEdg qd^14 Eg gEEEHg H,
6J
eqlHldol4 5EEE0lrl.

+qse-l 4ls= Es4+ HI^l-g "I

^el,
tz(a)). d+"Jgag qlE .
^l+¤4t:B
H, xli,"ll^J Enl trqTl trq^J+El s= d_uz1 E¤EEH E"Jel Hbowr)gl
E$6fxl-ul-zt adq il= #4lz].s +^lElq ++94. ,JC fl4z} ulolruf -tr
EH ¤EIe] fldd^lq 4+gr}.
flzle9 H4Be +a4 t}d^d "I+ql +E "JEr^dr-+E ¤qlE "J=+trH
12(b)1,+ ,%'-el ,^dr-+Eg ,rJE r[fl + ^tolel old+EE dgql ol+g+. t:zH
t2(c); EqHi+lel ol- %r-+Hg olTL zldol+. E++4l 27 +4)

I
i
B
I b E
o

I
,9
!
o o
O
,=
,a
@

.9 C

E =

-
o
L
o

(a) 9lddrl= tE= EEtr9 aB o.e. (b) gzlEq L84Bg,4rJ+H _E-oJ¤ 6Ir. (c) TlqdB Alil= ,dt4Eoe gq flI
HI^l^l?J+. 91tr+. +¤-q+^l qdql+.
rzql
12 oliEEel E¤
=aJ
754 118 EElslErJTldl+

u.6 l g+Exil
1. (a) %I4{ y: y'ol m2oil,ql +44} +d+ #S.'JzI? III Z IV
y: fol m3ollrl +El{= +Eg FS.qlzI? :T
G) %IC^l h

*Cal z: y'Z +Hg +44=71-?

(c) .----------.>

)
2-4 trl*-el +Eg ¤E6tr. :aHgr-44. v
t/
J
2. x2*22=4 3. *'+yf 1:0 -
4. ry: I 16. xlilzl-"r: koll^l 'I-*4 'Jol ?"1+l olxl-4Hg ¤H6l
r. r4E=:aq+.
s. Q* +EE %r-4^lg +61-+.
ft: +1
k:0
\ k: +2

^{ _v -v

6. (a) oJil+E xz + y2 - 1' :lE zlfE +6IA q"J.I+.

r4I +Eq rzflFzi s lE "Jg,%r-+ts$ ulfrJzl
¤H6I+. ,J{{g
lt-zo trl-S E+B o-+ H$^l7lr, +Eg gga]-
(b) (a)9 %1-4^lg x'-y'* z2:1-E Hl-+B :-4goll ol
E ¤+g uliliz[!
4.E+ a4* f-q+.
(c) (a)9 %IC{g x2 + yz + 2y - z2 = O9 1 Hl-+E f4 \7,y':x' +ir' 18. x2+2y-222--o
Eql qE ¤6Jg ulxlizff \9. xz * y' - 2x - 6y - z* l0 = 0

7-11 ztfl= ol+6ll^j trl-g +EE rHg rEr +.J6I4. 2o. x2-y2+z'-42-22:0
7. x:y?+4zz 8. x2-4y2+zz
ffizt-zz +Eel EoJol H7lo1l +E+ E+E CEqr+ u|=$-b
9. 9y'+422:x2+3G lo. +.*.f,=, HA+q q-S +Hq r4EE =jEl.
"J6#g
11. Y:Z'-*' 21. -4x2-Y2+22:l 22. -4x2-Y2+22:O

t2-rs %'-441r+ -f4la(I*IV)= 44t'.,:a ol+E ¤Hdt4. 23. +E ,: tE'+ y';{ *'*y':1(1 < z<2)tr- E4r+"J
12. x2*4y'*922=l 13. x2-y2+22:l Bqg fBl+.
14. y:zxz + z2 15. x2 * 222 : I 24. +C y: \E= x4¤ 6d-"-+ plda1q gg +Esl "J
44g +El+.
II
25. d (-1, 0, 0)+ ¤E .r: lE+El ?J* A4ql flE -E-E d
o + oJFo]4l +Ee1 %'-4^lg +6tr" ol +Eg q"J6l-+.
.-------+ .-\
--.1
v
x 26. dF4 a E 4+7I + E"J"l+ ^J4"|zluJ ,r.llzlJ
v =zl ^l
x 4H le84(wcs-84)= + q 4q+ -E-Bs-tr EIflg ^l-
+6Jtr|. zl+E +Cg gE, ++g
oJE z+_qs +=tr}.
 118 E+ 755

+Cql^J B*ztzl9 4El= 63s6.s23 kmolr zJrzlxlE 2(b - (r)/91 x: a* t,y- b- t, z: c - 2(b + a)rE E
4E-lE- 6378.137 kmoltrI. + ol EEEq fl¤¤ trq4. (ol= %r-+sEHol Ed+
(a) wGS-848-ol¤-6]]^J xl+_trEE %tsC^lg +61+. H"Jg ++U+.=, $t+sgflg zJCol ol$o[fl.<l rj
G) e+ +lE +dg ¤E e: koll^l x}+lol4. ol +dg cg+. dallE ol +xll= tI+EEE +le-l ,+ d¤" xlulE
"1tr e"JoJztz + ^Jdzld"l ¤xl]Bg +4U+. += olrl-+E +q E
(c) xl.9-{(rJ+ {Efl +d)g y: mx EEIeI SE9 x} d+H.J Ag +8, flgE4 .JHt|+Hgoltrl.)
f "j4. ol z}s-dg oiH eootgzlr ffizs. ¤9 lrl* r.z,lyl< 1.2qlC 4E e :x2 +y,l z:t -lz
27. 4 (a, b, c)z} aJ*EEH e: y' - x,4 dol4 al$ 4zJ] el rqsE E"J+ HTls+Eql :ap-lr olE +Hg rdg
H+%IC4]."E +r}U {d "r: a* t, j: b + t, z: c + a,rlofe].ol +dE rry¤E fle. r1gol +fl"Jg Bq+.

r lc.r\
-t El

rflLJ +gl
1. EEle+ ++fl x}"ldg #H..Jzl-? 7. zldql ql+ EEI"J¤+1, ollzHH+%r-{^1, 4^
'il4%l4^l-=
2. atl ulel"lz c7l t-z;s4olts, caE. agJ zl?'}+zJ oE q +.
Brll ¤+q+7W 4+4sE caE olB4l TalEzL? 8. (a) F ulelzl BBolE, GlBril "5"Itsz}?
3. + ulei a4 bel zjolq 49.J g + ulqzt #4olE, qB4l "JalEzI?
(b)
'llzj a.bE
trll
^l-ole-l
Brll +6}=7fi aAEE CEg .J tr1= qtrJojzi? (c) F SEol ¤BolE, olB4l "J:"IEzI?

a. a fltr b$ ;.23-4 ulEj sfl4lg 4-tr, :z e. (a) 44 {d 4?-l= q$r| +fl+z|?

^lolE
^lg4 ^r¤E
Hg:zBJ ¤E6I+. (b) dn+ BE ^Iolq 4El= qBrtl +61+7I?
(c) F zld zlqE qB4 To'IEzI?
s. e.l4el f++ d9 Fflqlz}? ^l-ole-l
10. olil+89 ozlxl +¤g .g+B-q-E iA+.
6. {|Hq +zle EqE ol$rll +o-1+7I?

il . 'rJrl
l= ,t-^l,
=ur
f t-

q¤. HzllTl +oJzl rl+l"Jxl +tr6t+. arolH olf¤ ¤E6I 0. %Pl .JelE EJrl u, v4 woll {ldl
a-,A+l"lE ol+= ¤H6I4+ Hlql= u'(vxw) :(uXv).wolr|.
=+.
l. u: \ur,uz), v: (ur,az)oJfl u. v: (urur,uzurla1t1. 7. vrE "JEE ulQ ug vgl 4all (u x v) . rr : 0olq.
2.vrq gelel Hlrl u4voll 4a}] l,r.ol : loll"lol4. 8. EEI (3, -1,2)= BE 0x - zy + 4z: l Bqolq.
3. yrE "JEE ulel uel vgl 4"ll u . v : v . uol4. 9. EEE ddJ { (*,y, r) I *, + lz : | }* A.l+.
4. %gl "Je-lE ulel us+voll 4r]]lu x vl: lo x ulolr{. 10. u. v:goJE u:0 EE v:0014.
5. yuq "Jele-l Elel u, vs+ "J99 L*+ ftq ql6fl ft(u x v) ll. u. y:0olI u X v:fiolH. u:0 E= v:0014.
: (ftu) x voJ4.
756 119 trtElelEiil7ldt.+

E*=8I
l. (a) +col (-1,2, t;oll d (6, -2, 3)& zl+= +Ee-] 8-e trt+ zldel ,llzllHfB449 +6I.4.
%I4^lg +61.r}. 8. (4, -1,z)el (1, l, 5)E xl4E 4d
(h) (a)9 +Hq yz¤H4-9 +614 j/dg
g. (-2, 2, 4)3 zlLlr ¤H 2," - y + 5z = I24l +zltJ {d
(c) tH x2+y2*22-Bx*2y+62* 1:09 +d4 HI
zlE+ +61+. (6,3, 1)+ zlLl= TlHs] %l-c4l¤-
10. (3, -1, 1), (4,0, 2),
2. ulEl ue| vz| rHrI u'vellu x vl5i.
rJ"l ?9fl9 ql
+614.
+61-4. u x vel %l-rlg *olHge E4tlbtt, ¤"1H9 ,: 2 - t,y: | + 3t, z:4toJ zld+
It. tril7flH#*$4o.|
s+q +s=7t? f,dg +6i+.
¤H zr - y + z:24
12. q-e-'lla%r-44lsE +qd F zldol s"Iql4 aoJqlzl
lrl:3 E="JLl=tr.l,.-
450 y-z z-3
4
2 J 4
lul: z
x*ly-3 _z*5
3. Eq <3,2, x)4 (2*, 4, x)zl z]n.til'= x9 #9 +61-+. 6 -l 2

4. u . (v x w) :
.I trl-E¤ +"I+.
2oJ I3. + ¤B * - 1:14y + 2z:3E f,dg zlLlr BE r +
(a) (uxv)'w (b) u'(wxv) y - 2z: lql +zle ¤E9 o}44g +61-4.
(c) v' (u x w) (d) (u x v) 'v
14. BE 3x*y -42-24 3x*y- 4z:24
ql4g +6t4.
ol= ^IolE 4E-=
s. {+Eillel F 44dol ^IoJe.l +6t+
=
6. (a) E A(1,0,0), B(2,0, -1), C(1,4,3)¤- zl+b gtsql
ts-tg +* +Eg qoJair =4sE r4+.
+zl"J EIEIE +6tE.
15. x: z 16. x2 : y2 + 4zz
(h) +4¤ ABCq HolE +6t4.
17. -4x2 * y',- 422 :4 18. 4x2 * 4y', - 8y + z2 :A
7. agql^l tr-= a+ aol jlEE + 7l]q +g 0l+611^l E]]
Hs.e Eqgaq. zss Nel Eol pealrlH, 4 ¤ql a
El= El I ztl* +aI+.
19. 4+l 4x2+y2:t6# r4¤ +dsE qd^l'J ull
"Jzlb
4gEE ,JA^lg +6Iq.

t" 255 N
Q-"
f.aJfll l,l= Hlil7lst,Jol E?_lE tElol=
t
Btrts trlEl:d+E L}Etg + 91trt.
=i{lsl
ulelgpE 0186l|^1 "Jo}E ,Joltrt.
12.1E011^i olei-d F Erl
?J
Magdalena Zeglen / EyeEm / Getty lmages=Egrl
=i{17}

12 trl El:d+
Vector Functions

r|=llEl gB=d =d+- ¤+= Er-+rdtes r*- l++H+. "lzll= +rJ"ll^J +d4 +Eg ¤H
617l glB}l r {tol Eqe E}+. ="ts6J4.E.6-J EEI{tg *= 6J+= ol-$all.r-l +rJq^J E
,ll++lsl Hzlg +E6l-= 4l ulrl'JfE ol
^llE +"ff$ ¤HB 4o14. =61 $^d+f;-ql^J
*oJ 4o14.

757
758 12E' ulElEr+

12.1 I ErEl=Et+sl EZt+d

I ElE1trt+

"JHl4sE 6J+= Cele 4 4 fl4= ,.lEE + fl4ql ql+^l7l- +4"l+. trl

E{--tf(vector function) EE- EtElrJ pff(vector-valued function)}- ,J+61 "J6lH
4elq"l d+E dBol1 zl9"l 4qE d.Jtl Eifol4. *4zI rltF +C* zl
xl- ElElEt+ r:-: {tol 3xl-E ulEl"J otfol4. ol4+ rel celg"ll 4* e=
a r9l r]lall r(r)_tr LI-4ql- yr9 ElElTl- +"J6l.zll E4]*r*b ag elEldJtri..f(0,
g(t), h(t)tl- EEI r(/)E ^d$ol+H, f , 9, ftb 19 dE#*(component function)Fl
r 6l+ ¤*{t 6J+ol1 ola¤. q+4 rJol + + gt+

r(r) : lf U), s(t),h(t)l : f(t) i + s(r) j + ft(/) k

EBE+E Exl- /71-rl-SqErll, ol- dlEl6J+E g+.ll^J 4+E ol4"l ^l+g
44421 ullg"l4.

( qd 1 l) r(r) : (r', 1n(3 - il, ,El"lE ¤+Er-+= 4-*4 ?Jq.

f(t) : t', g(t) : ln(3 - r), h(t) : ,fr

+qlzlsE r9 49H* r(floll +6J tl"l 499E 19 E= <ls_tr ol+qrl4.
^l
f, ln13 - i, \fr=3 - t > 0, ,>0"J trll E+ 4Egtrl-.q-+^j 19 49Eg ++
[0, :;o1r1. I

r e!+
=EtEt
EEIEI+ r9 *Et0imi08 +s=4 rJol CEEI+.E ++g fer-ger^l 4qg+.

0l
l,T.tO: LolE, Efl=
qlrl r(0"1 I
'(t)
: (/(r, s(t),h(t))! oll, 4 C+.++E +{]BlE +g-r+ ++.
=+ol
eolsl HJtsr0l EE Lel eolsl B-dsE
E=-dtlr "J6tts Aa|- Exlo tl.
:
lg .frl (lg f(t), tim s(t), tim h(t)l
l

sal e-6 CE= ^L-+ts + 9l+(ts+E4l 33 +4). dlEl6J+e.l +qlg ¤+At

EL+E +qlql^le+ rJg +zlg qEq(E++41 32 *4).

{lql4l 2D r(r): (l + 13)i + te-'I jt#koJ trll,}gx.fO.+61-+

Eql ¤el tr.ll 44 r9 +.Jg +g4 rJol ¤Eol rg cBEr+q +6JoJ ulrl"l4
sln ,
: (l + r3)l'J i + I Itmte'
lim r(r)
r-o
llim
lr-0' L t+0 l:* lim
,+0
-
t
k

: i*k Q.44"4 4l trql E61l) .

 12.1 ulEl-cr+el-=rJ+c 759

ri+g "J+6J-tr]]
ElElEt+ rE aollAl E{(continuous ar a)ol+ ++.
lim r(r) : r(a)
l+a

4e-l tre-l +d"ll^J rzl- aollrJ ts+ol7l +loJ gs-+Eaa* rE ^d+R+ f , s,, h
zl. aoll.<J fl+.J 4*o14.

132-!frd
fl+?l +rJ+d ^l-olqlb gddJ +Eol 9t+ f , s, hE +?J 1ql^l ¤
ElEl++e+
+?1 ¤+r,t EI+?+ 6|z}. ololl r7l +7J l dillql^l H,tI+r 6J ql +*
^lg "J+
6LE =" zJel E= d (x, y, e)9 dR C- Eil*C(space curve)olr{ t}+.

2 x:f(t), !:g(t)s z:h(t)

%rCal$ Cel Eil7ffE!+Sfl4l(parametric equations of C), r¤i El|zl|E*(pa- Z
P(f (t), g(t), h(t))
ramerer)rJ +q. c= roll^l r +1x171 (f (t), s(t), h(t))"J flzlzl rF]. +d
^14
olxll ulEl6J+ r(r): \f(t),s(t),h(t)l=
^J4E- + ?t+.
_o-tr
^Jr+61-8,
r(r)b C L

+lE d P(f(t),g(t),h(t))el +lzlEElol+. q4^l "JqE fl+.J dlElB+ rE l : (/(r), g(rl, h(t))
r(r)
H lql^Je+ rJol *4ol- ulEl r(09 +dol r4= +++d c= ¤E++. 0

-t
v
(o{!dl 3D Elq++r(r): (! + t,2+ st,-l + 6r)e. cEE+d¤:¤H6}+
rH 1 c= BElol= +lxlulEl r(r)ol E
trql q6H rzlTltl,
Eq {+ahY ol]z|]H+%r-C4lg ++r+ +q.
x-- | * t, Y
:2* 5t, Z:-l * 6t
ola-g 11.s¤E a trle+Ej H (r,2, -1)g zl+r EEI (1, s,6)ql ¤6JoJ 4dE 4
,llH+ILI-C^l.Jg.J + 9l+. EIE ol 6J+= ro: (1 ,2, -tlo1-tr. v: (1, 5, 6)"J oll r
: ro * rv-tr ¤ f ?l_"p_+, olag 11.5¤g E]E +"141 4\'J* 4dq EEIHJ
^l
4alol4. r

¤H*dr ElElTIE-tr. E.Eg + 9l'l elE q]zllHfBraq *-t2-2t,

=E
y - t + 1(e.l¤E qlxll l)-tr +qd +dg rl-g ElElB4al " _e ¤EB +E 9ttrI.

r(r) : \t' - Lt,t + 1): (t'- It)i + (r + l)j

{zlrJ i : (1, 0), j- (0, l)ol+.

(q4! 4D EEI"JC+I"I r(r) - cos ri * sin rj + rkoJ +dg ral+.

Efll ol +del ,llzH{f$C{g'l$+ ?Jr+.

-tr:cos/, y:sin/, z:t

xz + y2: cos2r + sin2s - lolF P, gzlE - I glgl ts{ gl"l"} ++.
"l +dg x2 + y2
760 1'rIt
l4O tflltr.l6l-\-
Ei--r-
--l

d (x, y, 0)ol .rlTlHql^l * y':1 ++lE HI^l4l HraJs--E #zlolz, E (r, y,

flf
e)E E (x, .y, 0) fl+ ,J'Jq +"J+ .ry¤H +lE +del r(r) :
^IS+ Eq%r-{^l
(cos r, sin r, 0)9 +L+(9.1¤ qlzll 2 +v). z- tolEE +dg rl rtzplq 44 g

zlt. EqlE qd+E^-l +lzJ"I g+++ rH 2ql E"J ol +dg L[fl(hetix)olq

I
++r
f- - (o' r)
I
'' qlzll 4ql^l +de.l .?._=-z ulzfl-$ol E"Jg #
¤+Eql^iE +El-t+.+7J
E='J olag DNA(rJl+^l4Bq4L ¤ol- glb E¤ql^iE 4
^llEE +dEe)E
(1,0,0) "v
x

-ral
JEL
D El-t+. 1953LJ *flJames Watson)4 rq(Francis Crick)* DNA EzlE +4'
7l aH 3ql^le} zJol F ,llq fl¤qr ¤6Jt'ldol gEJ +aoJg EIH+.
^jE
ql4 3r+ 4q^J +dE EqBr-¤^lol +qflr z1a1q}4sE ¤E6l-4ul rHg
rH.+. ++ + qlzllql^lb +dql 4el zl6l-q'-4.J ¤¤g xlJ,rl6p 4d9 4zll
H+"JC^lg +++
(q4! 5l) d p(r,3, -z)e+4 Oe, -1,3)g gl. dge-l EqrJ4^14 4z1gf%r
C^lg +6t4"

rg 3 olaLlc EOI il.sEql^J El4 ro9 +dr+ Elrl .,9 +dg "t= d+e] EEI"J¤4e +g=r+
+*+ g9lrHll.s¤E ^l
E +a).
ral 4ts qlrll 5q dE r0= LfElL.lrf
r(r:(1 -r)16*/r1, 0< t< I
4
{zlr'1 PqJ^l }vl^) dEE H.lEl%lC^l¤ Ezl gld] .o: (1, 3, -2>e+rr: {2, -1, 3)
QQ' -1,3) g dqo.Ffl tlg=r+ ,JL+.
.(r): (l - r(1,3, -2l'+ tlZ,-1,3), 0< r< I

+ r(r):(1 +r,3-4t,-2+5t),, 0<l<1

t -v olql qls" 6t= {lzllflf%r{^lg q-.q-r} ?J+.

P(1,3, - :llt, y:3-4t, z:-2+5r, 0<f <1 I

ral +
(qH 6D flzl5- x2+y2:1rl BH y * z: z9 ld9 %l¤{g EA6l+ EEI+
+E +6t+.
EOI rH s= +l7lE+ ¤Hol qB4l "J4ExlE Eq +r, :.fl 69 rC c7I 4E
"Jg Hq +q.
xyBEs-tr Cq
^IS+ fl
,'*y':r, z:0ol+. tr|4^J 9.1¤E ql4l 2E+El +
+4Aol ++91+
.r:cosr, y:slnr, 0<t<2rr
¤Hel %lC4lsE+q 'l+g E=r+.
 12.1 EEI--J+el-*rJ+C 761

Y
-l z:2
(0, -1, 3)

C (-1, 0,2)

\
\ (1,0,2)

(0, I, r)
x2+yz:1
0

-rr v x }'

-re'l
JEJ
tr rH6

2-Y:2-sin,
EI+^l c9 q++ ++
oHzHH+"JC4lg

.r:cosr, y:sin/, z:2-sinr, 0<r<?r

olql ql+6}= EElrlC4e rl+4 +L+.

r(r) :cosri * sinrj + (2 - sinr)k, 0< r<Ztr

ol
"J4^lg 4d cq 4zHH*4(parametrizarion)ap ++. rH 6el E|$gg Ef r
zI #:zF*"ll rI4 czt 4lqq-= %I6Jg +4qla ?l+. r
(qH 7D Egg{ +y=x'za2'e} ¤E y:19 .Edg,flrilH+*C4g+6}e}. rH ?gqHTel+Ertad=EqEq.

Efl :rt Cel E= dg F +He-l ILIC^lg EJ+6IF-+. y:-rE 4y-*'+229E.- Z

4y: x'+ r'
+"lzl- EE+Eql 4"J6fol a"r:x2+ erg pE4. ,gl qlql sdxll*:e__E H¤61
H (x -Z)'*22:4o1tr, 44^J C= flzlE (.r - 2)'* z2:4ql EElqB C9 xe$ v
(x 2), * z2 : 4, y:0ol+. ol gg +col (2, 0, 0;o1q HlzlEiol 2
H_o trE
^l-gg fl - ---------
ol+.9.1¤sl qlxll 4-tr+El ,:2+zcosr, z:Zsinr, 01t 12trtr- + + ?}tr, y:x
ol=+ C9 oHzHH++= x=2*2cost, ! :2+?cos/, z:Zsin/, 0 ( r ( 2nol4.
I x

r E+E 0l8:d Ez}=fl :1el7l aeJ 7

+t+de E4 ¤E+dErl +sE a47l7l-+4d qE+ rHg cq6l r4

zl +lu1^J= E+= ole"B pszl-9t+. q= EE rH Bg ++,llrllE+%l4^l
o tr E.Eg
+dE rB]]sE e+Ele ^3^dEJ 4o14.
x: (4 * sin20t)cost, y: (4 * sin20r) sinr, z: cos}}t
762 128 EEI-E|+

_v y

r
fal I fltrJ^EE0ld feJ I
^llgrl.lEd

+dol g+|H +lql ilsE_E flEJ48Eolfl(toroidal ++. E- +E +

spiral)ol+
trlE+ +dg rH eql rBl4l kno$ol+ E4+ ++ %l-c^lg
^llg4Eg(trefoil
++rll= +dol4.
x: (Z * cos 1.5r) cosr, y: (2 * cos 1.5r) sinr, z: sinl.5t
ol+dg zld +sE 4g 4q^l t1zl+ flzl *:g aolq.
e+qE ol-$all.rl +++dg r4E +^lEtF trlEql +dol ¤4lj1 qB4 ^8
#,Exl ^llqlE .Jzli .lfl4<ol4e 5a1 rH eE {+ql 6HRg+. g4gzll 3t
at3). 4¤- {lx]- olfl ExllE qBrll *+r}bzl. Eq f+.

(ql4 gD 4l+Izl+ e+ElE 0l+6l]^l ElEl*cal"l r(r): {t, tr, /3)oJ +dg:-4
4. "l +dg HEaJ triltd(twisted cubic)ol+ t4.
Efl| BzJ 4* "llzflH+r}4^lsl +dg:2il4.
X:t, J:t2, Z:t3, -2< 7{-2

z
6
6 6
z0 z0
x -6 -6
0 -z
4 -6
.y 2 o.r 2
v n
42 0
2
4 2
v
(a) (b) (c)

-2 8 8

-l 4 4

0r z0 z0
I -4 -4
7
-8 -8
01 2 3 4 2 0 -l -2 0r ) 34
v x v
(d) (e) (f)
f.eJ 10 Hl=eJ aril-+cq Eg=
 12.1 EE1:Br+el=rJ+d 763

ol 44= rH 10(a)oll gq s+g ++61+ 4* flzl

?lzl"J _r.4FtrJs_E +^Jq
*4 olH rz1-g fl+El r4q =-=:zHg 4s+g +4'}]E tr]]41ql +l-zl-E +d
ol+ +Hg ql+lrAlE+ B + ?t'l rH 10(b)ql^Jz.lH 1lz|qlql +4U qrJe +
dg trH, +dql 4eL u-r4 HE+ .goJg ee + iltrI +d"l lJx}9 oI4+ +
4sE+El Hl-+*g oI zlet zlnl# +l+ +4sE qd+E^J g4zlE a¤- g +
el+.
+E +46J zldq^l ++E +dq 4+ q ++ ol"ti= Eg + 9I+. rB 10(c)E
+= +d* #zl +16ll tr-zl¤ sld^lrJ ¤48 44dul. :_H l0(d), (e), (f)ts {rx}
E dEq^J u]-_tr E ql eqzlb E+g Hol (d)= {tz|fl4 H-6Jql^J Hl
=tr}. =61
E trE E+ol+. ola+ ry¤E +le +dq EEd y: *ro14. (e)E xe*
^l-¤ss
H +lEE rl-¤.oe. +i^l-+d e: *'o14. 9l ol +dg HlEfl #zl+dol+ +_e=xl
"J + 9lg 4ol+. r
+++dg z|.<lalafS E += "JHg +E +l"ll r4-
4014. {lE EE {lxll t"

8E HlEfl /$xl-+d+ EETIE !:

x2 +lql +q il+. (x-l+sl F ,HzHH+rJ¤
4l ,:
t4 y - r2eE.+q ,llzll{45 A4++.) rH ile- EEzlEr+ Hl=fl +1- I
I

il+dg Eq 7r glsq, +dol TlEEg q+^J E4g g4zl-a ?l

^l+ +lE
+g g + ?l+ E6J qlzll 4ql^J flzlF"ll +q fl= 4d+ z|.r.lrlafzl +lE]] ol J
l

trr

,JHg ol+fl,+(aA z +a).

:

r
i

Hl$fl +zl-+dg zf.r.lolal-zl +l6J H41 ,JHg +dol 7lE z: r, gloll

^ll
+"1 9t¤¤ z1]E= 4o14. ul4rl ol +dg F zl|9 fH y _ x24 z _ r39 n.x|
qdse ^Jr+.J f ?l4t:e tz +4). :lal 11

aal 12

+T,l9l= +++d.J +dol DNA E$ql^l

+El+. ag Hq. $qlql^J +
4+= +rJ+dE ++B "J* ql- 44sE 'J6I= zltl* Ee+ Bql^l oJc6-l-
E qldg oJzlE +ll4oltrl-. gEql^J azl gEql ¤."r9 tssH^J
+q4l "JzI7l-
'JxI9 ¤E= +¤H +lEE rlsol e.l¤oll^'l ¤HE ^Iol=-tr.olgzl. El4'+ir
H t3(a)l Eb s.1E E+Ezll zsolJal gqg egTolgE ^IB+dtre 13ft)l
ol g+.
764 128 ulEl-Br"+

(a) r(r) : (t-sinr, l-cosr,r) (b) r(r) : (r-]sinat-f cosr,r)

:Ig 14

fH 13 al4qe -d6k E7lE|rI r[7]Epll^l rl|EE "JrtE E5

g+ refl4 4EEflol= Fsoll Bil+d .Jzlel fl4ql ql.J .Hqoll"lc.4 ?ll4ql +{g E;lq}E ^J^llEJ
ol"}lE +16ll^l
E4rIl= gt$= 0l$6|fr +Cel g+
=
-d raJ= rllE-eltl. olal 19o+ +Col ++e.l E r.|olEE +4614.
ol. ?Eoil^l rl= +del goll_l +le rl o wwwFhysics. ucla. edu lplasma-exp/B eamf
Ll=^l "J + 9lrl. q|= :LH 14= L
=ol tubeplot
aJ l3(b)sl +C= MapleollAl o www.phy.ntnu.edu.tw/ntnujava/index.phpftopic:36
S
Bol-e E-d-sr A0l+.

12.1 le+=xl
11-12 trl-s E 8= fl= cEE HlEl%r-4^14
t. dlEl6J+ r(r) :
Pe+
"llzHHfr}
(** + 1), #,r), deEs +
44g +6I+.
6l+.
11. P(-2, 1, 0), 8(5,2, -3)
2-3 q-e- +6Jg +614.
/.r\ 12. P(3.5, -r.4, 2.t), 8(].8, 0.3, 2.1)
2. liml,r-"i*
r-o\ , .i * coszrk)
4sin'r"
/
*'|^-tan-,r.' -'-"\
t3-ts oHzllflf%r4^ln+ I-mE :.4EE al.Al, r olf¤
3. tim l' ¤H6I+.
r*-\l-t" t /
13. t: rcos t, !: t, Z: f sinf, f > 0
4-8 tr]"¤. 4El%I441 o e +qd +dg ril14. E ttl +71-6I
14. x: t, !: l/(1 + t'), z: t2
=
u}6}g ffisg +4']]+.
15. x: cos 8t, y: sin 8t, z: eo'8', f > 0
4. r(r) : (-cos r, r) 5. r(r) : (3 sin t,2 cos t)
: \t,2 - t,Ztj
6. r(r) 7. I(t): (3, t,2 - t2| II
Z

8.r(r):fi+fi+fk
x
e. +d r(r): <f, f ,.')ql 4dl yzSH +lEel rl$9:zH
+. _rr
v

10. +d r(r): t,zcosr)ql 4ql .{l a}s.$ts +l-tr.E

(r, sin
rBJ{. olrl+ ol+fl^J +dg r4+.
^Igg ^t¤g
 I2.1 EEIEr+sl"Ail+E 765

III Z
27. '[r-+H z: I - y24 flzl6 xz + y2: 1

ffizg. flzl5x' * y' :4e+ gETIE e : x2 4 -ildg. +-q-E r

H4. ol +dq o14{+oJd{g +6t+. E.+ ol ,Jd^l
x
.v + e+ElE ol.$a|.r-l +del :14E=:1Bl+.
2e. EiEl{ += F E;llz} ^ls trIs + +dg
+A+'-ql^l
trI+ +zle4H + EiilE +¤. q+= 4^1E.l+ 4ol ?
16-17
'l+ Elq%Ixd{ge +q{ +dg E+}61+ ¤H.etr %}

C^lg +614. ,q6iq. (trI^l"Jg ¤-zlolE s4g *Ezi? F ul4zlE

16. r(r) : \t,4,t2| +EBJvl?) + +d+ "JB + glxl"J F E;llzl- +g
^l
17. r(r) : (sin r, cos r, -cos r)
4ql Ae +l;<lql ilEzl I
¤s-21-3lEl(e.l¤el ¤#Exll
28,2e +4). r > 091 ql6ll F oJxlE +ll4ol +g Eq'J

y: +E +qdull a1-x1. + "Jzl= +E6l+7J.?

18. {]ZlE+%I44]ol r: / t sin f, e:
cos ,, rtl +dg
ggE z': x' +y' gI+¤ 1101tr, ol ol+6li rr(/): lt2,7t - 12,t2), rz(/) : (4t - 3,t2,5t - 6)
9l9l
^l,gg
^J
+dg rEj+. ffiro. (a) uflzlJsf%rcal"l trIs=4 ag +de-l r4E= rq+.
19.+d r(r): Zti + e'j + ez'k= EJE-I=,tlE r{-s zg
*: ftsin 8t -
$ sin 18r
4E +6L+
^tl y: -Hcos 8r + $ cos l8r
20. +d r(r): ti + (2t - /lt s+ sEE z: f * y'ol "J+=
,:ffsin5r
Eg +6I+.
ffizr-zg trl-S EEI%lC+ls + +qd +dE fqs$ fej{. (b) +dol 4L+H t44f + 144y2 -2522:1009 ++E
+dq ¤.HtE c¤"I + _=qLlE+ "]]zllHf9 4qq4 Ht +lq +'Jg Hq+.
+B= +dg ¤4614. 31. rllgullEE :1H eel :14d,s+ d
^ll"J"HE¤+ d+6}rll
21. r(r) : (cos t sin 2r, sin r sin 2t, cas Ztl ill4j.J _EL+g 444xl= *6J4. +¤. ullrHH+%r-¤^lg
22. r(t): (sin 3r cos t, |r, sin 3r sin r) ol+6l.q +lql^J Hl+++ +lJg +_qE reJ+.

23. r(r) : (cos 2t,cos 3r, cos 4r) x: (2 * cos l.5r) cos t

y: (2 * cos 1.5r) sin r

ffiz+. "llrl]B+%F4+lol tr]-q=rl rJg +dq f4EE rEJ+. e: sin 1.5/

x : (1 * cos 16r) cos r

+dol "J4zl 9+gg +44= +401 ?14. Hxl .{ys$
y : (1 * cos 16t) sin r gEfl +del at$"l +3+E r:2 * cos 7.5t, 0 : lol-tr
z:l*cos16r
"I4^J rol t4 3 ^tolql^l Eo]+ 49 eq+. r4r. ^f
:14rz} ggHql +q 9t+g Efl o er^-l f.4EE EoJ ¤ol r: l4 r: 3 ^IolE +rJq flg ql zz| 4H#4 4
g ¤H6t4. +{tg 7}xl= Ag Eq+.
25. El]7]]H+%l-44]ol x: t2,!:1. - 3t, z:1+ ,3oJ +dol *o_e :zHol :zHeE 4+q= ol+6iq HIE fql
E (1,4,0)r+ (9, -8,28)g zlrlxluS 4 (4,7, -6)g zl4 4 ul.=|H-E +Cg r4r +ss :fl :zH4 ullalz|.
zl *++ Eq+. relr qq 4Eql^i H}E+E rHg fEj4. +d ++lE
tlxlEol o.2oJ +e-= r?-lH +dg q * S + :t+
+ qHE r.dg ++.+lb EqEl+E +6t4.
z6-zt trl+
(Maple9 t.ubeplot H*q E+ Mathematicagl tu-
26. gEH ,: Wr+ BH. z: I + y becurve EE rube H¤{=
^l-n"s4).
766 128 ulEl:Br+

32.
==ddE
u4 vE-r--+
""J 4 +6Jol +x1]6I=
ulrJo-Jfol (c)
lgx [u(r)
. v(r)] : ]gx . of,l
"(,1 lgx
a cE +++ 6}Z.l. tr]+. ++^dag +86|4.
x v(r)] :
(a) [u(r) + v(r)] : lgx + lim v(r)
(d) lim [u(r)
]q "trl x lim v(r)
lg "(,1
(b) lim cu(r) : c lim u(r)
33. r(r) : b7t q7l 9l'* E,t+Ead* s= e > gql ql
lg1
t+ct [+a
6Iq 0 < lr - al <6olfl l.(r) - hl < E7I qE 6 > 0
z]. fxflali agg u-q{.

12.2 | EilE1E+e,l -EEt#et 4E

olH 1r-++ql^J ++ql^l ¤-zlol= B^J4 += EiIEE +t¤ ¤H6l-71 +l
6]] Elq6J+= ol+g 4olr+. olE 916ll {zlrl= ElqE}+q
"l4Eg ¤E6J+

r -Eg+
ElEl++ rel E++(derivative) r'9 ++4 zJol ¤*{I'J+ql^-Ie+ rJg o}He
-E 4el+t}.

I
dr
r'(r) lim
r(r+h)-r(t)
dt h+O h

+Efl ++"1 +rflo]-= 4+q ql6l ¤EdJ+.

"l 499 zlo}44 E"lE:
ololl

H lql^-l Eq +r 9t+. B Pe+ gsl +lz.ldlElzl- r(r)p* r(r + /,)olfl, p7= gq

r(r+ ft) - r(r)E +rJ{q 6JdEqE ^8r+g+ 9i4.h > golfl r-23e1-gr (tlh)
(r(r + h) - r(r))4 ,U + h) - r(0- ,JC "J6Jol+. ft--= 0"J oll ol ulEl- dd +l
ql +q fl= EElql d=61-. asE ++++. "le+ ee. ol+E r,(t)tl +xlJ6l-_L,
r'(t) + 0olH ulel r'(r)g roll E6]] CEq. +dfl d p.ll^Jel EfltrlE1(tangent
vector)F-| *+. Pql^J Cql ql+ Efl(tangent tine)$ PE zlu|-Z, ddEq r'(r)"ll

¤¤"J 4dqs ¤qE'i

r(t+ft)-r(r)
r(r+ft)-r(t) It
r'(t
P

0 < ft < loJ ttH, gd4lE'loll l/ft= EdH

,iE r(t + lt)
Al ral lG)e.f ,Jol EEIE
C
r(r + h)
C
=01=
+o16l.rl. 0

x ) x )
-rEl
JEI
'l (a) aJdulel r? (b) dduJel r'(r)
 12.2 E El-sf+o I E-Er-+sl. 4E 767

trl-+ C4= Elqql+ rE ER+= 4l4}6i7l +16}], rel 4 ^d$g "l$dl-= E?]
'J
rlflg gEj +tri.

2 Eal r(4 : U(t),s(t),h(t)|: f(t) i + s(r) j + h(t) kolfl rl**ol dBEI+.

r'(r) : (f'(t), g'(r), h'(t)l : f'(t)i + g'(t)j + ft'(/) k
4zlrJ J', g, hY ul$zl-=" aJ 6L+o]+.

xtr{
eo
r'(r) : li* l[r(r + Ar) - r(r).]
ar-o Af ' '
I

frT, Ltl{.fU
+ Ar), s(t + A,t),h(t + Ar)) - (/(r), s(t),h(t)}l

lim I tt, + ar) - f(t) s(t + Ar) - s(t) h(t + L,t) - h(t)
Ar---+ 0
\ar L,t L,t )
(t + Ar) - /(r) g(t + h,r) - g(t) ,:* ft(r + Ar) - A(r) \
IIIIT
ar-0
"f
Af
IIITI
'ar+O L,t 'o'i% Lt I
: \f '(t), g'(t), h'(t)| tr

dddlqe+ %I6Jol ,Je. ++l dlElE E+lEflElE1 T(unit ransent vector T)+r
6Iq ++r+ +ol {e.lq|+.

{iq4t r l)
(a) r(r): + sinztrq eg-49+614
(1 + r3;i + te-'j
(b) r: oql Eoil^lE tr+lddElqE +6t+

HI
(a) 44 trl.ll 44 r9 4 CEg trl+6lfl q+4 ?JLI.
r'(r) : Stzi + (L - t)e-'j + }cos 2rk

(b) r(0) : iol_tr r'(0; : j + 2ko1_o +, 4 (1, 0, O)ql.qE ++ldd4El= +q,,+ +q.
r'(0) i+2k
T(o/:F(o)T:ffi: I 2
I
- 6u
"tEi

(ollfil 2|) +d r(r): ,fri+ (z- t)jql q611 r'(r)E +61l, +lilqEl r(l)l1 dd
Elrl r'(l)g rel+.
768 128 EEIE|+

Eq
v
2 r'(r):
+i-i, r'(l):i,-,
(1, l)
+qd +dg Bfl+dss, %1441 * : ,fr, y: 2 - /ql^J "llzHEfE 44618 y :
2 - i,.r l 09 E=+. gdql^J +lTlEel r(1) : i + jel 'l]+El= d (1, l)
r'(1)
^lz16}=
0 r ql^J
^14}6l+
ddElrJ r,(1)"1 rH 2ql fElri gl+ r
-rel ,
JEL (qlll 3D ,HzHE+%r-C4lol rl-o_g rJ+ +dql 46ll d (0, r, rr12)414 dcg "Ilzll
ral 2oll^J trcslEl= t7l Tlzl H+%r-{^lg +6I+.
7|E Aql +oldlrf. =7|.61=
x:Zcosr, y:sinr, z:t

Eill +tE ElEl%1"441o1 r(r) : (2 cos r, sin r, r)ol_u e q+g E*+.

r'(r) : (-2 sin /, cos /, 1)

E (0, t, rrl2)91 ql+q+ "]]zIEf9 lk$ t:7f2oll:+, r*ql^JE ddEq.

r'(rrl?): <-2,0, t;o14. dd¤. d (0, l, rrl2)* z1+r ElEl (-2, 0, l)ql ¤q"J 4
d"l4.trl+^l ll.s¤q 4l E.il 44 {zHfl+%F{^lg +s-l} ?J:u+"
7T
x:-Zt, !:I, ---
z- t I+
-L
2

t2

8
a

qlr.ll 3el Llcal trdol ral 3oll relrl 4

o lrL 2
q 0x
-ra! 2
-o.s o 0.-5 2
v

ol-Ell r'(r)9|- r"(t)71A]4 /0ll

12.4tr0114J d*AI EL+e+ ,Jol ulEl++ rel 2fi1 E-d*(second derivarive)E r,E ES+
Al +l^lulElzl r(O"J "Jrl7l ErJoll^j E
qq +EulElq[ 7l+EulE]E dH4E
ol+. 4 r,'(r) : (r,),olr+. qlE EE q4l 3E 'J+E Z4l
=.9,a5
.+s=r+ +q.
^.lg
+ ?l=rl= Eg 4olrl. r"(/) : (-2 cos r, -sin t,0)

I ol= EEI
tl+ Cel- ¤*# Et+q *t "lE +^lql {ls"61-E ElEltJ+ql ++ +41"1 9l
*9 -u-q ++.

3 EEI uel vE ul$zl-=."oJ EEI6J+, cE 4rJ4, /E ¤+rrl'J++ 6l-B +

*"1 dB.J+
 "12.2 EEI-Bf+sl E--J+el 4E 769

d
1
a [u(r) + Y(r)] : u'(r) + v'(r)

d
)
a [cu(r)] : cu'(r)

t d
[/(r) "(0] : f'(t)u(/) + /(r) u'(r)
dt

4.
d
[u(r) . v(r)] : u'(r) .o(r) + u(r) .v'(r)
dt
d
[u(r) x Y(r] : u'(r) x v(r) + u(r) x v'(r)
dt
d
6.
a tu(/(t))l : f'(t)u(/(r)) (fl4nHzl)

ol 4r]= cq EIE+EI 4d4sE +HEl4Ll crl EE ¤+at ++ql 4+

sl= "lE +^lg ols-" ge-trrAl +Hts + gl+. g+l +oil 4f, +Eg 4zJl6p, u|
"lzl *tlel +He fl+E{lE H4 E+.

A^.! 4sl u(r) : (,fi(r), fr(t),fr(t)|, v(/) : \sr(t),sz?),ss(r))E} 6tE +g-4

zh)
E
=B
u(r) . v(r) : f,(t) s,(r) + fr(t) sr(t) + fr(t) st(6) : 2 f,U) s,(t)
i:l

-r4oE .Jql4ql EE +^lql 4+ +g-ol ^Jgtri.

fir"o.v(r)l
: d 3
dt
E,nt t) s/t) :
Z*u,(t)s,(t)l
3

E lfi (t) slt)

t:i
+ f,(t) si?)l

3 3

E
i:
fiTs,O + )i:l f,(isl?)
I

: u'(/) . v(r) + u(r) . v'(r)

+4 4E ol+6l.q ++ 44- +H++.

4 Eq l.(r) | : c(tFf)olS r'(r)* E= /ql 4a]] r(r)4 zln'J+.

r(r) .r(r): l.(r)l':.zoJtr, t'o\,H!+olFF, 44 Ele-l +4 4.il trI+ +

=Bdfl.Jtrl.
gol

q-+^l r'(r).r(r):0oltr,olag r'(r)zl r(/)ql 4f,"Jg "J6H ++ tr

770 128 EEI--J+

zlafqr{_o_tr, 44 E- + +dol +col g4e +H +lql +"1 9lsE, dd

ulrl r'(r)..}{l+lilEEl r(flql +zl"Jg E6]] +ti(re 4 +4).
I

I r'(r)

I4E
I
-1

,v E+"J HIEIEL+ 4+E 14tl BlE4}. 49 4l

r(flsl E4E(definite integral)$
e.l6IH, d*# E}+ql^]e+ ,J* %FHSE C_el.J + gl+. rflql ol a+ql rel 4
,t

ts+ q-.q=r+ ,Jol :9 ^d+6J+ f , s, hA 4Eg ol$-oll.{ ++'J + 9lt(4at9 zl

-rzl
JE+
A s.E 4t-zlE ++).
n

I: r(t) dt: lim

n-* )i-l r(r,*) Ar

]* [(>r,,r,o,) ,. (i sur)o,) ,. (i ntil^,) -]

,rl{^J +*r+ ,Jol ¤Ets + !trl.

L"ro dt - (i:r,, ") ' . (f s(t) dt)i . (1; not a,)x

ol43 4 C+++. 4e+ssrAl 4++ +g + 9l+g 9"1il4.

EIEIEL+9]
rJol ¤4.J dlrl'Jf"llzlxl :rN_tr qa¤ + 9t
"l4Eol9 zlt44= +¤-4
4. Rzl-rel Sro;a, 4 R'(r) - r(4oJ oll 4*ol CB+tt.

.tO dt : R(/)]: : R(b) - R(a)

L'

+C4+(qE*+)ql qlsH^J= zls lr(t) dt? ^l-+d+.

{q4l 4D r(0:2 cos ri * sin rj + zrt<olg

J
.(r) Or:( I 2costdt
)'.(l sin t dt
),. (
j 2t dr k

_L sinri - cos t j + tzk + C

q7l^l c= 4E9 t4ulelolrf. roJ ++9 e=+
:lzsin ri - cos, i + !'u]:''
ff'' rtl at
rr?
:2i-j- , k
+
 12.2 HlEl--J+ol E-Er+el 4E 771

1z.z I t+=xtt

r. rl-9 rHg EEI6J+ r(r)91 el"l] +q4l +d cE +4utrI 12. r(r) : ltu, t, t')oJ 4] r'(r), T(1), 1(r), r'(r) X 1'(r)=+6I+.
(a) ul4 r(a.s) - r(4)4 r(4.2) - r(4)E:44.
t3-14 xl4¤ ¤ql^l ,l]zl]EfIlrd4s.tr. strE +dql q6J
(b)Eq 4#" r(a.Z)
0.2
- r(a) r4+. d dfl,|] zl| EfoJA {g +61-+.

++ldCEEl r(4)E 4lsE +EI'il+.

(c) r'(4)el- lr. x : t2 * l, y : 4rfr, 7 - (2,4, l)
"tz-t.
(d) 4El r(4)E rEJ4. 14, x : g-t cos ,, y : e-' sin ,, z : e-'i (1, 0, 1)

v
C R 15. d (3, 4,2)ql^-J + fl7lE x2 + y2: 2591 y2 + z2: 20el
r(4.5).
rd"J +dq qi.J ddfl EElrJC4lg +6|4.
o
r(4.2 Efito-rz zl4g d.il^l +qd "l|z]]Hf$d^lsE Edg +d
ql ql* ddE ,HzllHf%rdslg +6I+. F"J+ Erlp+Eql
+d4 ddq :74EE rEJ^l ¤E6l-4.
0 -{ 16. x: t, ! : g-t, z:2t - t2: (0, 1,0)
17. x: , cos t, ! : t, z : r sin r; (-zr, rr, 0)
2-4
(a) clg- ElEl%'-4^l o-E +q4i ¤H+d¤ :-44. 18. +d rr(/) : f, f)4 rr(r): (sin r, sin ?t, tl|- fldql
(t,
(b) r'(r)E +6I+. Elttr+. rdql^J + +d xlolg ,+E +6.J._7. HlgBEI
^J
(c) #olal ,#q 46J +lilEEl r(r)s+ dd4E1 r,(,)E fEJ+. g C+ E9l s(aegree)-E +El-'H+.
2. r(r) : l), t: -l
(, - 2, t2 + 1e-21 +g ziE¤- +El-4.

3. r(r):e2'i* r'i, /:0 ,r. f - ,'i + :i,sk) dt

(ri

4. r(r) :4sin ti - Zcos fj, t:3zn14 \

I ll-i+I
20. t,
Jo\r+l
1 , ar
r'z+1i+ tz+tu)
s-8 flfla;-ael EE++E +6I+.
21. -^i* 1
te ''i + tf,u dt
5. r(r) : \,/, - 2,3, r/t?l
J l+t'
6. r(r) : t2i+ cos(r2)j * sin2rk 22. r'(t):Zti + 3r'1 + ,fr koll. r(1) : i + jg E|| r(r)E
7. r(r) : f sin ti * e' cos rj * sinrcos rk +61+.
8.r(r):a+tb+tzc 23. 44 trlE +^l lg +H6I4.
24. C4 trlE +{ sE +E6i+.
e-l0 +ol4l ,]]z]]Hf ,el {tg ,*= d"ll^l ++lddEEl r(4 25. u(0 : (sin /, cos f, f)gl y(r) : (/, cos r, sin r)oll {Ell $El
E +6I+.
+4 4= ol$-rll,rJ rl¤¤ +6I+.
9.r(r) :\t'-Zt,t+3t,lf +ltrl, t:Z d_
v(r)l
10, r(r) :
*lu(r)'
cos ti + 3t j * 2 sinltk, /: 0
26. f(t): u(r).v(r),u(2): <7,2, -l), u'(2): (3,0,4),
v(r) : (t,t',/')oJ trll f'(Z)E +614.
11. d (2, -2,4)q^-l *C r(r): (r3 + t,3t - 5,4/t\4 t
+lddEEl r(r)E +6til+. 27. r(t) : a cos rrrl * h sinarlolfl r(r) x r'(r) : {ra X b"J
¤- Hqq. EzlrJ a9} hE ^}f4rlol4.
772 128 trlqg+

28. rtl ulrle}fE,{ r"ol cl$ol ^JB6Jg H"l+. [-d=: l.(r) l' : r(r) ' r(t)]
={]6lE
r'(r)l : r(t) x r"(r) 30. u(r) : r(,) n
fif-Vlx
2e. r(r) + ooJ q|*1.(r) I : ' r'(r)E +H614.
il : n,I:; J f;,"*
#r(r)

12.3 lEsl eopl+E

r Eel eol
g.Z¤.llrl f '4 s'ol g+"J oJ]zHH+EI{^lol x: f(t), y: s(t), a1t < &oJ
"ll
TIH+dE 4olE +^l-+4eE ,JolE ++e_E 4EiHsq, q+4 +e +^l
o ololrl
E ,^A'-] .
='

1 ,: to '(/)l' + ls'(t)l' dt :
r (#)'. dy
dt )'
dt

="++dfl ,J"]s +g %1H."+ Csl¤rH:zH I +4). +del ulfl%rCal"l

0

v r(/): (/(,), s(t),h(t)|, aar <bolzl4 ol4 EilE 4zH{f$d! * - f(t), y

: g(t), z - h(t)olA f ', g', h' "l E+ol{ 6l-z} rzl- aollrJ btlzl +71-6Jql uI4 +
.d

f.A 1 Eil=d9 eol= LHE-d tl'f

--Jol e0l"l +-d0lrl. dol 4 + HEi +ll4+ ol$r+fl, r +dE zJolb ++4 +¤¤ Eg + ?Iti.

,: IO
'(/)l' + ls'U))' + lh'(t))z dt

tr :T: dx
2
dy
2

.(*)'"
+
dt dt

Eel zjol +4 trr+ E= E+ +*4 zJol E4 ,J+* EqE +48 + 9t+.

12.4tr01141 r(t)71,r,12-1 rollAl

=
EElol= 3 ,: [o lr'(r) ldr
ille.l +l^lulEl0lE r'(t)E +E4E10lr,
lr'(r) l= +al"J= gXl E Aoltl. qal^1
^l
Eg +al= 4E6lE EEIoJ TlalE ;tl -z ol-fth EE+d r(r):/(/)i + s(t)jql ql6ll 4*ol ^JB6L7I
ollEol4.
+t-g + 9lEE -E{q
=q.
l.'(r)l: l/'(r)i + s'(r)jl: t)l' + ls'U)l'

+++d r(r) :/(/)i + g(/)j + nU)kql q6l]^ls 4*ol dB6J+.

l.'(4 l: l/'(ri + s'(r)j + h'(r)kl: [/'(/)]' + ls'U))' + lh'(t)1'?

 12.3 Eel eole.|. +E 773

(qfl d (1, 0,0)ql^-l d (1, O,Zrr)nlzl EEI"J¤a1ol r(r):

1D cos /i + sin ti + tk 1=12? qlrll loll^l 4 017l 4l+tE Lldel

.J gB+CE oel zjolS +61-eI" E= Eq

=+

Eil .'(0 : -sin ri + cos /j + kolu + ++g E=tr}.

I t'(r) | : (-sin * cos2r * 1

E
(1,0,2rr)
(1,0,0)ql^J (1,0, Tn)llzlel g.= 4zHHf ++ol 0<r <TrrE E.¤ElsE, +4
o El trl+g E=4. (r,0,

,: f" l.'(r) I o, : ff' ,E a, : z,En J

.v

at] 2

+f,{d c= 6t+ ol^JE {E].J+E +4H + 914. ql$ EH tl-s=$ zJol ul

Efl +i]-+dol 9,14.
4 rr(/) : \t,, t2,t3), I a t 5 2
ol4g ol]zllHf t4 u rlol9 +.4lz} t: eu_o + +qd q+ 6J+E_E +48
"ll
+ 9l'i.
5 rzfu): l¤u,e2u,e3ul, 0 < u <ln}
.J4^l Ee+ E. *d csl r]|T]|E!+E[(parametrization)4 ++ 4 e+ E=
^]
*d cE ,Hz|Efsloltrl. +^l Eg ol$all.tl ^l Ee+ EoJ s CE ,Jol= 4ltl
6IE t"Jf, {Ig Eg Aol4. ol49 se] ,Jol. +dE zl6tqr-4 C4ol7l trll+
ol4, u}4^J ,HzilHfot$ +Al?l H't.
^l-++

I Esl eoFd+
olxll Cz| ++r+ Ae. EIEIE+g +qd {{ol-2, r'ol E4ol4 fil aollrl bE
+zlEiql Itt+ c= + qL trqI +1149 olE4_r. 6}zl-.

r(r): f(t)i + g(r)j + h(r)k, a<t<b

oltrll Esl EolEf*(arc length function) s$ Q-o=q- ,Jol 496J+.

(#)'.(t)'.(#
2
Z

E s(r): !'lr'{u)lou: du t
f, s(r)

Er+ ulla|=].) q4^l s(flb C9 r(a)$ r(r) .tlolel ,J"lr+(rfl 3

C
(e.2¤el
^l r(r)
+a). "l4gqlel zlECtsl 19 olg-all.<l 4 Eq "JEg,,lE6lE q+g E=rl. r(a)

7
#: l''(r) I

x
0

g9 zJ"l- +4+ 4ls4l+ "HzllEfsf"ll +l*9zl 9+r +del EoJoll trI+ 3

=aJ
774 128 trlEl-'J+

^IE^B4I ^J7l- AolF-E_, +dg E9

,Jol"il +6I
"llzllHfslal# 4"1 olloll
E fr8-61+. +d r(t)zl olul uJlrHE+ r"ll S"ll +q4 fl-L s(qz| Eql E6ll
^l
+qc sE ,JolE.r*olB, rE s9l s6J Bf r - r(s)E E +E gl+. r*lH +d
g rE qlguJe-e.Al r: r((s))4 zJol rlrl soll *a]] ollzHHfpits + il+. qlE
E9 s: 30lE r(r(3))g ^l¤ql^J +dg 'rl4 ,Jolzl- 3trgl*# trq4 flE d
el +lilEElol+.

(qql +d r(r): cos ri * sin rj + rk$ ^ld (1, 0,0).ojl+El

2D rzf f,zlali uJ-

6Je--tr +4+ sq ,Jolql +611 4al ol]z]]H+sl.I+.

Eil alE (1, 0, 0)* ,l]zHH*al r: 0oll 6}l'J,*+ qlxll l_tr+El +¤¤ g++
ds
;: it'(r) l: 'E
trI+^l rJ+
'l+r+
s : s(r) : j, tr'(o) I du: [:J, 4u: ,Et
r4 = + t : 'NT ol7, /E qloJ6lq ¤* s"ll 4s ,HzHH++= +6lE
'l-s=4
?Jq.

r(r(s)):cos('/JT) i+'i"(r/"8)i+$1^/i)u r

IE
++ /ql^J r,ol ¤+oli1 r,(t) + 0olE ,JlzHHfp]- r(r)- /ql^l uHlaJrKsmooth)
I aJ+.+dol 4zEl+ ullzll{fffi z}zlE ullaaJr}r. ++. "H:r4$ +dg
!E++ EFol4 BEol H.r ddElqzf uJ-qg- HIE trll ¤+4og ulaffi ul.
#+.
c7l-ElEl6J+ rE 4qq. ,]lr7+l+ +dolE ++lddqq r(r)= r+¤.4 rJol
+qxlr olae +dq ,J,Jg ++utrl= 49 tzl6l-zi.

r(r) : r'(r)
lr(DT
( :.H 4-EP4 Czl ,]e-l zldg tr}] r(0- oL+ AA6l oJ'Jg HL+zl*, cz| _E_

q ql46lrll ++qzl4+ 5lEe qlql= ,J+g -H-+ ml-Eril Hl-E+b 49 g

+ il'}.
0
C
+q{ d"ll^J cel qg--e- :. flq^] +col E"}4 Eul-e4l ,J.}g ul-T=zl-E
-i +4.11= 4sol4. +6] EE ,Jololl ']]6J ++ldd{El.ql Eifl¤4 ztl
=¤.-q-
4 Coll
'J3 )J7:o+ Ecl^{ ?1= tr cE¤+(+Eo] "H7HH+ELqI ¤'Jg Ezl t*s+ 617l +16l] sq zjol$ ol$
=aJ
Eql^lql E?ltrdqlE1 ,il+) ++lddElEl= ,JolE zfxlEg tjJ6}.ll 4t Esi"Jol TE H+g
^J+ql
.il g6}9
=+.
 12.3 Eq eolef 775
=E

I 8sl ++lddEEl rql ql6}] +dg EE(curvature)$ +++ rJol 49eL'I.

dT
K:
ds

ollzllEfzl-, 44l.ll r-tr -EEqE +E.g tr+ #41 4l+its + ?I-o =E, fl4H
402.24e] 44 tr +^l 6)p- ol$oll.<l +s=4 zJol *4.

dT dT ds dT dTldt
dt ds dt -K ds ds/dt

relLl-4 Ee.+A ds/dt: l.'(r)lolF-ts r}*ol CB++

I ,((/) : lT'(, I

l.'(r) I

(qH 3D elzlt fl9 $$oJ tla"J# H.i+.

"oJ

Eil +aol gE.J fl¤. dqts + glsq, "lull oHzllHfElE trl-g=4 ?JL+.
r(r):acosti*asinrj
trl-+^l r'(r): -asin ti t acosrj"lr lr'(r)l : aolFE t}+g g=q.

T(,) : +(') * costj

r"(r)T: -sinri
T'(t) : -cos ri - sin r j
olA oE+q lr(, | : lolo-E 4.1 EE ol+6IH q+¤ E=+.

r(r):ffi:; r
ql4l 3E ¤+= +E]-ql zl+4ge +E+ tlzlt-, g+
"Jil6}4l 4Lg
=
zle ++9 7l14f= Eq ++ +Bel {elE+El {dE=+=* r dCulrlzl-tr
fol-=.= 6}lJ- golel= Ag HIE "J + ?l+.
+4 Ez[ q-59 4l+61+ EE 4+.ll ol+g + 9ls+, ']+ 4r-l"ll +"lTI
+4ol trllE- tr+ ¤E6-[?]l ol+¤ + 91tr].

10 84 EEI.J+ rE i{Tf +d.el +-=-q-'l+4 ?Jr+.

*(r) : l.'(l) x ."(l) |

lt'(r) l'
776 I28 EE-I:E+

T : r'/1.'loll, lr'| : ds/dt olFE rl+l} ++.

=B
Ot
lr'lT :
r' - rrdt ,
:a4=tr. +q +402.244 4El EE +4 3)ql r1"-- E=+
"I+
Yt'|:*r*41'
dt' dt

TxT : nolFE(l1.4¤el ql4l 2) ffiol ^dB++"

2
ds
r'xr": dt
(T x T',)

olxfJ E_E /ql qlql lrla I

: rol.oE, 12.244 c4 E.il E6ll Te+ T'+ 4re
+.trI+^J 11.4¤E 44 E.ll EE]] ffiol CH6J+.

l.'X r"l :
2 2 2
ds
dt lTxT'l:
ds
dt lrllr'l: ds
dt lT' I

q+^J ++3 e=t]..

lT'l: lr'X r"l lr'X r"l

(ds/dt)'? l.'l'
lT' r'x r"
^: l.l
I

lr'I'

(qH 4D "JqE drl (0,0,0)ql^J ElEfl +il-+d r(r): {t, f, f)E qE¤ 7
"l-+.
Egl Hxl gs+ dE# +g-+ rJol 4l+EJ+.
r'(r) : (1,2t,3t21 r"(/) : (0,2,6t1

l.'(r) I : L+4t?+9f
j k
.'(r) x r"(r) : I 2t 3t2 :6t2i-6tj+2k
0 2 6t

l.'(r) x r"(r)l: t4 _t 36t2 + 4 :2 t4*9t2+l

oi4l 44 lrolee+El +¤¤ e=+.

: r'(r) x r"(r) 2 1+9t2+9t4

*(r)
l.'(r) l' (t + 4f + gto)'/'
trI+^j r: 09 trll, flEql^lE +Eg rc(O) : 2oltrl. r.l
 12.3 Eq eolsf +E 777

y:/(x)tl +HBJ ¤E+del 4+ql= xE ol4lE+E q'L]r- r(x) -

,JC^lol
xi +/(r) je ++ olrll r'(r): i + f'(x)j, r"(r) :f"(x)jolr i x i: k, j x j:0
ol=-tr_ r,(x) X r,,(x; : f,,(*) k= g=+. E.,* l.'(r) I : 1+ x)1'zolFE {
r-l 10 q
"IE+ e-+
11 r<(x) : f "(*)l
[1 + (/'(*))']'/'

( qH 5 il d (0, 0), (1, l), (2, 4)ql^l g.Ed y -- *'4 +E¤ +6].4.
Efl y, :2x, r' : )olEe +^l Eqt "].4 +*¤ E=+ y
2 !:x2
,\ lY"l 2
Kr.r/:i+GyPD:0+4x?Y
(0, 0)ql^Jel +Eg r(0) : 2ol+. (1, 1)q^lE x(l) :2153/2: g.16ol-r. (2, 4)ql^-l= y:x(-r)

rc(Z):21fi3t2: 0.03014. E= rH 5ql +q4l rc9 z4sE.+El s --+ +co 0 "t

"(;r)9 ^l
.J ,I rc(.r) + o"Jg +R6lzt. olag EEdol 1-> m"J++ ¤ts61-rll qqrJ+E
=85 EEd)=x'rl.--sl"+
-1-

^l-¤4 +R++. r
r EfltrlElel
=HctrlE1
ollrzel+ +A+d r(4 +lE +"141 d.il= +flddEEl r(,)e+ zl,16l-= ulelzl-
g+ol fl4.E.roll 4"]] lrtol : roloE 12.24.-q ¤r-l Eql el6Hr(r).r'(r): s
oll ulaf.tJ T'(0= T(r)e+ 4r5Jg 94of,9-Er{] T(r)e+ zljra|- ElEl + 6}+=
dEB + ?tt+ T'(r) zl-41+ ++lulElzl- "lHql +si-aJtr|.. r*l'i ,< I OoJ .JEel
dql^l +E+.lHdElE{(principal unit normal vector, 6"1^l E+lHdElEl) N(/)E r+ B

e-4 rJol 4e_l6J + 9i+.

T
N
N(/):lm T'(r)
,/
/ .v

"l t+lHdqq= ?+ gql^l +dol +zlol= ^Jr+¤ +

,,J6Fg +Ei4= 4sE
:
9l+ 4q B(0 T(/) x N(/)= EHdtrlEl(binormal vector)=]-z qL+. EEI B=
.t

6
re+ N E+ql +4e ++l4qol+(rH 6 Er-a). =aJ

{ qrll 5D q-g ge+dql 4+ ++lHdEEle+ +HdEElE +6}+.

r(r):cosri*sinrj+rk

EU H4 ++lHdElqE +6171 +lsl] gs+ CE# +grl Aol 4l+IqL+

r'(r) : -sin ri * cos rj + k, I ,'(t)l: Ji
778 128 EEI-E|+

fzJ 7? Llcel + rlEoll^l EEI r, N,

BE e"Joe* qlEl 6= ¤EEtrl. "J"J T(r): g: +(-sin/i * cosrj + k)
40+ +CE qal Eo++El Al1rEl= l"'(r) I ,E
ulEl T, N, B= ,tlzJ roll u}al E4lol=
T'(r): *(-.osri - \/'
sinrj), lT'(r)l :+
rNB
dEttl.
=olal-Eal=
0l rNB
r.lEEEJsl Ec= +
EP EIETldl-+str. +qt
Jz Jz
EoFsl ++C Efioll tH-.J SEoe 6-s : r(')
N(r) -cos ri - sin t j: (-cos r, -sin r,0)
trr q-g= -.Jtr|. lffiT:
"lAg +d +le-l gEel dq^Je-l Hd{elzl-+¤ol{ 7rt$ uJ6l-= 4g Bq ++.
+BdElEl+ tr]-gl} ?JEI.
T

N B i j
B(r):T(r)xN(r) :+ln -sin r cos r
1
-----: (sin t, -cos r, l) I
B
T
yL
-cos , -sin r il /o

(q141 7l) d (1,0, l)ql^l *d r(r): (r, ,Etn4r/tlql ql+++lddulE.l, ++lH

v
x
dEIEl, +HdElEle+ +$$ +"I+.
:leJ 7 Efll H4 ,el ++E^l re+ r'= +61-zl.

r'(r) : lt,,/i/r, _t/t'l

: lrr- 211 'to+2t2+l
l.'(r) I rr*'tot2

: -Ju'+
l_1
l)' : *(r' + 1) 1rz+ | > 0) q+ql
t' t'
r'k\
r('):FGI:G'*D\1 tz I Ji I -,
t t' - ft'z + t) \''V
r
Dt, -tl
rz.zgq Cr-l EE +{ 3g ols-"6|{ rg ulsa}H q.+g EE+.
T,(r) : \tr,,1-zt,_ r) +
& # i2t, 42,01

d (1, 0 ,1)g r: loll 4*9qs,

T(1) : L<t,,8, -t>

T(1) : -+(1 , rE,-1) + i(2,tli,o): l(1, o, 1)

f4t, o, t; I
0' I )
I2 I +0+ I fr\''
B(1) : T(1) x N(l) : +G[2,
ntn -2,-Jr>: ](r, -,[2, -t>
LYL

olz, +^l trFll el61 +E-q +s- rI ?Jq

 '12.3 Esl 779
=olel=E

,((l): lr'(r) Jitz Ji

2
|

lr'(r) | 4

44 Eg ol+6lq rc(1)9 4l4IB +E ilsq , t 44zI +"J,J + 9l'+. r *l

=-.Jdzl zJ=.d
H-
Ed
O U

HI1E
*d c +lel d pql^J HdElEl N+ +HdulEl Bql el"l] AdEl- ggg r9l B
cel EBE(normal plane)ol+ ++. B¤H+ ddulq rsl zlizal= E= 4d
^J T
Es +Cgtri. EEI Te+ Nql elal] eAEl= BEg Pql^J cE E+Bfl(osculating P
plane)ol+ 6J+(rH I +E). ol ol# kissE Fdl= {Hq oscutumll^l +g .v

4o14. olA+ p +=E +d +Eg E6J6l= tlzt tlll$ +lilel ¤Eolrlt¤E

d+¤Ee rJ+61 r +dg sEl61- ¤Eolr}).
J
+de-l A+
fH8
Pql^J CE +Efl(circle of curvature) Ets-E*fl(osculating circle)9 UlEl Ng
tr14^J pE+q l/rc trol444ql +dol ilsq HlxlEol tlrcol:tp= xl4+ d

+¤Hql il- flo14. ol"ll flel +dg pql^l Cel +Efifl(center of curvature)ol
+ ++. ol ffifl$ P +-ql^l cE 4471- "lfixlE Lt44= gsE ^84'J +
gl+. + +Eflg pq^J +"J6J ddEEl, HdBlq r4r +E.g o"#t4.

) P
C

0 -r
-ral
JEU o

(qry 8|) d p(0, t, nlz)414 glxll 69 +dql 4.J HSH4 d+¤Hq %F¤4g :aJ roP qlrll 8q LldTl E+EEE H
q E+.
+61-+.

Eq d PE r: ql+6}r "l dql^J H{|Eg ddflEl {(rrl2): (-1, 0, 1)g

rrl24l Z,

zfxls-tr, H¤He; "JA4g ++l;. ?JLI. z;-x +i

\-
-l(x-0)+0(y-1)+1
Tf
:0 E= z:x+- TI

2 2 I

)-
{ -= /---'-t
pql^Jel d+¤tse ElEl re+ Ng gaJalEE, d+¤Hql +{tl H{EEIE rx .T
v

N : Bol4 {lxll 6 o F+El E=+. rtJ 10

B(/):
irsinr, -cosr,t),
B(;) :(i,r,#l
EEI (1, 0, 1)g Bkrl2)41¤Bolr El+^J d+¤H"il +4olq. rflEe d+¤Hfl
%r-4^le +¤-4 rJ+.

1(x-o)+o(y-l)+l t,
:0 E= z:-x+- 7f
2 2
780 12E} EEJEI+

v { qlrl| 9 l} gdql^l EEd y : lE d+fl9 +E}z :a4 = = +4,]1+.

y:*
d+g
Efl qlal ss+q ?lE"ll^"l EEdq +E+ rc(O) : 2olu + ol dql^l d+fle.I HI
E HdEq= +4"1+) %}E-*ql^l ol 44"J=. tr"141 +lil"J (0, l)ol+. trl-+^J +E
gE %FC4e ++4 rJsq +Egg rH l t4 rJ+.
0 lx
*'+ (y - +)':l r
:lal 11 E4 s=CE flE
=iloll^l
EP trEzl e+. E+lddEEl, ++lHdEEl, +HdEEl "t +Eql +* +4g s_e]="IH 4*
4 rJ+,

r(,):ffi N(r):Tffi B(,):r(,) xN(,)

lm l_ lr(,)l_ lr'(r)xr"(r)l
=ld'': *, lffi-
I HI=AJE
Z dB
E *d E pql^l $$ x : ldrldsl-3 *dE #g 4E- +4u+. r= HB
ce.l
Eql EI6Iq HdJrl"l= + arldsY cE trI{ p7l *A"J.il r'|4 HBEoI "l$rll
\ B dT Hdl+zl= g6ll+tr+. ldTldsY Nql ¤¤"lrltfl#Exll 32 +4).,r}+^l cE q
ds
4 pzl +4"J"ll trl4pql^l dculrl= N Hraj_g-_E cld++.1 +++dg pql^l
P d+BH +e_E HlSqE + 9l+. B7l- d+¤E.l zln6Fr.E, dBldsY ptl CZ
y
trlq HaJ.il't+ d+¤Eol q$rll Ho-l-.xl "JEJ+q{tfl t2 +4)
E#Exll 33ql^J dBldszl N"il BB"J9 g + 9l+. trl-+^l q+g "J+61-- 4
zttJ rtl +x[+tr}.
agJ 12
dB
12
ds
-rN
(^l EFil.rl - +E- ++4 "E 4l. gl+.) ol rE pql^l cel Hl=H¤(tor-
sion)ol+ ++. ll2lel 4 H¤- N4 44+ +l6}j1 N .N: loJ¤- ol+6lE trl
o Xl ol.= ol LrI
^l
I= O---1 E E.L-l '

13 Esl *d cel HIEeJE(torsion)P .-l+4 ?Jr-I.

dB
T NI
ds

HlEBgg s qld ,HzllHf ,tr EE6IH + q dr{l 414}E + ?lr}. E4lBzl

I "l$a|E trl+g E=trI.
 12.3 Esl eolel 781
=E
dB dB ds dB dBldt B'(r) a.l$Eee +del tr PollAlel HIEaJE
ol+^J e Pql^lErl+ Hl=ol^1 ?,lr-Lt= gal
dt ds dt ds ds /dt I .'(r) I
Erf. 17[ g+olE ol +ce
4E EsE+q e-+. B HJelo-tr P0ll,\l
Il ?loq, rz[ $461P
tr+EE
HJc||
=EcHlE]
H,+e_e HIEGI
HJglo.E Hl

?,lrl.
=qr1
14 ,\
\-/ B,(r).N(r)
-lll,t--------]----------
'
I ,,(r) I

(o{l4l 101} +d r(r) - (cos /, sin r, ,)el HlEe¤-g +61-?+

EOI qal 6-q-E+El +¤¤ e=+.

ds/dt: lr'(r) l: ,8, N(r) : (-cos /, -sin /, 0), B(r) : (ttr?)<rin /, -cos r, l)
trl-+^l B'(r) : (ttrE)tros r, sin r, 0)t+ EE+q ++g g=+.
^l
r(t) : - B'(r) ' N(t) : --1 r' sin r' 0) ' (-cos r, -sin r,7'0)
o' : I r
lr,(r) | i(cos '' T
:zH l3ollrl ,ryBEql^J E+1fl r(r) - (cos r, sin r,0)g rH 14oll,t1 qlxll 10E
+dg Eq+r 9l+. + +d EF ^J++E¤ 7I4l+. rq+ gE +r-+Hl=H+
0olq +del ^J+Hl.Hg l.l'I. fle r+ dql^J Bq glxl"J HlEq4 ilzl ?*s
q, +d+ 4 dql^J Eq ilsq +^lql +lE HlEq4 fl*g "J + 9l+.
z Z
'l*

olE ErJ0il^1 oil+cg EgF= +cql

4 troll^lel +-=71- Hl=.Jgoil 96|q eJ
E6l Hq
=EElolEE =+

v v
1

fH13 K=1,r:0 :IaJ14 *:l,r:l

+* 44E ul¤Hgg 4l+61+ ql ++ ¤4+ +4g 4l+6}q +Eg ^J+

++

15 84 EEl++ rel HIEH$C ++4 rJol +q4l+.

,(r) : [r'(r)xr"(r)]-r"'(t)
l.'(r) x ,"(t)l'

E#Ezll 3sql^J 44 El= 0l+61-0l +dE HIEH¤¤ +B + 9t+

 782 128 EEI-E|+

12.3 I t+=nt

1. (a) trE ol$all.tJ +q4i C+e-l zJ"lE al4}Bl"{. la. r(r) : rlor'i + 2t i + 2t3 k
^l
(b) 4 4 +{g ol$all.r'l zJolE 4l4}6tr (a)olJ,<J 743
g-4 ullalr{. ls. d (1, l, r(r): (t, f , r3)E qE¤ +EI+.
l)ql^J

: 1), l<r<3 Eg ol$all.tl q¤ +ds] #¤ +6t+.

r(r) 13- t,2t,4t + 16-17
^l
2-4 trl+ +q41 +dsl zJolE +6I+. 16. y - xa 17. y: xe"

2. r(r):(r,3cosr,3 sinr), -5<t<5 18. +d y: e'f_ qL ¤ql^l 4q EEg zlzlitl? r --+ m

3. r(r) : rEti* e'j * e-'k, 0<r<l uI +Ee qB4l 9Ezl-?

4.r(0:i+l;+ft<, 0<r<l le. rHq +d cql,q d Pe+ 0 + qe Eq^J +

(a) ol-4

E"l q rql q6I ¤E6t+.

++d zft)llzl 4+6trll 'l-+ +^JE efl e =7W
T 5-6 o|e|l Hrq (b) d Pc+ pql^lel d+gg rq^l +s$ +86t+.
olE +6}i-X4l&zl4 A+EIE ol+dl^J 4Ee-l **Atg +
)
++). P
C
5. r(r):\f,f ,tol, O<t<2
6. r(r) : (cos rrt,Zt,sin?rt|, (1, 0, 0)qAJ (1, 4, 0)ttlzl
o
7. CE sEzlE x2 : ZyE* *H 3z : xyTl -il.i}6l-=- +d"l 0

+ a}zl-. gd-9--e+El d (6, 18,36)lltl cE 44t 4ol

E +61-4. ffi 20. r4q 4l+Izl4 a+ElE 0l+6ll^j *d y : x-24 a+
8. (a) 4d r(r): (5 - ,) i + (4t - 3)j + 3r kE d P(4, l, 3) ErJ+ x(x)9 :z4sE Eg'J -H-Tlp+Hql rel4. ,r9 :
rzt +7161+ H.6Jo-E +4+ as] z3o1q1 9.1
olla'l 4E= q14rq1e.Jzl-?
,1]z]]Hfsla}4. T 21. A+El {+Al4lE ol$oll,<l :zo ++d r(r): (tu', ,-', ,8,),
(b) ¤ pql^l (rz| f;zlali %r-6#s-E) 4d r(r1 -5 <, < sE +E*+ '((')E 4141al+' ol +d4 +E6J
^146l]^l
rI?+ 4++l Eq4l xlEg +6I+. +¤ rBlr{. {$ol +dq EoJql "lBrll e}84}xl ¤
=
9. +d x:3 sin /, y :4t, z:3 cos rE trI+ E (0, 0, 3)ql 8614.
+ f4s a* bzl +qrq fl+. .t+= 4d y:"f(x)9 l
olE %I6J9E s++IEJE *4"Jqr 6}zt. d
^l ^lzlBllAJ 22.
xlie.l +lil= +6I+. 4golq, r+= 6t+= +EEI+ },: rc(r)o]t+.?+ fqlsE
10,12 +?16}r ol+E ¤H6I+.
(a) E*lddEq r(,)e+ E+lHdulEl N(,)E +6I+. ]'
(b) +4 EE oISEl]^J q-e- +dq +E_g +6t4.
u
10. r(r) : {t',sinr - /cosr,cosf * rsinr), r > 0

11. r(r) : (t,t2,4)

.t'

12. r(r) : \t,Lr',r'l

T 23. r(r) : (r - ] sin r, | - tr rou r, ,)E r-fls= 12.lEE
13'14 44 @g ol$allal q-g +dq +"E_g +6t+ rH l3(b)ql^J -H-tl+. {$ol 7l..+. Eg qq4r
= ^J
,+61-=7I? e+El q+ill4l$ olf,-all.! +EaJ+E- +6ir
13.r(r):fi+/t<
 12.3 Eq e0tef 793
=E
:{s$ rqr+. {$ol Z,E {tg +6}+.
7l4t. (c) (a)4 ft)-e-+El dBldstl N+ qlq6F|= 49 frs
24-25 BE E]|Ttl+flsl BH 4zl]*d x:/trlpl y: s(t)
6t+.
=E
E +E* El+.rl- rJ+. 34. +41 E= ol$all.<l t: rollrJ r(r) : {+*,2r, r)9 ,15.
| . .. . ..
Hgg +6I+.
R: lry -
I
y)c I

li\ i2Y2 3s. +{ @]E ol-$aflrl "JHI4fl B4 r:0gl qlq"6l+ d

{zl,tJ "te} i= zJz} x4 1Al, zAl s*fol4. ol ql^J +d r(r): (¤',e-', r)e-l HlEHgg +6Iq.
^}¤g
ol$all,tl q+ +dE ++g +6I+.
36. r4ll{l-{lEile.l E^l +* +4g Eqlql-^llilllel +^lol+
24. x: t2, y: f a}q, ol]+ +s+ 7le +^lol+.
"lB7l++ql^J
25. x: e' cos t, ! : e' sin , l.dTlds: xN
2. dNlds: -rT * rB
26. d (1,|, r)elr.l r(r) : \,',?,',r)el ElEl T, N, B= +61+. 3. dBlds : -rN

27. E (0, 1, 2r)oll,t-] *d , : sin Zt, y : -cos 2/, z: 4ts{ +4 1g ¤#Ezll 32_E+El,:o41 3g EIeFq +g
^l
HBHr+ E+SEfl %r-¤^lg +614. ¤4. N: B x T$ olf-a1l^J +4 1+ 3_eE+El +4 2
+E6I+"
m 28. 4 (2,0)4 (0, 3)ql^l 4fl gx' * 4y': 36E d+flEq =
%l{4g +614 r{q 4&zl Eb e+elE ol$ollrJ 37. oJel {}f o, bql q{d]] EB +d r(r) : (a cos t, a sin t, bt)
4fl+ d+g# E.J6J B7l+Eql rq+. ,I ^J+ +Elt ++ HIEH¤9 ztxlE 49 eq+.

29, *d x : t3, y : 3t, z: tag olL ¤ql^l HBEoI ¤E 38.

=,uE
+E{lfl o]]rTq+ 4d cel +qldg cel +E +d
+ 6y - 8z: t4 ql el6l] sdg +d"l+.
6x ¤B?IzI?
30. d (1, 1, l)ql^J EEzIF x: y24 z: *4 f,dq H¤E
(a) roll Eql +q4l +d9 +9ldol +s=r+ zJ* ol*E
¤H614.
4 d+¤Ee.l %I4^l¤. +6I+.
31. *d r(t) : \e' cos r, e'sin r, e') +19 E;1 EqIAJ ++1d
r,(r):r(0 +{ntrl
x(rl
, x(t)#o
dBlElel z+rlolg 4+ ,J+g Bq+. E+ tglBdE G) qlzll 6E+dql qlEI +qdg +6I+.
Ele+ +HdulElql^JE dBEl-g Bq+.
(c) {lzll sE E$dql
'|]+ +qldg +6i+.
32. *E rc* trl+ %r-4^lq e.l6H ddulEle| Hdulrlzl-fl* 3e. DNA Exl^b ol++d Taolr|(I2.I¤E rB 3). ,+ L+
El"l 9l¤¤ Hol{. A:
d9 tlxlE* eI roAo1r111 10-8 cm). 4 Ll-dg E
dT x l08H dtrl6}I, 6J E dtrl6lb +.J E 34 A {r-+
2.9
rcN
ds
-: +c} 4 +dE AolE +46l.+.
33. (a) dBldstl Bs] zl.rlo;-g tr"]+
(b) dBldstl-re| 4J.Er-g Hq+.
784 128 EEI-E|+

12.4 I +ttoll^jsl #: +Esl 7r+E

ol Eql^l= ddElEl, HdEEI "t qE-E 7ll';g EElqlql^J +Ee+ zfa-r$ E

q+6l]^] +rJ+dg trI4 +4lol= Eillel +E¤ E+6I= ql qBrll ol+61--xl=

_H_t+. +61 ola Br-Hg o]-$afl.rl ,ll+rle-l Bd++ 4llBzl¤. +E6L= ql hH

E del= u|_qzle. f,rt

r +E, ++ falz zl*s.

r(t+h)-r(/) * "Jzl-zl-
,r.lzJ rollrl +lzlqq r(r)E +rJql^l -$zl.J+r 6Fl-. :zH 1E+-El 4
r'(r)
h
e # /rql 46ll ++ dlEl- +d r(0= trl+ +{ol- oJxtel %r-'Jql d-+tl-
O
P 4q +E6lzl.
r(t+ h)
r(r+ft) -r(t)
1
h
C
a a7l+ ++l^lrJ* H+lEl44 atltr +4++. EEI trg zSol rroJ ^l7J +7J
v
ql^lE ¤++Eolr, ++ ++E ,rlz-| rollrlE +EElEl(velocity vecror) v(/)ol+.
x

fEJ ,I

: r(t+h\-r(t\
ilrn.........':r\r/
2 o(r)
h-o h

trl+^J +EEq= dddlElE ddfl %16}9 rl"]rJ+.

,<l{ "Jx}9 *E!(speed)e +EulElel a-71,4 lo(r) lol+.
roll.<l olflg trs+
^l
t2.3Be] al Ee+el ffiol cBEFrE zJ¤61-r+r 614+.
'JEoil^l rHTHE++doil rll6H ++E trs-l
-rt l.zge1 tral" Hlrdlal.
^l lr(r) I : lr'(r) l: +:
dt ^l+ql +oJ
zlt-lel Hs++

lilg .$=o-e] 4*.llr]4 ,J"l "Jzl-9 7l-*E(acceleration)- q-q=4 Rol *s9

EOJ+E CEE+.
a(/):v'(r):'"1';

oll *s, +q "t 7l-+E-= +61-r, zlalqr{ o-E dH6}4.

v
Efl ^14 r.J 4i +Ee+ zl.^--E :142 +q¤. q=q=4 ?J+.
v(l) v(r) : r'(r): 3t2i + 2ti, a(r): f'(t):6ti+ 2 j
a(1) lr(r) I : 7t2)2 + (Zt)z :@4t,
(1, l)

0 -t trl'+^l t: r"J trll +Ee+ 7l-a-E :a4I +q+ +¤-r+ ?Jtr+.

-tel a
JdL
v(l; : 3i + 2j, t(1) :6i + 2i, lo(1) l: rE
 12.4 EE: +_Eel 71.+E 785
=il011^1sl

olE +Edlel$ zl4EElqE rH 2ql^J H"l ++. I :aJ 3E qlEl 2olJAJ r: loJ tt[| A-EElEl
s.l"7l+EulEl= t= g^lsl BE= Eq

(q4 2D +lilElelzl-r(r) : \t', e', te'7o1"Jzl-9 {E-, zJ6-E H +qg +6}4 =rl.

@ r(r) : r'(r) : {2t, e', (l + t)e'} a(1

a(r) : v'(r) : 12, e', (2 + t)e'j v(l)

lo(r) | : t2+ezr+ l+ 2t

NorE ol tlel {e r4e BHse +dol 4zl]flfs} E + ?ls+ +dE

^-l+qld .v

zl6Itr",I4"J zjol, t$ r?-ll BIE?¤+ r]]z]]Hfp*9 dqql $B"J Ag E J

^J¤oJ
?t+ 6J¤ $E, +4 rq-tr 714-rEL
^l-s"6J
r]]zl]Hfctql E+EL+. +dg E++ =aJ
3
ul]zlEfs+= Es= IrI+ qBJ6I. HJHSE ¤EB + ?ltr}. tr eE
^J?+6tr 'Jols+
+Eg qErll olq6}L+ql e]+6ixl ?+zloJ, a_Esl 7l-a_E= s6#3 EE+ 12.24
ql,rJ Azflfl Eq4Ee ++ ql4le+ zJol 4EElEle+ 7]+EEEITI "Jq4E +lilqq
E +61--= ql + ?l+
^F*E
4zll+ dlq4Eg ol+dlE
12.2tro11^J ffi {lxllql^Jz.lH +EElqe+ zl+E
EEI= "J ,ll +lilEqE +ts + 9l+,

(o{l{l 3D gzlolE oJz}tl azl fl;l r(0) : (1, 0, 0)o1l^J a7l +E v(0): i - j + qFll 3oll^l EE r(t)oll tH-.J 0lE6H
: ^lE
k_tr ¤g6J+. tl4.-,ttl a(r) j
4t i + 6r + k"J qi ,r.l{ rolJal +Ee+ +lilE +6}+. ,ll ral 4oll 0 < r < 3E n}| fx[el flE
LfElL.!+.

Eil a(r) : Yr(1)olP E trlg¤ ts=trI. =

:
v(r)
I "fa or: I(4ti + 6rj + k) dt
6
:ztzi+3t2i+/k+C 4
Z

tl+EEl cel {tg ac6}71 $.loll v(0) - i - j + kE ol+oJ+. +lel v(0) : f 2

,O,Of 0
^.loll.rJ
olu_+ C : i - j + kolr rf# g=+ x
5t015 20
20
v

v(r) : Ztzi + 3tzi + rk + i -j+k :1aJ 4

: (ztz + t)i + (3tz - t)j + (, + 1)k

v(r) : r'(t)olF + tI¤¤ g=+.

r(r): [v@at
: llt r' + t)i + (3tz - r)i + (r + l)kldr
:(?,' +r)i +(t' -r)j +(L* +r)r+n
r _ 0oJ4 +sH, D : r(0) : +lil= q+r+ *L+.
iolrr F ,ql^Je.l

r(r): (?f + r+ t)i+ (r3-r)j +(Lt' +,)k r

786 128 EEI--J+

.JHI49E HlEl4Eg ol+6IE +s=r+ Aol zl-^-:a. "J oll- +EE, +E=
"J *llql= +lzlE +^l *g + ?l'i

v(r) : v(r') + t'"a(u) du, r(r) : r(r0) + t',v(u) du

+ .Jztql 4e" 6l-= Eg "J trll, hEJsl E lll2flEl(Newron's Second Law of
Motion)oE+El 7l+E= E + 91tri. ol Hzl¤. EElel +doll^J 7l+61-H, gE
e.l roll.rl ¤=J m.J E4ql E F(r)71- 4}+6l]^l zt4s a(t)tl rJzlH q-e-ol c
^]4
B+tri.
F(r) : ma(t)

(o{14 4|) gB 4-tr.= ++ Er++E ar-E -${ol= 4* mrl Ei{9 Sl^1442}

r(r): dcos /,i.ti* asinrr;riol+.Eillql zl+ql Eg +61-I., laol gd¤. aJ=:op.

fl+g Eq+.
+lil7|-P?] 8Elolts Eslel 4+E= Eq Eg 41416l-71 +1611^J= flxl z|a-E$ "J.t"F EI+.
@ : d|tdt1lrl. 0ln}| 0= ral s0ll^l Hq
T= 40lrl. v(t) : r'(r) : -aa.r sin art i* ao.r cos arr j

a(r) : v'(r) : -arozcos arr i - auz sin rot j

v
P
EI+^J +rHE zll2Hzlql q6il +6-1+ Ee +q=+ rJtrr
F(r) : ma(t) : -**'(a cos utti * a sin arri)
"r

"l4g + F(/) : -mo)2r(r)E +4t-il= agE, E4B-lrl(radius vector) r(t)9J 4oll

Hlql %L6Je_E 4L+6Ir, 44^l gd¤- zlfltlt gl¤-g trq +q:aH s +4). ole+

lal
JE\,
tr ,J* qlg +dq(+d o _+ .J"l= E)olil+ tL+. r

IEEflI
-
y (q](fl 5l) ts^tzllzl- oJz* u,4tl $E- vo9-E g^IHrltze 6 +a).*zlx1o.rg I
;.lap. qlg +q$ol+7 + oll, g^IillE +l^lEL+ r(r)E +61-+
e-l+ql^"1 4r-+61+
vo
azl-$ufo3
"l ++44(Eg+ +B44)zI al4z| 9*zI?
EOI grtiflTl-fldq]^l ¤g6IE+ +le==g C++. +4ql s]+,fl* oI4E z++61-
F-+, s : la I : 9.8 m/s2"J ql +gg E=+.
0 x
d

rPJ 6 F : ml: -mgi

trl-+^l ?J+.
'l+4
a: -gj
v'(r) : aol-EF tl+$ rJ+.
Y(r) : *gt j + C
 12.4 *Toll^lsl E=: +Eel 7l+E 787

¤zlrJ C : v(0) - voolF-E" q+g E=+.

r'(t) :v(t):-gtj*vs
ol 4¤. +^l 4E6}E ++r+ ?Jtr+.
r(r: -*siitrvs*D
D : r(0) : 0olF +, ++4 e+ E^Iillel +lilEElE E=trI.
E r(r): -isr'j*/vo
"lxll I'ol
: uo(B^lill9 azl +q)q +E 4*"1 ¤BEL+
Yo: U9COS0i * uosina j
rqI 4l Ele-E+q
'l*Sg E=q-.
r(r) : (uscos a)ri + f(rorin d)t - Lg*]:

-r.BlF + tsEE {zl]{#*4^.1* r}+q e+

Eoll^l r= 4461"8 yE ,9 olil-.J+
^l
4 r: (uocos a)r, 1,
: (uo sin a)r - *.g* 7l Elrl. qal^J gAlillsl de= EEcql
g+EOlrf.

+*rl 4 dYy : OoJ oli 19 flol4. y: 0oJ4 FH r- 0 EE t: (Zaosin a)/sg fl

E+.rel +zlE ,tsE+q +¤+ E=trI.

: x: 2ao sin a_ ao2(2 sin a cos a) u& sinaa

d (ao cos a) -
ggg
sin 2a - 1, + a: 45ooJ trll d= flfl#g ,*=+ I
(qd 6l) qtr g^l-z{l7l azl +q 1s0 mls,o}tJ 30'-=. z[] 10 m +lilql^J g^lfl
4. ol g^|4171 E"lzlb {4g "l4"lE rqlE +qe E"I"JzI?
Eil ^lHg ?lEsE ^J46IH ts^l-zllsl azl flxlg
(0, 10;o1q, 4+^-l 4l Eql^J y
q 46J str^lql 109 qEI^J "JC^lg EdB ¤szl- ?14. uo : 150 mfs, a: 30o,
g:9.8 m/s2ol_sg ++g Eb+

x: 150 cos(30")r : 15.rf, t

y: 10 + 150 sin(30")r - l(q.g) t2 - to * 75t - 4.gtz

y:OoJ ql Bq EqzJE--tr 4.9t2 -75t- t0:0ol4.ol olxful{4lE 61]E+6lE

(oJe.l # r"J dq) q.g+ ?Jtr+.

t-
75+ 5625 + 196 :
15.44
9.8

rr4 o -+ x
- 75t/j(1s.44) - 2006, + 2006 m gq{ zldql ts^l-4171- tr*lzlzll E4
788 128 EEI-B|+

g^}fllE +E= +g=+ ?Jt:+.

v(r) : r'(r) : 75JTi + (75 - 9.8rj

tr14^J Bql Eqe qlel +qe +s-4 +Ll.

lv(ls.aa) |
: 75$ + (75 - 9.8 '15.44)2: 151m/s

r zl+=el Ec¤Ert Ed¤E

"Jz|el +5$ ¤+g "|ql= ¤61 7l+E.= + ,]]q C+, + fl+- dd ,J.Js
E, r+= 6l+. Hd oJ6Jo-tr E6}]aI.L 4,ol ++6}tri. "Jzl9 +qg a:lylE
,+F+.llE +s=4 A+.

,+4^l +*4 rJtrI

Y:UT
.JHg roll *rll 4¤+ +=trl..
"l 15r-A^lE "IEoIE
5 a:v':u'T*uT'
12.3¤E "JC^l Eql +qc"+¤q1 gal s¤+1¤, "l*6lE q+¤ E-rl.

6 K
_ lr'l
| .'l
_ lT',l
a
, + lr'l : *,
12.3¤ql^l ++lEdElqE N : rTlrl_oe cEgIsEE, 4l Eql e.la11 r14g
e=q-.
T',:lT',lN:rcuN

^l
E= rlg=+ rJtrl.

e a:u'T+r<a2N

7l+EE dd "t Hdd+g tJtJ a794- aro-E +EI.IE +¤¤ e=+

aT
il: arT * arr'I{
T
a {zlal ar* a** ++4 ?JL+.

N
I a7: Ap : KU-
1
r)',

aN
rJg +E]]E re 7ql^j Eq +r 9tq-.
ole+

aeJ 7 +{ EE 9"lE +qExF" flxJ fe-,$ + llb Ae +HdElEl B7l- S+=

 "12.4 8?Joil^isl 3E: AEel 7l+E 789

4o14. +, EillTl-++qliJ "lBrll +zlol5, 7l+E=E.J^J Te+ Nol trJE- ¤

E(d+¤E)ql +q fl+= 4o1uf(rts +EE %F+g zl,r.l6f{, Ng +d"l ++
qzlE ILr.J-S xll^l+4). rl-e=_q__+. +rE__E 4g zl4sE dd^JEg +eel HE
SoJ ,'ol+= E4 Hd^dBe +qE 4l+4 +E9 *r'ol+= Colr}. ol4 #oJ
g +r gi= +rl# tr-tr-"H EH 016l]7l-E 4o14. +, aol #46141
zL .J"ll
++Elzl 9t+= Ae +B "9 #ol rtrlL 49 9"l6-lE_tr +EE oJ6J.il zli/6.1
- 7l-+EdE(zI-e=,sE Hdc+)E ={, q-+^l +r-qe iL E +s-tr. +7]41 g
+. Eld +qol =E +g E47I 'l+*+. dx'llE +qg 2Ells EIE a,*.9 4
^l
fzlaLfll g+
tsllEl+
4l Eql^J zla-EE ddidgl1 HdCEg- ,+EIL11- eg.zl"J r, r,, r,,.o
^lg-
E +4+= 4lg E+ d,ol u}H.zl6]-+. olE +lBl] Eql +"1{ a4 v: arg
^l
449 +l6IE +# ts='l
Y'a:uT.(o'T+rca2N)
:uu'T.T * xu3T.N
: uu' (T.T: loln r. N: ooJEE)

trl-+^J ++g E.rl

, Y.fl r'(t).r"(r)
E *1 :v:-:-
a l.'(r) I

12.3¤el 4el @q^l +q{ +E +^lg ol+61-E r+*¤ e=+.

E AN: Rt)2 :
r'(t) x r"(r)
| .'(r) l' : r'(r) x *"(r) I

I .'(r) l' l.'(t) I

(ollrfl 7l| oJzlz1 +lilEr+ r(r): (tr, tr, rr)o_tr_ +zleq. 7L-_EE ddCE "J H
d{+g +6}+.

H r(r): *i + tzi + t3k

r'(l) : Zti + 2t j + 3t2k
r"(t) :2i + 2i + 6tk

lr'(r)l:..[itr+W
trl+^J
^l
Eql E6Il dd4++'l++ ?JL+.
or:W:8r-L-
l''(r)l @Ei-
ffiol CBt+.
ijk
r'(t) x r"(r) : 2t 2t 3tz : bt' l - b/"J
2 26t
 79o 128 ulEl:Et+

4+^J ^l Eql el6l] Bd^JE+ +*q ++

r'(t) x r"(t) 6'/i t' n
Ap
l.'(r)l Jst,+W

I illEe{sl =d¤#H?El
olxll ol lts-l 4¤-ol ,llEBlE 4^d+EH4g +H6l-- ql qB4l ol*slExlS
Eoj ogal "14+q}q 4++ B4 +q 6ILl-= ¤B,*trI.+"JE fqrzfolxf fl$
eizl-tl z.llE4(Johannes Kepler, 157l*1630)= Hlotz9 AE+xi .H 4-dl(Tycho
Brahe)zf hlA dill++¤- fl++ xl 20H +ql zlxl H4g +4elqH+
'+*9 ^Jl

ill=E{ HEI
1. q{g'|]o}g + aEsE 6|= ElgfllEE q+ ql"J EqlE +d.Jtrl.
z. 6JCII qlo#g ¤e'J dE+ ,J* A+ HolE ¤r zl47Jq.
^lrJql
3. qcq +xJ+zl9 xll#g 4^d+llEel tL+ aolE HlqloJ+.
^ll4l+q

+rHg 1687LJql (zlE aqr-el ++4 g4)q1^l ol TIxl E4g zl-+l

ol gA+ * 4zl H4e =++ g5-el xll2fl4r+ EI+"J{E H4E ^11
e+.Jg _H"J +
S
?}fl+. o}4ql^l 4l++lsl a Hall Bzlg +HEi+.
4^dql ql+ 4.Jel +qg q= dillT]- ul;(lE 6JE+ Ed zzl "llEql, 4"JJ+
r ++l= +d6I= EJ^dg xlle]6J ++q _E.= Exll= +^]ts + ?lri. qlo&3 g
CsE 6l-= 4LE4]E ol*611, r: r(r)E 68^dE +lzlulEl4 6l-zHuffizlxltr r
zl+ ++l= E= Bol'+ +l^d E= E ++1. E- *dl¤sl flzl4elzt ¤ +E
=
?ltl). +EEEI}- v : r'oll zla--EEEI= a - r"ol+. ++el hHE Hzlg ^I
++rI.

I C
t

o
e
+5e-l 4lzH4:
+elHlil.
o--1]J-1.

q7l^l F= 4dql 4L+61+ +q, *4

F:mt
F:-
GMm
.
r" I. :--;-U
GMm
r-

r+4 qdl} 4"Je-l e=#, G- +q+

rur¤-

f, r : I r l, u : (llr)r* r oJEJel ++lEE]ol4.

5 Hx] 4dol + ¤Eql^l s4"J+= a¤. B?lri hHe-l + Hzlql^-l Fql +6J
4¤. rJ+r E=eE +¤-g E"=trl..
GM
tD f : - - f
rt

tr14^l a* rel- ¤Boll r X a: 0014. 12.244 C4 EIE trI= ol+6lE r+

^l
++ rJtrl.
 '12.4 BrJoil^lsl EE: *=gl 7l+E 79"1

d
X v) : r' X v * r X v'
it

trtq^r ++EEl h(h r 0, +;;J--:, ;*";# Hq)q qr6n trl

+ol ^dB6J+.
rXv:h
olAg ulfl r: r(r)z| rel E- #ql qlql hel +{.Jg g"l6ltr, q+^-1 BC
e'J^J EEg 4+ hoil +zle ¤E +lql +q fl+. q4^l edE ?llE- ¤H
+dol+.
,ll=+lel xlllfl4g +H6Izl +16}| EEI hE ++4 rJol 44U+

h:fXV:fXf':rUX(rU)'
: ru x (ru' * r'u) : r'(u X u') * rr'(u x u)
: rz(a X u')
rflfl tI¤¤ e=+
aXh : X (r2u X u') : -GMu x (u X u')
#u
. -GM [(u . u')u - (u . u)u'] (11.4¤ej AE mg CA 6ql E611)

r*l+u.u: lul': lolrlu(r)l : lolEE tz.zgE 44lEle+el u.u, :0

"ltrI.q+^-1
rl+g E=+.
: GMtt'
aXh
(v x h)' - Y' x h + v X h' : v' x h: a X h: GMa'

ol .JHg 4+6f8, tL+ElEl coll 4all q+g E-+.

^lel
11 v X h : GM u f c

¤zlej E+TlzlEq k7l-ulEl hg %F+g zl-elzlEg al-e4g dq6}= aol 7

¤al6f+. rflE BC+ ry¤Eql^J +zlql+. v x hef u7l- E+ h.il +zlolFE,

^l
6g cz1 ry¤E +1"il +.1 tl+g Hol ++. olAg re Bql^J -H-"J Ar+ ,J h
ol Elfl iz} csl f,iolc E +olE+ ,44 y+g dq.J + 9l+g 9"184. c

0E c4 r rl-ol9 zJol4l 6LE, (r, 0)E 6JCel +4}Eolr].. c : lc l+ +u g

0
v
v
l_tnE+E] q+g e-+ .r
u

r' (v X h) : r ' (GM u + c) : GM r' u * r'c reJ g

: GMru . u + l.l lclcos 0 : GMr * rccos0

trI+^J e: cl(Gtl)q +E ts=+.

792 128 HlElfl+

r'(vxh) 1 r'(vxh)
r: GM+ ccos0 GM l*ecos0
rflql h: lt lt+ +H ++g e=q-.
r. (v X h) : (r X v)' h : h' h - lhl' : h'

-rElF + ffiol CH+r.t.

h'z/(GM) ehzf c
r- 1*ecosO l*ecos0
d: hzlcol+ +8, ++ ^lg e.+
E I_
It
ed
e cos0

e.64 Af.lE4 ultrll trts %'-4^l EFI-+El']]= a+ adol gdoll ?Is ol

dEol eoJ flE+d9 +,Jd4gg'J + iltrt 4^dE +llE= 9l4dol.o-+ flg
+dg 4flol !"lot,Jg .J+.
ol4 oe 4lgelE xlllHzlol SC¤+.

12.4 I t+efil

r. q+ E= "Jxl¤ol {z+l$ +dg tr}4 ++g +4'J s-7 $lzlrJ+zf rle-9_tr +"141 oJzle] *r, zl4E, +qg
4tE='I4u 4o14.
trllel +6l.4.
(a) rlzJ ++ [0, 1], [0.5, 1], U ,2), ll, t.Sloll,lel $7 5. r(r) : {t' + t, t2 - t, t'}
+E= +6i+. 6. r(r) : ,li ti + e' j * e-'k
(b) r: lql^J "Jz}el +Ee++qg +614.
7. r(r) : e'(cos ti + sinrj + rk)
t J v Z

0 2.7 9.8 3.7

8. z|A--E-,A7l +Ee+ atl ftlzt trlg=r+ rJg Ez}s] +E
0.5 3.5 7.2 J.J e+ +lilulEl= +6].4.
1.0 4.5 6.0 3.0 a(r) :2i + ztk, v(0):3i - j, r(0) : j + k
1.5 5.9 6.4 2.8
2.4 7.8 2.1 9. a(r) :lti * sin rj * cos 2rk, v(0) : i, r(0) : jql qlql
(a) "Jz|9 +lzlEElE +8I4.
2-4 +lila.J+z[ ffis=E +q4l oJx]E 4s, zl*E, +q¤. ffi (b) "Jzlel a-Eql 4'*:4eE fEJ4.
+6I+. :z4r "Jz}el {tr.= 14tr, zl4g Bql^lel +EE :
10. oJxfsl +lil6J+7} r(r) (tL,St,tz - 16r)H oll 44ol
rl4 zla-sBlElp:ael?+.
al^zl- El= a+ flxll"Jzl?
z. r(r) :l-i,',,|, t:2 rt. =tltl Eol e"+ 4 ks"J Eillql ,y¤Eql^J +4
2o NoJ

+%l-sE Al+str}. Eillz} azl 4s" v(0) : i - jE gd

3. r(r) : 3 cos ti * Z sin rj, t: n/3
a. r(r) : ri * tzi + 2k, t: I _a-
E ql, ,rlz_| roflrl a,.E +lil++e+ +qg
=B6J+r.
+6I+.
 11It tl-^
.LO
-tl
793

12. B^IillTf oJ4 60", A7l +E- 200 m/sE B^I*trI. (a) oJ (b)
^ld
Ae-l Hlql+.J t+
xlfl BE !-tr"E
xlllt'-el _E+

^lillE -Eg7ltl, (b) EB+ 4I +ol, (c) tr+Izl4ql^J 6tfll rrJEax| olx|. "JCBJ +q s m/s$ taJB fzl
E +qg +614. 4olzlo} 6I= 4+ +6].4. tr Fzf {a$
6J Ell _H_E7l-
al-E dxll 4-E= :ael+. Bd4 o -+ Eolbz}?
13. *9 xlE4 4s' zJE-tr. 'Jd+. gol e0 m Hlql Eqfl'l
E +q a7l +E= g"toJTt? 18. olxlsl +lxlE}+z} r(r)ol+. t+Eq cgl 4all r'(D: s y
r(r)oJ oll, ol oJz}el {EE ¤EEt+.
14. +"1 "J4 36"_tr. B^Ifl4. +"JE 44 kolzl 500 moJ
ull :++ +qe E"t"JzI? 1e-20 trl^* +dql^l 7l+EEElej dd^d++ Hd^JEg +
6t4
15. z3ol 500 moJtr:-ol 15 moJ dqgE EslAlql 4^t+E
E"Jq +^llE^l7} 9l+ Btlol +4+e.l xlfl$oll rJfr 19. r(r) : (t' + l)i + tt i, r) 0
q= 100 mzlzl$ d=E + 9l+r 6tzl-. 'J4l* rdS uJ 20. r(r): cosri * sintj + rk
qtr BEg # (a7l +q 80 m/s-o-tr) g-^I6H^J E^l
E EEll¤- 4lqg tlz):il- 9ttrt. +4zl$ {xla}ejE 4E 21. d (0, 4, 4)ql^l *d r(r) : ln, i + (* + 3t)i + a^/lu
E E"|E 446I+r. EBdlloh at*zl? tg9 a-EE Cq} 9 zl-^__sdlEl9l dd^dBr+ HddB¤- +6I+.
ql +4"lE}r 7t4ql+.) 22. zla-s.ulel a9 a-71+ 10 cm/s2ol4. :zHS ol$fl,t1 ael
16. +ldql^J E+H-6fioJ4 *? %I6J)"e +g 'ld+. =;1 dd^dE4 HddBg +444.
4E(m/s)3 50 i + 80 koltrl. +g cld6lH^J 4 mls24 y
zl$E_tr Hr-+g 6"ts*+. trl{^l zl-^-E{ElE a : -4 j-
32 koltrl-. +ol Bolxl= +qg +6I+.
+l;<le+ il

mn. ,Jel 4d +Eg ul-4 _oe= Eg BE +rJ++q]^l xll

g m[=.zll EEq, EA LB]4 zll%]ql^J +qf. 49 0"1
4. olzll xll$_e_-EsEl 40 - Bol4^l 4lrt'-4 gB6tr + 0

+ss 6 a= 4dss e4 E+ zf$ .t!4ralzl-. ,"IEE

a.lql +qol 3 m/soJ trll
^J+
xll%re--EBEI ++ r.il 4eI 23. ?fde.l +]il6J+E q+4 $a ?+e4rr-e-l 4iE=
7lE E¤s-tr. trt++ zJg olxlltl.4^lg ols" B + gl+. (6,4,9)ol+.

.f(x):7fo-rt+o-r1 r(r): (3 + r)i+ (2 + lnr)j + 7- 4

k
^
t"ll )
zlfl Aollrl 4f6t= "J'*
^J+ {l"JE
(a) _H_ezl- 41HJq1

_o_tr 5 */sg "J4+ +qs-E +o}7l-'l. gl4. _u__=zl dale ++4rl+ql^J e}^l "l+er.x} 6J+. fll+19 zl+
E+6lb *g Hlql$ 4IHJE H "14 oleJlqlz|? H-e g Szll +zl6].E EEzl-?
E 4-tr.Ei fEl4.

tl.r\
12 -r l=

r]lE q?I

1. EEI.J++ FH.qlzI? ElElaJ+el EB+e+ 4Eg qBril 2. trllz*l+ +d +le.l 6} eql^J EcElEl= qB4l *atbz}?
+dl-=zl? dC* q$rll ]a|Ez}? tflddEEl= q$rll +61+7l.?
794 128 EEJ-Br+

3. Elqe+ r(I)E +qd =" z.l+dfl zJ"lE q$4l +-1-=7I? (b) +d +lel 6J dql^J HsEe #B,.JzI? E+ d+B
4. (a) r{]zfl+ +++d r(r)9 E+lHdEEle+ +HdulEl E "t d+flg FH.JzI?
ql qlE 49 4+. 5. ,ll=Blel Hzlg 7l+a}4.

i[.
t=
'ilxl
.lJL 3l:E
I l-

trt¤. ExllTl +oJxl 4zlqlzl +E6i+. arolH ol+= ¤H6I K:ldrldtlol4.

l, 4{olfl "l#E ¤E6t4Lt HlfllE E+. 5. Et+ f 7l + H fl+ ul$zl-=-o alcp 6lz}. +d y : f (x)
t. : + zt3i + +dg zld"l4.
EE]%l-{alol r(r) 13i 3t3 koJ sl H+aql^j ffi$ 0ol+.
2. +d r(r) : lzt, 3 - ,, 0)+ gdg xl+= 4d"14. 6. E= r"ll 4a]J l.(r) I : lolE, l.'(r) lE ^Jf"l4.
pltszP"* nele+o1fl, ffiol dBEJ+
3. u(t)el v$)tl 7. +d c +lel + dq^Js.l d+gg r dql^JE cel +g
d
* lt(t) x v(r)l : u'(r) x v'(r)
6J ddEEl, HdElE, +E¤ r*=tr}.
8. xe¤EgE9 4d r(r) : (cos 2t,t,sinzt]l4 rI¤¤ flol
4. T(t)tl E]]zTl+ +dfl ++lddEelolfl +.g.e tr|.

lJ ,\ El TJI
=EE^ll
1. (a) , > 0"J uI UlqtJ+ r(r) : ti + cos rt j + sin z'r k9 10. + "Jzt7I 471 +E i - j + 3k-s gEg flzI
: =BaJ4.
+dg:aq+. ! tlfitt| a(0 6ti + t2t2l - 6rt<4 'J ,ll .Jxt9 9l
(b) r'(r)4 r"(r)= +8I4. xl6J+E +6I+.

2. gTlE )(.2+y2: 164 BE , * z:5el j/dg +EI{= 1t. E^IillztE"l azl 4H 40m/s_tr
30moJ Eltsel Htqql^l

EEI%r-{^lg +6}.+. g^Ifl+. g^IillE ++4421 al4zt 9zl +loJ "J4f+

3. r(r):fi * rcosrrtj* sinrrrk$ ql, J; r(r) drE 4l& $"i"Jzl? al'Il ++448 E"I"Jzl?
5I+. 12. Hlxl+ loJ fl+ol El^l4l Br6Je-E E4+q a.r-tr ol{a}
4. n:6oJ dE+el H4¤. "l+Ell^J *4alol *: f , y: f r glq. 6J oJzITl g+E +dg ¤g5ll^l xlzJ t(t > 0)ql
z: t4,0 < r < 3oJ +dE sg zJ"lE +461+.
,

+lxlzf r(r) : r4¤ H}zl# qrt zI

rR(r)zl. qE+
^-l
gzl"J4. {zl^J R(r) : cos (,), i + sin arr j
5. d (1, 0, O)ql^J 4d rr(r) :
* sin tj + tk} +d
cosri ^JzI4E'JEil
ol+.
rz(d : (t + r)i + t2 j + r3kel ql{{. olE +dE f,4
(a) va: R'(r)7t fl* zl-^Jzt{ +lel Eel +Eg trll, oJzI
g +6L+"
9 4g vt: v : cos o)t i + sin c,rr j + tvaoJ9 trqEl.
6. +d r(r) : (sin3r, cos3/, sin2r), 0 < r < zil2oll 46]] (b) a.r : R"(r)7t fl* ztSxI4E * dql^JE 7l+E"J
(a) $flddEEl, (b) *+lfldEq, (c) EflfHdElEl, o}], oJzl-9 7l+E aE a : Zy,t + raaoJg 844. +zI
(d) +E (e) UIEBSB +6t4. g 'J ?va= ¤6J=71+E+ 6JtrI. olAg fl+q qd4
7. 4 (1, l)oll,tl 4d y: xa9 +Eg +61+.
oJzl.el ¤Eq ^JE4!+ql "I= tr4oltrI.
ol zJg zI

8. 4 (0, rr, l)ql,Al *d x : sin 2t, y : t, z: cos 2r9 d4 +Eq Enl4ql ql} Er 9I= cld*o}{l^l 714-7}
*EE %r-d^lg +6I+. 4E 6*6]] 4q?J rI +g + gl'1.
(c) HJ¤al r(r) : e-'cos arri * e-'sin jql qq lrldal 61r,
9. oJ Bxlzl- 9l7lq++ r(r): r lnri + rj + e-'k_E_ Szl"J
+l+ +lE s4olb "Jzle-l E6J7].A_1E= +614.
+. oJz}el +E, +q4 zl4sE +614 =
olE!+E+E trll?!E3 eldl^1 EcE 44 zE +Ero.,= sltt + flEt qq 7Et +=,gteE EurPl floEt q tlltE-Eel EEf# 9t
gots= 'flalEt7l
Elol + xlEt.
SeprF edhuber / E+
^lEEt
/ Gcrty lmago!

trJE:++
13 Pa rtia I Derivatives

rlEnlrl +al= gH!+-d+el El4EtrJE trlHtrl. :244 ¤xll rll4lql^J Eq%hg ++ + zl ol

^JE E+ql
el+6J+. trl+^l "l 6r-ql^l- H+71 {4 zllql or-+E +dg EElr, zl
"l+g
E4 .J zH'J ¤-'IH+6J+E qt}6Jq.

795
796 138 EIE-'J+

13.1 ltrlE+Et+

"l ¤ql^l= ++ iil zl-zl +Eql^l olE+ ol^JE trlE+E+E. sfapzl. 5J+.

. floJE (flqe ¤E)

. +il4sE. (E)
. q+4sE (Hq+
^l)
. rl44 og (r4E E= F+l+d)

r olE+:d+
zlEH9 + dql^J +q4l gE. r= r dE 4E- *9} 91r yql el+++.
^l4E
r= + Hf ,eI yE 6J+ E. +^l,%} (r, y)9 ,*#e ^J4g + 9l+. olfl EI+
+4lE r: f (*, y)e. 44U+
flzlE9 +ul v- Hlzl+ ,4 Sol /,ql oLE| ¤49.+ rI¤ v: rrrzho)9 'Jl
9t+. :aH oe. y}- re+ /,E 6J++ 6l-tr, V(r, h) - rrrzhL ++.

8sl 0lE+-d+(function / of two variables) /= dB Dql +El-= 4 d+9 +^J

4I (r, y)ql ql6ll f @, y)E s^lEl= +gdJ {+E ql+^l7l= +zlol4. "loll dd-
DY f 4 ¤sl$olr,/E flq* f7l +16I= <tEel {EL, 1{fk,y) I (r,y) e p}
olr+.

.y
"JEE d (*, y)ollrl /7I f6l-- #¤. Hq6L4l *^1o171 +16ll ¤.ol e : f (x, y)
f(x, v) tr_ +trI. H# r4 yb EeJE!+r, et E*E!+olrI. t"JH+Er-+ql 4+ EzltsH y

(x,y) :"f(x)e} ulI.oJl Hzl-l

0 J
0 olflfsl+- =d99ol R,E i E4ajol1 ^l9ol Rsl YEdEt.J Etfol4.
D (a, b)
.f(a, b)
rfl EL+= ^l4s+6}= ,"r-H + "t+- $gel rflg ols-" ofi dq-lrJl(:zfl I +
a), ol.ll 499 p= r.y¤Hfl 5,g4qle-_+ E.flqtr, zl99 eftqE E^lg ¤
4d +l +Eel dElolrl.ql=.q f@,y)tl D EoJE B¤t+++e] d (x, y)
-ral
JEI
{

.Jf /zI CEE"I +E'l flEElzl 9++ 4eE +qzlH, /E 4qEe +q4l
al"l ¤fE g 4elq= +^l%r-(x, y) dillel dEtsE ol"l]++.

(olldl I D q+ 4 Er-+ql^J f G, z)E #g 414!6}7, delE¤. +6-Ir rHg r4+.

x*y*1
(a) ,f(x, y) :
.r-1
(b)
"f(x, !) : x ln(y2 - x)

Eil
(a) f (3,2) : +2+l ,/6
3-l 2
 13.1 tlH+-tsF+ 797

/.il qlEL trHg ofrJr 4l*= qlE +s7l ¤-ol olq4= adollrl 9"1
Es_21-sol
zl 9l+, :zel.u-= /E {slq+ +g-rt ,J+.

D: {(r,y) I , * y* 1 > 0, x* l}

+E4 x+y + 1>0,+!7--x - lgzldy:-x-1EErE++lql ?t=d

+EId+ HlHgl x * 1g 4d x: 1ql fl= d# ¤Eqql^j xllEtl]o} Elg E
=g
trl+Q(rfl 2 +a)"
(b) l(3, 2) :3ln(22 - 3) : 3ln 1 : 0

ln(y'- r)- yz - x > OoJ ull, + x <yzoJ*ll {fl$+ /E $e]qg

El-+^l
D : {(r, y) I * < }'}oltr}. ol4.g EEd x -- y2E g+ql 9I. dE9 d$olfi:z
H 3 +a).

x*y*l:0
v
v
x
2
-1
II -?rt
/- x=!2
x
0 x

azJ 2 f(x, y) Jxrv+ |

el Eelq ral 3 f(x, y):xln(]2 -.n)sl E9E

( o{l{l 2 l) s(r, y) : - xz - yr sl 4elqr+ zlE+ +61-+

Eil s9 49qe +*+ 'ZJ+.

D: - y2 > o}: {(*, fi I *'+ }' < 9}

{(*,y) I 9 - )cz

ola* +dol (0, 0)olr HlzlEol 3?l g+ol'k:H 4 +a). sE i;lEg ++4 ++. v
xz +y2 :9
{, lr:,,ffi,(*,y)ED}
zE "J9 xllE=.olrl ql+ql z > 0014. E+ e - xz - yz s eolF_e +gg g=q. 3x
-3

-x2-y'53
trI$^J 7lq+ 4+4 ?Jr+.

{, 101213}:[0,3] =H4 s\,y):J9-r-y"

e-- qr+= Eq+ 4lse -s¤tr + 9t- 43 "tr-.I+ ']+ qlz1]E g:+= "J
$:. {tel +xlzl +{eE ¤H!-'J+oltr}.
(o{l4l 3|) 4gA ,1]+ ++ zlqql^J= +gq CE. EE6l u}el.4zl flal] t+u}
798 138 gEEt+

*xl*zl g6l ^l--+gtr| 6JrdHf*zl+ w+ ¤xllss re+ ++ aoll 9¤ol* ro4

oJ gEolr, w:f(r, u)tr_ + + gltrt. .E. r* olt4 rH++E 7l+l-e oE+q +d

eI w<i9 zlEol4.

E 1 tHTlEeelE+E --J*-e;'1"; -.JaJHPJII+

++ (krr/h)
\,7\ 5 l0 15 20 25 30 40 50 60 70 80

n
5 4 3 2-l -L -L I -3 I 0 -l
0 -L -3 -4 -5 -6 -6 -8 -9 -9 -10 -7
I|IEE =dEJHl'grl+
IHeE -LfaJHErIl+7| 200tLl ilE0ll 4 -5 -7 -9 -11 -12 -12 -13 -14 -t5 -16 -16 -tl
7llflrl. HlaJol E nl.l grll_l-Eill !74^l= U
o -10 -13 -15 -t] - 18 - l9 -20 -2t -22 -23 -24
7l-= +E6l7l ?l-d rlTlol rl+Htrf t rJ UJ -15 -19 -24 -25 -26 -Lt-., -29 -30
-21 -23 -30 -31
olt
EEf6lrl. -daJHLeJ^l+= /'leJ g : -20 -24 -Lt
na
-29 -30 -32 -JJ -34 -35 -36 -Jt -38
^l1EEgElL|-
E+¤01 Eal g0]11.ts^l0ll {l!
-25 -30 -33 -35 -Jl -38 -39 -4t -42 -43 -44 -45
=0ll^l
rHtrf EEoil 7E-drl. xfflE^ElEol ?l
-30 -36 -39 -41 -43 -44 -46 -48 -49 -50 -51 -52
HFJ0I += 'Jg Eeql^1 rl-Bet 8s
=
e+ E+o,|l !.=El= "Jilsl g,8E--J= E
-35 -41 -45 -48 -49 -5I -52. -54 -56 -51 -58 -60
6l,| -dal H Ef r I t= g5=*t;., -40 -41 -51 -54 -56 -51 -59 -61 -63 -64 -65 -61

qlE g lg dxll s--Etl -5'Col7 $$ol 50 km/trolfl, ut*ol H=

=q -dq= 4* e"l trl-+^l q+4 +tr+.
-rs"cql 6llB6l- ++l=
E2 =+.
f(-s,50) : -15 r
E-r P L K
I 899 100 100 100
1900 l0l 105 101 ( qH 4 D 1928H $(Charles Cobb)4 q=4A(Paul Douglas)= 1899*l922ul ,t'l.ol
lr0 u4
4xll{l trlil= So#3 tr+p+{]
112
1901
1902 122 ttl 122
EI+el C4lCtI E¤ql ++ E+= Bsifltrl -aE=$
-FoJE ztB+r+ t-EeJql el6l ¤49+r ^J4eH.+. EE A4lql
1 903 124 122 I3l ^i 4lEE ^J4i%Ie
1904
905
122
143
t2l
t25
t38
t49
"lil= H+E=g E*xl"J, ol$el EBol ¤xllE ^JB6l ¤q4+= r}¤ol "J+*+. r
1
Eol ol EBql^J 6J+:. +++ +E+.
1 906 t52 134 163 ^l=+q}
1907 151 t40 176
1908 126 123 185
I P(L, K) : fi1uYt-a

{zlrJ p= +^J++(tH tq} ^J+¤ E= 4l*9 s}{lzl-il), tg t Fe"}(1H Et} .J

l 909 155 143 198
1910 159 L4l 208
1911 153 148 216
,il t=EzlE ++), K= +gg zl-ts=JaE, +Bl, 714lel olQlzlx1lo1r1.
^lrJ'J
1912 177 155 226 E 2= 4+'11^J 4xll *H xl-EE g.¤-allrj Er+ q=452| trJ-E 4olq. r
1913 184 156 236 =++
19t4 t69 r52 244 Eg 18eeHE P, L, KE ai¤ zl# loOs-tr +1I+ +E flEq #E.9 lseeH zl+
l9t5 189 156 266 9] EESE +4H+
1916
1911
225
117
183
198
298
335
+4 q=q^= alaxll*lHg ol*all^l s 2E xl-trE trl-g EI+ql *f{'+(+^ilf,
41 +a).
1918 223 20r 366 '11¤+ fl++41
1919 218 196 387
1 920 231 t94 407 2 P(L, K) : 1.gllo75Yo'2s
t92l fi9 t46 417
1922 240 r61 431
^l Elql^JE
Et+E +qd E¤g olf,-all,rJ le10H, le20LJel ^JC=JS 4I4I6IE trl
 13.1 tlE+--J+ 799

_o o 04 l-rl .
If EL=l
=

P(147,208) : 1.01(147)0rr(208;or, : 161.g

P(794, 407) : l.0l (194)0'" (40710 " * 235.8

ol4+ ¤xll<l lsel} 231q1 ,l]9 z|44.

t $ ^J4IE}+ tr* ,HoJq^Hl^J rll4l 4xll Ez,ll4zl ¤4 EoFql^-l +Hrll ol+q
ol} f;i-rJga1,t gtt-.t+(Cobb-Douglas production function)_tr "J4zlzll E+.
El.J,
r-E+ 14 Fzl xlB+ K+ 4a g+z} ¤ + H,zl ollEq ol ++q cqqe
{(t, r) | L>_ 0, K > 0}o14. r

I =r;1u
"lH+*+9 xI{lE ^lr+p+61--
E +s HIB9E r4s$ r4"]] E.zI. Z

(x, y, f(-0, y))

s
Esl /rl- 4qq DoJ olE+6.J+olE,
lrllE= (x, y)zlDql +6Ir. z: f(x, y)
"fel ?l
ql R3ql +61= d (x, y, e) dx'llel dtJol+.

f(x, y)

rqE+"JAs] z: f(x,y)q] +H soltrl./sl r{s S}- ry

olH+EI+/sl 0
D
¤Hql ilb delq DE El-E +l E= ot4"ll ts¤.gEai zf.r.ls+g f ?l4t:H -t
(x, y, o) v

s +a).
ral
JE
tr
\ll|

(0,0, 6)
Eilfg rqsE %l44g z:6-3x-Z Ey 3x+Zy*z:6olq ¤8"14. ¤E
g ril.l7l +IEI]^J= Hzl E¤¤- +El]"I .J+. "J4^lglal y : z- 0_e +_qH xEE 2
E. gE+. uf4lzlzlB y¤89 3, e¤B* 60l+. olE;rl xlllg.+++ql r4sq "J+
. rg + gl+(rB 6 +4). I (2,0,
+-- (0, 3,0)

4lxll s9 6J+= CB=Et+(linear function)+r 6I= +* =J+el 4+

.f

=E+ 6
"l+. =aJ
f(*,y): cnc * by t c

olfl Elffl lqls= ++ ELF{^lg 7}zlq, :z:z4gE BE"l'Hll.5¤ *al

z:ax* by t c EE ax* by - z I c:O
.JH+++E dB++71- gH+ trl4Eql.qlal ieaffi,
"lH+++q dEB
+E +H+EI+E ol4$Eql^l ++4fl q.Jg 6J.$ gzll E 4o14.

( q4 6D s(*, y) : - x2 - y'el rqEE reJ+

900 139 iilE-Er.+

Efll glzil 2ql^J sg ¤Eq+ +dol (0,0)ol-z HlxlEol 3"J g+"J ag.J?I+.
(0 o, g)
s9 -L4ge-l .JC 42 , :
- xz - y'ol4. ol HJC^leJ oJHg zll+!6}]^J
z2:9 - f - y2,+i + y, t z2:9= g-4.olae-+dol gdoll Ezleol 3tJ
+el ,J4^lol+. r+14 e > 6olE + s9 :4e= +q +l+ elol EuHf?Er 7 +a)"r
0
(0 3, ol
(J, 0.0) _v

x
NorE SdqI 7E xe| y'll S* *"JEL+E +48 + S,+ q1x1l 09lrl EFol +
aA7 s(*,y): Jg - *'- y' x2+y2* z2:9E tlHI+= Etf g(r,y) : - xz - y' ee +E}8 f 9Il, 6LHI
+='J+ h(x,y) : -lFi?- y2 sE LtqB + 9l+

(ql4 7D #+qE 0l+6ll^l E-q=q^ ^8&B+ P(L, K): l.0lrozssozsel :fl1

EE rrl+.
Efl :zH 8e- 0ql^l 300 ^}olq +e t-+EJ 14 zlB+ t(E #ql ql¤L Pel :r.ell=ol
+. A+q= r4s7} +{ql xl+lE rel^l +Hg -tr.¤+trI. zl4oJ uia] ziol olfl
xfile.-+ri r E:. Ktl rtt$lE ^J4I+ PE ,olE +7I6Jg "J + ?l+.

300

zoo
P
100

200
K 100
g L
=aJ

(qil 8D h$,y):4x2 + y'9 4Eq+ ilqg +6la:-4sE rnl+

Eql -s= Tl.Lot d+el +^]riJ (r, y)91 qlql 4Eg+. 44rl 4993rry
fr(r, y)E
*H dill,4 Rrol4.h4 1lEg +ol olu E= ¤+e] dR [0, *)"14. l*'>0,
y2 > 6olu_+ EE.x, y.ll 4"ll h(x, y) > 0"Jql +=-6iztl
ftel :24_=el ,J449 z: 4f + y'tlull 11.6¤e-l qlxll 4ql^l rfl 4flg.EH
oltri. fBxI,flE 4floll +4z}fl= s$doltri(rfl e +4).

ral g
.r
h(x,y) : Axz f Y'9 Jafli= )'
F
 13.1 tlE+Ef+ 801

y*9 +gE+llq ¤+sE #41 olH+Et+E r4s= rB + gt+. qE ge

rHql^J= ft#ql 46}] +zl¤E ,:
ftcl y: ftgleJg xI+lE rfl+.
:zH 10* e+qE 4¤+ H z}]g olE+*+E r4sol+. +e +dql
^JE
^l eg
rHg EEJTIEiI EE ol-+ +e q++el r4s= eg + ?t+ :zH (a)
e+ 0)ql^] /el r4s= fld +=g xlls-lafzi ,ll+ EE6lr rry¤Egl 7lq+.
ell+61-H x Eb ytl 4e++ e-*'-v' * ,11+ 4rotxlzl rllEol4.

3 il
V V\

.d

.v
.r

(a) f(x, y): (x' * 3y21s-*'-t' (b) l(x, y): (*' * 3y21s-"-r'

.r
_v

-
)'

rg 10 (c) f(x, y) : sin.r * sin y (d) f(x, y) : srn x sln )

xv

r Eirc-E
=+l+crt
xl;tlxl6J+E fl+ F zl-zl olfl, + trl+-E r+l} rEs= azlld
^lr+s}6|71
+. ^ll Hall BlBg
^lE
xlJz,tz|Eol ols" * A,sE, "J¤6J +olel d$g fltr611
^J
Erd(E= F+l+c)g e46L- Erd :H"14.

Egl "lH+E'-+ /el E+{+d(leve1 curves)$ %}4^lol ,f(x, y)

: ftt_l +d"l+.
{zlal fr= (/el ilqql +.J) 4l*"14.

F+l+d f @, y) - ft- f7l +q4l ftE +16I-/el de-lqql ++ d calE

"t
902 138 irJE-Br+

d$olr}. r+^l gBtH olb /el r4sql^] +ol frql *g E.q E+l+dE
=+.
el +r-1= ErdE(contour map)+ 6J+. E+l+d f @, y) - k7l ke-l Eg+ +4
9 {Iql 46l] rrl¤ trI ErdE= ?l* + "JEqzlq, fl+ol s.. * ol
=E+
fl HJtssE r7]= d o + 7l-4*+.
rB 11.g E+l+dr+ +¤xlil .t'1o1e-l +41= Bq ++. F+l+d f@, y): k
+EBE z: ft91^'l rryBEsE +B+ /el rqls zl+lol+. q+^l 'J+q f,-
=
rdE=:a711, zl^lg HoIHI+ +Hg Eq +4 ^l4s+6|H, u|-$$oE r4
sE rBg 6I,+.e "J= + gl+ F+l+dol ^]E zl7l# *ql^l- +Eol TiEle
r. trr-l trq4l *ql^J= +a {lB6}+.

45

\
I

-t*
{-- . *4x14

tl a

Y
x
:45
E dl -;t rl
E--r1=-i_L
30
y):20 k:25
f(x, k:2O

rPJ 11 f.al 12

E+l+cq :-H l2el zlEe} rJ* +I*2149 xlBroll{ g

-H-84.J EI 4lz}
6l +E}Btri t+l+d* 6ll+89 zl=str. + .J4+ +ol= olg +dolri. olfl
Eord¤ u1+ AsE aeqlelzl gofE g+. e. rlE g.J ql= ol ¤E EoJ+
oll^J A46J s_E6J+ol+. 4zlr-19 F+l+dg EEd(isothermat)ol+ 6}I, gE
7l ++ zl4tt14 EA+ Ag "J++. rH 139 7g
^ll4lE BtgEE
+ElU g
zlrolui. 4 qtrE +H"l 9l- +d5.ol E"gdol4.
+lEel aEq E'-+E^l +q4l ^l4ql^l 4zl.J9'I4'llb,JjI.lzlEql^1, F+l
+dc Egd(isobar;o14 +Eq +e sqE +lilE fl¤6}r 9l+. +Hql^l Hl
+e ++ SqE xlE"ll^J *C *q9 xlqg J6}] F.Jdg z|-e.d4 +. {a.J
ol gl+.
:H r4t ^'ll4lrJ++g E"l += F-r..ssol4. ol rHql^J ag ,J+%hg +
44= 4+ qzJql el6ll^l +Eqq4 9l+
 13.1 trlE+--J+ 803

rr
90 0 1 BO
I I

50
60
60- -60
70
60 50
80
60
30-
70 80
) 70
-5U
80

80 C.

u U_ -0
;tr 80
vl

70 ao-
30- 60 -30
50
a
40

60- -60
30
20
-&-*- 't0
I

180
aE
reJ 13 zgol 8il718(6[l+E7l=, sU,rl)

90' 900

900 80"

l tr.r
70" 700

60" 60"

50' 500

40' 400

300 30"

200 200

100
100

00 00

l0' 10'

2Ao 200

30' 30"

400 400

50" 500

a{

*#eJ(cm/vr)
! olap !
zs so*roo ! zoo-zso
feJ t+ t+aJ ffi zs-so ! roo*zoo f zso o14-
804 138 trEEr+

{qrl| 9I) C}+/E Frd rHol rH 15e+Aq.ol4g ol+6H^J,f(1,3), f(4,s)

E #g +4"1+.
v

A (
n
4

J
r) /r r\ t

$
50
'70

60

t2345x
leJ 15

Eql d (1, 3}g za}ol 70r+ 80oJ Ead ^Iolql flq. l4o + '|s=r+ rJ"l +44J4.
"f(1,3) - 73

uf{z}xlE +s-+ rJol +4e14.

lg,5) - 56 I

v
(qril 100 # k: -6,0, 6, t2ql ql6J ++ f(x,y)-6-3x-2y4 F91*dS z
e+
0 f,
Eil ++t+d+'|q=r+ +Ll.
t F
6
\\ \\
+ 3x*2Y+(ft-6):0
6-3x-2Y:k'
olE zlgtvl -le 4d+g +4u+. k: -6,0, 6, lzoJ ,ll 44 3x + 2y - 12:0,
f.al 16 fG,i:6-3x-Zy! 3x+2y-6-0,3x*2y-0, 3x +2y+6-Qoltr, r4EE+ lH 164 ++.f 4
Ei-r.C raJ r4lF7I ¤Eol=+, "l st+l+dg ErJ4el ¤olCol BrH:zH 16 +4). I
v
k:3 (qd llD t:0, 1,2,3q1 4+++ s(x,y): 6= *'- y' e-l E+l+dgrq+.
I--lt
K-Z

k:l Eil ++t+dg q--q-l+ rJtrt.

k:0
{ /\ ,ffi:k, + x2+y2:9-k2
0 (3,0) x
old+ +Col 0)olr HlzlEol 4ffio1ECfl+ol4. ft: 0, I ,2,39 trI E+l
(0,
5-- -/, gq^] Eg ElEa, rH 7E sA r
+de :.8 174 e'1. olfl E+l+dE¤
=.ol
{sGI+)e+ Hll-ti]] Ezl-. r
.fal 17 g(*,yl: Jg - *, - yrel
EId reJ
(qfl 12D .J+ h(*,y):4xz + y' + 1E t+l+dg H 4lEl rq+.
Efl ++t+dg +q=4 rJ+
 13.1 +E+--J+ 805

-v

,{ l-
\
ir

T J,

r .Jr

(a) End :.H ft) ++l^I,i= F+]+dg gfl aolq.

=q
fal 18 E+I+CE EGI gal^J trJE ft(x, J) :4x2 + y'+ lol la|ir

4x2+y2+l:k, +
m x'
+
y2
k-L
:l

qI+"] L"f + #-- 1"J 4flt-e '}4'Iol+l+(ft > l). rH d+Ele

18(a)b
rfl hEEr.d rBol+. rH ¤l+l+dg raq
18(b)= ol fBzI+loJ ft(4gEE
H)sl afllznl4 Eq *fl _s+ol+. rH 18* ++l+dg.J4 ftsl :24_r= "JE.
%FHg Eq ++. r
{lq4 13 D q4 4el +-q=44 44}E}+E ++l+dg rEJ+. R
300

Efl 4+4E "l*6ll^J +-q=El^ ^J+I6J+E E+l+^Jg rElE :zH leel +Ll.
200
P(L, K): l'0lIo75Yo'25

44I+ p9 <Iol t+l+dql 4-d 9i+. qlE E"l t+ool 4ql Efl+dg iJ4I* r:
2?0
r80
100
l40g EIE= L++ rr+ zlg# KE s-E #g +ElU4. PE l}g rCts Ell tol +
140
100

,JA+¤- E + gl+. r
7l-61-H r(7t
'Jia6E, HlqlE Ktl fttlt;lE rol
100 200 300 L

qtr 4+oll= E"rd rBol r4]Etr4 rl f+ts #zl- ?14. ol ql4l -ral 10
tv
^Ide -E

13ql^l qdq 44t14t:H lee+ sg ulrafx[). E+ qx]l eql^JxJH B+{tg

+4,* olE q -9+6I+.
:zH 20* A+qE ^8C,J rqlEe+ I :r.elluel E+l+dol4. :rH (c)gl^-] E
E E+l+dol flE +=ql r*ol E4 glri. ol4e rH (d)ql^J fld **ol ol]*
4^l7l 7I+= += ^l-¤4 "Jil'J't.
806 138 trEsf+

"r
_1:

(a) flx, yl:-xye-*'-r'gJ E+]+d (b) tlE +dql^l E f(.x, y):-xye"-r'E :lt]]E

.]'

_v

.T

-3v -3v
(c) .f(x, 9: ;17 * 1el E+l+d (d) f(x, tl: *4 ,1 ,

ral 20

r gE+ ol8sl il+

fE+B+(function of three variables) /= {elq Dc R3ql +61-- +^Jr^J
^ll
(x, y, z).ll 4dl f (x, y, z)E E;lsl- +gql d+. 4+^l7l- +zlol+. ql.
g xlEtr + dql^-lel gE r= 4E xs} flE y r;-ll. ,..12-| roi) el=ql+. rfls=
_tr ol4* f : f(x, y, t)E+ + ?i+.

(o{l4l 14D /(x, !, z) :tn(e - y) + rysinzB *ll dEEg +df+

EOLf(r, y, z)oil 4,* 4lg z- y > OolH C9g4. :z4p-+ /E 4Eqg q+r+
+Yl.
D: {(r, y,r) e R' I , > y}

olAg ¤H e: y +lel d dillE ol+old uJfizJftalf-space)olr|. I

+E+6J+ /- 4il-g ++ql ileEtr r4_u-E. ,r.l{a}ofzlz} 'l]* ++6}+.

relL| tI+ ftql qlt]] ,Jd 4 f @, !, z): kr 4E!= +8, + sur-
=+l+.E(level
 13.1 trlE+-J+ 807

+ gl+. 4 u, y, z)71tgl+Eg "l-+ *4ol* +

face)* zr^I6ll^J /E ol6llB
?Iql= f(x, y, z)9 {I9 rdElq 'JdEl-4.

{o{l4l 150 E}+ f(x, y, z): x2 + y'+ e2 tgl*Eg +6}+.

Eq E+l+Eg *'+ y'* z2: k(k> olAg elxlEol JEq EC+H+g

o)oltrl.
olE+(r4 2t eral. :a4o+ d (x, y, z)71+dol Otl .JEel +Hql^l HB rll,f(x,
v, e)9 #3 l4qq 'J46f+.

Z
*'+y'*zz:3
*'+y'*22:7

v
-{

rH 21
"'+y'*22:l rl

( qq 16 D q++ f(x, y, z): xz - y - e'oll E?l+Eg +6i+.

Eil ++t+Eg *'- y - z' : ft a.= y: xz - zz - fto1tr, ol4+ idL+EEE+ol+
tH 22Y k: 0, k: +5"J trll E+l+Hg Eq++.

aEJ 22 k:5 t:0 &: -5

Hfzl- g9E ?l+ql oJ+E 44¤ + gl+. rut!*-d*(function of n variables)

- d+9] n-#rJt (x1, x2,...,r,,)ql i z:f(x,,x2, ..., xn)$ El]+^l7l- +!ol
4. ol4EL n-f^JB dzllE d.J+ RnoE +4U'1. elE 5q qH sl^I7l-^l.e
+!+ +E= ql nzH9 ^JE +-s x]]E= ++:z 6l-x}. c,g iHaN ZI]-E.E 'JglR zI
808 138 trEEt+

4, ;Hall xl]EE r,Bg1 ole"6JQS, 4]e= +EB trl A,qEl= + u]$ Ci rl-S
4 *"1 ,Ef xp x2, ..., r,,9 arfolQ.
3 C : f(*t,xz,...,xn) : crxt * czxz+ "' * cnx,

/= 4elqol R'E +EdB.J d+# E].+014. qle= olfl $ffi q ?J

e|+
+61 ++4lzl glall 61q zleE ole"d4.x: (x1, x2, ...,x,)oJ 4* f@,, x2, ...,
-r,) ql4l ++ /(x)E ++. ol zlsE ol+6IH [TleE 4e]g ++= ++4 ,J
^l
ol ¤+ 9t+.
"f(x):c.x
{zlrl c : (c1, cz, ..., c,,)oltr c . xi. flql +6]+ ulrl c9} xel ql4g +4Htr}.

R'E d x2,...,r,)4 y,,E +lxlEJrJ x : (r, , x2, ..., x,j rl-ol9 "JtrHg til+
(xr,
g ^J46tE, R"sl ++dqlql^J 49g ++/- ++4 rJol all Tlzl +dq^] ^J
46J + 9i+.
l. nfl]! ¤E+ x1, x2, ..., xng EI+E^J
2. BtJdEf (x,, xz, ...,r,)9] a;4er]
3. +gE]E]E+ x : (x1, xz, ...,r,)9] *+-E.Al
olld.e.l .<Jl zfzl +d EFT} +*d a"Jg .Jr.il g 4.o14

13.1 I E*eu
1. f(*,y): *'y/(Zx - y')E *I +g #g +6I+. 8. .f(r, y,r): Jn=T +
'FJ + Jt -*
(a) /(1, 3) (b) /(-2, -1)
(c) f (x * h,y) (d) /(;r, x) e. "J4lE +E -Jolql ql+ E¤ol q+ ++E +q{+.
: S : f(*, ft) : 0.0072*o.t2s7ro;12s
2. g(*,!) x?ln(x + y)'J 4l
(a) s{3,l)g 414}6}+. ¤zlrJ auE fi|?zlJftg)olr /rb zl(cm)o]Q. :-41 s9
(b) s9 {elqg +6E, fai{. +flE xllgulrl(m')ol+.
(c) g9 ilEg +614. (a)f (73, 178)g +o.tr ¤H6I+.
3. F(x, y,z) : ,6 - J* - Zr"J Ul 1b) qel$e-l +E Holi SulQlzp

(a) F(3, 4, 1)g +61-+. 10. ql4l 3qJ^J EL+ w:f(r, u)E S4qH4. {zlrl w=,il+
0) rE {elqg +614, :.314. ul+zlf, r= d4JgE, ui $$ol+. {tg s lql gI+.
(a) /(-15, 40)q <I* B"t'JzI? olag +fl¤- 9"la}
4-8 trl-.g B+E 4Eqg +6}r, fBl+. r- -zLO
=/l:
4.f(x,y):J*-Z+rF G) 'f(-20, u): -309 oll ,9 {tol 9"t"J7l?"4 ¤E"J
5. q(*,il: rE + -4x2-yz 9"lal= Hl¤ ts-a ¤E6}+. g+.I E.6t4.
(c) "f (7,20) : -499 ql rE at"l E"IoJTI?"A d+ol
6. g\x,y) : x-y 7, p\x,y) : -*,ffi
xfy ,
x* I 9"lalE Hl¤ "JE ¤EBl-+. {+ql B6|4.
(d) s+ w: f (-5, a)71 9"lalE Ag +fl"J7t? E+
 13.1 ttE+-Et+ 809

ol B+E zl-+l$ ¤861a}. 18. r++ rHg l998LJ lLJrJ rJ"lpi ^l+e-l EL+E^J lrlqlA
(e) Eti w:f(r, s0;o1 9olalt 4g +E"Jzf! Ef, ol 4 + +qlolrE +gfqql 'l]+ E+l+^c(rE"gd)"1trl..
6J+e.l zl+lE ¤H6l-4. z;ol l0 moll^l 6g 9"J(1609)l} zJol s moll^J 6f 29oJ

11. +qlql^J sl-Z ftE 44 ,eI ut*"I -r- +-E=E Er

HI*el (180"J)E E+q gEE +C6l-+.
gl= Aolql gq ?l+.++ h:f(u, r)el {tg
^l+,E 0

s 3ql^l y1_e1fQE ,lqqq flq.

(a)/(80, l5)el &g? olAel9"lE Sfr,'JzI? 5
E
(b) El+ h:f(6o, r)9 9"lE Ffi.'JzI?
"l Et#9 zy+l o
\H lo
E ¤H6}+.
(c) 6Jf h: f (a,30)e-l 9"lE FH,"Jzl? ol a'f,fel xlf t5
E ¤EB}+. zo 160 200 24a 280
:BI+E4E
5 3 fr$zlrl+^lilsl 4a Day of the year

xl{rlzJ(fr) re. -fB 12oll.r-1 A, B zld¤. +ot4.Azlq +%].4 B4q *

\t t5 20 30 40 50 %lql ql6lq ¤E6i+.
a\ 5 10

20 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 20. +lxll4=Jxl+GMr)=

^Ie-E
jl
30 t.2 1.3 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.6

ffir 40 1.5 2.2 2.4 2.5 2.7 2.8 2.8 B(m. h\ : Y

1rz
4r
T 60 2.8 4.0 4.9 5.2 5.5 5.8 5.9
vt

frp
sE Ce-lgtrt[E, ,n* SP4lGg), ft5 zl(m)]. E+l+d
80 4.3 6.4 7.1 8.6 9.5 10. 10.2
r!
:25, B(m, h): 30, B(m, h): 40
1
T B(m, h): 18.5, B(m, h)
r00 5.8 8.9 11.0 12.2 r 3.8 14.7 r 5.3
g r44. qq4oJ zlol=4oJ* nulzl 18.s ol6l4E,
r20 1.4 1 t.3 14.4 r6.6 r9.0 20.5 2t.t
xl4l6; BMrTI 18.5*2solE C^J; BMrTl-2s-3001H 4
12-16 ++ E'-+E r4s$ f=lE+. zllf; eN,rrTt 30¤. ar+61-H uluJolalr. +q. c+.J B
12. f(x,y) : y : Eg edl4. *+zllz| 62kg, zl 152 c^oJ ^I*g CtI g
13. f(x,y) tO - 4x - 5y
Eq +6h=r|?
14. f(x,y) : sinx 15. f(x,!): x2 + 4yz +I
21-22 EL+/el Eotrd rHol oI4 :zH4 rJg trll, /E :r-ql
16. /(x,y) : -4xz-yz sE qlq4_q_+. rq+.
17. trI.g rHg ++ /E Erd _zHol4. olE ol+6l]^J 21. 22. .y
-5

f (-t,3), f(3, -2)E {tg +46}4. :r4g9 EoJql ql6l] l3

t2
qB4l 'JB + tlbzt? ll

-v
J
4 5
J
2

.d

70 60 50 40
I
23-26 E+l+dg H zH"J -H-q q+- qI+E +rd rHg r
,10 .(
q4.
\ 30

+1 20
2t. f(x,y): x' - y' 24. f(x,i: ,E + y
-+ -i-
 810 138 -fE-Bt+

25. f(x,y) : ye* 26. f (x, y) : x ,+y, 34-3s trl-S ++E F+l+Eg ¤H6l+.
34. f(x, y, z):2y - z+|
27. 6J+ fb,i : x, + 9yr9 r4Ee+ +rd rHg r4 35. g(x,!,z) : xz + y2
a, uJ:26|z|. - z2

28. ,yBHql +e il= S* +j+g d (x, y)ql,q e-s1z| (x, 36./9 :748E+rl s9 f4s= g= %IHg ¤H6t4.
y)ol+. ¤Eslfz} +s=+ ag q F+l+d(E"gd)g H (a) g(x,y): f(x,y) + Z

71]"J:zel+. (b) g(r, y) : 2f (x, y)

(c) g(x, y) : -/("r, y)
(d) g(x, y) :2 - f(*,y)

ffizg-go 4Eqr+ ule{-H_b +dg 846l]7l.H^J q}+e.l rqis ffi31. E+4+ 4l*ol 4^ trols+ 4Eq4 ulrlEb +Eg
AE-E+llq7I E+l+dg:19 + gl+H, +"J*
E4ollzlfl^l 6J+ f(x,y) :3x - xo - 4y' - lOxyel :z
EL
=:144. qsE:1El+. "l Bfzl-4*#g +=+r "JEt + 9i=
+fl E+l+dg ffl^l :zqss+ ultolz|. ,l? +qdol g d,.o + ^J4i;l= +d +le.l dg qflg
29. f(x,y) : xy' - x' (fl*"1 "JxD
# ?lbz}? +Adq qldl^l q$rll gEJ + gtbz}?
3O. f{x,y) : ,-t,2+r')/3(sin(x2) + cos(y'))
ffire. 4EEJ+ Et+E= +dg E4"IzlE^"1 'J+ f@, y) :
x*v:-9
3l-33 4+ E++E (a) :z4F(A*c)= +a ft) Er..d rH +x'* v
:-4eE rflrf. q++el +6J zlf ql ql6ll ¤H
(I*III)g +s+. r+7ll Cq+ ol-9¤ "J6I+. 6t7+ H+ x,y7l ¤d ,lxlfl olp .Jol "J{{bzt?

z: (x, y)71+lEql tlrl$)zlE qtr HrJ"l "Jq4bzt?

37. z: sin(xy) 32. sin(x - y)

z: EE39. f(x,y\: r,*2+tz4 +++¤- 4 16l+. ,{loll E}+ B+E

33. (1 - xr)(l - yr)
qB4l ut+lbzt?
E_oJol

A B

x y

II I II
v
 13.2 +-dZt E+ 81 1

EE +0. z : y' + c*yA +E+g a^I6I4. 561 +Eol ol

x2 + E (b) x : Ln(L/K), y : ln(PlK)+ +8, (a)ollrJ +q{ %l-

zl-+Eel BEll + + E"Jql4 4E e"JeE- Hl+l= +rJ C4* dB%I44 y: ax * ln b7t gtrt flxll 4el E"
9 '9 {Ig ¤46f+. 3-g ol+611.<J 1899-r922Liql 4* m(r/9, tn(plro
41. (a) ErE +16]] E-rl]El4 'J+ P :
.JHI4"J hI."K1-" E #ql qlrJ sE "J=+. 4 Qn(L|fi, ln(P/K))= zl
,i 4+rI rJol E¤6J + 9l+g tro14. += al44l+ slflzlCg +61-+.
(c) E-qEEl^ ^J&6J+tl p : l.01L07sI(0""J¤. +E
PL
ln-:lnb*aln-
KK 6t+.

13.2 I *-dll E+
I olE!+trt+ol
=:d
x, y7l !-+ 0 o + d=6J oll[+, d (x, y)z] flEeE d-+ .Il +¤- + E49 xl-
+lE Hlrofl Ezf.

?, , sin(x'+y') :*'-Y'
I\x,y): ) .
x'+y'
-l g(x, y)
x'+y'
E. 14 2= fld +*el d (r, y)ql qdl "f(r, y)el- g(x, y)9 {Ig 4+d ol-41 dlall
zlt)lfxl7d 4"1+(+ aJfz} gdql^J- C94xl *+ql ++,*+).
(x,y)tl (0,O)ql zptlol A,t|] "f(x, y)9 #3 toll zlzfol 7I= HlH, e(x, y)E {I
e 5¤+ +q] d=nlr. ?lzl t+¤+ "J + gl'i. +il4 +rl"1l zlaa3 olfl f +
g +*4 rJol
^ldE +Egq, *'1.
sin(x2 * v2) *2 _ -,2
lim ---
(.r,y)+(O,0) X' * y"
:i. , ^.#g+xll6.}zl
lirt^ x' + y
(x,y)---+(0,0)
t++

.JHl4eE d (*, ylzl- c9E oJql il. gelel eEE q+ 4 (a, b)ll tlnlol

E 1 .f(x, y)el 'J EZ g(x, y)el 'J

\,x\ - 1.0 -0.5 -4.2 0 0.2 0,5 1.0 \v
x\ - 1.0 -0.5 -0.2 0 0.2 0.5 1.0

- 1.0 0.455 0.759 0.829 0.841 0.829 0.159 0.45,5 - 1.0 0 (x)0 0.600 0.923 1.000 0.923 0.600 0.000

- 0.5 0.759 0.959 0.986 0.990 (i.986 0.959 0.759 -0.5 -0.600 0.000 0.124 t.000 0.724 0.000 -0.600

-0.2 0.829 0.986 0.s99 l.(xx) 0.99e 0.986 0.829 -0.2 -a.923 -0.724 0.000 L000 0.000 -0.124 -0.923
0 0.8.1I 0.990 l.(ruO 1.000 0.990 0.u41 0 - 1.000 1.000 - 1.000 - r.000 - L000 - 1.000

0.2 0.829 0.986 0.999 1.000 0.999 0.986 0.829 o.2 -0.923 -0.724 0.000 r.000 0.i)00 -o.724 -0.923
0.5 o.759 0.959 0.986 0.9s0 0.986 0.959 0.759 0.5 -0.600 0.000 0,124 L000 o.124 0.000 -0.600
1.0 0.455 0.159 0.829 0.841 0.829 0.759 0.455 r.0 0.0(x) 0.600 0.923 1.000 0.923 0.600 0.(xx)
81 2 138 trEst+

+ ulJ,
"f(r,
y)9 Alol f Lll tltrlol ++- 4g ++4zl glall r+¤- TlsE "l*
+tr|.
lim
(x, y) ---+ (a, b)
f(*,v): L
r}^l d (r, y)E 4 @, b)e+ ?J^l= *xl"J +E6l 7l,JA) lJqEre-eal
E61l^J

"f(x,
y)9 {tg t.ll g6l-- "Jt tl*rll g + 9l- 4o14. Er+ H"Jo-J Cel. +
+4 rJ+.

1 Esl /= olH+++4ap r
cEq D= ¤ (a, &)gl tlqlol il= d# E6J
o.J+r 6lz}. gEE e > 0oll 4a]] (r, y) e oolr.0 < (x-a +(y-b <5
"J rI lfk,i - tl < eol CB"Ib 6 > 0ol +zllts oll, rl+r+ rJol
*;, (x, y)
4 (a, r)"il Btg. 4 "f(r, y)9 *e.e: rol4.r" qL+.
lim f(x, ''y) : L
(.r,y)-(a, b)"

4el Eq +qH 46H +gr+ rJg +E ETlHol lltrl-

lim
x+a
f(x,!) : L, (*,y) - (a,D)"J oll f(*,y) + L
y+b

lfk,y) - tle i fU, y)e} t rl-ol9 44olr (* - o)'+ (y - b) LEoxl

(r, y)4 4 @, b).tp1e-] 4ElolF_E., 4q trg (r, y)o1lrl @,b)rlzlel 44= (0
3 "l-rlzl"J) ++61 4L4l Elseal "f(x,y)e+ r ^l-olel ,14= +E6l 4}rll e- +
gl+¤ E+tr}. (1.7¤el cel tr"J +"JE+'J+q ql+ ++el 4ele+ ulra|=].)
-zH 19 Aei trg ffis rB oe. ¤B6J dol4. t +-"1 'JEE zt+ ++
(L- e, r + e;ol +qzlH, +col (a, &)o17, HlzlEol 6 > OoJ fl*nu5 49
+ 3Ir, "lull /- Duoll ++ -E= d l@, b)Y zll9 zl.L" 19 *zJ (L - e, t + e) oJ
E d=q ql+^lrJ+.
cE trg rH 2glrlxlH ¤E6J + 9l+. {zlrJ +H s- /E r4sol+.
s > 0ol +qzlfl (x, y) * (a, e)olq (x, y)E fl*o, oJel d"E ^lloJg
4l Du

r
v
L*e
L
L-t s

f L-l e
L
L-e
.T -> 0

t,
..r
(a, b ,F D6Y
_IaJ 1 -tel ,
JAL
 13.2 +-drl.E+ 813

6l* sel ffiol +BE z: L -

"4 z: L + e rtolql
oll 4q" +olE+ 6l-= "J+
6 > 0g *"lE + 9l+g *++.

r +Etol ?=t. -H.olEl

=1116[rl
"Jfl+Et+ofl.r.l xzf aoll d*6J qiql= trxl F u}oJ, + g+ E.}- s$+ql^l"J
d-+ti. liTjk) + )ri.ftx)olE hq/(x)E +zl]6}zl ?+.tr|b 49 tat"e+
4 "Jr ?l+.
olH+6J+ql^J= r ^J%Iol y)tl /el 4e-lEql gl
++6}zl *:'I. ell+61-H @, -v

- l*, T f6l H:s %r-=Jrl %rH o e. @, b)tr_ d=B f glzl rllE."lrHfH 3 +a).
4E 1 * (x, y)ollrJ @, b)nltlE 448(0+ ot,lzl"J) +E6l zlrll gr-geal b

y)e} I .JflE +41 B + 9l++ EJ+ dE 1 g +xl b, y)

"f("r, ^lolel 4i-l$ 0 a. r
4 (o, b) ^l-"lq ,l4"Jg olofzJaf|. 4,olxl, d=.61+ %I6Jg ololzldli 4,ol otrJ
+, nl-Et^l ++ol +Z]]6IE, (x, y)E (a, b)oll d*^l7l= ILr-Er+ t}+Hol ,f(r, y)=- -f.eJ 3 (a, b)E tr=61-= rfE zJEE
,J+ ++g zI4oF ++. rq=e. f @, y)tl +E +,ttg 7l^l+ += 4E= +g
+ gltrtE
u,rl%, o,f(*,y)E ¤z116l-zl *=+.

4E C,g 44 (x, y) (a, b)oJ 4l ,f(x, y) oltr dtr- c2= 4el (*, y) -,
- -, Lr (a, b)
g trll f(x,y) --+I,roltr Lt+ L2olE !i* ",f(x,y)E=4]6}zl gh=4

(qd! t D(x,y)+(0,0) .:
Urq . x' t,1ol fzllaf4 t++g Bq+.
y'
Eil /(x, y): (*'
- y')/{*'+ y')olz} afx}. trz] "r=¤ tr}+ (0, o)ql d=61 Ezl-. v
ol {Eoll,rJ Ef. (x, y)9] 4all ,: goJF? x t 0"J EExglrJ f@,0): xr/xz: lol
f(x, y): -l
trl 4+^l q-q=4 ?Jr+.

;qg 4=t (r, y) --* (0, 0;o1g f @, y:) + t f(x, y): l J

olxJl r: 0 o -E- $z yqg- q+ d+a|l uzf. rqfl y I OoJ eE y"ll 4o]] ,f(0, y) :
_v2
-.;:
v'
-tol+. EIq^l ++r+ zJuH:_H 4 +6).
fzJ +
y4$ 44 (x, y) -* (0, o;o1g f @, y) -+ -l
zldg utet (*, y)z} (0, O)ql d=81"il ,rt+ f7l El= +il$ tlxlt: s a
^ls +E +
qd +oJ* g+=+(ol ol zlafl 7q
=x]]6}xl ^I¤g ¤E E"J+ql^J +^14 =4ql
g 4."J6ll ++). r
(qdl 2l f|,i: #"J X- + y-
*{l(x,y)-(0,0)
lim .f(x,y)E 5.x1]a}Ez}?
Eil y: 0olfl ,f(x, 0) : llf : 0014. 4+^J q*q=4 e+
814 138 trJE-Bt+

xffi 44 (r, )) -* (0, O;o1g /(x, y) + 0

r: OoJ trll ,f(0, y) : 0ly2: 0014. trI+^j ++g E=+.
v v _f,

y+g 44 (x, r,) --+ (0, O;o1g /(x, y) + 0

.f(x, y) :0 : I
f(x,
F a}g4g. trl-+ Fg.J +r}g +qLol 0ol+= d* ol-.1+. E
+qd +s
-y) 1
Bzl"J,
f(.r, y) : o -r zld.J y :"dE ul+ (0, 0) o -+. d=6l] !-zt. E5 x + 0.11 cflal u.1gg ts=+

x2 1

f (x, x)
x2+x2 z

-ral
JEr
tr
L, r*lF_s ++4 zJcH:H 5 +a).
zld y: xE 44 (x, ;l) + (0, O;o1g f U, il - i
+E d= 4Eql 4+ +E +.Jg zlxJs-tr, +qd +f,g t+=+
=,zl]6}zl

rH 6g qlxll 2E 6ll¤61+ rll r$ol g+ 4c y - roil +El+= bd+ fld

¤ xll4+ a Adql fl-=. E= d (x, y)ollrl f@, y): lol+= ^td4 "Jil,tl+.

-I

xy
.f.al 6 :
"f(r,.r') x2+yz

(qq 3D /(*,y) :
)cyz

)c' + yo
.J
"]l
lim
(x,y)+(0,0) .f(x, y)E SxllalizP

Eil{l^ll 2E Eol= +taa1.ti g¤g zl4zl-b gele.l 4dg 44 (r, }) + (0, o;o14
F*gea] ¤qE6Ff. zldol y+ol olr-lH
^l+g
y: mx(ml zl$zl;olz +++
zk|
*'*'=
r=J 73 qlrll 3el -EI+ol raHs= LlEfL.! f(*,y):f(x,mx): =*(T)',,: =*'*', =:
' x' + (mx)o x2 + maxa 1 * maxz
rf. EEd x = !2 +l-e ol+-r. ?lg
=c=
0ll +e]6l.Il q+^J +*4 +L+.

0.5
y: mx! 44 (x, )) -- (0, 0;o1H ,f(x, I) + 0
zO 4d r- 0g 44 (x, I) + (0,0).oE d=oJ trllE 'ZJg ¤4¤- g¤- + 91trt.
:14 o=. /= gE¤ zl4E e- 4dg trI+ ,Jg ++g ,*-trI-. r"lq a4
_Z
-0.5 )
0
ot.]+. ell+61-E EEd x: y2+
J
"l +qd +=Jol 0gg Bq+- 49 "l+
lal z
1Et (x, y) -* (0, O)olfl tr|e=$ ?JE+.
 13.2 +-drt E+ 815

f(*,y):f(y',1:ffi:#:+
f4oe- *: y'9=- 44 (x, y) - (0, 0;o1H.f(x, 9 *L
+E 4EE'rl4 += +ELg zl-zJe_tr., +q4l +6Jg ?*b+. n
=,7]]6}zl

r ¤E
=-del
"JE+EI+p trllilH, olE+++E ++e-l fl&s +a.Je] ^d¤$$ ^|S6lH ¤+
6l ++6l-rll B + :i+. l.6Eoll^Jel ++e-l Bzl# olH+EL+"J ullE qtr-g
+ 9l+.**z,iol +xlla-J+. zl-46}oJl, q+ EzlE"l dB++.
1. oJel +6Jg++Ee] Rol4. tlot r+lil
H-l u-i

2. il-E ++e +E-J=q ilol+. itsl tsEl

3. B+E {tfuH9 +*g f 6J+E +flE lJ.#u11ol4. ,^.l,\=crl
.dTEJ-I =,
EI

4. +fl +6Jg ++Eel +ol+. jaol tflil

tl-l tl -i

s. +fl +*g +6Jfl +oltrH$Eel +*ol 0ol olp ull). ol r+lil

'r.A-{ t= .i
-E

'l* ^de+ fl41 +HB + 9t+.

lim X: A, : lim(a, b) c:c
y)-(a, o).,!
2 lim b,
(x, y)--+(a, b) (x, (x, 1) >

0lt!+trlffEt*(polynomial function)(rJ+61 +a}{)- cx*yn e4el .J=fl R

oltrf. ¤zlrl cE d*oll, *4 n3 *ol olH 4+"1+. Sal#*(rarional function)
rl.J.J+q Hl"l+. qE. q+g rla-]oJfolrf.
= =q
p(x,y): xo + 5x3yz + 6xya - 7y + 6

HIE q-e+ f.4Et#"14.

q(x, y) : ':' ,* !,
x-fy"

+rJ Hzlr+ +H trE EE.J ++g ol+E|l^l ++4 zJol zld .JEE
'IEflq
+.J^lE ++g 4l4I6J + 9l+

3 lim p(x, y) : p(a, b)

(.r, y)---+ (a, D)

u|4lzJ-zltr +flEL+ q(x,y): p(x,y)/r(*,y)ql ql6ll (a, b)tl qel {elE qlql gl
+E ++4 rJtri.

4
(x,
lim
y)+(a, D)
q(x,y):
r.,rlgt, ,rr#*:m: q(a,b)
816 2X]
1.JO Iii E ol,(
L-!E I

(q4! aD - *'y'* 3x + ly)E +dl+.

u,rlqtz.,(x'!u

Eil ,fir, y) = *'y'- *'y' * 3x * 2y| {a}alolzl trll$oll, zld qioJ6H^J +rJ#g
+B + el+
lim
(x,y)+(1,2)
(*'y' - xty' t 3x + 2y) : 12' 23 - 13' 2' + 3' | + 2' 2 : lI

ilqH 5D(x,y)-(-2, {^"r* )

.tirn 3). X'y'
-'/.x
oJ $zllo}E +6t+

Efl ,f(r, y) : (xzy + t)ti3yz - ZilY *4Elfola, ?2, 3)ol delE 'Jql flgE
E(ol*ql^l ¤.Ezt 0ol ot'l+) 4ld 'iloJ?'l]^J ++g +g + gttrI.

xzv*l :
(-2)'z(3) + I l3
rltll :-
(x,y)+(-2, ZJ X'y' - 2X (-2)'(3)' - 2(-2) 68

( qrl| |)(x,Y)+(0,0)
lim x'?*,"
t 1'',z|
6 fx]lafE +6|.+.

EUn qlxll 3ql^iz-lH fldg zl+= .Jelel 4dg q+ --d+ O.Jg tr'J + 9i+.
ol4.ol +qd ++ol g"Jg +H{+ Ag olilul. :-4+ EEd y: f4 r: y,oll 4
E **s 0ol+. trI4,^l +6Je- Szllo[_r. olE Oge ++B + 9l+.
gEe-l s > Oql ulloil r1g= 54g=. El+61-= 6 > 0g +oiBzl.

3*'y
o<rF+y'<6019 x2+y2 -0 <s
3"'lYl
7
---I o<rW<6019 x2+y2
<r
:zflrll y2 > 0ol.p_E xz 1 x2+ yzoltr, 4+^J x2 llxz + y')< 1014. r+l-=E +g
g ts=+.
3r'lv
5
x2+y?
I
<3lyl:3,F<3-'W
6: tl39-g qEI-n 0 < _tr - t y' 16+ 6IH ++4 ?JEI.

3^m<36:r(i)
l*-rl= a

r4o-tr 4E trq "I4'l+¤ e=+.

5x- y
a)

lim 0
(x, y)+ (0, o)x2+yz

EUE Eol lql^le+ rJol 4tS e=+.

 13.2 E+ 817
=-drt

l*l 3x'v
:#+<3rvr

-3lvl<#
x--ry <3lvl

v*00r8lvl--+Qorr ,'l4^r o,,l,l%,, (-rlvl) : o, (rlrl) : o"rrlt+d

,,,,1Tr,0,
Hzl 3¤- "lg). "J+44q1 el6l] E=+
a)
3x'\)
lim
(.r,y)+(O,0J --:0
X" * y'

IE+
gH+ fl+.J+fl +6Jg 4l&61-71 fl+- 49 {lz16}zl-. fl+++E dE6l=
d¤g frg/{.) : /(d)olEe. ol} zld #g ql"J6H^J 414}B + 9l+ olEfelf
el fl+^JE E^l zld
']]E C¤E 4e1g+.

6 Eel "lHfet+/ql ql6ll ffiol ^dB6IE, f

y @, b)0il^l E+ol+l eL4.

Dql +61-= e= d (a, b)ollal /zl- s4"lE, /= gq Dqlrl E+ol+r EL+.

fl+el 4+4.J ff. d (r, y)zl- a? E6l-E,f(x, y)9 ,,lE e=. E++= 4ol
rl". olae fl+'J+q r4soJ +Eg +Bolq ,J+41 Eol s,+- Fol+.
+,J4lE +oJ+ zld ']]"J6l]C 4l+6J + glr}= Ag "Jgl+(^l Ei. 24tr _E
+'J^lg R2 fl"il^l fl+"Jg E+E delqliJ .J + gl+. uf{z}xlE Eql
= ^l
^l "JEel +{++b r {Eq
fl"il^'l E+gg Bq++ oJH}4 " +, +E}el ^d
Ag ol+6]]^J fl+EI+EE a-J zI, E, *-=3 fl+g.$ "J + ?t4.

(qd 7D ++ f(x,y) -.', 'ie qqql^J g+oJzl?

x'-t y'

Eil EL+,f= (0, O)ql^J Ef,+ol+. ell+61-E r Eql^l 499x1 f*zl rIE"l4.
/= +?-lflr-+oloE, {elE D: {(r,y) I (r,y) # (0,O)}ql^l ¤+oltr}. r

il qtfi! I l) EL+

*'- y' , (*, y) # (0, 0)

g(*, y): *'+y'
0 (*, y) : (0, o)
81 8 138 trJE-'J+

ql qlql s7l (0,o)ql^l C99xl"J g:!-EE old6l BE

,,,,1,,1r,0, u,r(*,y)zI Sxllolzl
4ol4t{lxll I era). I

rg Be qtrJt esl E+Er+g .raflu6;11. (lo{l4l 9l} ++ ++E Cel6l-z}

I 3*'v
(x, y) + (0, 0)

.v
f(*,y):
tr',' (*, y) : (0, o)

.T
/rl-+4++olFF (r,y) # (0,0).J oll /7t fl+ql 4¤. "Jz 9t+.E+ ql4l 6.o-tr
+El trl¤g ts=4

o,rllT*,oy
.f(*, r) : u,rlrS* ,r#: ^1
o :.f(o, o)
g
=aJ
f4=e-.f= (0, O)qlil fl4oll, tr++^l R'ql^-J fl4"14. I
"JE+6J+ql^leI Aol + g+EL+E ¤B6H^J .,,fl_tr.S eI+= g= E +E %r-
tsol Bcol+./71-E+q_l olEfoJf"l;u, s-lE ^lqql^J cEg g+fl "JE
#Bf"lq, h(r, y) : s(f(x,y))E {e]$ 6J^JEL+ h: s ",f - q^l E+"Jg E
"J + 9t+

(o4lltl I0D
'J+ h(x,y) - ,-(x,+!z)g qqql^J fl4"J21?

EOI /(x, y) : x2 + y'9 46Jr-J+olo -+ R'oJl^J fl4o14. elf s(t) : e-'Y EE r

ql^l ¤+ol+.rqIre.6JC++ h(x,y): s(f(x,y)): R2ql^l ¤+ol+.
"-(xz+tz)o
ftel :z4u= rH ee+ g+.

fal g -d# h(.r, J,): e-(.'-"r; E-E

troll^.i E+olrl-. "T

( oll4l 11 l) ++ h(x, y) : arctan( y lx)Y q q ql^'l fl+"Jr|?

Eil,r(r,fi: ylxb fr4Er#olgE 4d x: 0g alle]ql ¤Eql^l g+ol+. r?-la

6Jf s(0 : arcran ,= E= *q^J fl4o14. :rEl_os ,Jg q+C*++ x: 0
'IgJ}
g 4le]a|r E+"1tr}.
g(f(x,y)) : arctan(y/x): h(x,y)
 13.2 +*.Jrl E+ 81 9

rH rOE r4s= rrel :r4szly4 +lE ++ql^J +¤qq il+g Eq ++.

I EE+ OIS9I _d+

ol ¤ql^-l EEE E= flEol +H+ ol^Jel E'-+E q"tI.J + gt+ 4g zlab
4 (r, y, z)71(/el 4elqql fl-) d (o, b, c)E- d-+ 4l ,f(x, y, z)9 #ol r f v
q d.Elg 9"1il4. J

f.H 10 -** ft(x, y) : arctan(i,/,r)ts x

lim
(x,y, z)---+(a, b, c)
f(*,y, r) : L = oollAl EE+olrl-,

+ d (x,y, e)4 (a, b, c) ;.fol9 z-l4i (x-a, 2+ y - b)'* (r - c)z

R'ql^J
eE +qzlzl ull5ql Hg6J 4E= ++4 zJol # + ?t+ +, oJ99 , > Oql
ql6H 0 < (*- o)z+(y-b)'+(z-c)2 <6011, (x,y, z)71 fE 49lEql
glsfl ++g El+6I- 6 > 0ol +x11oJ+.

lfk,y,z) - rl < *
trl+g "J+61-H
6J+ /= (a, b, c)oll^J t!*(continuous)olQ.

r,,r,,11T,, u,,1f
(x, !, z) : f (a, b, c)

qlE Eq q+ EI+- +H+ f.4Er*o14.

f(*,y,2):#
' x2 ly'+22-l

EqL x2 + y', + z2 : r* x]lE+ R',9 e= 4ql^J fl+ol+. r+^l "J6l-H +col E

dolr elzlEol tql +Eql^J EE+ol+.
13.1¤ g++ql AzllE qel zls= olE+ E- dtH+ ol^J'J+ql
"l+6IH,
4,* ++q 4e-l- +¤-4 rJol zJE6l + + gi+.

7 .f7l- 4 rim,f(*) : rg ++g g"lel4.

R,E +gd6J Doll^J 4Eg
gelE "J* > Oql 46li ++ol cB6l+ 6 > 0ol
" =xll++.
xe DolL0 < lx - al < 6olfl I/(x) - Il <
"

n- loJ 4* * :
- aol-L {9 trg gE+.J+q qlrJ +E}E CE
x, u
zI El= Aql ++6IzH2.4EE {e] tr) n: Zgl {+ql x : (x, y), a : {a, bl,
l* - ul : (* - o)2 + (y - b)'olI, Cel Elg 49 Eol Er|.n:3olH x:
\*,y,2), a: (a, b, c)ola Ce] E+ +E+R+E ++ Cgzl-g+ 4 A+"il^l
¤+E 4E- ++4,Jol ¤ + 9t+.

lim /(x) : .f (a)

x-a
820 138 trJE-'J+

13.2 lE+=nt
1. lim f(x, y): 6 ol4 zlcalH, "f(3, l)el alql ql6l] ol
(x. y) -- (3,1 )
EEr8. B+s] rqlsE ol+6lq q-¤-+6Jol fzllolzl t*E ol

gal "J6J f ?tEzI? /E ts4tlzl-? +E ¤H614.

z. fld ++E (x, y)oll 4+ trl-¤. y)9 +{tEE EE ol 2x2+3xy*4y2
(0, 0)"J ql
"f(r,
y)9 ++<ig agalr{.
o, rlIh, ot 3r\ sy..
+6ll^l (x, y) - "f(x,
:a ql+ol *¤ ol,?E ¤8614. 19. h(x,y) : g(.f(r,y))E +6l]. /,7t E+"J dEE d'*g
-, t-/t-, *'y'+xiyz-5 +6I+.
J\
z-xy
^
g(t): * + JT, ,f(r,y) :2x + 3y - 6

3-6 trI¤- ++g +6i+. ffizo. Ef ,f(x, y): ,t/('-v)9 r4E= r4r Efl+A *g
x'y - xy'
!im_ . (*'y' -
3.(x, y)--+(3, 4y') 4. (x,
lim
y)-(- 3,r)x-y+2 ++o1+.+^lg ol+ql*l +++ Ag ¤B6t+.
2)

EEzr-zs tr*zt g+t] d=e-l d,*g 446I+

21. F(-r, ,*)::L
| * e'-Y

7-e ++{lol $xlla}zi ggg Bq+ 22.

. 1 +x2+yz
Fyx,ll:
(x + y)'
l-*'-y'
7.(x,.v)-(0, v' 8. lim o) -;-
-' r..'viato, i :
lim
ol *\ y' x2 + Y2 23. G(x, ,E + l-x2-y'
9.
v'sin2x
lim ot !. 24. f(x,!,2):- arcsin(-rz + yz + zz)
-' t.,yilro, xo + ya
?1
x-y"
(*, y) # (0, 0)
10-1s +EJol +4la}tr q+ ++g +614+ g:+ 25. f (x, y) : 2x2 + y2'
g Eq4. =,xll6}zl l, (*, y) : (o, o)

10.(x.y)*(-1,
.lim -2).(*'y-xyz+3)'
'
26-27 +4IEE ol+ql^l +.Jg +61+. [r > 0olr (r, 0)71
3x-2v d (x, y)E +4|.E.4E (x, 1l) ---+ (0,O)oJ 4l ,-O*ol4.l
11. lim 4x'
--- (x,yia?,l't
-- -
yz
13+ v3 e-*'-Y' - 7
26.(x,y)+(0,o1
lim 27.(x,y)-(0,0)
lim ---x'I^
12.(r, lim o)xy'cos y X'* y' y' "
_1')+ (0, x'+ya
x'+y' -
t 3.(;, lim ffize. ol ¤E *++ql^l 4g- ++= C4fl+.
-v)+(0, o) x z+!2+l-1
sin(x2 + 12)
14. lim J- i cos(ery) f(*,y)-
' x"*y'
(x, Y, z)+(6' t, -2)

xy + yi'+ xz' f-al.I. (r, y) +il4

- (0, 0)'J trfl
TlaE||^J f @, y)
15. lim =rlql
(,r, Y, z)+(0, o,o) xz + y2 + zo * 1g¤. ++1H4. +4IsE ol+6ll^i ++Atg +.J6Ir
++E :z4gE r4+.
16-17 S+ 44E "l*alq +aJ{Ig +6}4.
o, yto Eb y>ro
29. f (x, y) : l, O<-y1xa
Iim xy sin -]---=
16.1ry;+(0,0) x- + y-
(a) y: mx"(o 1a --4) e4E (0, 0)g zl+= "JEel
11.(.r,yiato,o)
lim -!Ir AeE rtl+^l (x, y) - (0, 0)"J ull, f (x, y) --* 0oJg
xo + yo
Bq+.
 1 3.3 trJE--J+ 821

(b) (a)flqlE ¤+6t:il- f7l (0,O)ql^J Efl+"J¤- Eol4. 30. ce y,"J oll, E!+"f(x): c. xE R'+lql^J g+gg E
(c) F zl9 4d diilql^J /rt EE+.JS trq+. e4.

13.3 IEE-EI+

r olH+g+sl E!ElE4l+
q+ g *razl- 4+ +sE d4lE4 *rz1 q +41 v-fizlt-, elH *zlzI o}]*
,Ja6IE ¤zllHr} Sszl- q *41 v4Tj.Ll.trl=+ 7l8ec gEe+ +EE ¤"-J tr
+= ¤E6l-71 +l"ll ¤zlft'IE +Bl-ql^-l- g,_#zlf E. Eslzl+d+ +r+)4b
+qE:r"J9fltr}. gxl+ 1= gEeI "J+ ^l-ol"il e+g s6}g ¤E6lq, dxlls
E rol7 tt4*sz} H"J oll L4zl- ¤-EE +Elt4. :f4 o_+ 1= rel H"ll +
tr +fzl sl_tr, r - f (r, H)E + + gt+. trl+ I#E _tr= zl+Aql^] ts+* s
ql^l g+Jfl+

E 1 SEel+Eol -*#e,il grl+ 1

dhllas -E-(7o)
\H
r\ 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80

26 28 28 29 3l 3r J/. JJ 34 35

¤41 28 3l 32 33 34 35 36 3t 38 39
_Q_E
30 34 35 36 37 38 40 4t 4?. 43
("c)
32 JI 38 39 4l 42 +_1 45 46 47

34 4l 42 43 45 47 48 49 5r 52

36 43 45 47 48 -50 51 53 54 56

H: gzl+EL+ 1= r4 #
+ql+E ']]+ Eel ^lltrag)ql ++6f8,
60voql
H"il qlafl rtrJg "JE+Er-+_tr ++.J + girl-. sQ) _f(r,60)e_tr F.eH, s
(r)= tr4lfszl 60ro"J "ll d{lgE rzl ftzla;]ql q-+ Exlfz| q$4l #zl-al-
EzlE ¤E++. r: 30"C9 ,ll sE EeI+= +*4 rJol r: 30.CoJ oll rql +
BJ lel {ffio1r1.

g'(30) : lT} -
1.
IIIII
h---+0
/(30 + h,60) - /(30, 60)
h

h:24 -2==-
q6lr E lel {tE¤. olf-al;.1 q+r+ zJ"l 34t<} s,(30)¤- 414}'J
+ gttrl-.
g'(30) * s(32) - s(30) _ /(32, 60) - /(30, 60) _ 42 - 38 _
222 2
822 138 trEEt+

ol ai# B+"l]^l ulE4l# s'(30)3 +^l-4 " E 1.7s+r. g + 9t+. ol49 tl.
4#E.zl- 60Toola ¤4lsszl 30"coJ oll, dx'llssz[ 1"c +71-+ ,]lol4 aLtl
gE(gxl+)= t.7s"c +7l.+rf- 49 9"1'J+!
4s=s-E- ¤xll¤s 7:3o"coll 4'J .E lel zle¤tq)ql ++dl^l cr+6}zl-. ol
Bql il- +E.9 b-F+ G (rt) :,f (30, rf)= 7: 30"c"J "l] tl-ql+E rlzf f,zlalql
uI4 gzlfzt qBill rtzlalitl^= ++ur+. H: 60vog trll c9 "lB4lf- I/
:6ovo\ q1 a{l *E} rE Erlg¤ +4Ut}'

,( G(60+h)-G(60) ,f(30,60+ h)-/(30,60)

G 60 tllll ttttt
h-0 h - h+0 h

h:54 -s= dqal{, EE+EI G'(60)el ++4'Jol BlrI.

=*Atg

G',(60) 0.4
555 -

^.,,^\:f: G(55) - G(60) f(30,55) -/(30,60): 37 - 38

_5 :t-i.2
G't601 _5
ol= #¤. ¤+6IH +4ai G'(60) - 0.39 E=+. ol4g ¤.Ezt 30'Colr ^J4
#szl 60vo! 41, tr.4atjEtl tvo 6zlB oll"I4 Exlfzl E 0.3"c +7t+q= a
g E"lf,+.
+ Ef ,, y9 6Jf9 trll, q= 5ol y : b(bY ^J+)e yE lC
"JH]4sE f7l
ap xHl H++r zf{afx1. relB "JE+ r"J9 ++"J sb): f(*,b)E ^J4g
+ flq. s4 a4)4 "lE4l+= zlzlE, a?l+ (a, D)"1I4 r"1l *'* /9 ¤"lts4lf
+r 6Ir.,7lo f *(o, b)E qF+Url. l4-o-E trI+4 +q.

I s(*) : f (x, b)?l A+ f,(a, b) : s'(o)

"lB4l+e-l 4Eql
q4 +# gr 9l+.

trl+^.]
^l
El* q+4 rJtri

E f,(o, b) : JTil f(a + h,b)h - f(o,b)

"14 "l-{tl/,tr- (a, D)ofl,tl y.ll **/9 H"lE{li f ,,(a,b)= x* x: aE- a4

 13.3 trE-Et+ 823

,r.lzl-r. Ef cryl : f (a, y)el bql^J9 "l+4l+= +6JgEAl rl--q-r=n} zJol E9 f

il'i.

: f(a,b + h) - f(o,b)
3 fr(o, b) ;S h

ol S"lE4l+.ll 4eL ezlflsE j.: 30'ColI F/: G\VIH trll ¤zllgE re+
+4+E Hql +ql gzl+ IE EEI¤¤ 4r+ q+rl ,Jol ¤ + 9l+.
fr(30,60) : 1.75, fr(30,60) : 9.3

olxll al tre+ Eql^J 4 @, b)7J- H6IE, l,e+.f,E. olH+EL+7} g+.

4 891 f7l "|H#erfolH, ElEg+(parriat derivative) "f_e+ /,}. 4*4 ,J"l

4el¤trI

f,(*, y) : f(* + h,y) - f(*,y)

lr$ h

fr(*, y) : JS
f(*,y + h) - "f(*,
y)
h

¤EaJ+='|4.]J= 4E zls= tsol 9l+. elE E"l /. 'H41 ./, Eb D,f (d.
Hr4 H+ql +6l] "lEgH+¤- +4471 +16I) E+ aflaxE ¤ + 9l+ ]44 {zl
,l aflaxi El$e] +sE "1146J + H+.

EE*'J+91 7lE z: f (x, y)4-z p oll, ++4 eol +tr+.

f.(*,v) : f,: #: frtu,r) : *: f' : Drf : D,f

y) : f, : af : ^Adz
flx,y):
'' fz:Dzf:Drf
"6,(r, 0y oy"' ov

Ergig 4l4I5I7l +16ll

^l
trtr+q xgl ** ¤EE++= y= _7r8E e__EAj
e"lxl= SH+EI+ s9 EE9 EEt++- ^l-¤g zl$a11op tr+. tr++^J tri+r+
,Jg +zlg r*.tri

z = f (x, y)el trJEB#= +61= +El

1. yE
^J+E *al] ,f(x, y)5 "lE6I]^l /,= +++.
-H--r. "rolJ
2. x= ++E tr l, yql *dl y)E "lE6ll^J ,f,E +.J+.
"f(r,
824 138 trlE-Br+

(o{ldl I D /(.x, !): x3 * *ry= -Zyrg trll f ,{2, t), fi(Z, t)+ +6}+.

Efl yE tI+E ^J46il. xoll *aH trlBal-H trl-# e=q.

f,(*, y) : 3xz t 2xy3

l4 o_a q-s=r+ g+.

- 3.22 + 2.2. L3: 16
f,(2,1)

xE ^}#E ^846Ir yql +Ell I,l+6lE'l+¤ E=+.

fr(*, y) : Tx'y' - 4y

r*]tr-=- ++4 ?Jtr+.

fr(2,1):3 . 22 .12 - 4.1 : g

{qH 2D rl,r) : 'i'(th)oJ oll,

#,#E +61-+

EUI g$+El+el E+ll${$ ol*6}ol,

#:.*(ft) *(t) :*(t) +

#:.*(;) +(t) :-,o,(rfu) T,.;r tr

I ElulEfll+sl 61|4

L
¤=-9t45 zlafq4-o-E z: f(*, y)t 4E s(/el r4s)
6fl.q6}zl $l"]] ,JC^l
Tl
++U+} ag {zla}zf. f (a, b) - colfl 4 P(a, b, c)E soll +q ilq. y: b
= 146ll^l
+zl¤E y : bzl se+ "J+= *d c,=. +dg zlluJEJ+. (r+^l "J"1
Il

/
s T2
b .
i P(a, b, c) c2 .r.l c,9 ¤E y: b"ll^l sE zl-+1o14.) ufalzfxle +4¤E r: a* 4d crql^i
I

s4 "Jt4l 6l-z}. rBlH F +d c,4 crE d pE zl+4(rH 1 +4).

+d c,g e}f s(*) : f(*, b)9 u4sgql ++618, Pql^l dd r, 4 z19-zl
l/
JC
y
(a, b,0')
Y s'@): f*(o, e)olti. +d C2= Qlf G(y): f(a, y)9 :z4g,ol4, Pql^l dd
1 (a, b)otl^l /el trnlE4l#E c, : fr(a, b)ol+.
=aJ Tr4 zl&71+ G'(b)
7l- C,oll^1 trdsl TlETloltf.
r4.oE E"l$4lf f *(o,b)4 f ,(a,b). zlafqr4oE ¤E y: b4 *: aoll

sE zl-+l c,4 croll 4E p(a, b, c)ollrl dde-l t\*tlE 6114B + 9l+

^J

||o{{l 3D ,f(x, y)-4-)c2-ZyrH ull

"f.(1, 1)4/r(1, l)g +ti1-r, olf;-zl$zl_tr
61146I+.
 13.3 trlE--J+ 825

EOI 't'g+ E=tr}

f,(*,y) : -2x fr(*,y) : -4y
1) : -2 fr(r, t) : -4
"f,(1,

/E r4E= EEH z=4-x2-2yzola-, +{¤Hy:1+EEd z:2 - f,y:

lql^J EEE]+ "J*+. (g.e] +E"11^Je+ rJol, ol +d+ _2fl zq1;.-1 c,_tr -trzl+trI.)
a (1, 1, l)ql^l ol EEdql ql6JddE zl¤z]b f *(r,t): -)ol+.rJg%t-HsE
¤H r:1ol sEH$ EI+= +d C2= EEd z=3 -Tyr, x:1ol+. rE.I. (1, 1, l)
ql^l ddE zl¤zl= f ,,tr,1) : -{ol+(rB 3 +4).

,1 Z

z:4-r'-2y' z:4-*'-Zy'
I

I
/ I /
l

cl
I

I
c7 1

x:l
I

I
Y:T I

(1, 1,1)
(1, 1,

-_________.-*

a-
(1,1) v v
L,!
x / ,t (1, I )

-ral c
JE C_
-ral
JE 2
UI n

Ezlffif9 A+ql^J "J + glFol E"l$4lf- H=1$_trE 6ll4.J + ?l

4. z: f(x, y)olfl, lzllxY y= rC^lA 'll rql +6J e9 Hqgg 4qU4. "l-
4|zlzlE azl yb x$ _r{.rle ql yql ++ z9 Halgg ++u+

ilqq 4D t+.l¤-el fl+E4l 204H

^lEr-el
t;lle+zl+{BMl)=q+4 rJol C9
¤+.
B(m, h) :#
m : 64 kg, h: 1.68 m?l 4H9l {o.J Bel flEEr-+s +61-r, rAg 6H461_El

Etrn ft= tr-+E 'J+E

ull ,z9l sal EEEL+= ++4 ,Jq.

aB : a /*\ : I
a* l*'h) a* \A ) rrJ
,

aB1
*ta+,1.68): GF - 0.35 (ks/mz)/ks

ol4e E+417]-
^lBE ++4lql ++
64ks, tltl BMrz[ f;zfa]f HlSg
L68 moJ
+EId+. EI+^J E+rll7| EA(el= I kg) +716}rz zJzl- flalzl ?+=+H BMr
=q
826 138 trEEl+

tl 8(64, 1.68) - 22.6841^J E 0.3s f;zl-$ 4o14.

.9 aJfE ,J+E ol ftql +f, ¤EEt+= +*r+ ?Jq.

aB(*'h) : a /*\ : r'\-F/ 2\ : 2m

ah ah\a ) ) - tt3
aB 2.64
to+,1.68) : - (*-T - -2J (ks/mz)/m
*
ol4e ++7ll7} 64 kg, zlzl 1.68 moJ zlql ++ BMIeI +z16I.= Hlgg +4
^l-*E
u+ ,r++^J 7l7l ErJ(ql= Eq
I cm) f;zlap gq-z1lzf H6izl t+=+H "l
^lElE
BMI= E 27(0.01) -- 0.27 +4F+ 4.o14. r

(qlfl 5|) ,JC^l .r3+y3 +23+6xyz-t4:091 gall ez}r4ygl +.J+6J+E 4el

g ull, azlax+ azlayz +61-+ r4r (-1, 1,2)ql^J ¤ul+4lfE 4l+61-+.

"J+ E+El rfl*r]l4ltr arE+0il 3S1l B Efl azla*= +61-71 ?l"]] yE t'-+E +l+6.11 4g=+ zSol xo]l +6ll +++4 oF ul
El#e 8qE +Ee-l :ret|u=:=J * ?,1
E++.
+. ral 4= qlfil 5oll^l +olTl 'JE4s
E EslE raJE LlEl'.! aol+. 3x2+rfY**6yz+6xyff:o
=Eel

"l 4lg azli.x4l +dl] EE +gg E=+.

0z x2 + Tyz
dx z' + Zxy
uf{z}zl H.H o e. yoll +6ll ¤-.-t+4eE trlBg E-l-E ++g g=+.
-v

or:_y2+Zxz
0y zz + Zxy
d (-1, 1,Z)tl x3+y3+23+6xyz*4:09trJ+61-E-E, (-1, 1,2)+ +H +l9l dol
aal
+.trI+^J q,*g e=+.
4

oz (-1)'+2.L-?. 5 oz tz+2(-l)-2 3
tr
6x 22+2(-1).1 2 ay z2+z(-l)-1 2

r gE+ olgsl :'J+

¤Ea;.43 d "l^J- H+q ++ql ql6]l^JE E^l 4qg + 9l+. ql= Eq ftl x,
y, zq +E+EL+"J trI x"ll B¤L ¤EEL++ +s=4 *ol Ce.lg+.

"l4g y4 zE ^J+E f+61-;-, f (*, y,.;E xoll $dl ulgoJgE/q +++. til:
 13.3 EE-'J+ 827

f*: awllxb yeleE rd^lA ,ll x"ll *t arel {ffiE ¤H

f(x,y, z)4 alE
e + flq. rq+ /el r4E. 4il fl +rJql ts{ ?lzl "llEql rag 716l-+4
gE ¤Hg +- H+
tJHI4g-E
utl ndig}f u : f(xr, xz, . .. , r,)B ull, oJ4e-l ,tr411 Hf ;r,.ll *
+ $EEL+= +=4 ++.
0u
lim
I'+A
dxi h

Ef, rl*o-=Y-1- 7Jol +zlE- ++.

du of :, :{.::
-
oxi ;: f*': fi Dtf

(qH 6D /(x, !,2): e*vlnr"J 4l f *, f y,/.E +a,l-+"

EUI ye+ zE tFfE ^J4a'Ir xoll tr6ll EIEoIE trl-# Eb+.

5: ye,ylnz

ufalzlxl *H
"e. q-gg Ei-tl-.

fy : xe'Y ltt z, f, : "*' tr

I r.4l E-E:-J+
f7l olE+++olH EEE.J+ f.* f ,u olH+.J+olIrs, raq ¤EEI-+ (f*),,
(f*)r, (4,),, (f,),s ^J46J f
9la, "lAg f 4 24 'fE-t+(second partial deriva-
tive){ +t|. z: f (x, y)olE 4t zls.$ ,'.1*o-" a34.

: : fr, : a'f dzz

(f,)' .f,,
*(#) ^1
dx' ^1
dx'
^.,
: : : arf d'z
(f-)t f*, frz
+(#) 0y 0x dy dx

: fr,: fn : a'f ^.,

d-z
("6')'
*(#) dx dy Ex Ey

(,6), : frr: fzz:+ (#) arf

dy-
d'z
dy-

r4-=-=- 71e.f .r(Et- azf layar )- Hz] "roll *r}] ul$ap. ++sE yql +"ll trl

E6l-= 4oll, HIE /y,- HI4el +^JE trl+61-= 4.o14.

828 138 EJE-E|+

(lo{l4l 7l) f(*,y): x' * *'y' - zy'q 241 ¤EEI+E +61-+

Efl ql^fl 1ql^J q-*g +*rI.

f.(*, y) : 3x2 I 2xy3, fr(*,y):3x'y'-4y
:aEl.o + tl'*+ rJtrI,

: a
: t d
(3x2+2*y'):6*y'
fo fi {l*' + 2xy3) 6x 2y', f,, dy

: {z*'r' - ai : 6)cv2, fw : a
(3*'y'-a1'it:6x2y-4
fv*
{ 0y

qlxll 79lrl f *,: /,"q +=-6lzl-. olag

ae ot,lr+. d4l d6l- 6Jttr- .Jzl6l=
- tr}]++q ++q^J EEEI+ "f_e+ /,*=- "JzlEg "J + 9l+ _=%r-^E fqrzl-
ga+'I+ 44= /,.,,: -f,o41 +tlg + gt- 4ag xll^l+rl.
=qlE7l-

#lle Eq *+ f 71 4 {a, b)E Ee-61+ g+ Dql^l C9¤4r 6}zl-. ++

Eall-tr(Alexis Clairaut, l7l 3-l 765)E * =illEq E+ tr+olg ffiol
f *4 f ,.7|Dql^l ^dBdJ+.
+0ll ?lcl^l EilHtrl.. r= lO^il trl| El
rlE+oll 3J-d enlgel E4E g.lflsq, f"(o' b) : f"(a' b)
13All q= ]IaJA 71"-+g0ll 7l5l+ tsE
E 4l#Irf. ls Jl nl{, (=t+5
=11-+ sur les
ol *E0ll aJ-d E1Recherches
courbes d double courbure)fr gE.t^,{=
341 ol^JE SE++E 4Etr + 9l+. ++ ql= ¤qHzl-
til+d=
tjl, oI=
47161-+0ll ,J-.J
01trt.
E-cIEt 3xlflsl
alaq fllIl4?l H
d}l

f*rr:(,f,r)r:+(#) :#
c4E ol$-oll,<J "]fl B+=ol E+.JE /,,, : /r,gg El¤ +
=qlEE
91trt.

lls{l{l I [ /(x, !, z) : sin(3x + yr)"J tr|] f *,8 414]6|+.

Eq f.: 3cos(3x + yr)

f**: -9 sin(3.r + yr)

f**r: -9zcos(3x t Yz)
f**r, : -9 cos(3x + yz) t 9yz sin(3x + yr) .

I EtrIEHJ¤4
Era;-43 EEIH4# ¤H6l-- ¤"l+"J4tlql ^l-*¤tr}. qlE EE ++
4 ,Jg ,Je^lg E-l¤el4(Pierre Laplace, 1749*1827) olqle ElEal,\ HJE4
(Laplace's equation)ol eP +-+.
 13.3 EE-tst+ 829

Ezu Ezu
^ *-:0
0x' dy'
ol
"JA ]E 6]]E EEt-.J+ftarmonic function)a|tr =Jtri. ol=g gdE, +illel s
8,47)+ Fql^J +,qi EBg o-Jt|.
( ql4l 9l) u @, y): e'sinyTl fl-=44 B{^lel 6ilgg Bq+.
Eq H4 241 ¤EEt+= 4l+6110} +trI.
u* : e' sirt y ll, : ,x cos y
ilx* : e'sin y uyy : -e'sin y

ul-+AJ Lt*** hyy: e'siny - e' siny: g

l4=-+ rz* 4¤4ae1 %l44g EI+6JtrI.

+g=r} ag EEHJEAI(wave equation)g HtriE ulE, Ei+, BHE +

gEq- +g "l-rt +4ol- ^elel
tr-, +1E".4 e* +Hg ¤H++.
dzu: n 02u
QL
dt'
-;- dx-

qlE Eq t)tl trq ,J+

u@, 44 ,"J zlE4,rl4r rollrl 4lE"5l--
=.sE+q
ulol¤fl ¤el H+l+r 6IE(rH s +a), u(x, t)Y irl¤rJC4lg E]+rJ4. {zl
u(x, t)

l-_r ____l
.<J ab EE
'JEel ,Jtlql el+61-- rJfol4. fal 5

{qq 10D a(x, r) : sin(r - at)zl g "J+E+g Bq+.

HI a, : cos(x - at) ut: -acos(x - at)

Hpa: -sin(x - at) tttt : -a2 sin(x - at) : aztto

:L4F E ui ul-=-" q'441¤. El+++.

3E+E -s.E.61-- E"lE%r44 q^l r+o+4 ="491^] "l]+ +,q61+ 3il-?l +

¤+4 "J$!g ++r+ +r+.

d"u d'u d2u

5 _I_
.t f ^ ^:0
0x' 0y' dz'

ol \Lr-4a13 xl+Eel+ql^J zl-+ +EI++. oJeI r(x, y, z.)71 (x, y, z) zldql

eJ xlzldt$ ++Utrlfl, ol4.g "J441 tr= EI+++. ztzlttg rllzlb ts 6Jr#
ol ++* "J4e.l +E= ++,Hq ++7I +- %r-44 ++E +lil= HIB.J+.
830 138 trlEEf+

13.3 E+PEI
l. ol ¤el r145-g"llrJ Ezlf 1, d4l$s r' tlql+E Ir 16. w: ln(x + 2y + 3z) 17. P : ta+u cos ?.,

ql ql61 EL+ / : f (r, r4E gq*{. s 19

^l-8-Blq, 18. h(x, !, z, t) : )r'y cos(z /t)
f r(ez,60), f HOz, 60)9 +C6l-4. ol A}EE ¤d4ql el
ulE FH.oJzl-? 19. u: ?+x?*.'.*x,2
2. +Hl+E qE xld9 ¤.E r("c)= 4E x, +lE y, ^lrJ t
ql q+ B+Tltrl. E|+^l r: f (*, y, Dt+a tr^l+4.
20-21 ++ Er-+el zl4g E"lE4lfE +6|+.
^l
+g lg 20. R(s, t): vr'/t' fi,(O, 1)
^l+ ++lE +4*+.
:a+El
(a) $E.a3A ETllx, lTldy, aTlattl z-t4 9"lal5 dE l- + 2*22
21, f(x,y, z) : ln fv(l,2,2)
FH,elzt? l+ x 2+y2+zz
(b) sE:=+ 4E ls8', BPI Zt'"1trI. 1g 19 -Ld 9^l
ql qg ulH-ol #.a_ e_tr Er flq^l B+q 22-23+¤-+ "l+H¤. ol+Ell^J azldx,azlay= +6Ir+.
^J+!+
q
*zl} E|F_6}l" +e-4 f,-$E +71= ^J=6itrI. -r. 22.x2*2y'*322:7
BIH l-(158, 21, 9), li,(158,21,9), /,(158, 21, 9)E
23, e' : xyz
{}Eg 44 "J+"J71-, *+oJ7l? a ol+E ¤H6l+.
3-4 B+ /9 r4sz| cls-=;tr- ,Jg *ll ffi $ul$4I+el + 24. ozl\x, izlay= +61-+.
EE 4461r-l.. (a) z: f(x) + s(y) (b) z: f(* + y)
zs-27 q+ EI+E 241 ¤EEL+E +6I+.
25. f(x,Y) : xoY - 2*'Y' 26. z
2x*3y
27. u: sin(s2 - t')
.t

zs-zs trI+ EI-+ql +61i C4, + ilry: ur,7l ¤BEL

g Bq4. =rllEel

3.(a) f-(1,2) (b) f,(r,2) 28. u : xoyt - yo 29. u: cos(x2y)

4. (a) f,(- 1,2) (b) fr(-1,2)

30-33 trl-g ++9 zl4E EE*+E +614
5. f(*,],):16 -4x2 -y2"J ull /.(1 ,2), f y(1, 2)E +6tI, 30. /(x, Y) : xuY' - x3Y; f*,o f,r,
r{Ig tl$tltr- 6]]46t+. +ol+ fl+Ele :zH$ :-al 31. /(x, !,2): e""; f*r,
¤E6I+
6-1e +g 6J+e-l 141 EEE'-+E +6i+.
32.W:@, #
6. f(*,y) : x4 + 5xy3 7. g(*,y) :;r'siny
33' w : x d3w 03w
y+ zz; a, ay a*' a.'ay
8. z:ln(x + t2) 9. f(x,y): ye"
{e.l EIE rl-&al{ ,f(x, y): - x3yoil 4all ,f,(x, y),
: 'J/ : *cx *
1O. g(x,y) y(x * *'y)' 11. f (x,r) 34. xyz
dy
/.u(x, l)E +EI+.
12. g(u,u) : (u2a - o')t 13. R(p, f) : tan-l(pq')
15. f (x,!, z) :
xy'z' + arcsin("r Ji)g 4l .f,.rE +6t4.
14. F(x,r):
I cos(e')dt 15. f(x,!,2): x'yr'* Zyz [e!q: trlEE +^]-= 414]ol ,]t] flrll qE+ H;84.1
 1 3.3 trE-Et+ 831

36. tr+¤. a, b, cE E7l¤ +EEg 6J+ /eI olael ¤Eql+ ol 6]]49 +Ette].. :EI Pql^J ¤H y: 1 qlrje
f ,, f ,"el r=llrol4 ,+4fl +Hql "Jz.l6l+ ++$$ d E c,E ddq zl$zlE +o.14.
qap, r ol+E ¤8614. G) A+ HJH9E,.f)(1, 1) : -4= +.JEt+.

4 4
8 3 3
4 z2 2
z0 1 1. I, I ( tll..l
0
0 0
-8 -2 v
2 .x .t

-J -2 _t 0 lZ J
2
0
x
-v

Jl

40. tr]+ 6Ji u : u(x, t)71 u,,: azuo4 "J]gg Jfq+.

(a) u: sin(ftx) sin(aftr)
4 (b) a: t/(aztz - x')
z0 (c)u:(x-at)6*(x+at)6
-4 (d) a : sin(x - at) + Ln(x + at)
0
-r
3 2 0
.\,
2 3
2 .x
41. ,J+ u: l/ x, + y, * z2 ol3il-g r-+¤+4 ,J44
H,* * ttry * u,, :09] 6HoJg trq{.
8 42. q+l EJE+I trl.g %r-4^l¤- +41 %Fc^lol4 6JtrI
4
o,
zO
-4 0t - D *0x' (8, D= .Jsl ^J+)

-8
0
_L
ol oJ{^lg rill= F++ gs] ++I E= _aggsE+
-1 0
a^

I 2 x
tr"l4l 44gJ^J, xlzJ tql^J seE LoE Eg o1
L-'
] el x"JE
¤zie +EoI .r.ll-tr-* ,rJalzlE q+l6l 4zl* 4EE ¤
ffit. ** : x2y39l riltfl f,, f ,E +o-Il. f , f,,/,E r
"f(r,
y)
H+trt. ffi f,$z} q& %14^le.l trq+. "ll.Jg
4sE :1el+. 4EE4 ulr]_Bb +Eg 4-¤461l^i r
E ^tolel +4lE Eq+. c(x,t): + e-il/(4Dt)
l4rrDt
38. E+,f(x, y)91 ql.J #.ql -E$ ols-" 511^f,
f *(3,2), f *(3,2.2), 43. xlalol ftr, rR2, R3?l _EillTI HEE ¤trE dzlsls"il
^Jl
f ,,{3,2)E +46l-+. rl ^Jzli d4 xla} qg-
rRz[ +qTl+.
^]_oe.
11rl
:
ft & - -
1.8 2.0
x\ 2_2
R, &
2.5 t2.5 10.2 9.3
olull dR/aR, 76f4.
3,0 18. r t7 .5 15.9

3.5 20.0 1aA 76.t 44. EJqIE'J4 rJEAl zl;ll$-E. 7, "Jq P, +irl vql ql6H Tlzll

n(mol)olJ triltJ HltJlE g4 u}{^lol ++4 rJtr+.

f@,y)- 4 - f - b'ql q6Jfl(1, r): -Z

3e. (a) qlzll 3ql^l
olQ. c1E ¤E y: lql E'J /el r4se.l BE+d I/ "\
n'a\
g oll, olae- zlalqr4 o_tr d p(1, l, 1)ql^J 4d cr ["*i)V-nb):nRr
ql 46J ddel zlgzln aH4*rlt:H +4). c,g El ^J+ ft= t_$zl;llaffoltr, de} b= 546J 7l^ilg 5¤
El%r-¤alg +6H^l pql^l c,9 ddqqE 4l+I6Iq g LIE'H= "J9 1lfolr+. arlapE dpldy$ 4l4}6t+.
832 138 trJEEt+

4s. oJ4lel +E Holql ql* E¤g tr|"¤. q++E +"14jr}. ol$tr|. d (1, 2, 2)oll.! ol 4gql ql,J dCe] ,llz[H#
S : f (*,ft) : 0.0072*o'a2s 7o'72s %r-4^lg +6i+.
olrll arb *41(ke), hi tl@m), s= Hol(m2)= +4U+. 49. EE*+tl f.@, 1,) : x * 4y, fn@, !) :3x - ydJ Elf /zI
a4++r. g + 9ltszl-?
ffi flnlg.$ 4l&6tl, EII46I4
(u)
as.
(n, n8)
ds
G) ; Q3, t18)
s0.
=ql.E9
C4E ol*oll^j /el 3al {EEt+z} E*olE,
; frry : fyry :"6,. oJg E-q 4.
46. trI.* q++=.<flz| $zflll6l+ +qlql gsE 6l= ,flg + 51. '*+ f(*,y) : x(xz + y2)-3/zesin('r2v)q1 ql6ll/,(1, 0)g
+
4U4. 6I+. [ElE: zJ¤+El f *(x, ])E +o-]zl "Jr Eol4
^l
B(mglx)z g5 ols-"olf. 4ol rl fl+l
P(u'x'm): Aa3 +
- -r3v xv3
t, B= qE ^J+, * *U $r, mg,t11 #,x-+y- (x,y)#(0,0)
^l]E ++ql 52. /(x, y) :
A,
e.l +711, xE BzHTI tlelql^l aul+ ElES^lrJel "Jsol o, (*,y): (o,o)
4. aPlaa, lPf 0x, aPlam* 4J4Ia.}l., 6H46tq
/el :14E8 fel{.
af*s-=_
(a) fl#rl$ ol+611^l

47. pffol 4sz} utl E;llg ++qlqxl= r

mol-7, - Lrmuz
(b) (x, ))l(0,0)'J trll f*(x,!), f,(x,iE +6t4"
ol"ll ffiol dB6Jg Eq+. (c) al tre+ trIg ol$-all,! ,f,(0, 0), /u(0, 0)g +61-+.
"14.
AK AzK (d)/*.,(0, 0) :
-1, /*(0, 0) : l tJg Bq+.
__ v
0m -
Au2-" (e) (d)9 e4b
T 44ql e#oJz}? /..,e+ /,"E
=qlEqol+E
48. +gE 4x2 + 2y'+ e2 : 164 ¤E y: 2E 1dg Elgg r4s= ol$all.r-l r ¤E6t+.

13.4 IEBEIIdE= l
"JH+R+9 "l4$ql^] zl-tr-+,qi zl]'J + .I+-, ol$zl#+ ++el rqls
.il tt= 6J dg.J6I +46H EqzlE : r4s= dd4 4E +E.J + H4 q
g q-+^J r qr+el -=._^l-tr- d¤++E ^l-+F] + ?Itrl- aol+(2.e¤ elE). q
zl,rJ o1tr zllHg 3xlg.o_tr EA^lrJ+. olE+++E r4s7i qF+
"ltszl-t.el
L|]- +He.l + ¤g.JE]] qq6ll E"lzl-H, +Hg ¤E(d¤H)4 dE q ,Jrll E
ol=E olg+el dEEI+ql E6ll 'J+E + gl+.E.qL olEf oltel 6J
=^|^lrJ
fs "l$fl z|]'Eg +1lg + ?l+.
I trtsE!
*E sE ,J¤^lol 7 -,f(x, y)olr, .f= E+ql 141 Era;-4-= ,*-+r 6}xl-.

dol4 6]-zl l3.3po1l.<1ilH c,4 cr* *H sp+ +4¤E

P(xo,Io, zo)8 s +lel
i/zlfl s_E/,(l eqzl= +Col{ afz}. rflH d PE Crl}
.):;ls, r:xool ,+r+
croll -EF +q fl+. r,4 12= d pql^l c,4 c2ql 4+ ddol4 6IxI. rqE
d Pql^l +E sql q+ EgE(tansent plane)$ dd r,4 rz= E+ E+61+ ¤
 13.4 EEEII dB=^l 833

E_o+ cq*r+(rH 1EI4)

c7l 4 pE xl+= *H sq +q gl= E r+e +dol+ 6l-H, pql^] cel dd
E E+ :. frBHql il+= + pql^J sql 4
^I¤g 13.6¤ql^J E Aol+. -r.elF
qL d¤H* r= xl+q +H sql +.1 9l- +d5ql 4il rg1 7l^ts6J E=
dd
EE ol+"lxl- BEol4r ^J4tg + gt+. pql^Jer dBHe d p +-ql^J +
0
E s"ll tlz! tltf"l Sddl gl= BEol4.
tt,s¤9 Eq^J gr glFol E p(xo,)0, edg xl+= gEq EEq "Jc4l v
^l
e q+4 rJe B4ol4. ,T

1 EEE8 Ed 7,, rr= E-J-'Jtl.

A(, - ro) r B(y - yo) + c(, - eo):0 =aJ

ol4+ CE ++a, a: -AIC, b: -BlCelr {--o- oEal rl-o-=q- rJg BE]]g rl-
¤
^l + 9t+.
1 z - zo: a(x - xo) + b(y - 1,o)

il--1 I Pql^lel dEHg +4q1ts, BH y: yor}g -ild* HIE^I dd rrol

lolot 'Jtrt. ^l tr"ll^J ) : .Io o _E +sE ++g g=+.

z-zo:a(x-*o), ),:},o
ol4g tl&tltl aoJ (4-71&71¤) 4dE B'-¤^l"l+. rflql 13.3¤_tr+El dd
r,9 zl¤t1if-@o, Io)oJ9 "Ja 9Io F-E-, a:f*(xs, yo)o14.
ol4
"ICzfzlE ^l trql^J x xo_o.E -o9H z -
: zo - b(y - yo)g ggq olA
g dd rrE 444l, trt4^J b: f,,(xs, yo)o14.

2 EIBElsl sE4 /71- ¤+"J Ergia-= *=+r zlc6tx}. d p(xo,yp, zs)oll EEEgI 'Jtr^lrl q.E trcql grE^lol
^r
+E z:f(x';'l',11ff1J,-r;ffi;; +^lEroll +e.l6lrf.
_ ).) !_rlo:/,(xexx_,vs)

(qd! d (1, 1, 3)ql^J 4flegg z:zx2 +yrgl 'ilf, d¤Eg

I l) +61+.

Efl ,(r, y):Zxz +y'oJ4 6IE q-qs e;.+.

f,(*, y) : 4x, fr(x, y) : 2y

fi(r, r) : 4, fr(7,1) : 2

rqH trql el6ll (1, 1, 3)oll^-lsl d¤EE %r-4^lg q-gq eq.

^l
z-3:4(x-1)+2(y-1)
z:4x+Zy-3 I

tA 2(a). qlzll lql^J ++ 4flEEElt (I, 1, 3)ql^JE d¤Eg trol

=+.
834 138 "fEEt+

40 40
40

20 20 20

z0 zO z0
-20
-20
-4 -4
-2 -2 -Z
-z 0 0
0 0
v2 2 x
0 0
v
44 v a1 f,
22
(a) (b) (c)

ae4 2 4flggE z : 2x2 + y,P E (1, 1, 3)E -d6H qtilg+e EBE$ gil6l": AflaJ -EoJtl

r+ 2(b)4 (c)E E (1, q'lloJ 4olrl. ol$ +']]g++ qflg :4

1, 3)g 6J:"]]

s- dd ¤B6l]4il d¤84 4e] Hl+6ll4g g + 91tr]..

rH 3ql^l Et+,f(*, !):2x? +y'9 FrC re +lE d (1, l)g6.JE1l +4EL
o -+ril olfl Erl¤ qdq
"J + 9t+. dd +'}]g++ t+l+de dd rJ E+
4E ¤qdg_e BolbEjl, olaol HIE ¤Eq
=¤ol+.
1.5 1.2 1.05

f.al 3 f(x, y\ :zxz + y2

elEr.c rgoil^l tr (1, l)
:d6t] EJIt|o}|
E zfts EE
1.5 t.2 1.05
0.5 0.8 0.9s
0lrl.

r cB=^t
{xll rq^l E (1, 1,3)ql^l Ef ,f(*, !):2x2+y',A r4sql ql6J d¤H$ It}
4^lg z:4x+2y- 3"Jg.JgttrI.trt+^l rH 2e+ 3e] z[..r14"J +44 rJol 4
.$ ol{+ d¤EI+i. @, y)tl (1, 1) ++ql ilg trl y)9 +g *^I"Jg 'J
"f(r,
+ el+.

L(*,y):4x+2y-3
EL+ tg /el CE+4r 6lr. tlg4 Ag =.^l¤ (1, l)q^J /el dE
(1, l)ql^'l
E= d¤H +^l+a 6J+.
=^l
f(*,y):4x+2y-3
qlE Eq d (1.1, O.gs)ql^J dB=.^l-+ r+g-4 aq.
 13.4 trEErl. dB=^l 835

/(1.1, 0.95) : 4(r.1) + 2(0.95) - 3: 3.3

"l #g f (r.r, 0.9s) -- 2(1 1)' + (0.9s)2 : 3.3225.J +#ql oI# zl-zt#g "J +
?l+.rBl+ (2, 3)r+ rJ"l (1, l)_E+El Er] trq4l a¤. qEL+H er +g
=+t
#g gg + H+. tlfl L(2,3) : 1l oJql uloll /(2, 3) - llolr|.
oJ*4 e. +l tre+q 4 (a, b, b))ollr-I olE+EL+ /E rqsql ql+ d
" "f(a,
E Eel ILl{ {g'ls= r+ rJ$.

z : f (a, b) + f,(a, b)(x - a) + fr(a, b)(y - b)

"l d$Ee-l %F¤{g r{sE *= dEEt+- rlg4-rJ+.
3 L(*, y) : f (a, b) + f*(a, b)(x - a) + fr(a, b)(y - b)

ol (a, &)oll.tJ /el dEE[(linearization)r] 6l-tr, +gE +g -^l-^l* (a, b)

^lg
q^J /sl de= Kinear approximation) E.- trBE! lAl(tangent plane approxi-
mation)elr qI+.

4 f (*, y) - f (a, b) + f*(a, b)(x - a) + fr(a, b)(y - b)

zlrtTl,'l fl+ql r4l EsBf= r*= Er+/ql q"ll +H z:f(x, y)ql ql,* d
¤H= 4Efl+. f .e+ f ,71 ¤+ol ol_H 4 *nl?:rH 4b rfl qI+
= "lBrll
?

=
+4q]E'JI, r 4g +¤-r+ e+.
xy
(r, y) + (0,0)
f(x,y): x' + y''
0, (*, y) : (0, o)

"r
gdqliJ EEaJ+ f -e+ /yi. 5xJl6|-L,.f*(0,0):0,/r(0,0):Qolzlq} f .q f
,
- E+ol olq+. dQ=^l4l!. f(*, y) :09 A zJxltl {d y _ r +lql ily,q
E dql^l f(x, y): lol+. trI+^l olH+6J+ql^l= ¤E6J+71- E+ +zH6l_q+
E ++q +4gol ol]* +g a+71- gitrI. ol= %1-z16l-71 +16]] ulEz}bd olH+ f.EJ4 (x,y)* (0,0)0lE
,ry
:
'J+fl ,ll.Eg +4ls}6l-71e. a1x1. "t(x,y] -, /(0,0) = o
=-+ y''"
x'
gH+++ y :,f(x)oll ql6fl xz| aollrJ a t Lxtr_ E6J-8, yE ++g ++4 ,J
ol delql 4¤ {lzl6}xl-.

Ay:f(a+L,x)-f(a)
2+ql^l ytl a4)4 ulgzffirl.fl ffiol dH*g EH.+.
5 Ay:f'(o)Ax* eLx 0lag 2,strsl tr0lri.
^.1

{zlal ax -- 0"J oll e

- 0014. olzll olH+E}+ z: f(x,y)E ^J4all 51_xf. xzf
836 I38 trJEEt+

* Ax-tr- Eo.l-r yz} boll^l b + LyE He+r

aoll^-J a 7l-46F,I, r4B ol"il ql+
alt e9 EE(increment)g q+4 +t+.
6 L,z: f(a + L,x, b + Ay) - f(a,b)
,r}4^l 5=$ Aeb (x, y)zl (a, b)ollrl (a * L,x, b/el #E EEI
+ Ay)-tr EB tr]1

zJol 4E++.
=
++u+ ^l
Ee+ +^l6L4l "]H+EI+9 "l+zl-t.¤g 4+4

7 Egl z: f(x, y)g trll, A,ztl +s-+ gol E¤E]E /= (a, &)oll.tl ElE7lts
(differenti ab le )
olrla 6J+.

Lz: f*(o,b) A.r * fr(o,b) Ay + er Ax * e2LY

qzl^l e,{ e2E (Ax, Ay)

- (0, 0)"J trll er + 0, e, + 0g "J+aI-= A*e} Ay9
ql#o]4.

4q Elg uJ$zl$.al *++ (x, y)tl @, b) +=.ll 3lg "I CB=^t^l Ezl- *
g Eg "J+tr}. trl^l "J6tH dBHe dE +=.ll^l /=
=^I7r =^l-^lrJtrl.
ollrllE e++q q"J6l-71 +1611 cel Elg zld ol¤-alt 4ol E*
"JEzl#cg
6J ullzl- ?ttrt. rl^+ 44E ++6]+ rll ¤;]oJ +E4ag xll++trI.
"l+7l+-¤g

8 84 gE++ f *, f ,tl @, b) +=ql^l ¤,zlldl-a (a, &)oll.<l fl*ol$,,f=

(a, b)oll,<l ul$zffialQ.

(qd! 2D ,fG, y) =xe*vzl- (t, o)qla-l ulgzl-L"*9 -H_o11, ol Eql^lE d¤+= +

ol$ ol+ql.tJ /(1.1, -0.1)el *+tAIg +6t4.
"I+.
:.il sE qlfil 2sl -Bt+ /el raflsef dE Efll ¤s++z1 q-+4'Jol #qd4.
atL"l rzllsE -Eq +q".
fr(*,y) : sx! t rye*', fr(x,Y) : )cZe'!
f(1,0) : 1, J,(1, 0)
: I
6
f *, f ,ty fl4ol= +, 4El trq trl.+ /= ul$zl-=." ap c¤+= tr]-q=r+ +q.
4
z
2
L(x,y):.f(1,0) + r(1, OXx - l) + J,(1, OXy - 0)
:1fl(r-1)+1'y:x+y
0

-1 f.elFtr 4s"6l= d¤=^l4g q+4 *Ll.

,r 0.,
./
)ce*!:x+y
f.al 5
tr|4^] ++g E=+.
f(1-1, -0.1) - 1.1 - 0.1 : 1

ol4g +{t l(1.1, -0.1) : I .te-0't' : 0.98542e1ulnall Ezl-. I

 13.4 trEEat Ctr=^t. 837

(s{14!3l) ¤41+E rei t}ql+E rrE .J+ErJ Ezl+{4lrJ+E) 1= 13.3¤el E"J

+ql^J azflfl-L, zl{t{-o ++q +S Efl AIEE +qH+.

tr-ql+.s.(70)
\sr\ 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80

26 28 28 29 31 31 32 JJ 34 35

28 31 32 JJ 34 35 36 37 38 39
¤xll
-Q-E 30 34 35 36 -tt 38 40 4t 42 43
("c)
5L 5t 38 39 4t 42 43 45 46 47

34 4l 42 43 45 41 48 49 5r 52

36 43 45 4l 48 50 5l 53 54 56

++ol1 Htl 60Vo +=g "ll, tsxlf r: f

T7l 3O"C (r, rAe.l dB=^l¤ +61-+. E
fl "lE ol$oN.<J .gxll+Ezf 3t'Co1L trQ*szl 1ZTooJ
"ll Exl*E +¤oI+.
Eil +l s-a+q f(30,60;:3801+. 13.3¤ql^J -Ee.l <Ig 0l+611^l fr(30,60;:
1.75, f H(30, 60) - 0.3¤ +¤1R+. trl+^J dH+^I= q-q=i,+ rJtrl.

f(7, H) ^,,f(30, 60) + fr(30,60x7' - 30) + rr(30, 60XH - 60)

: 38 + 1.75(r - 30) + 0.3(,H - 60)
$al $-o-=4 a+.
"f(31, 62)
* 38 + 1.75(1) + 0.3(2) : 40.35

trI+^l T: 31oC, 11 : 62TooJ nll Exlf= I : 4q.4ocol+. I

I trlE

"l$zl#d y:"f(x)"ll 4dl ulg d;$ +BE+E {e.l++ 4, dxy

.JH+Er-+
oJEE d+E +q¤ + glri. trlBg +¤.4 rJol 4e.lg+(2.e¤ +E)
"l4l yg v
y: f(x)
9 dy : f'(x) dx

rH 6* a"E AyeI ulB ay ^|olel +41= trol ++.1xzl dx-- HB Ay

^II,JE dy
4l Ayb 4d y:"f(x)9 +ol HE}= 4441, dy+ ddq +ol HEl=i ++U't. dx: L,x
tt
z:f (x, y)ql ql6fl EIS(differentiats) d** dyE +BH+
ulgzffiuJ ol{+Er-+
0 a a*Ax x
E 4el6JtrI. +, dx+ dyy gslel #sE +q4 + gt+. rqE olg(ditrerential) -^-l ,dl
ll LL

deE rts_4 ,Jol dgsl_2, olag EEIE(rotal differentiat)ol+.JtrH^l y:

ffi ul f(al + f'(aj(x - al
r.6]] tr-xD. rE6

t0 dz : f,(x,y) drc + fr(*,y) dy : Y * * Y ay

0x 0y
838 138 trJE-sr+

"ll"lle zln_ dz.4al ar=

ol+61-71_E EL+.
I r0 oll^l d, : Lx: x
--1
- a, dy: Ay - y - b_E dq6IH, eg trl+g q-.q=r+ rJ+.

dz : f,(a, b)(x - a) i fr(o, b)(y - b)

trI4^l ul$ zla.E ol+6IE de*^L4 E:.4q=r+ zJ"l ¤. + gl+.

f(*, y) : f (a, b) + dz

re 7g re 6ql tL+61+ 3zl-fl E-ofol-L, ul$ de* =o$ Aegl qlo-J 7lo.lql4
Ell{gEq ++.4,(x,y)71 (a, b)ql^l (a* Lx,b+ Ly)ttlxl EEJrll dz}.d¤
E9 kol H4¤ 4441, Aeb 4E e : f(x, y)el +ol HEI¤ +4UtI.
Z
(a * Ax, b * Ay, f (a * Lx,b + Ay))
*E z: "f(x,
y)

;r!
---r- a,z

(a, b, f la, b)

f (a, h)

v
f (a, bl
(a*A,x,b+Ay,0)
.r
la, b,o) Ly: dy
x-l d6 Ed
tl L-l

-tgl'7
JE'
z- f (a,h): f,(a,b)lx-a)-f f ,(a,b)(y-b)

( qlr{l 4 l)

qlfil 40ll^l dzE Az0ll 7l?JLl.et|LFdl-E (a) z: f(x, y) : xz + ity - y2 "J 4 pJE dz= a614.
(2, 3, t3)el +=oll^l tr'JEol *E e =
(b) xtl2ql^j 2.0s-tr. H6Ir yz[ 3o11rl 2.e6r]lz.l Hg *ll Azel- dz4 4k9=_ ulla[=[
x2 + 3xv - ),2oll tH-d trllE
ol+(rg I == =Al.0l7l
EtE),
Eq
(a) $e-l Eql qs$ trP=r+ rJ+
60
40 dz : *n* * Y dy : (zx + 3y) dx+ (3x - zy) dy
220
0x dy

0
(b) x:2, dx: Ax:0.05, !:3, dy: Ay: -0.04-e. +gE trt-gg E=tr}
-20 0
54a)1 4 2
:12(2) + :
-{
0 v dz 3(3)10.05 + l3(2) - 2(3)l(-0.04) 0.65

f.H I e9 aots* trl-g=i,+ ?Jq.

A,z : f(2.05,2.96) - f(2, 3)

: [(2.0s)'? + 3(2.05)(2.96) - (2.96)'z] - 12'+ 3(2x3) - 3'f
:0.6449

Lz: deolxlEl dzzl 4l{llr;lrl q fl+. rl

 13.4 EEErt de=^[ 839

(qfl 5 i) 4Egel "JEE elzlE4 +ol7} ++ t0 cm,25 cmoltr, +8"J 44 *11

I cm"J+
gitz| zlg.apl..
(a) trlBg ol$-all.rJ flgq 4l4lq^l 414 sxl-= +46IEI
(b) Hlzle=+ +ol7f 0.1 cm 9-ilE +48 oll, +irl 4&ql^-l 4'|] +¤exFb $ol-"J
7l?

H
(a) HlzlE r4 Hol ft"J flE-el +q y= V: nrzhl3o]4. "|+^l vel Elts+ rls=4
z}lrL
-E'1.

AV AV Zrrrh Tr2
dv:_dr * _ dh: ____:__dr-t _ dh
0rAh33
,+4 414 grfz| .-oltrE lAirl s e, lAyl < eol4. +:ilql ql.J 414 sil¤ +C6I
"
7l ,+hE+4ql^l 4l4szl-=q++
+16ll olE+16.l] dr:t,dh- r,r:10,h:25
E.+l6IE +¤¤ e=+.
50021 1002r
na
JJ

trl-+^l +nl 4ql s4-b aT 2002'e cmrol4.

4l4}ql^J
ft) +¤ql^J 4lrll gzlzf e:0.1 cmoll dV:200rr(0.1): fi3o'[sE +tr]"il tfl+ 4]
ql +4sil+ 63 cm3olrHflgE +CE +Elzl tl rr(10)2(2s)/3: 2618olF +
- ^J
4gxl-= 63l26t\ : 0.024 E* 2.47ool+). r

r gE!+ olgel #+
de*^h "l+zl#d, trl+g +IE+ ol+el EI-+q^lE ,Jg %LH "e 4EB +
9l+. ul$zl-i'al El+= ¤E Eql^]el Hl*+ -E¤o-tr CelEt + 9t+. a-e++
g .J+="11 {oJ dfl=l(linear approximation)E. +*4 zJ"l #ol+l+.

f(x,y,z):f(a,b,c) + f,(a,b,c)(x - a) + fr(a,b,cXy - b) + f,(a,b,c)(z - c)

r=l.:l. dBsl L(x, y, e)E gl +trol+.

^le-]
w:f (x, y, e)olE, rr,9 S(increment)E +q=4 ?JEI.

Lw : f(n + L*,y * Ay, z + L^z) - f(*,y,r)

uf$(differential) dw| +BH+ql EIB dr, dy, dzE- tts=$ rJ"l CE++.
dw Ew Ew
dw: dx+-dv*-dz
dx 0y' 3z

(q{l 6|) zl+E^ll ,{-x|9 zl#tl 7+7+ 7s cm, 60 cm, 40 cmolz +Csil^= 44
e cm
"14"14.
(a)
^Jz]-el Pulz} olsl* +4ql E6l] 4l4}g *ll, trl+¤- ol+6ll^J +irlel 7l-b-+ 4lql
 840 138 EE-J+

sxl-= +4"1-+
(b) +49 rlfEol o.2cm ol'Hql^l 4+g oll, +ulE 4l4lql^l 414 +4sxl+ g
ultlzl-?

Eq
(a)
^Jx}el
zlfzl x, !, zol{ +irl= V: xyzol+. tr14^l g=+
av dy
dV: ^ dx* - dy* - dz:yzdx*xzdy*xydz
av
0x0y"0z
lArl . ", lAyl s lArl . sol-Ee +i4ql 4+ alql szl¤ +Ctil7l fl6f dx:
e, e,

dy: dz: e, x:75, y: 60, e: 409 l.|S6}q t]¤¤ ts;"r+.

",
LV - dV: (60Xa0)e + (7sx40)e + (7s)(60)e : 9900e

trl+^J +q 4l+ql^J 4ql sxl+ 4 zl+ql^J qql szp_+ eI emou1o14.

=
xl+e-l +Cql^J alql gztTl x:0.2 cmol4dV:9900(0.2):1980olIrE
(b) + 7+

il+q +cql^J 0.2 cmel erfzf +rl *^IzlqE 1e80 cm39 exJ$ olzl
4l+Iqlb
oJrHol sil+ 4+ 4 _H_olzltrJ sil+ *xI *ulE E t7o6J* +.Je. + gi+). r

13.4 | g+Exil

1. rflrl- ,Jg +E f(*, yi): 16 - *' - y'ef (2, 2,8)q^JE dg ¤C++.) +84 dBEg +Eg + Hg ol{zlxl
dTlBq 'J4^lg +614. +ql6l+.
i: x2 * xy * 3y2, (1, 1,5)
L

/r, a\ T 7. ++ /E r4se+ +ol{ flql^lE d¤Eg :14+. (A

+ElE oI+ElliJ Srg45 +6I+.) +Hl} dBEg +
+,J + S,9 rllztzl +q14z}.
/n 7t 7\
,f(r,y)-t+cos-'z(x-Y)
I * cos2(* + y)' \T' u' o/
z:16-x'-y' 8-11 +¤. Er#zI +"141 dql^l "l+zl^bt ol+¤ ¤H6t4.
r4I :a Eql^J ++E dBE+ L(x, y)E +614.
2-s xl4g Eql^J ++ +Eql qlE.J d*Eel %'-4^lg +6I+. B, .f(r, y) : x'y', (-z,l)
z. z : Zxz + yz - 5y, (1,2, -4) 9. f(*,/) : I *.rln(,ry - 5), (2,3)
l, z: e'-y, (Z,Z,l) 1O. f(x,y) : xze', (1,0)
4. z: zr| l*, (-1, l, -2) 11. f(x,l) : 4 arctan(xy), (1, 1)
5. z: xsin(x * y), (-1, 1,0)
12. (0, O)ql^J d¤*r} e'cos(xy) N x * 19 !.q4.
ffi 6. trl++84 +q4] Eql^l d¤Eq :74s8 rEl+. (E 13. f 7l "lEzl-L" + a$o lJ. f (2, 5) : 6, f *(2,5) : 1, /,,,(2, 5)
¤84 +8.q EoJol $ HoJ=$ ¤qE4 ulr{-H.E *
- -toJ trll, d$=^l-= olgall,r-l f(2.2,4.9)= +46F4
 13.5 E^tlHEl 841

14. (3, 2, 6)ql^'l Etf .f(r, y, z) : T, + y, + *el dB+^I {zlrJ m$ -a-cs] ¤=J"ll s+ +47laroluf. Rz}

E +6l.4. olAg ol3-"aJl.! (3.02)2 + (1. 2 + (5.99) 2

3 cmoll.,tl 3.1 cm-tr- ¤!7|61r. rtl0.7 cmoll,tJ 0.8 cm-E 6
el 7I6J trll trl$g 0l+611^l trfiE H+= +C.|+ fi"qe
+6|+.
=*Ale +7t61+7l., zJ+a];.212
ls. {zll 3q +qd EE- 0l+6l],r.-l zl$ol E 32"Colr, +Lql
a*E7l * 1SVoaJ rll, Ezl#*#9 d¤=rl¤ ?4I4. :

alr zlgol 33"C, rJ4#szl 63EodJ 49 Ezl¤ i4 I

R
6I+.

16-1e trI+'Et+e.l

16, m: psq3
I]lEg +6|4.
11. z : e-z*cos?rrt
25. zlolol R,, Rr, ft3oJ
ffi xlBJTlE BEE ¤eg ql, dill
18. H : x'!u * y'rt 19. R : dp2 cos y ^.ll
z.laj R|. q-g-rl ,J+.
20. z=5xz +y2oltr, (x,y)tl (1,z)ql^J (1.05,2.1)_E_ H$ *ll 11ll
Lzq. dz4 Atg Hlf,6t4. R:&-&-&
x]6lol Rr : 25 O,Rr:40 O,R, +4gf :50 Clo +
21. 71tr, tl\ 30 cm, 24 cmoJ 4^t4Bol tl
zjolz|
^llEel ?+?+4 ale"s_x1z}0.57o9 4+, ,q= 4l+l6J alql git
+. alql +$sfl-b 44 "*o}"t 0.1 cm4t t4. "lE$ "ll
ol+4^l {^I4B .JolE 4l4IB ql 4qi sil¤ +{a-I+. E +¤6I+.

22. ElEg ol+dlq zlE I cm, S.ol t2 cm, +41 0.04 cmt_l 26. r3.1¤E fl++xll z0+ r3"i49 9lxll 4ql^J
^t+9 4lill
¤trzifE B(m, h): mlhzeE_ 4e1fl.+. {zlrl m* E
+4ol E6J "Jts vJ+E "Jg +d6I4.
FzllGe), fr:: zl1myo14.
23. {flzlF9 t}xl+ol I m, S.olzl- 4 m_E +4ElH+ +C (a) E-?41 23ks, zJ 1.10 moJ B(ffi, h)91 4el
"lflol9
at$ zl4E]]oF s(ft)el sil¤ /-LtrII 7l¤61^l-. d$=^}^lg +o.14.
(a) trlEg ol+6}q flzl+9 +irlE 4l4}e- trll, 4ql s
&) qflol9 E-Tzllzt I kg f;zlo[:., 7l7l 3 cm z]pull
zl-= +d6I+.
dE=^l¤ oJg-all.! .,.11-ES BMrE +4614. ¤xll ^l]
(b) "JEql 4+Ig .+ulzt d4lE 1(fc) o14olE, e9 al4
E+ BMIe+ ul.ralrJ.
deo {19 +6}+.
27. f7l (a, b)oll.r.-l ulEzl+-+ olE+6J+olE,,f= (a, b)ollaJ
24. _fHnl ,Je. e e sl 3q ql'J tr-q r= q-+r+ ,JtrI.
ts+'Jg trq+.
maR
r
[-dc: + a,x, b + Ay) : f (a, &E trq]+.J
' - zr'+ R' rf @
''r1
- ,o,.ol,i,I,o,o

13.s I E+llEEl

"JH+6J+ql 4,J fl4H4g'J^d.J+q El+ql ']],J Bzl¤. xll="*cl:. Ag tr-

716}zl-. y :,f(x)olI ,
- s(r)olq /e+ stl ulSzF" * aJfolH, yE zJd4 o E r
ql +6]] ul$zp."oJ 6r-+011 4*.ol ^.iB++.
dy dy dx
dt dx dt
842 138 trJE-Bt+

ol ¤ql^J= E+llflzl$ ol{f oltrel 6J+E qtr-Eltri.

I EI4IIE=I: E? I
ol$+ oltle.l *+ql qei ¤{el E4lflzlol ?leq,7+7+* Eld'JfE
'16I "l
E6l-= Hzlg xllE"E4. a EB}] Cd(4El tr)g z:f(x, y)'J 4*E ++l, 4
4E H+ x,yY Hf 19 ol-folr|. olag ztltJ44o+ ,9 EL+, 1z:f(s(t),
ft(fl)olr g4lflzl9 19 EL+E^I zE "l$ol-E +{g zll+d+ /7F "l$zl-f,6}
rl:r. a1-21(13.4¤el 4e1 E). 13.4¤E 4?-l trlE+rl olAg/.e+ f ,71 fl+"J 4
+ql cH6Jg gzlalxf.

I E*llfl4(e,+ 1) z: f (x, y)tl x4 y"ll *all trlEzPo d o-ifoll, r: s(r)el

y : h(t)tl E+ rql +6ll trl+zlg" fl Et+47 zlz$alzf. rflE ets r9l +6ll EIE
7ls"d 6}+0lr ffiol cB++.
dz_Afdx, Efdy
dt 0x dt 0y dt

pl L,t"J# E6lH ,4 y= A.x, Ay"JE HEJ+ olql q+ eE Ae"J* EaI

=Bt3.44el 4el Elql q-q q¤+ ts-+.
a,
af
Lz:il1,**
dx Ey
Ay + erAx * e2Ay

¤zlrJ (Ax, Ay)

-(0,0)"J
trll Er +0, ez
-0ol+. tE++ eral erzl (0,0)q^j 4
94xl f*xl"J, (0,0)oll,! e1r| ero.E {fl++ 9l+.1 4le-l "JEg Ar-tr 41r
"l
E q+g E=+.
L,z df Lx df Av or
A,r o' Av
L,t ox L,t ' dy L,t ' L,t ' Lt
Ar --+ 0ol4 alH n - s(t + a/) - s(t) - 0014. E]+6IE stl ul$tl-t.6l-E-_tr-
¤+ol7l trllgol4. "l-&zl-zlE Ay - 0olri. olA+ Dr + 0olr E2 + O"Jg 9"1
611, u}?+^J 4*"1
^JHaJ+.
dz Lz
lim-
dt
-:: ar-0 A/

_af lim AxAfAv/\

+ " ar-o
lim /.. \llim- Ay
1+{lims'l'/ lim Ax * {lims,
dx Ar-o AI 0y [1 \Ar-o ar-o A/ \Ar-o -J tt-o [7
0f dx 6f dv dx dv
0x dt dy dt dt dt
afd*, afdy
0x --idt dy dt
 13.5 E4HEEI 843

t* af lax 4d azlaxE 4ezlr a|=.e, E4lBzl¤. +s=r+ ,Jg EqlE q^l +

+ tltrt.
q.Erl E= ElEsl Eqlsl +^|.-sFoll +sl
dz dz dx
+
0z dy 6l"rl.

dt ox dt dy dt 3z dz
dz: +
dx
-dx -dv
dy

(qd ID x:sinZt, y_cost, z:xzyf_3*yooJ 4] r:0ql^l 4qldtZ +614.

Eql fl4lH4ql ,'l+ ++g E=tr}.

*:x#.x#
: (hxy+ Sy-XZ cos 2l) t (x' + lhxy3)(-sin r)

r, yql {tr E.¤g +^l t-tr ul-#l + gs.= S,4. r: 0g 4l ,: sin 0 : 0, ): cos 0
: tolEE r}+4 ?JLI.

arl : (0 + 3)(2 cos 0) + (0 + O)(-sin 0) : tr

at I l:0
6
v
(q t)
C

flzll 1el Eq++= E - sin2r, y = cosroJ *d CE

(x, y)zl- uflzll{+rld4lol x

"l]qB + 9l+(rH 1 +E). +61 r- OoJ 4l

trl-El S4olb roll Sd z9 HE+gs
x
4 (*, y)- (0, l)ol-E +, azldt - 6* *d cE "I4: +le-l 4 (0, 1)¤. zlB trll +
zl-&olrl-. qlE E"l z:T(x,y):xzy r3rryaol d (x, y)ql^l gEE +E|48, R
C.J+ z = r(sin2/, cosr);- 4d Cql fl}- d9 9== 4441, dzldty C= q
4 +4.J trI gEq HEigg q+u+. fal t .r:sinZt,y:cost

(ql{ 2[ olt]zlijl I mololl.tl oJq pftpa), +iil y(L), gE r(K)e.l +4lb %]44
pV: B.3lrE +qd.+. 9rz1 300 Kolr gEHE++ol 0.r K/s, tsulzf 100 Lolr
+q$+gol 0.2 L/sE oll, *q Pel HE+$g +61+.
Eil rzl- 4+E,rlzJ(a)¤ +EI{H, +qd +rJql I:300, dTldt:0.1, v: 100,

dV ldt : 0.2014.

T
P:8.31
-V
:ze"f e-e. ¤AllBzlql q+ +¤¤ e=+.
dP aP dr aP dv 8.31 dT 8.3tr dv
dt ATdt ---aVdt V dt Vz dt
I

: 8.31
-*(0.1)-_ 100'
8.31(300) /^ n
: ru.z):-0.04155
100
"JqC E 0.042 kPa/s9 Hl¤-e +4'tltr+ tr
844 138 trJE-Et+

r E+ilE=l: 4P z
olxll z:f(x, relyE 4rJs4/E ol{+rJ+r: g(s,r),y: h(s,t)ql {r-
y)oltr,
+g ^J4oll Hz|. fElH zt zJd4sE 19+ rg R#ol1 dzldsq azlat= +6I
-r.xt 6J+. azlatz 4l+B 4l sE rd6]-r. r"ll *o]] zg E6J+E 4l4I6J+. trI4^J
44 Elg zi+ql^l E=+.
0z Ez dx 0z 0y
+
il dx0t dy0t
azldsoil qldl Hl++ bslTl-cB6tE_E rI+ ¤4lH4g +¤ts + gltrl.

2 E4llHrl(B+ 2) z : x4 y9 rJ$zf='" aJ El#oll, x : s(s, r)e|

.f (x, y)zl-
y: h(s, t)tl Ei set 19 "l$zl-bel Et+47 z|{afx}. r4E ffiol CHdJ+.
0z 0z 0x 0z dy 0z dz 0x ,02 dy
I

ds dx ds 0y ds 0t dx at dy 0r t

(qlfl 3D , = st2, y - szt, z: e'sinyoJ nl] delds$ az/at3 +614

Eq E4H4(4+ 2)¤- ols-o 6tH Elg=4 *r+.

0z dz dx Ez dv
:
ds dr ds
-i-I

dy f
(e'siny)(r') * (e' cosy)(Zsr)

6z Az dx I
0z
(e'siny)(2sr) * (e'cosy)(s')
0t 0x 0t
I

dy #:
fl++H, x:st2, y:szlE qlfla}q e,zlas4 lzlltB txl ,e+rE rllEzll E¤oJ+
gltrI.

0z .
^.2.,.
f2e"'sin(s't) + Zste"' cos(szt)
;:
dz1,
sin(s2r) a ,Zrstz cos(s2r) I
;:Zste"'

fl4lHzl(A+ z)ql-.tll zfzl +Bfl Efzl- gl+ 4, s4 /. E=Jfilf(indepen-

dent), x4 yE zE- CEI trE 4l
=il8!+(intermediare), =+H+(dependent)oJti.
ql= 4 +rJH+e_l 6}01 6t+4 gltsrJl, olfl 4 +c trg rzl+l E4iH
=-q ^l
44 +^L6I+(3.44e-l ,J441
E 4=1.
g4lH{g 7lq6L= ql rH 2.ll 9l- #EE(tree diagram)E ri.l- 4ol E.*
*,/
oz / \
Y
dz

ol g+. z7l x, yE ++gg "J + 9lE+ ++H+ ze+q +rJH+ x, ynlzl l

xy
*l \# *l \# *71^lE rfl+. E-6J r, ys+q +BH+ s, tllx\ ul-FzlxlE rfl+. r4r 4
.[ s
T|zlql 4s"61-ts Es.a;ag ++ lzlss$ +6tElH zflel s\zl 4 aE. q+
2 SEEt+e #a-}z, 4al olflg ++4 rJ"l clo-J4.
=eJ
 13.5 E^llE4] 845

0z dz 0x +- dz dv J

ds ilx ds dy ds
u[4[z]xl_E azlat+.- e*El tvl^l 4EE ol$-oll.r-l +g + gl+.

I E^l|EIcl: EUJ EEI|

olxll "JHI4.J A+E ++E+ ui nt}l! ++E+ xt,..., r,el El
r]4611 Hz}.

#ol1 olag zJtJ mtllel +HHf r,, ...,t* oJfol4. ?+?+4 ++H+ql ql6ll
"l+4 E-f nzllel
oJol ?l+ql +=-6lz|. ol +Hg 4+ 14 Hl+6I+.

:dEH)
3 E^I|EEI($[I ui nfl! Hf *,, xz, . .. , r,9 "l$zPo f, 6I+0lI, 7+
x,i m414 tt, tz, . . . , t^9
"lBzl-b* EL++ 7146IzI. relH uE h, tz, . . ., r", R
foll, i : 1,2, . . ., m41 41o11 u14-ol {BaJ4

0u 0u dx,-L du 0x, - _L _L
0u 3x-
dti
-: 0xr lti -
\xz |ti \xn ltr

(qH 4l) +g 4+"il 4+ fl4lBzlg 4!+.

w:f(x,y,z,t), x: x(u,u),!: y(u,a),2: z(u,a), t: t(u,u)

Eq C;.1 Eql n:4, m:ZoJ A+E 4+61-zl-. rH 3g olql qlEL fBsol4. 4 w

*zltl fl.ll ¤_r++E 4zl ?*rJrlE, tlzltl yql^J utr tls r TLzlq^J9 Eegr4

t\ t\ t\ t\
x
Y aylautr- 016ll$+. +BE= ol-$allxl s+q= strg. +g,=4 zJol ¤ + 9l+. v Z t

dw 0w Ax + 6w dv -r---T-
0w 0z 0u 0t
du dx du 0y 0u dz du Et 0u -ral
JE
e
rJt

dw 0w 0x 0w dy 0w 0z Ew Et
6a 6x Eu dy da 0z Eu 0t Ea I

{ql$ 5D x:rs¤t, !=rsL¤'', z=12ssintoltr u=x4!+yzz3ol$.r: Z,s:1,r-0

"J q du/ils4 {t¤. +El-E}

Eil :g 4sl +EEe.l E+g ts f 'l-e¤ E=tr1.

\=
0u 0u dr Eu 0v 0u 0z x

/l\
v
ds 0x ds dy 0s 0z ds
: (4r'y)(re') + (*o + 2yz3)(2rse-') + (3yzz2)(r2 sin r)
/t\
rstr trst
ral 4

ilE r : 2, s : 1, t: OoJ 4] r: 2, ! : 2, z:0olr=51 ++4 +q.

; : (64x2) + (16x4) + (oxo) :

du
teZ
846 138 trlE-Et+

(o{fdl 6D s(s, r) :,f(r' - t2,t' - t')olt ftl 41, gzl B}4al

"lEzl+-EJ
da
t-ds s*:
+
At
da
E EI++g tsq+.
Efl ,:,s2* t2, J : tz - szol+ 6izl. fslfl g$,t) : f(x,y)ol1 fl4l{zlql q-4
+gg e=+
0g:0f0x r;L^:
df dv Af Af
+ :(-2s)
ds d.r ds dy d,s *(2s)
ilc dy

Ea Efdx
l dfdv Af
" a:!(-Zt)+!(2t) df.
0t
dt dx -+ dy at 0x 0y'

r4oe.4*ol CHil+

,9*r" :(rr,af -zrr{\ +(_ zr,uf *zrr4\:o

ds il \ dr Ay/ \ dx ay/

(qIfl 7D z:f(x,ylzt fl4"J 241 ¤=qi4g zlxJq, tc:rz +s2oltr !=ZrsoJ oll,
1$ ozlar+ (b) dzzldr2g +617+.

Eil
(a) fl+llHzlql q+ ++g e=+
0z 0z0x -r 0z dv5 dz + 02.
0r d-r dr --:
dy 0r -l2rl
dx dy '
-iZs)
(b) (a)9 E44"ll "l$.ll +.J EE Hzlg 4+6lH +¤+ E=+.
o2z _l2r_+2s_l
a I dz az\
Er' Ar\ dx AyJ
E
:2 dz a /ar\ *2s-a
^ -r2r dr
^ l^
dx 0r (*)
I
\ Erl
dz
6x
E4lH4g +^l 4+6H^l 'l¤¤ e=+(rH 5 +4).

/\/\
./\
xy *(#) :*(*) #.+(#) #: ffr,,t*ffir,,t
/ \ /\
#(#) :*(+) #.+(#) #:her)+ffe,t
r ST .t

-ral
JE
E
TJ

ol 4lE¤-
^l
Elq ql"JElr ¤-E-241 EEEI+,=ql ql6J +¤¤ ol+61-H trl+g ts
LtrI
L I'

t1 :z,,'+zr( zrti*2, u"\+zr( z, ozz *zsq)

0r' dx 0x' EyEx/
\ 0x0y 0y'/ \
 13.5 ErtlE^l 847

: z o' r 4rz *0x' * gr, o" + 4r,

o"=
rl
dx dxdy 0y'

r E:d+ EIEEI
g4l$zl+ 2.6¤4 t:.:¤ql.tJ Az}]E +++ q
"l+Hsl +Cg + Sq6|41
¤Edl+ ql ol+94. F(x, y) : 0 ¤elE %Ld^lol yE xel ulgzl-b+ El+E
/il +EI+4SE {fl$+r 6l.zl-. r}^l "J6|E /e.l Ce-lEq fl.. EE xgl 4a]]
F(x, f (x)) : OoJ y: f (x)E 9"184. rzf nl517|b6ffl, ¤4llflzl({+ 1)g zl
+6|^J ,oll Edl 4 F(x, y) : Oel "JEg trl+R + gl+. x4 yi. EF x9 E$ol
I,g q$$ E=tr|.
aP d:
* ,F !!_:
s
dx dx dy dx

rq+ dxldx - 10l.EE, aFl}v + 0"J fi dvldx4146]] EE ++g g-+

AF

5
dy dx F,
dx AF Fr-

dy

ol
%l{{g +E"lzl +JE]] F(x, y) - 0ol yE "re-l -e-=uJf_tr_ 49fl41 7fdgH.
+. r¤: "l4EEql.^J +H6l-. EEt+ Eel(rmpticit Funcrion Theorem)t olfl zI
4ol Elrdl6IE+ 4d¤- zll^l++. +, F7l @, b)¤ Ee'61-= fl+ql^l 4g41,
- 0, F, (a, b) + 0ol.]1 r,e+ FrTl g+ql^-l E+olH, d @, b) +*ql^J "J
F(a, b)
44 F(x, y) : 09 yE xs.l aJfe 4el++. Ee ol R+E E6J+:- trql q
^l
+ +qd+

( o{l4l 8 D ,' * y' :6ryg Hl y'g +6}4

Eq +qd 4e ++4,Jol + + ?t+

F(x,Y) : x3 + !' - 6*Y: g

El-+^J 4l Eq sla11 r1-o-c E=-+.

qlrll 8el E0l= 2.6Esl qlrll 2q E0lsl
dy F* - 6y
3xz x'-zy
HIE6ll _H.rl.
dx Fy 3y2-6x y2-Zx

sz| "J441 F(x, y, e) :0ol] Etf z:f(x, y)e+ rJol +++E igdrE
oJxll

6l-z}" olAg/E {EqE E= (r, y)gl cllrll F(x, y, f(x, y)):09 Etrld+.F

\ ftl ul.$2ft.o|fl ffi;| zfol E4lB4g ol*6ll^J F(x, y, z) : 0g ul$ ^l

ts + 9itrt.
848 r38 EEg+

EF 0x dF d:l LL:q
- -
d"r dx Ey Ex dz dx

r-qq
*,, : L * (y) : solFE +l 4e +g=r+ ,J+
AFI dF 0z rl
0x 0z dx
--:

aFlaz + oolH deldxoll trHall g trI Eql fl+ a Hal] *4g e=+. deldyoll
^l
ql6J +4E Hl*+ %lBsE E-trf.

AF AF

6
dz 3.r F* 3, : _ dy _ _F,
0x AF F,
)
dy AF F,
Ez 0z

trI^l E*+ $alflmplicit Function Theorem)9 + ¤gl= ++ 7l-4ol E]''"IEJ

aag H^l6Jtrl. 1, Fzl (a, b, c)$ ErlafS + t}.ll^l c99g F(a, b, c) : 0,
F,(a,b,c)*0olr+t}el E=fiql^J r,,F),Fz7l E+olE, d (a,b, c)sl +=
ollal F(x, !, z) - 09 eE x,yq ql+E^] 4EBl-r ol gI+= ul$zffialq 6
^l
ql e]6l ol ++E ¤EE++= +B + 9I+.

( o{lrll 9 D x3 + y2 + z3 + 6xyz-t 4:0.J ull azlax+ azlay= +6i+.

Eil r(r,!,2):"r3+ y3+23+6xyz+4t+ 6IxI

^l
Eql q+rP-r|rJol 4l4lEr+.

dz F, 3xz + 6yz x'+ Tyz

qlrfl eel Eol= 13.3trE qlEl ssl Eol dx F, 3zz + 6xy z2 + Lxy
el Hlr.o-H E^|-.
0, _ _F, 3y2 + 6xz y2 + Lxz
dv F, 322 + 6xy z2 + Lxy

13.s I g+=xil

1. E4lH4g x,vZ ql"J+q eE 19 H-# 5. s^llHu.lg %lH4 x, yE'tlg6}q eE s4 19

^l^+El+ "JHl-} ^l-+6l-*
tr r'rE= El#e EIE= %r-HeE dtf 0s, azlat? +61-+.F B"l I
:::; :':: ::: ; l:'rzr=,k7t? ilal-=71?

g4lHzl¤ : x' * y', x:Zs + 3t, y: s * t

"l*"]] 4 dzldt EE dwldt¤ +61-+.
2-4 z

2. z: xy3 - x'y, x: t2 * !, y: tz - | 6-s ¤4lHzlg ol+6fl.! aeldsel azlat* +u14.

3. z: sinx cosy, x: ,fr , y: l/t E. z :(, - y)t, x: s't, ! : stz

4. w: xet/', )c: t2, !: I - t, z: I * 2t 7. z :ln(3-r * 2y), # :,ssin f, y : rcos.t

 l3.s E^ltEEl 849

8. z : (sin?)/r, r: st, 0 : s2 + tZ 21. H5. 3s%oJ Ht*Eg E"461* Aqel 44ol ffi +-lo

-E+qd4.
e. f + x4 y9 ulBzl-b*'*#oll p(t) : f (s(t), h(t)), s(z)
: c : 1449.2 + 4.67 - + 0.0002913 +
- -3, h(2) -- 5, h' (2) : : 0.05512 0.016D
4, g' (2) 6, f ,(4, 5) 2,/,(4, 5)
: 89 4l p'(2)E +EI+. q7l^"1 C= 4E9 44(m/s), 7"b gE("C), D: +Es
E+q E9 zJolrm)oI4. r+¤- r4s= 4+r+l 4olulz}
10. /i rsl- y9 ulEzl-L"* Bfolz g(u, u): f(eu * sin a,

u)g trll, trl+. aJ+1ffl ++6J trll q=

+H EE ,J"le+ gE= 7l++ 4
e'* cos *'E ol$a]1,! g,(0, 0), ^lrJql
ol4. 4olHjTl 208 E"J ++6}] E*irJ trll, A4E +q
s,(0, 0)g 4141614.
cs-l ,t1z3q1 *{ Uolgg +6t+. oltrjl t+l= -7H."Jz|?
f g f- f,
T
(0,0)
(1,2)
3 6 4 8
20
D
I t-t-i;-- l6
t4

I
6 3 2 5 I

I5 t2
10 10
11-12 +EE= ol$ull,rl trhg ql+E s4lH4g 7oI4. e 5
T_
--#*- 8

E trI+b ulgzlf,ol-cfr. 7}4+tr1. 10 zo 30 4ot t0 20 30 40t

(+) /ll\

u:.f(x, y), x :
(8,,
11, x(r, s,t), y: y(r, s, r) zJol 4E
tuL& 9-q

12. T : F(p, g, r), p : p(x,y, z), q : q(x,y, z), 22.+ trzl-9 TJol c, Hul *, gol /rz| q+ H+rI.
r: ^l+ql
r(x, y, z) qH +rJql 4 : I m, u) : h : 2moltr, #* wY 2mls
Hl¤.E +7lE}J HIH A= 3 m/s Hl¤-E zlaoJrf. f ++
13-15 E4lHzl¤- ol$-allxJ zl4g EE6J+= +6I+. ql q'g "s9 Halg- +614.
13. z: x4 + x'y, *: s * 2t - u, y: stuz; (a) Ssl
0z 0z 0z (s:4,t:2,a:19tr|])
-l-' T,
ds dt ;
(b) 4H9 Hol
4rJdE ,Jol
(c)
14. w:r) + yz * zx, x: rcos0, y : rsin0, z : r0;
dw 0w (r:2,0 : 23. ol+7lill 1 molfl .JEol 0.05 kpa/sg ulge f;z[6[-r,
rr/Zal 4l)
dr =
=, du s=21 0.15 K/s9 ul¤e 6zld4. qlxil 2E 4I py:
o*a 8.3lrE- ol+4^J oJq"l 20 kpaolr ¤-szl 320 KoJ trli
15. fl: * q: u * uu), r: u) + ua;
p*r'' o: u uut, +qfl Hqgg +?'I+.
a// -,dN
-l-' l-
du dt) # (u:2,u:3,ar:4oJ 4]) 24. +4¤E E"l 3 cm/s ulgtr 40 7l-61-I. 4E H92 cm/s
qL

9 ul+-e ,Jjt+tr}. +4Be.l Holz} .Jc6l+E a H7il

16-17 4 trg ol-$all,tJ dyldx! +6I+. HE ,Jol7| 20 cmoll +E Hol 30 cm, qol 1116
^I"lE
16. y cos-tr: x'+ y2 17. tan-l(*'y): x * xyz "J trll HE ^l-olE 49 HE+g_q E"I"JzI?
25. z:f(x, y), x = rcos 0, !: rsin0oJ u]l
r8-19
^l
trIg ol$-all,<J azl0x, azlay= +6I+. 0z Az-
18. x2 * 2y' * 322: | 1g. e' : xyz
(u)
#' ao = +614'

0z 0z
)'. ( #) #)
(b) + 'J9 u-q4.
20, d (x, y)ollrJ drrlgE= I(x, y)zp. 6IxI. ,E + Hellsl 0x r a0

+lil7l x: nG y , ! : 2 + ltep 4121. xel y9 tfl 26-28 q+ +q{] EE E}+= fl+.J zfll $rfl.a5. zi-g
* cmol4.$EEI+71T,(2,3): 4, T,_(2,3): 3g "J4 4l z14t'34.
6J utl 3a +ql EEile.l AEql^j gE= E"l4 E4 g+

tlYzl? 26. z:f(x + at) + s(* - at) BEIIE gs]el gt+= 5++ %F
850 138 trE-cr+

2e. qlE fzl nzl EilEtfolfl,

44 *: a, LE 611oJg Bq+.
dt" ilc-
:
(il .# *,
#: nf(x,y).Jg Bq+.
[:d=: u: x + at,0 )c - ar-E FE4.]
[e.!q: g4]Hfl$ ol$u{ltl f(tx, ry)E roll *a[4
27. z=f(x,y)olI )c:12+s2, y:Zrsg rll d2e/drds$fa| "J
ts6l-+.1
4. [-d=: ql4l 7+ u]nd4.l
^ azf a'f arf :
28. e :f(x, !), x: r cos 0, y : r sin 09 trll +E¤ -E-q+.
(b)x'fi+z*t dx dy
*y'
dy'
^1
n(n - 1),f(*, y)"J$
Eq+.
Ezz 022 022 I dzzf-- I dz
6x2 ily' drz r' a0' r or 30. %1-C4l F(x,y, H+ x,y, zZ +E F H+ql
e):0ol
--!-:--! ^ll
g(x, z), x : h(y, z)?l SElfzl-o-e
9"]] e : f(x, y), y :
2e-30 Ei# /zt 2Al EEEI+E z*1, ts4o11 "JE 49lB.I. F7l trl+7l-tsolz, Ffi Fu, F, E+710ol olq
=ilEI+
4i 14 e-= rql rll6}q, fQx,tyl t"f(x,y)E "J+6'1-= EI - dzdxdv trq+.
E, -t'Jg
+ /= rx| f,iffi|fq +trI. =dx ==:
dv dz

13.6 t 7lEJ7l EIE'I

rH 1ETltlE= l0gE qE B. e-+ 3.(lql qlH}4+e+ e;lEqot+s.l +E+

i r(*, y)E E+l+dEol+ t+l+d E= Egd* 9s7l +e zl4t47l flA
6-J 4.o14. 4luxlq"jl^lE EEEL+ z,- qlLxlg_q_+tsq E;aoE ol+g ull

,l4ql ++ gE9 H+g¤ 444g 4,- +e-,sE oleoai 49 Ua+g¤ **

Utrt. r*lLI H-++(e}4Ellzl-4 ,Ja.D E.= +s uj-a"te-E ol+B Al Sepg g
_7 4sE qB41 E 4"Jzl-? ol ¤ql^l- .JEel HJ6Js*e.el olH+ "l^Jel Esl

- ,*- EL+e.l E+g¤ 41+'J + 9l- EoJ+, %LElEqf+= dT}]EJ+.

t5

San
Francisco

Las
2t

t Los Angeles

0 80 160 240 320

-ral 'l (Distance in kilometers)
JEI
 13.6 U-BFE-.J+e; 7l$7l EE1 g5t

I H#Etr+
z:f(x, y)olE E"ls4l# f .+ "f,b +*4 zJol cgg+= 4g rJzld}z}.

f(xo + h,yo) -,f(xo,

f*(*o,lo) : |r4
yo)
h
1

: f(*o,yo + h) -,f(ro, yo)

fr(*o,)o) ,lin1 h

olA+ x44 y+ HJ'J, + ++lulEl is+ j %r'Jge {el HE}¤¤- +4Utr}. v

gqE ++lulEl u: {o, b) *a}c_s (xo, ydollrJ e9 Eapg aro}ex(:]fl

2 +4).ol= +l6J] z: f (x, y)9 :4EE +qzl- +E s=
^J461-r, 20: f
(xo, h
u
}/o)olefI. a1zp. rqE ¤ p(xo, ],o,zo)3 Sq +"J+.u EJrlql^J d p= xl+= +
zlBHol 4H ss+ "JLl^l olT= +dg ca| alxllrH 3 +a). d pql^l cql ql (*o' )o) a

+ dd 14 7l&7l3 u HJolql^J z9 Holgol+. 0 .x

aalZ E+lEEl a:\a,bl

T P(xo, yo, zol

L
P'(x6, ys,0) ------------*
ha v
//
hb
0'(x, y, o)
x -ral 2
JE !t

Q(x,y,71zf Coll 9lb s += dol.l. P',4 ?',ol ,y BE +lE p, gE rl¤ol

+ 6lE gq F,O*g uoll TlBolg El-+^l qtr ftql
'}]6I ++ol ^dfl'J'I.
^rJq
fr :
ho: (ha,hbl
fE]F+ x- xo:lta,;l-1,,o:hb, trI+il x:x0+ ha,):1lo + hbola ffiol
¤B++.
L,z z - zo "f(ro + ha, yo + hb) - f (*r, yo)
hhh
852 138 trJE-'J+

h+09 +d¤. +l6IH u u"}r"ts_E (rl4q1 +'J) z9 Hrlgg

trll H-J1, ol49u
fl-ojeE /E EJ'JEq+++r +q.

E gq (-ro, yd91^l tr+ldlEl a : (a, D) HJ6Je-E /9 SBs-ef#(directional

derivative)= +6Jol .fxHalfl ++lI ,Jol C9¤4.

D,f(xo, yo) : lim

f(xr+ha,yo+hb) - f (xo, yo)
h-O h

tr= 4l tr$ ulaoll -H-8, u: i: (1,0)olE Drf :f*olI u:i:

Ce] (0, l)
olH Dj f : f,gg "J + ?l+. +^l "J:"IE re+ yql ++ /9 ¤s6J+- oJoJE

++E +E+ 4*o14.

(lq4| l|) :+
le.l 716}EE "l+611^J qlLq^l H-Er4-- e--tr olEooJ Ell gE.J+q Hl

'JE.J+E +61+.
Efll qlu= zl+ ++lqelz} u : (i - illrli.J g++ HJ-6Je-E zlCg *=trHrH
4 +a).

San
Francisco

[-as
2
a

lrl'l
0 80 160 240 320 r Los Angeles
fa4 (Distance in kilometers)

ol zldg +gd 7: 104 r: 15el "J+E dE ¤-Eq B+E+gql q-+

rl-ole.l

H,6JEE-J+D,TE 4t el BH zldg gE= I: ls'Colz $als$

=^t^lrJ+.
T:1O.Col+.+ d rlolg 4r]E E l20kmE -H-"Jtrl.rq.E-tr B++ iLIBJql^J +
Ee] EEI¤-q trIs=4 *q.

DoI : 15-10 I I
G:;:0.04"C/km

" + trl+ 448 "l+

oJHlzl
+4sE 4qg E.+g HJEJEi'Jf 4l+g 'll
6JtrT.
=
 13.6 BJ-BrE--J+el 7lE7l EEI 8s3

3 x4 y9 "l$zJg"dJ o$"l$,
8q ftl /= "JelE ++l4rl ,, : (a, b) groj-
o _+ f,i-alE++E zlzl4 4+4 ,J+.

D,f(x,y): f,(*,y)a + fr(x,y)b

6Jf gE +s=q zJol "JH+ h4 oJ+E del6lzl-.

=B
g(h) :,f(*o + ha, yo + hb)
r*lH E++e] 4elql uI4 r+¤¤ E.+.

4 s'(o) : lgl s(h) h s(0 lim

h+0
f(xo + ha,yo + hb) - f Go, Yo)
h

: Drf(xo, yo)

flE ,: ro * ha, y: yo * hb+ FE s(A) : f(x,y)tr. +f 9l-I., E4lflzl(13.5

EE {El [1"il "lrl'l++ e=+.
Af tuc 6f dv
g'(h):
*i * u, fr:f.(*,y)a+f,(x,y)b
v
ol4l l,: 0ol4 --9H, x: xs, 1l: )ooltr +s=+ ?JLI.

5 g'(0) : f,(xo, yo) a* fr\o,yi b u

sin 0

^l
EeI EE ulraf{ q+¤ "J + 9i.+ (-ro, yo)
0
J
cos 0
Dof (xo,yo) : f*(*o,yo)a * fi(*o,yilb tr 0 _rr

++lElQ uz(:"H sql^JzJH) oJ9 x44 4tr 0= ol+E u: (cos 0, sin g)_tr- :1=J s EPIEEI u: (cos0,sin0i

+ + gl_tr, c"-l Eq 4lg trl¤-4 +L+. qlrll 2oll^lql g-3le-** D"f(.|, 2)E u

D,f(x,)) : f,(n,y) z9 EEIE¤ LlEfL.lrf. 0lAg

uJ:sro"_+
6 cos0 * fr(*,y) sin0
ral 6oll,''i _Hts Hlsf ,Jol u9 'J--J_e.tr
(1, 2, 0)E rlL[= #alEEll.4E z : 73 -
(olldl 2D f@,1l):x3 -3xy+4yzol:r t+lEEl u7I "Jsl xqglal tJE 0: n/68 3xy + 4y2ol oJLl-AJ 0l+= r}|-d E
=d011
d9 zlETl= LfElL.lrf.
+"le ql B-6JEE"J+ D,f(x,y)E +614. D,.f(t ,z)E ai* ¤ul-.Jzl?
Eil +e Eql q+ +¤¤ e=+.
D,f (x, y) : f-(x,y) cos + fr(*, y) *i,
+ f,
/;
VJ
: (3xz - iy) + (-3"r + 8y)
1

0
2 2 v
(1,2,
u
: ,t[E ,[3*' - 3x + (B - :^.6)y]
,x 7f
6

f.al 6
854 138 trJE-Bt+

-24 o-a +61-i1zl- 6l+ {tg +-q=4 ++.

) 7lz7l ElEl

44 treE+El uJ$zJ-=."oJ 6J+.e] %I6#Ee,+: q-q,=4 rJol + EEIE '-ll4s

e¤+914
7 Dof(x,y): f.(*,y)a + fr(x,y)b

: lf.k,y), fr(x,y))' (o, bl

: \f,(*,y), ft(x,y) ) ' o
ol qlzlql^l a H4l1 Eq- B-6JEE|+E 4l4}g olls"J olq+ q= Be tr-+
ql^lE +4ur|. r4^l f 4 7l&714- olE¤ Eolz, zlc. grad / E.-
v/(e f'+t gl=trL)E E7l++. =E+

I $sl f7l + Hf ,ei y9 g}#olE /el 71fr71(gradient)i +*r+ ,Jol ¤9

q= 4EltrI+ v/o14.

Yf(x,y\ : (f,(*,y), fr(*,y) ) : #, .

#,
(q4 3D /(r, y): sinx + eryolH trl+g g=+.

Yf(*,y): (f,,fr>: (cosx * ye",xe*'l

V"f(O, 1) : (2,0) r
tlgzl ElEl"il 4* ol 7lE= ol$oll.!
"l+zl-L"*
6J+el BFIEq++ql q+
Elg ++r+ ,Jol +^l + + 9l+.
^_l

tr D,f(x,y) : Yf(*,y) 'u

olag ++lulel u ulaJ=etr HJ6J=EB+E u +l.E tl&tl EqE 4+Et rl-¤_oe.

+4U 4o14.

(qdl 4|) ulEl v:2i + sjE HJ6J-9-E 4 (2, -l)ql^l 6Jf ,f(x, y): *'y' -ay9
HJ6JEfl-+= +61-+.

Eq E4 (2, -1)ql^J zl&t\ EEIEq+4 zJol 4l+I*4.

 13.6 g-ef-=-at*e[ 7l=71 EEJ 855

Yf(*,y) :Z*y'i + (3x2y' - 4)i AIE (2, -r)g o= qlrll 4ol 7lE7l ElEl
vf(z, -l)01 ral 70ll LfEfLI ?,lrl.. oJ:dE
-l) : -4i + 8i
Vf(z, --J+el U:-J= +E trlEl vE t-fE[t-f fl,lrf.
0l F trlE1= ./9 :a11="1 E+l+dE +l
vE Bgl4r.lz} olH"ll ++-6}zf. r4+ lo | : ,E ol,, E v ulole-E ++lBlEl= + oll E^{ ts?tcl.
+4 A+.
v
Y25
u:-t::t-:---l
l"l ,@ Jze"
rElF-+ 4l Eq "FI vf (2,-r
+gg E=4. Y

D,f(z,-1) : Vf(z,-l) .u: (-4i + 8j) (#, .

(2,-r)

#r)
-4.2+8.5 32

@,8 -tEI -,
Jt= a

Iffi+E+
Hl+6J %LHqE er-H+*+ql qlall.r.lE
"J'JE6J+E cEg + ?Itr}. +,
Duf (*, y, e)E ++lEEl u Brlo.-tr R+e.l HEI¤E
"Il4B + 9l+

t0 tr+lulEl a : \a, b, c) ulojgB (xo, yo, eo)9lrl /el HJdEEt*(direc-

Egl
tional derivative)= (+oJol ¤x[a|E) +g4 rJ.l ¤9¤4.

(xo -f ha' yo * hb' zo * hc) - f (xa' yo' zo)

Dof(xo, yo, zo): tinl f
h

Eq zleE ole" 6}fl oJ6JE++ql ql+ F 4el(Es} @= q-q=+ ,Jol sH

+¤4E++et+.
: "f(xo
+ lru) -"f(*o)
11 D""f(xo)
l,S h

{zlrl n: Zol$. xo : (*0, yo)ol-:z. n: 3al{ *o : (ro, }0, eo)o14. ol= 4R61]
Bt+. 4,f"1-E ulel u HJ6J_9_E xo$ zl+- {dE Elq"J4419 x : xo * /u
(11.5¤el 4l EDolr, q"+^J,f(xo +hu)* ol zld +lel + dql^J /el Atg ++
.llzl
"ll$oltri.
f(x,y, e)z} plEzJft6]-r.u: (a, b, c)olE,44 Ee-l +Eql 4.J HlHg ol+
^I¤g +HE + 9t+
6l]^J q¤=

12 D,f (x, !, z) : f.(x, y, z) a t fr(*, y, z) b + f,(x, y, z) c

+LE+Et+"il tilEL 7l$7l ElEl(gradienr vector)E zls grad/ E.}- Vf E g.7l6l-

856 138 trJE-E+

q q-q-r+ rJol ^d9++.

Yf (*, y, z) : (f,(x, !, z), fr(*, y, z), f,(x, y, z)>

z}+o1 E7lar{ q+4 rJtrt.

E vf : <f,,f* f,> :9,

dx
* 9:
dy
+
af
0z
k

rqts olfl+6J+iler HJ-6JEEL+.|I qlql

^l
E= q-q-4 Eol I + ?l+.
E D,f(x, y, z) : Y f(*, !, z)' u

{|qfl 5 |) /(x, !, z) :x sin ye"J 4l (a) /9 t!&tl Eqe+ G) v : i + 2j - k %l-o}s

tr. (1, 3, 0)oll^J /E %I6JEE-¤ +6I+.

@
(a) /9 tl&zl 4El= q+rl zJol 4l+I84.

Yf(*,1, z) : (f-(*,J, z), fr(*,y, r), f,(*,y, r)l

: (sin yz, )cz cos yz, xy cos yz)

(b) (1, 3, 0)oll^-l v/(t, 3, 0) : (0, 0, 3)ol+. v

- i + 2j - k %IE-IE ++lElEI= q+
E}'J+.
121
a:6i-u6_j-J6k
:14 o.+ E"il 4r} trl-¤¤ tsE+.
^l
D"f(I,3, 0) : V/(1, 3, 0)' u

::k (I 2 1.\
-1,
\ri+rj_ 6u)
-,1 1\
-'[- fi):-\; ti I

I SdEil+q flEHAI
olE+ E= +IH+++ f7l +q#.+r zfs6|-r., +q4l dql^J 7l!"d E- HJ
"J.JEJ+= ^J46I JrxI. olAg EE- zp."uJ
E'JoE /el oJ.Jql^l /el H+&
¤ zll*il4. r4E ++r+ AC eEg Bllg + 9l+. q= u3-43'ql^J /E HoI
tl tl* mtEzl-? Hsl¤e-l 4H{re E"}oJzl-? olql 4,* Be +¤= 44tr +q
4l+.
 13.6 U:gE-cF+q 7lE7l EEI BS7

15 szl ftl "l$z|u"d olfl# Eb +IH+6J++I 714o.1-z}. %I6JE++

D".f(x)9 4H,aI+lV/(*)loll olae ulul u9 %16}"l zl&tl ulel v/(*)e+.J
ilts Ell CrJ+.

=tr{
oo
Al
---I I E= Eel 11.3¤E 44 Eg-E+El q+g E=tr}.

Duf : V"f.u: lV/llulcos0: lV/lcos0

{zlrJ 0= v/e+ u r}ol9 4o14. cos oel 4lH,{}+ 1011, 0: OoJ rll L}E|.J+.
:.else. D,f 4 slHr,te. lV/ lolJ, 0 : 0oll^l LiEiU+. +, Vf e+ uo-l ulalol g
iloJ trlloltrI. r
(l o{lrll 6l)
(a) ,f(x, !): xevoJ oll, 4 P(2,0)oE+El g(i,Z) %Ii,}s-tr d P"ll^l /E Eg¤g
+6I+.
(b) qL \11-6J"11^J /= 44 Ha14g z*=tl?:z HelgE 4H#* E"loJzl?
H
(a) Ezl zl&tl EqE 4l4l6.l-H q-s=r+ +Ll.
Yf(*,y) : lf., fr> : {eY,xeY}

vf(2,0) : (1,2)

fr: l-tr,214
HJ.JSE ++lqEl., : (-*,X)"ls pE+El g g*fe--tr lel HEI
ge q+4 e+
D,f(2,0): V/(2,0).u: (1,2>. (-1,3) : f

(b) C4 EE+4 zl&tl EEI v/(2, 0) : (1, 2)E %F6}ql^l f7l 7l1g- u$=.1
f;zlap
44 HEI¤-e- +g=4 P+
lYf(z,o) I : l(r, z) l: ,E r

r o
2 qlrll :.J+71"(2,
601l^l
+GlTj 0)0ll^l 7lE
20
7l ElE"l Yf (2,0) = (1, 2) B:dollAl 7|.8 rul
5 e4l BollAj 0l EElTl(2, 0)
=71-d+.ral
E Ezl6l.= Epl+doil +rl"J= gr + 9l
0) 5
+. ral e= /el -Lelluql 7lg7l EEIE
0 2
0 vf (2,0) Hq E+.
0 P 3x 2 30 _):

.f.eJ 8 -ral O
858 138 EE--J+

llolldl 7D ++ "JE H (x, y, z)91^J s--Ezf q+4 rJol +qd{r 6}zl-.

I(-r,].,=)=#
'/ l+x2+zy2+322
4zJrlrq ++l='Coltr x, y, zg ++l= mol4. d (1, 1, -2)oll^l &szl zl-+ 'S4
#zlalt "J6J* "l4qIzL? rqr +71-gel 4*{rg Hu]-"Jz}?
EOI rE 4&tl ElEl= trt+4 e+
YT:{t*{t* u'k
dx 0y" 0z
320:t
160.r
(l+x2+.Ty',*322)2 - (1 +.r2*2y'+3z')'r
.
-@ 48Az
k

: 160
(-xi - ?Yi - 3zk)
(l + x'z + 5y'z + 3z'?Y

d (1, 1, -2)ql^l zl&tl Elq= qs-q ?JL+.

YT(|,1, -2): ffi(-i - 2i + 6k) : i(-i - 2i + 6k)
44 Eql "149s= tl&zl BlEl vr(l ,r,-2):3(-i - 2j + 6k)%r-6J, +-i -
2j + 6k %F6J, E= E+lEEl (-i - 2i + 6k)/,F %r-o}"ll^] TItl- B?-l =ozI*4. 6
7l-&e-l 4H{tg 7l&71 EElel 4o14.

lvr(l, t,-z) I
: Al-i - zj + 6kl : il/n
:24.r=-e gEfl fl4 5izl-&f- Nn - 4"C/mol4. r

r El|-d EtsE
=fl+Eloil
s7t oJc^l F(x, y, z): koJ +Eol+ 6.tzt +, .s= r$H+++ Fsl E+l+E"l+.
P(xs, },0, zo)¤. sq fl- 4"14 ala cE d P= zl+r sql +q 9l- "Jelel +
dol+ 6tz}. 12.1¤e+EI +{ C= fl+e ulEl$+ r(r) : (r(0, y$), z(t)l_tr- _s
¤g + 9l+ ,09 4 Pql 49" 6|= ,llzJ]H*Atol4r 6tz}. 4, r(/s) : (ro, Jo, zo)
oltrl. ctl S +lq +q 9lo =E-
"Jelel E (x(0, yU), z(t))- sel "J44g +E^l
"J+,*+.+, rl+rl +q.
16 F(x(t),y(t), z(t)) : k

x, y, z7l re-l ul-$zJs" 6J 6I+ol-L F'E Eql uJ-$zf-=." 6fE, 4J t6 o oJEg.,rl+6t

7l +l"ll E4llflzl$
"l*6IE ++r+ ?JL+.
AF dx EF dv 0F dz
17
0x dt dy dt --: 0z dt
rq+ VF: {F*, F,, r.)olr r'(r): (r'(r), y'(t),r'(t)}olFE 4l E]g 449 ol
 13.6 "J:dtE-er*sl 7l=71 EE1 859

+6ll^J q+4 zJol #+ 9l+.

VF.r'(r):g
Eol r: ro9 4l r(ro) : (ro, )0, eo)olE-tr- +g=r+ ,J+.

18 VF(x6, yo, zo) . r'(ro) : g

^l
@g p"ll^l tlg-zl ulrf vF(.r0, yo, zo)* pE xl+r, sq +q flE "JEE +d z
VF(xo, ]0, zo)
.+tl+ulgg "JqI+(rH 10 +a) VF(;0, to,zo) * 0
C.il
'il+ ddEH r'(ro)"ll ZtGd
ll o r-t
of { P(x6, ys, us)91^l t+l+H F(.r, y, z): kql 4+ d¤Hg P= zlL}r. BdEl

el VF1xo, 1,,0, zo)9 r*= EHstr. {E'Jtrl-. ¤Eel E+Br-C^l(11.s¤E

^l
ol+61-H ol d¤EE ,Jc4e ++r+ ,Jol # + gltrt. L

,'o-
,' s C
)
: *r/
19 F,(xo, yo, zo)(x - xo) * Fr(*g, yo, eo)(y - yo) * F,(xo, yo, zo)(z - zo) 0
feJ 10

p= xl+r dIiEql +4ql 4dg pql^-1 +E s"ll rHtr Ec(normat line)ole].

qL+.:a4=E HCel oJEJg tl#t\ ulel Vr(x,, 1l0, eo)91 el"ll +qxlq, q4^l
11.5¤el Eql E6l] Hce.l
^l 'IaBr-c^le ++rl +L|
r-xo
E F,(xo, !0, zo) Fr(*o, !o,
)-)o
zo)
zta
F,(xo, yo, zo)

(qq 8|) d (-2, t, -3)ql^l trl-+ +EEql qlf, d¤E:} HdE %r-4419 +6I+. ral I t3 qlfil 8ql EIEE, EBE, Hd
x'^22 E LfEIL.lrl,

T*r=*t:3
Eil 4gH* t: 3oJ *f F(r, !, z) : ivz + y' + ;q 72
E+l+Hol4. EI+^J +¤. 4

g E=+. z

0
F,(x,y,4: :
t, Fr(*, !, z) 2!,
z-l

F,(-2,1, -3) : -1 , Fr(-2,7, -3) :2, F,(-2,1, -3) : -l -4

-6
,tl
-l 19 .ll el6[ 4 ?2, 1, -3)ql^l {BHE ,JC^l* +g-q e+
0-
- ?(, + 3) :
0 n1 2

-1(x + 2) + 2(y - t) 0 v .I

3x-6y+22*18:0 :ItJ tt

41 Eql irt+ Ede-l qlArJ¤^lg trl+4 ?Jtr+.

x*2 y-l z*3

r1
-l 2 -i- J
--
5E+ A+e *E sel ,J4^lol z:"f(x, y)9 trll(+, szf o1E+Er+ /E r4
860 138 trJE-Et+

sg trll) ol
"J{^lg +g-+ zJol #+ 9l+.
F(x,y,z):f(x,y) - z:O
sE Fsl ft:0oll^']e-l F+l+ts9=. 446IxL. rBlH

F,(xo, !0, zo) :,f,(xo, yo)

Fr(*g, !0, zo) : fr(xo, yo)

Fr(xo, yo, zo) : -I

r4^l ILI4^] E=
fr(*o,yoXx - ;o) t fr(*o,yo)fu - )o) - Q - ro) : 0

oJtr|.
ola.$ 13.4¤sl 4l tre+ rJrI g+. ,rI4^J {lE+H^lE #q .JHI4.J d¤E
E 49= t:.+¤E +E+ 4+q ql* 4e]e+'Jzl*t}.

(qq 9l) E (1, l, 3)oil^J 4E z:zx, +y'91 EI* dBHg +61-+

Eil +g z:Zxz+yrE Zx2+y2-z=04 gj1 Et+ F(x,y,z):Zxz+y2-24

E+l+E(fr: ooJ)ol4. :z4rj +*¤ ts=trI-.
F,(x,y,z):4x, Fr(*,!,2):2J, F,(x,y,z): -l
F*(1,1, 3) : 4, Fr(L, 1,3) : 2, F,(1,1, 3) : - 1

l.l
-1 19 qr s6'' ('1' 1'':l;,]
qlrjl eql E0lsl- 13.4Eol qlEl
el Hl-E6iaf,
lsl Eol ;ffi T i:*",l#
z:4x+2y-3

t 7le7l ElElsl slEl

trzl *H+'J+ f e+ af-A Cflgql ++ 4 P(xo,Io, zo)9 44++. +d {il
EE+q tl&zl dlrl v/(ro, ),s, {s)e- f 4 7l+ uHi= +7} oJ6.}"Jg Er 9lq. E
E V/(xo, ],s, z6)e: p. xl+t: /el E+l+E .sql fzlol4t:.fl 10 +4). F zfxl
v V/(.t., yo) cag oJB6lE_E zl+4sE tI'J6l 4'J6fl -H_oJ+. eI+:"IE t+l+E sql^J p
E+El +4qE /E {}g d:d E6l-zI t*zl "llEol4. trl+^l ^zl %I6J=SE +4
olH 414_E f;zfaf3 4.ol 4'Jal-4.
uialzlxltr olfl+*+ f * t {elEql +6J 6J d P(xo, yo)¤
P(xo, )o)
o1
^846]] -H-xi.
E Ol;' rl
-E--fl=T'tL ulls zJ¤zl EEI V/(xo, yo)$ f 4 7l7;.t. EUI= +zL HJ6#g zlla"*4. E6J dBE"il
f(x, y) : k
0 .r
+6}l bE+ 44 +^16.|rll ^J46l] _BH, V/("ro,yO)g pE xl+= E+l+d f @, y):
kql +zlgg "J + gl+. olaE q^l zl+4 o p rH EoJtrt 9l't-"1-E /E aL
.feJ =E}]
12
+ +dg tl}+ +{qE H6Izl ?*zl oll$oltrHaH 12 eLE)
 .13.6 7lE7l EEI
U-BFE--J+e|. 861

71&71 EEIE 9"lE +rJE|H tri+r+ ,J4.

7lz7l trlElel ¤EE /E "lBzl-bf, "lH+ E= +H+++4r 6}zt r4r

v/(x) * 0ol+ al-z}.
. E+lElEl u ulafgE xollrlel ,J.JE++- D.,"f(x) : V/(x) . uol4.
. v/(x)ts xglrl /el 4l']] +71--gel "}6#9 +E+u+. rElr 4ql Hsl¤e Iv/(*) I

ol+.
. v/(x)E xE E4oib /el F+l+E E= E9l+dql fzlol4.

fleE 4BqL4 xlE= ^J46Ir f $, y)zlale (r, y).J flel allgl.E$ +4

U+r 6l-x}. rel{ tl* zl-48 ss"+ *d3 :H 134 Aol E= E+l+dql
4jl6}E+ r?-lE "J= + gi+. ol tr{l* 13.1¤9 :zH l2ql^JE +oJF+ + gl
-ql, zle. 9I9 $flftonesome) 4]+g zlz] z]:i]E .Ip]"+g ,]+ g-BlTl+ 49
E q.Jg + 9l+.

300
z|tr zt4E 200
O
+- Err}
-1 -z,(i
I r_:

lm r.fl 13

q-se 4#rl ql+zll4l= ols-oll.! rfl zl¤71 EEloltrl. zJ tl$tl Blrl v/(a, b)
E (a, b)E rld oe. all.<J :.fl dol4. :zH t+y f(x,y) _x2 -yrql 4B zl
= dlEl$
¤zl tfl$ds +lql d4 +g rflol+. olAg 4&t1 {q+ol+r
++. olE Elq. ql^&4_e. rz]] +l_+ ¤471- E+¤. _H_olq, t+l+d4 +4
ol+.

v
{ -9
-6
_J
\ 0
3
¤ 9

+ ---+x

r.al 14
862 138 trlE-cf+

13.6 | g+=xil

t. r+¤-:z=J¤ ttg qr B "td 0r]oll ql6J 7l.Jg.+4.+l (c) 4rl u ula.teE d Pql^J /9 $a}8+ +6I+.
E F.Jtsol4. zlsq *+l= ujelu(mb)ol+. e12 mb 5, f(x,y): x/y, P(2,1), u :3 i * 1:
I zJzl$ol olols_et $f,$ss -$zlolr 9l+. ,(qltr 6. f (x,y, z) : xzyz - xyz3, P(2, -l,l), u : (0,f, -3)
4nzt9 Tlqq)ql^l s(ol-ole-e+ + ^1A)nlzl E+^4 d
g trl+ ,lElb 300 kmol4. + Tlolqql^l 7-10 xlcE dql^J +qa ulel v %IolsE q+ 6J+e.l %I-J
^lq %|.JsE
.Jegt+e+ HJaJEBJ+E {tg +6}+. %r-r}EE}+sl tfl EE'-+¤. +614.

Eq= FH.rlzI? 7, f(x,!): s*siny, (0,n/3), v : (-6,8)

8. g(", t): s rE, (2,4), v:2i - i
-ro fi
9. f(*,!,2) : xzy * yzz, (1,2,3), v : (2, -1,2>

10, h(r, s, /) : tn(3r * 6s * 9f), (1, 1, l),

v:4i+12:+6k

11-13 +qd d PqiJ d 0 *'Jgeq %}6JEB+E +

orq.
:l--l

11. /(x, Y): xzY'- !', P(1,2), 8e3,5)

12.f(x,i: J*y, P(2,8), Q$,4)
2. aJ+HI*zlf wE dzll¤-r re| i$ol ,9 4l v4^1+ 13. /(x, !, z) : xy - xy2z2, P(2, -1,l), 8(5,1,7)
8s"14. tr++^J w: f (r, u)E ¤ + 914. trtg E9 Al
Eg r:.ldE E lql^J g+{f, 4o14. ol E= ol.$all.r.l 14-16 +qa dq^J /el 41.il HEI¤g +6}r, ftrl]el %r.J

u : (i + j)/,/ig trll, Du,f (-20, 30)e.l #g +46I+. g +6|+.

++(km/h)
14. f(x,y):5xy2, (3, -Z)
\,r\ 20 30 40 50 60 70 15. /(x, y) : sin(ry), (1,0)

-10 - l8 -20 -2t -LL

aa
-23 -23 16. f(x,y,z): x/(y + z), (8, 1,3)
dxll
1A
Q-E -15 :+ -26 -Lt -29 -30 -30
('c) 17. 7EI rut= +4 gFd
-20 -30 -33 -34 -35 -36 -Jt
(a) trl+71++
++ /7| xql^l tl&21 ulEls-l Hlrll %F,J
-25 -37 -39 -41 -42 -43 -44 gE, + -vl(x) B;6}e-tr 7l1,,*. a4q ,J46Ir-, 4lql
+agg -lv/(*)lol4.
3-4 q+. ++q +ol4l Eql^l xl4¤ 6 H-6J-9*E /q HJ6JE
(b) (a)9 A+= olS-alJ,! 4 (2, -3)qJ^l Etf y) -
.Jf +614. "f(x,
= x4y - *'y'4 #ol 7I+ Er] +4a-1+ oJ6#g +6F+.
3. f(x,y) : ycos(xy), (0, l), 0: rr/4
18. 6J+ f$, y) : x2 + yz - Zx - ayq zl-zj uulEzll H+= %I
4, f (x,y) : arctan(-ry), (2, -3), 0 :3r/4 oJol i + jz} q= EE dg +61+.

5-6 le. ++ *9 9g r= +E +dq^Jel 4Eql HlElql*q.

(a)/9 z)&tl EEIE +6I+. +E +dg +l¤sE dq's q], a (r,2,2)ql^l gE=
(b) d P{I^JE zl&tl ulElE 4141614 120"01trt.
 13.6 HJBrE--J+el 7lE7l HlEl 863

(a) (1,2,z)ql^l 4 (2, l, 3) %l-E-JgE gE rq Hq¤ Ht+Bb +Eg g ¤461+.

g +6I+.
(b) +q "JelE dql^J 9ez1 7l+ aAl #zlalb %r-6J*
28. f (x, y) ::,yH oll zl9zl +6tI, rag
ElEl V/(3, Z)E

:7 dql^J fldg 6J:"1-b EElgg Bq4.

E (3, 2)ql^J E+l+d f@, y):6ql ql+ dd
olgaN,tJ
g +a|+. ++l+d, dd, zl¤rl EEI= rEjri
20. z"zJsq qtr ¤Eql^J dfl vztq^g=4 zJol i"l+14.
29. d (x0, ys, zdql^j 4gH *'lo' + y'lb' + z'lt': lqJ ql
V(x,y,z):5x2-}xy*xyz
+ d*lEE B}a4e q-s4'J+g Hq+.
(a) d P(3, 4,5)q^J 4rl v : i + j - k B-6J9__E dEE XXo Vln ZZn
HaH¤ +614. a'
', I r)
D'
|
c'1 -
I

&) Pql^J v7l7l* B46l Hdl-b oJa-lg "l4.JzI?

(c) PolJ.<.1 fl{ H+gg H"IoJzi? 30. ¤ (xs, 16, zo)olliJ El-gEEH zlc: xzla2 + y2/a2ql 4oj
d¤Hel oJA4g'I+4 A¤¤ trol+.
21. E+"J SsgaS- z*E olH+*+E /+ o-lr. d A(1, 3),
B(3,3), C(r,7), D(6, l5)E 2xxo Zyyo
_z*zo
^J46lzI. Aql^J EEI A7%l- a-7l 6zc
?'#e_E /sl gr?'.rsqla3 3oltr,Aql^J ulq a7 EJ-6*9_E
-I

/E Itr-6JE'J++ 260l+. ol{ Aoll.! ulel aB H}o}oe 31. d¤Eol BE e: x * yql BqEIrll El= r^dI+E f - y' -
/E %I6JE6J+E +6I+. z2: I glg EEol ?tEzl_?
22. u, uE x, y"]l t{
trlEzJ-L"f,'*+olr a, bY tl-+"J uI
32. gg x2 + y2: e'oll d6l+ E= BEol fldg- 5Lr+Bg
'J+E zl$zlE Ltqql= ¤&* trIf,.r+ ,Jg ad4ol ^d trq+.
B6Jg Hq+.
33. d (1, 1,z)ql^l EEE z:xz +y'ql rI+ Edg. ol EE
(a)Y(au + bu): aYu -t bYa
E4 + dql^J "Jttrt. + Eg +6I+.
(b) V(au) : uYu * uYu
34.+E Ji +,/y + ,8:,EE E= EBEe-l .r¤S, y¤
t"i v(l) -
uYu - uYu E, e¤89 Bol 9CEl9 Eq+.
\u / t)'
(d) Vu' : 35. E (-1, 1,2)ql^J EEE z:x2+y',4 +gE +f +f + i
nun-r Yu
: e7l "J+^l ol== +tql qlql adq 4zl]E#*44
23. 2Al [EEE+ f @, il! 241 %r-6"E$*zl trIs-+ ,J+. g +6t4.
Dlf\,y) : D,[D,.f(x, y)]
r(t) : (cos rrf, sin nr, l)4 gEE z: x2 +y2g q
36. +d
,f(x, y) : x3 + Sxzy * y'o]tr, : (?,*)g q, Dlf Q, \) qql^J
"J4Ezl-? +d+ EEE ^Iolel E7+g HuI"JzI?
g 4141614. (q7l^J zl9 eggE d¤Er+ +dsl d:J"l ol.== 4

q+ +Eql g "J6J+.)
24-26 +q{} Eql^J 'il+ (a) d*Hq G) Hd
E %IC^lg +6I+. 37. E{E EE + +HE rdq^J Hdol f4olE f ¤.ll^J +
24. 2(x - 2)' + (y - l)' + (, - 3)': 10, (3, 3,5) +Hg {i/oJql. 6J+. + 4E r(a y, z):04 G(x, y, e)
:0ol vF + 0, vG + OoJ d pql^j zllal-2] glt Es.+
25. xyzz3:8, (2,2,1)
E4dg 4 Pql^J ++g "J+61+ A"Jg trq+.
26. x* y * y: gx!,, (0,0, l)
4G"+{,Gr*F_G_:0

ffizt. E (1, l, l)qJ^l *H.ry * yz* zt:34:a4E, dEE, 38. +qTl ¤ql^J .rJe ga3ol
"tH ++lEEl u4 v B-6J-!-s
Hdg F"J+ .H-zI+Eql :zri{. ^ll rgol g -BolE+ f (x, y)4 Br6JE6++rt .JBj4 ?l+r 7I46I^t. rTlE oI
864 138 trlE-'J+

dql^J v/E +g + ?lbz|? f+trlH qB4 +6}]01 6l

/(x) - 11(xo) + V/(xo) . (x - *o)l n
ttttt v
r-
cll!=LO x+xo l* - *o I

39. z = f(x, y)7| xo : (xo, yo)oll^J nltszl-b"J rll, .Jg Hq4. l-d=: 13.4tre1 4E Elg HIE zl+61el..1

13.7 I El'iilll El*rJ

3lEr,l 3tiql^J E Hl-e+ tol, EEI+E iE

zlsrll 6ILl- 4R#4 4l*{I(+{})
aoE

+{<I g +6I- 4o14. ol ¤"11^l- ¤EEI+g ol-$oll.{ olE+H.+E 4lH#4 4*

#e1 dq6J +lil5 *= %r-HB "Jol-tr}. E6l q1z1l eotlrl "J4+E u[gzltr. f
4ol S,b ^J.xl¤ "J. trll, "lBrll "JEE +q= alqls E + ?lExl= "Jol!-q
r++.
_1)
.Y

_t t- 7t
4l*{t -r /\H
rH rql Eol= /el r4sql^l flq4 EalzlE HzI. /rl +H{}, 4 f @, b)
f.al 1
tl f@, y) ++E {I-E.+ - d @, b)zl241 ?ltri.r + A} +ql^l
=
{tol 4q{t
ol4. ufalzfzlE f E ztlE ++dl, 4 f @, b)tl o1r,l ++l-E-+ ++ {I¤- ,*-+.
r + # +ql^l 4Lg {tol 4l*{}oltrf.
1 Esl @, b) +=q (x, y)91 4oll .f(.r, y) < f(a, b)olE olH+6++= (a, b)91
,tl lrfi(local maximum)ol+. [o14,* +dol @, b)oJ "]H fl+ql +61-= -E= d
(x, y)91 4al y) < f (", b)H* 9"laJ4.l 7"k f @, e)=
"f(x,
maximum
==,{'J(local
value)olr{.(a, b) +=el (x, y)91 4all ,f(x, }) > f(a, b)o1E /=
(a, b)9lrJ ?4
(local minimum)o]I, f(a, b)E ffzi(local minimum value)olu|.

gle"i c4= gE+.J+ 1z| collrl +Hr,t E- +*r,tg r*r f 'k)tl +46l
H,f'(c) :OoJg g++. tI+ 44b olH+EI+ql 46]] +^l-+ rd4ol ^dB6l-
49 +EtU+
Eal ,lE= 7lz7l EIE1E LIEILHE
2e_l
Yf(a, b): 0olalts Foltl. 2 ¤al ftl @, b)ql^l +ql E= +Aol.z. l4l EE++71 @, b)ql^J +z}ldl-B,
f ,(o, b) : Qol.tr. f n(o, b) : go1trl.

sk):f(x,b)4 6l-zt. ftl (o, &)ql^l +4 E= +AolH gE aollrl *4

=B
(E-+a)olq, q-+^l 3.1¤el 4lq"t 4q Eql 4+ s'(a):0ol g+.:flrJl
13.3Eel 4l trql 9all g'(a) : f*(o,&)oln g f *(o, b) :0ol+. gg %lH-q-E Eil

=El- 44= EL+ G(y) : "f(a,

y)oll 4e"6FE f ,(o,b):09 E-+. I

d¤EE ,J4^l(13.4¤e-l
^l
tr)ql^J f ,(o,b):0, f ,,(a, b):0ol+ FH, z:
 13.7 El'I'Jal.aH:,J 865

eo¤ H*r+. "++^J 4r] trl= zlalul! oE 6l]46.lE +H /E r4ls7} +4 E

- +^oJ dql^.1 dBEg ztzlH :z d¤Eg *Bol 9"loF oJ+.
f.(a, b):
o,f ,(o, b): oolzlq EEEI+ aI+zI +xH6l-xl 9+= d @, b)E
=:
/el "J4ffi(critical point)[E- {td(stationary point)]ol{ ++ 44 E]b /z|
(a, e)oll.<-J +4 E= +c"14., (a, b)=/9 "J4ld.Jg Bql4. _r4+ .JH+6J
+ql^le} rJol e= g4ldql^J +trll E- +ar} +4+. ag olLltrt. EI+= .J
4ldql^l +4 E- +4"J +E glr, E. ol+aE olB f tr gl'l

{ qfl 1 l} flr, y) : x2 * y'- ?x - 6y + l4olE +94 'J+

f,(*, y) : 2x - 2, fr(*, y) : 2y -6 z

ol $go;iag x : 1, y : 391^J 0oloE, +g'J "J4lde (1, :;o14. f @, y)oll Sdxll 2

#g +l6lfl tr]"*¤ E=trI"

f(x,y) : 4 * (* - l)' + (y - 3)' a

(1, 3,4)
(x- r)2 ,e}y9 E= #ql 4a11 ,f(x, y) > 4E E=+. r*ls
> 0, (y - 3f > ool-E +
s "f(1, 3) :
0
4E +*#"1+. olaol /el 4+#ol+. /el r4l EE+E olfl
^l"g ^l- v
¤9 zlalul4sE q"J6J + gj+. +, f E rqlE= rH 2oll^J 5.= Hte+ ,Jol :*+l x

dol (1, 3,4)"J +HsEEol+. r aEr2 z:x?*y'-2x-6y+14

( ql4! 2D .fU, y) = y' - r'9 +#g +614

EUI J, : -2aola- f ,:2yolIrg +"JqL g4ld+ (0, O;o1r4. y:ooJ "r49 dql ql
6ll ,fG, il: -f < 0 (x + 0olHlol4. r*l+ x: OoJ y+g dql qq f @, y): y2 > 0

(y * 0olE)o14. :14=e. +c (0,0)"J fl+ "Jel EEql ql4 *+ f7l "JE #g +l

6f7lE 6l-tr, +q #g +l6l-zlE ++. EI+^J "f(0, 0) : 0p /ql qEL +#ol g + H
tr, lfl',E /= +#"1 H+. r
2. .J4ldql^J EI+z| q]=r,l +rl] E= +r"J gs- H+- ^l-dg ¤
qlxll
H++ :-fl 39 qE4l ol4ol zl-L"Elxl -H-ol r4ls= rdL+EEE
=+./E ilIi
z : !2 - x', ola_, gE q^l
"lE d B H(e : 0)* f.E ol4. ,f (0, 0) - 0g 14 tso* {/
ql^l= al4ol4 y4
"J6-Jq^]- 44+L ag "J + gl'I v

'JH+6J+ql 46ll f '(c) - OoJ g4l+ c* *H#, +** E= I olu {r op

u #ql ql+61+ 4.g {I.z16lz}. +^Ie tl-*ol olH+Er-+ql^JE q+t+ (a, b)
zl f *(a, b) : 0oll .f ,{o, b) : OoJ ++ /el .J 4lE olE ,f(a, b)= +H{t, +*# -ral 2 --,,2--2
JE!ri,-li

E- r qL aE "IH {tol4. "tzl"_} {te_l 4+oll (a, b)E pJgE(saddle point)oJ

r+ ++.
"l H4* zH 3ql^-l Ed +*ql^J +HE EoJotl E"l] Eqdq. gHI4
se qlxldql^l Et+E r4g= dril .J+4 H-¤ gs= Hs+ t gql^J d¤
Eg r4sE 71-Ezl-+.
 866 138 trJE-'J+

EI#zI .J4lE"ll^l +{Ig ?*+^l "J *Ezl= e46}= BBol gs6l.+. ol ¤

e.l E+Eql^l +Hr3 ffi
+4He "Jtr+++"il 'I+ 241 EH.+ +4H4 +
^t6F+.

3 241 EEr+ trJEH 6d"l (a, b)oJ g+ql^l /el 241 EEEL+7I- fl4oll
f ,(o, D) :0olI f ,(o, b) - go14 6}zl- lA, (a, b)Z f E fl4ld"l4.l D= q+
o
o_E +zI.
o
a
E
(.J
o D: D(a,b) : f*,(o,b)frr(o,b) - lf,r(o,b)f'
o
E
o
c.
relfl ffiol dfl,*trt.
(a) D ) O, f o(a, b) > OolB f@, b)E **#"14.
o
ts
c
o

(b) D > 0, f o(a, b) < 0olH f @, b)E *Hal"l4.

a
E

d (c) D < OolE (a, b)+ fE "J^Jd"l4.

tlq r#e E^l tfg -?.g= 6lr ?lq-.
Ets AilH "JAtr g-tsteE E
^lfloll^1
alTlE r eg 7|.E|. '-J= E= E NorE 1 D:OolE "laqlq+= +*g + S.+. f Y @, b)ql^l +q# E= ++Al
^|"aJg
2t6l= A0lr, rfE *:do.-+ Eal'7f71l El g z*Ezl olrlE @, b)tl /q q]+dg + ?l+
E 7l-8 ts= E= Er+6|-41 Etl..
NorE 2 Dql ql+ 49 q-.q=4 zJol qE4 o + jtts 7lq"l+ Ell E+ol E+.

D: f., f,, : (f,r)'

f,, f,,
f*,fvv -

(qrll 3D ,f(r, !):xa*yo- 4ry+ tel +H{L +*{}, "J+Eg+6}+.

Efl Hxl tsrg.aE ++tr}.
f,: 4x3 - 4y, fr: 4y3 - 4x

EEq++tol E-E *ql^l "J4ld*q+4 zJol flE**E"l .tr+ 0ol El

=46lEE
: *ql^l +4*tr}.
x3-y:0, !' -x:o
ol %r-441$. Ezl +t611 A H4l
^leE+El
y - *=# + Hall 4lql EIE++.
0 :-tre - x-x(x8 - l) : x(xo - lXro + 1) : x(x' - l)(*' + lX.r4 + l)
rflH 34lsl d*r:00 1, -19 ts=+.^ll "J4Bg(0,0), (1, l), (-1, -t;o14.
++sE 241 EE6J+el D(x, y)E 4l4I6J4

f**: 12x2, f*r: -4, frr: l}y'

D(x, y) : f**fr, - (f,r)' : lMxzyz - 16

D(0,0): -16 < 0olr,+ 241 Eql+ +4HE (c)E+rl gB+ q}+dolrf. D(1, 1)
: 128 > 0,.f*(1, l) : 12 > 0olEg *4Hel (a)tr.*el "f(1, l) : -lg A*<lol4.
 13,7 rltrtrrJrt al+rJ 867

trI+l7l-zlE D(-1, -l): tZB ) 0,-fo(-1, -1): tZ;. golF_tr f(-1, -1): -lE
q^l +*alol4. /el r4E= rH 4el ?Jr+. r

a }
J
-0.5
0.5
0
.f.al 4 z:14 *yo-4xy+ I

0.9

.r
:aJ sE qlrll 3sl -sr+/el E+l+Coltrl.
(1, r)+ (-r, -r) +=oll^i E+l+d8 4l
2 aJ s.Bola, (1, l)7|. (-1,
-l)oll,\l olE
3
g:dfo"tr=rl E4.lolE /sl #3
-.JE (0, 0) +=0ll^l E+l+dP =7|"-drl.
g+Cal.
FJe _e"Jolrl.. E+l=c. fltr(/el ,Jol
l?.1 rlE)oil^j EolE+E clE "J*oil^l=
-rel tr
/el ,Jol E7[6lr, qE ,JEFollAl= #4
JEv,

-Lfrl= ?iE Eq ++. qal^l Efl+C=

qllll 3oll^J 7-d ++'Jrl tt8trol
||qql 4D 6J+ f@, y) - tlxzy - 5x2 - 4y' - x4 - Zyo4 "J41Eg +6lr oJg tF E Hfr
=4-J
"I+ E6J /E r4uql^l 7l-AI +g dg +El+. =rl.

Eil t4l ¤E='J+E +61E ++4 ztrJ.

f.: 20xY - 10"r - 4*', f, : l1x'- 8Y - 8Y'

H4Ag +617I fJol q4- 1lr¤^lg Eg"I 6J+

4 2x(l0y-5-2x2):g
5 5x2 - 4y - 4y' :0

E6J 4l Els+El q.e¤ g=+.

.tr:0 EE 10y-5-2x2:O
A H4l 4*@:0)o1l E]= -4y(t +y') -soltr, trl-+^l y:0olE+ "J4ld (0,0)
^l
g e=q.+ Hall 4+{10y- 5-2x2:o)ol]^J tr}¤¤ g=+.

6 x2:5y-2.5

"lag 4l Eql ql"J6IE 25y - 12.5 - 4y - 4y' : 0 E;- 4y' - Zty + tZ.5 :goltrI
rr}]q 4l+Izl EE e+qE ol¤.ql^J ol %I44lel 6l]= fzl4"_e +6tH r+=+
z}'rl-
E '-t.

Y : -2.5452, y - 0.6468, y - 1.8984 -3 2.7

ItIEqs rH 6r+ zJol E-* s(y) : 4y' - Zty + 12.sE

(tr}= r4sE r4-r. ¤E I
g +EI+ ) Elq^l ql+6}= f#g +6IE +s=r} +E+.
^l fal 6
868 138 EE-BI+

'5v
x:* - 2.5
y :
-Z.s42ol$ xE 4*alE d+= ,*zl ?*=4.y :0.64680l{ ,: r0.8s67olI,
y o t 8984olH x : +2.644201+. trt+^l trls -eI rJg + 57}]el g4ldg +g +
:I+ -E.= #Ee a+¤ oI4 EBll xl-El"ll^J HISHH+.
94tr J
rol
--l 7[
tsA f* D -J-

-L

(0, 0) 0.00 -10.00 80.00 +El]

(+2.64, t.g0) 8.50 -55.93 2488.12 +4
(+0.86,0.65) oLx}xl
-1.48 -5.87 -187.64 L-: d EI

a4 7]4.8e + 7J.zl +dql^J Bl-++E /E r4g Eo&3 Eq +r fl=ql, +E

* oI4 B-uJstr grt gl¤+ "J + gl4. ["]4,9,f(x, v)9 -s.¤^l o ++q "J + 9l
4. lr le| ly ltl ufl xlullalf %r-ol -ro - 2yool4.l /el +4¤ql^l /sl #f,i$ uln
= : Ht+J EI-6-1-E /el r4sql^l 7l-+I +
6lH, /E 4q#g 11+2.64, 1.e0) 8.50014.
g d.l==e. 1+2.64, 1.90, 8.50)ol+.

.r
.v
x

W
-tzl
JE'
-?
.f.eJ g tr

qlrll 4sl -Et+ /011 tH-.J sTt|ol EZIEE :

aJ 9q E+l+doll^l ,$zJ+qo+ LtElLjr|..

-3 3 -lr

-ral
Jl=
o
v

(qq 5D 4 (1,0, -2)ql^l ¤E *-t2y+z:4tllzl4+448 +6I+.

Efl gEE d (x, y, e)oll^'l (1,0, -})nlzlE ,lal= tls=4 +q.
d: '(x-1;'ty'*(z+2)2
 13.7 Al'l',Jr'i 4+',J 869

r4+ (x,y,z)71 BE x-t2y+e:491 +"1 glqH z: -x-2yola, q+^l

d: -1 + + 6-x-2y) g e=+ +++ ++ + trJ +++ Edg al
AE+H-_e_ErAl dE 4CE}B + 9ttrI.

dz : f(*,y) : (r - l), + y, + (6 - x - Zy),

trI+^] +S %FC{$ EzI.

f,: 2(x- 1) - 2(6 - * - 2Y) : 4x + 4Y- 14 : 0

f, : 2y - 4(6 - x - 2y) : 4x * 10y - 24 : 0

+"J+ "J4ldg (+, +)o'l+. ,f* :4, f ,y:4, f yy- 10olr=-+ q+g g=+.
D(*, y) : f**fr, - (f-r)' : 24 ) o, ,, > 0

E++ +¤Hql el6ll /= (+, i)q^t ++#g +=+ zl+4 o-e ol +

rq-+^J 241

*aFl al*<iol4* A.g g + iltr}. El+61-E +q4l ¤Hql= (1, 0, _2)ql tl* zl
zI8 dol gl¤"I 6f7l trll+ol+. x: +olz y : iol$ +q-+ ,J+.

d: (x-1)'*y'+(6-*-21)': +(+ + (t)' I6 ,/i

qlfil sE EE1= 0|E6H^J E + ?ltl. 1l.s
44rJ (1, 0, -2)ql^J ¤ ts , + 2y + z: 44^19 4+4 4= f /e "1c1
r trsl gtErl" HlEafl Hr[.

(o{!41 5|) +4ol s,= al+Eill trxtE t2m2 *4E "J=+. "l tr-zlE 6l'I +j4
E +6I+.

EOI zH 10$ zjol zJol, LJHI, +ol$ *, y, z* 6l-z}. {zlrJ ++l= mol4. rqfl
+z|E +i{. rlf$ e+ I

v: xyz
I

z
J*

^JxIq
qlgE+ EEq Holz} 4¤.+ ,Jtrl= ol+6IH yE olE* ,s+ yg
6J+E
^Idg
Etrg + 9l+.
_v

f.al 10
Zxz*42+xy:12
ol 4lg e.ll 4ol] EE e : (tz -
"y)/lz(x
+ y)lE Etr, vql qlEl E,¤+ q-q=r+ ++
12 - xy
v:xyrkT; lZxy -
ffi
x2yz

¤=gag 4l4l6IH trl-g+ +tr}.

AV v'(12 - Zxy - x2) aV x'(12 - Zxy - y')

-:0x 2(x + y)2 ' 0y 2(x + y)2

Vz[ .i{rflolH., aylax : dVlEy: Qo]tr}. rfl+ x:0 gi. y: flol$ y: QolF + r}
¤- %r-4^lg ¤qo| ++.
870 138 EE--J+

12 - Zxy - x2 : O, 12 - Lxy - y2 :0

olE+El *, - y,* er q+Al x: yol+. ("1 ExllollrJ ,e+ vb e-5 *ol

"l-Hg i
+6lx}.) + 7}+ql 6|+ql x:yE qlfldlE t2-3x2:0¤- geq, olEf,el x:
^l
2, ! : 2, z : (12 - 2 2)/12(2 + 2)l
- : 19 E=r+.
E++ +cHg ols-all.rJ ol4g yel +q"J¤- H"J + 91r+. E= ol Exllel E
241

44 dd-E+q alH{lol fxllEpcll rag ve-l "J4ldql^l +4u|-7, r g4l¤3,

:2, !:2, z: toJ ++"I H+r +E_g! +E it+ tr++^l V : Z . Z . t: 4ol.Etr.
,$xI9 44 +ul= 4 m3ol4. I

f iq',[,JEt Elt'J
"JH+sJ+e+ ,Jol, olE+EL+e.l 4H{t4 4+{}e 4EEql^J fts + gt= /el
-
7l+ aI4 zI=J 4+ #oltrI.

7 8sl @, b)tf olH+si+ /el 4EE D "Jql fl= Eol4a 6l-zl.

. D oJel EE (x, y)ql 4Ell f@, b) z f(x, y)olE f@, b)* cEE Dql^l /el
iEI H'J(absolute maximum) o I +.

. D oJ9 EE (x, y)oll E|]a.11 f@, b) ! f(*, })ol$, f(a, b)i ee-lE Dql{ /E
El*il(absolute minimum) ol trI"

.JH+B+ /.il ++ +r,tdq- ql+tJ la, blql^J /rI ¤+olH 4lHatr+ /-

4+#¤. *.+= ag "J++. 3.r¤el ql++ "JHql qsE .J4l++"J otq4
"J ¤4 a, &oll.r-l /el {tg 4141aJe -84 "l +{tg +g + ?lH+.
olH+++"il qlql^JE Hl+6J BHol gt+ q++"1 gEE-g E*61= a r
ilH R'.il^l 4lilEt(closed set)* -tr- 44149 s6Jor= dBol4. [d (a, b)E
+dsE + EE fl+ol D.ll +6I- 44 o91 +61-^l g+- dE EELts rJl d (a,
b) E DE 44l4ol+ ++.1 q= +¤- g++ fl ,' * v' :1 +lc+ LH+el E
=q
E d-"-+ +cg qldBol4.
D: {(r,y) lr' * y'< l}
(a) rlldB E]+:"IE ad+ zl-4lE 44lB(g x2+y2: I gl9 E= E)g E-+ Ee-6Ir. 9l
r----l 7l trll$ol4. :4* 441+d +lE dol af{z}E EEI-xlH, r d.Jg gldE}ol "f
tl Ll4(:1H 1l d-4).
I tt
l
tt m'oilrl +IlfltrGounded set)* qH g+'H+ql soJ!= d$oltt. +^l E"}
(b) qldflol otg doJ E ¤99 =zltr E *ll +,*+ d'*o14. olxll .,?4ldEJ4 qldBsEAl 2il-g +
reJ 11
{t4?-lE "JE + glr}
 13.7 ll'l'Jr[!+,J 871

I olE+Et+oil EHEI R, .Jel +Al?l qldsJ Dql^] fl4olE, .f=

Dql ++ d =,JEq "fzl
(xr, yr), (xr, yJgJrl 61H{t f(xv yr)4 fl+{f f(xz,y)3 7*
l- rI
"lH
-T.

44 trol BaF6l+ +{tg +6}EjH, 4?l Eql 9ol] /z} 1x,, y,)ollrl *rt¤- z}
zlfl (xr, yr)* /9 .J4ldol4+ D4 A4lflol+= #+oflot 6J+. +gg
^l*¤oll
+zJE El++ *Bol4.

9 +41"J qldEt Dql^l E+.J/el 4lH<t4 4l+{tg +61-48

E1-+

1. D 4+ql +6J /el oJ4dql^l /el alg +++.

2.D4 {4lql^l /el 4E#4 a]+#g +++
3. 1,z+AlE+q g+ # * zl1iJ- - {tC 4H{L 7}tr-1ig ,Jg al*alol4.

(qq TDzl^f4$ D:{(r,y)lo(x(3,0<y<2}ql^J Bf .f(x, fi:l-

Zxy + 2y9 4H#4 +l+#g +61-+.

Efll r= 4ale+"IsE +41.J ql^Lr+¤ Dql^J s4"14. trl+^l 4=1 lalepq 4l

qa}4 4l*#ol E+ "J + tl+. 4El EE lB4lql 44 Hxl "Jaldg +
=xllElg
rag q+4 ag ql elzl.uF +"J+ 9414e- (1, r;o1r4. v
=+. L3 (2,2)
(0,2) (3,2)
f*:2x-2Y:O
f':-Zx+2:0 L, L2

ol d+ D oJq dql^J /E akg fQ, r): 1014.

?ll:z (0,0) Ll (3,0)
2E4ql^J :zB r2s+ rJol 44lE dE rr, L2, L3,, roE +CE Dsl A4l"ll^l f E
"T

4k
g +++. rrql^l y: OoJIr-E trt+g EE+. :lal 12

f(*,0):7s2, 0 < x < 3

ol4e r9 fzl$fol4 ulr].r] 4lt4,[g.f(0, 0) : soJ-tr alq{tg-,f(3, 0) : 9014.
4qlrJ ,: 3olp F q+g E.+.

f(3,y):9-4y, 0<y<2
olag ye-l ,JAE.J+olg ul-al.,r-f 4*#+ f(3,2) _ 1olJ. 4Halg,f(3, 0) : eol4.
Lr9laJr-2olFE++gg=+
f(*,2):x'-4x*4, 0<x<3
al*#+ 3AlE %IHg l[le4+ tr+61 f(x, z): (x - z)r* +gEil^] 4*#+ f(z, z)
: goJ-IZ. 4lH{tg f e, Z): 4"Jg "J4.
"l-xlEe=e
r*gJ^l ,:
golE_tr q+¤ E=+.

"f(0,y):2y, 0<y<2
872 138 trE-Et+

9 r4 o-+ 4*#.g,f(0, 0) : solT 4H#g f (0,2): 4014. trl+^J 44lql^l /e-l 4l

+#g 0oll flfl#e eol+.
3+4lql^l "J4ldql^Jel {l /(1, 1) : 14 olfl #5$ Hln61-E Dql^l alH#g
,f(3,0):9o1tr, 4*#g,f(0,0) -f(2,2):0"J8 AEll=+. rH 13+/el rql
0
u olrl-
I t.

Ll

.2711-E:d+ trJEEsl
2
0 L2
=B
f.g 13 ,f(x, y) : x' - ?xy + 2y 241 +cB9
EEL+ (a)5 +EalErJ ol ¤g tr}zlEi 6J+. G)E Hl+oJ %r-He
E +H6J + gltt.

Eel EeJ (a) EB t: {h, /c)el H}6}eE/el 241 %1-6}E6J+= fafl Bx}. 141
EoJ+} 13.6¤el 4?-l Eql tr}+ +-q=r+ zJol i{d+
D,f:f.h+fyk
+ Hall "l$g trllE ol 4+6IE E=+.
44=
Dlf : Du(Duf) :
* (D,f)h. (D,f)k +
: (f**h + fi.klh + (f,rh + fiyk)k
: f,,hz + zf,yhk * frrk', (=ElleE 4?-lql e.l61l)

ol
^lg
Sdxll#sE _IilE +*¤ e=+.
10 D: r: *(o. *o)' * {c*r* - rh)

f,,(o,b) > 0* D(a, b)> Ool i"lzl 9i+. rflql ,f*,e} D:fofr, -1,39 E+
ol+0lF_tr, +dol (a, b)olr qlzJ$ol 6 > OoJ flT4 rzp +xHdl^J (,r, y)zl- Boll
flg f o(x, y) > 04 D(x, y) > 0ol {B'J+. :f4=-e- ^l Eql^l -E-= EIe+
tr+l

zJol (.r, ylzf Boll 9l¤. D3 f @, )) > O"Jg grll gtrl. olag c7l Elel u9 %L
"l
oJsE 4 P(o, b, f (o, b))E zl+- +4¤Eol /E r4se+ r.ilql,<1 rJzlE 4
dol4E, c. ,Jol 26oJ +rJ.ll^J *l_e s_qa1r1-5 ag Eql+. ol4,ol EE 4El
u9 *Elql^l ^dB6irrE (x, y)E B qlql +q fl+r. xll+6lB /E :-4sE Poll
^l
raq +B4BE fl+E"ll +ol4l g+. ,ri+^l @, y)tl n q}{l 9lg ,ll f (x, y)
2 f (a, b)ol+. "l4g f(a, b)zl +*rr}"J¤- Eq +r+. r
 13.7 iltrl'Jrl El+'J 873

13.7 | E+=xtt

l. ¤+oJ 241 Ee-+E += ++ /el fl4ldol (1, l)oJ trll, EEtr-t+ rulls+ F+l+d EE + rBg E+ ol+Ell^J q+-
tr]¤ 4 4+ /ql ql6l] +H.g "J.J + 9liz}? ++E +H11, +*#rl g1+dg +d"I{. r.oJ ul4Eolg
(a) ,f,,(l, l) : 4, f-r(1,1) : l, frr(7,1) :2 ol$-at.{ olEel 4+.J {tg +6}+"
(b) r,(1, 1) :4, .f,r(l, 1) : 3,
frr(l,l):2 13. /(x, y): x'+ y' * *-'y-'
2. trl-¤. ¤l+l+dg ol+6ll.Al gLf ,r(r, y) : 4 + I + y, - 3*y 14. f(x,y) : sinx * siny * sin(x * y),

E g4ldel +lil= ql+61+. 4 941¤qlrJ .J^Jc.Jxl 0<x12rr,0Sy<2r

*q.Jxl q+oJzlE +461-+. +46J ol+= ¤H6E,
E zAl E,6J+ +CHg 0l+611^l ql+ er+= +"J6].+. T 1s-16 lqlxll 4ollrlxiH) /el "J41dg oI4 call xI4
^+¤
zfxl zfl$r}rll +614. E+ "J4lEg ffi61a :.4gglrJ al
v
l.E, BlzJdg +a.14.
15. /(x, 1l) : xa * Yo - 4xzy * 2y

3.2
16. f(x,!): xa * y'- 3x2 + Y' * x - 2Y + I
3.7
1t-20 4+ d+ Dql^l /9 4l*#r+ 4+(tg +614.
,{
3.
3. 6 17. f(x, y) - x2 * y', - 2x, h 4+l¤ol (2, 0), (O, 2), (0, -2)
"J
q+48 Bq
18. f(x,!): xz + Y'* xzy * 4,

D:{(*,r) llxls t, lyls t}

3-11 trl+ 'J+e] +H{t ++{i, "Jt}d¤. +6F}. 414}zl q
19. f(x,Y): xz -t 2Y' - 2x - 4Y * l,
fl+El= +s,+ ^dpg E+ Eellll= 4
ol$alf,tJ 6J+e.l
D: {(*,f) | O ( x ( 2,0 < } < 3}
= HI-+E=
flq$ +dg ¤c6fl^l r?{s$:aBl+.
Zo. f(x,!):2x3 * yo, D: {(*,i I x'+ y'< 1}
3.f(x,y):x2*-ry*y2+y
4. f (*,!) :Lxz - 8ry + yo - 4y' ffizr. E+.J "JH+6J+tl 2zll! +H{tg 7*r, +*#9 z*zl
: ?+= Ae Ezl-L"al4. :fl+ olg+E!+g q= olfl C
5. f(*,y) (, - yxl - ry)
¤g += Qlfzt 4* Efz}2zflg .J4ld"Jg
6. f(x,y) : y,E - y' - 2x * 7y zl-49
=x}|t.Ju|.
r*ql^l E+ +q.Jg trol+.
-H_o11,

7. f(*,Y) : x3 - 3x * 3xY2 f(*,y): -(*'- I)'- (*'y - * - l)'

8. f(*,!): xa - 2x2 * Yu - 3Y relr qB4l :fl "Jol zl-btxl g + ilE+ cEq4
ufr{-H-E +dg ¤ ¤C6ll^J raj+.
9, f(*,y): xy - x'y - xy2
22. 4(2,0, -3)ql^J ¤H r*y* z:1.il1t14 3l+4r-lE+
10, /(x,j) : e' cos y
orq.
11, f(x,y) : yz - 2y cos.r, -1 < x < 7
23. d (4, 2, o)ql tl5! tlnl$ flB e' : x2 + y'el dg +614
12. f(x, !): x2 t 2= +6JBl "tg "J4l¤g +r
4y'- 4xy + 24. o.;ol 100olH^j +ol 414?J :211E "J+= +6t4.
?+ $ql^J D : ooJg tro14. E 7+ .J4ldql^J +*# 25. qlxlE r"J 791 4d6l-= 7l*
? 4+EAIE +El= +61-+.
(olzt 3l*6|)¤. 7t4¤. _Hq4.
26. B +Alfiol ¤E x*zy+32:6ql fll, rll Eol 4IE*
874 138 EE-.J+

Hql ilqq, zjl1gts+rJql il= 7l1J- ? zl+EillE +q ¤Hql dg 4H4. ol dE"l 4d +lql 4qq +q 9l
E +6I+.
zt. rzdq ,JoJsl B"l -x.# coJ pulTt 4lqle 4+EAIE
il+=- +6I+. 4).

28. g{ol flE +zle "JE 4-4el *ulzt 32,000 cm'o14. v

ol++ Sxl9 o}g 4aE+al+ il#- +61-4. (xi, yi)
a
di ?
lJ.zt9 7l+ z+
2e.
^t4¤ 'I4dq A"ltl LoJ trll, 7l+6J
("r1, y1) r r
a
fa
a

irl$ +dI{. mx,* b

3s. .r.ffulxl+{+trt"J¤xlflb q}ql^l zHxil9 ++g

^JEI4I
+*'* at"l4. ,rll #ol 9l= iJEI4lql ql6l] ffi$ zJol 0 ,T

49841 alz}.
di=li- (*,+b)E zldgE+rl d 1x,, y,)E +zl¤zt
H: -pr lnpr - p2lnpz - pzhrpt
+ 6}zt. flr4l+Bg ol ¤;(l¤E 4l+E tl.L },a,rg al
4zlrl p,E rJ44l qlql^l +,E Hl+g +4u+. 4s+6|+ ml bZ e{+q. ol Hlflql rr|EH alt'-e-l zl
(a) pr * Pz * pt: rg q HE olE+EI+s +44+
+dg +s-rl ,J-g" trll Bqdg Eq+.
G) HE 4EqE? nn

(c) H9 4l*#g +6F+. qH pr, pr, pz4l4 alqzt mZ x, + bn:2 y,

=l i:l i:l
t-- -zLO
-/l! *i*?+bi x,:ix,y,
i:l i:l i:l
3I. El+IllElEl EJ 4qtzlzl + oJ x, yzl d¤4t_l +41, + ol

H *4 &ql qi6li y: mx + b= "J+tiI= Ag EJg trJEJ rH=_+ ol zldg zfllel trlzl+ m4 b4l +'J + %IA4
*rlE zlxla- glqr 7I46izI. 4ulzlzl deg ql^l E g Eqd Eg + 9l+. (+la4l*Bql 4t rJ "*g bE
(x,, y,), (xz, yz), . . ., (xn, y,)9] Bqle xlEE go|,tJ 3|E' e+ ¤+e 1.2¤g +I++.)

13.8 IeEe,+#
13.7¤E q1z1l 0911.] 4Holtl tz m2+L $zlazlaloll Zxz*Zyz*rry: 12= xll

eled o _tr 6H^l +EEt+ y - ryz= al'ilir+fl+. ol ¤ql^J i sG, !, z) : kel

?J

C 849 xlle+aa(E- 4tl+4)g "J+6I- "JHI4.J Et+ f(x,y, z)E al4 E

4l4E a]-b 4:r++e] "JHg 441++.
y
=
r eEeJ+ ++: Ell 7[rl filE rzJ
f(x,y):11
f(x,y):10 4:z="+fg %r-Bql qlEll 7l6IE4q1 zla= ¤H6I= rll= olH+B+E A*tl 4
g(x,y): f(x,vl:9 fl+. tr14^l s(x,y): ft EqE arJg "J+o.]-= f (*, ilA +{}g +-olE-7l-E +
f(x, yl : I
k
q. r+^l E6ll^-1 d (x, ylzl- E9l4d s(x, y) : kql +q lig .l y)9 +{tg
f(x,y):7 "f(x,
0 x *o}EzlE ++. rH 19 +C s\,y): ft= /E q+l E+l+d+ E}41 Eq +
-ral
JEI
{ 4.olE c:7,8,9, 10, 11"J trll %F441 f(*,y): cE ++t+. g(x,y): kE 4
 13.8 slraJ+ ++ 875

dsE y)E alqlE q-= ag sk,y): fre+ E+l+d f @, y): 19 f,d +

"f(x,
ql^l Tltr- z cE +6I= aolq. rH 1s+El olfl
^JsJ¤. +dol ^lE B6J
trll,

+ +Ed+lol E4]ts trI "J"l'J+- Ag "J + gl+(rBzl t*sH ,g <lg cls

q ,le + fl+). olAg dd (xo, yJollrl HCSol .JrlElg 9"1fl4.r4=_a
tl&tl ElqEg Tl"J6l-+. +, 4'&6J nql qlall V/(xo, yo) : ,t Vs(x6, y6)
ol+. ^"Jel
olfl EHg xll"-IErJ s(*, !, z) fr= :
"J+El+ f (x, y, e)9 7d-b Exll *#9
qlE rqe 4+¤+. tr++^J d (x, y, z)b r}44lol s(x, !,2): ft.J E+l+E S
q +q fl- ase xllffi E=rl rH 1ql^J F+l+d 'ItF+l+E f(x, v, z)
: cE ^J4I++./E 61H'Z.tol ,f(xo,Jo, zo) -colH E+l+ts,f(x, !, z): cb F*l
*E g(*, !, z) : kql d6l-41 sl-L, q+^J ql+"I- zlszl ElqEg ^-lE B4
ol+.
olfl zl+4.J bBg'+gr+ ,Jol ¤4alril s¤B + gl+. Elf /zI *H se.l
d P(ro,1,0, zo)q^J +{tg *=q;. z}{a}-r., sql +q ile{^J p$ xlu}-u- =-
4. cty EEI%r-{^l r(r): (x(r), y(t), z(t)|tr E.flgcil a1z1.to7l d pql 4so6l-
E rllzll{*<lolE r(ro): (ro,yo, eo)ol+.BdB+ h(t) -f (x(r), y(r), z(t))* fzl
4d cq^l +16l-- r.Ig +r].U+ f7l @o, l,0, edgl^J +#g zlxlr=_tr, tu* roql
+{Ig 7*a, q4^-l h'(ti: 0014. rq+/zl- trl+71+61-E fl4llHzl¤. ol*
^J
6H^J +¤-4'Jol ¤+ 9l+.
0 : ft'(ro)
: f*(xo, yo, zo)x'(to) + fr(*o, yo, zo)y'(to) + f,Go, yx, zs)z'(ts)
: Vf(xo, 1,0, zo) . r'(ro)

olAg t\#tl ulel V/(*0,1l0, zo)ol re+ rJg E_- +d Cql q6J] ddEEl r,(ro)
q +4"J¤ eq ++.rq+ 13.6¤E+rl g9 tl&tl ulrl Vg(rO,),0,20)s_ E
EJ rfl +iJ.I QlrJl r',(r6)ql +zl"Jg ol"l
"Jl gl+(13.6¤E ^l E er-4). ol
49 zl¤zl Elel V/(xo, ya, zo) rl Vg(ro, yo, zo)ol .r-lE ¤4"J9 FrJtrI. r4.E_E
Ys(*,,!o,zo) + oolE +g ztg "J+61+ # nzl =zH++.
tr Y f (*n, yo, zo) : ,1. Vg(xo, 1,0, zo)

,(l
--1+ ,\E aEH+ *+(Lasranse multiplier)4-flt-l
1 ql^J 4l trq zlafl B zlraJ+ ^_+ts saJa-OlEJeiol"J ++rl.
aflaJ+(Joseph-Louis Lagrange, 1736*
H+ rl-+4 A+ l8l3)el ol== nt^l E?] Eaol+. afr
eJ+"| EqP 3.2tr8 Hal.
EllaJ+ ++El s(*,y, r) : kE "J+61-= f (x, y, z)9 4H#4 =l+{tg +61-zl
$l"H[olfl +#ol *H s(r, !, z) : ftql^J ys # 0+.Z zl-C.J]
=zfl6l-t
1. c1-e-c EI+6k x, !, z, iel ,tg .E-+ +,*+.

Y f(*, !, z) : )tY g(x, y, z)

876 138 EIEE}+

alreJ+el UEE +E--J rtl, Vs # 0= g(x,Y, z) : k

TlEEtt[ 4 qlr]loll^l s(*,y, z) : kE "J
+o|.= -E= Eoll^1 Ys * oE Atrg + 2. r*4q^l ++EE d (x,y, z)oll^J /E alg 4l4I.J4 ol <IE #zl* = {}
9ltl. E+EIjl l80ll^l Vs:08 ql e+ ol /E alHat"la, Tl+ 41-* (tol /sl El*#ol+.
7lg8g+?l-E+?lrl.
EEl"J{^l V/: ,1, VsE rEE {Eg-e /AH, l+4lel 49 ++4 rJ4.
)rgr, f, : )r$r, f, : )rg,, g(x,Y, z) : k
f* :
ola.g ull oJzlf r, y, z, iql 4,* ql zflel al-e-E ol+q4l ¤B%Fdalol4. (ol
%LHql ql'J EE.o + iel 4q+ {tg +B gs. H.xl"Jl zlso 6J E-= 6l]E +6l]
: : :
"t ++. x xs, ! Jo, z zsol EflILl{{q 6110lr.
ql+6}- 19 #ol 0ol ot
ulE v/(r0, )0, r0)e} vg(ro, )0, zo)* (".| ¤E EE+qI.^l zlalu|{-o + fl#+ a
4 zJ"l) BBol4. ,,\ :0olH V/(*0, yo, zo) :6ol_tr (xs, .yo, zo)3 /E g4ldol4.
tr14^J r(*0, /0, eo)* CEq"il^l f 4 +akol E + flsq,f E 7l!"* +#g +
zll"*9 ++'JtrHql4 31 +4).
"l+l
"lH+*+ql ql.J 4]eli ++Bg *ql^J ¤E+ %r-B+ Hl+6I+. xllef4d
s(x,y): ftE "J+61+ "f(x, y)9 4lfl{rr+ 4+{}g +6|eJH q-Sg "J4flt x,
y, ,\E +6]]oF 6J+.

Yf (*, y) : ,[ Vg(x, y) , g(x, y) : k

olag q*q=+ rJg r*= ,}¤4g ¤BeE += "Jql 6ll'}¤+.

^]I "l;q+E ^ll
7: i{1,, fr: )tgr, g(x,l) : k

(qlrll 1D g x2+yz = lgl^l EL*.f(x, !):x2+zy'A al*#4 4*{tg +6}+

Eil xll"Ja4 sk,!) : x2 * y' :19 "J+6.1+ /el 4lH{tr+ 4*<}q 4fl E4lol
4. 4:.*i ++Hg "l+B1l^l %I4^l Yf
:,rVs, s(x,y): 19 ++. oli rl-e=$
,Jol ++ 9l+.

f, : )t fl,, f, : )t gr, g(x, y) : I

E= q.g=r+ zJ"l ¤ + gl+

2 2x:Zxlt
3 4y :ZyL

4 x' + y':1
al trlg+fl 2*(l - ,\) : goJ-r:g x:0 EE f : 19- g=+. x: 60lg 4l Eql^l
y: tloltrI.i: lolH lTlp-e+rl ,: sol-tr 4+^l 4l Eq 9a}l x- -F1olr+.
^l
rElF.e /= ql d (0, l), (0, -1), (1,0), (-1,0)ql^l a]qalr+ 4l+#g rla + 9l
4. "]fl 'Jl dq^l /E #g +6lH q+4 e+.
 13.8 alraJ+ ++ 877

f(0,1):2, "f(0, -l):2, /(1,0) : 1, f(-t,O) : I

-r.+lF-a fl.*'* y':1q^l /sl alfl{t+.f(0, +1): /olr, al+#g/(+1,0):
lol+. 716l+4oE re zelrJol ol dEe-*d c +lql^J 414d4 alAdql q+
6JtrI.{zlrl c=xllEaa"J fl f + y',:1 u}_tr +lql +ol=EEH z:x2 +2y, fl
9 d=e +CE+.
t H 39l,rl "f9 E" rd rHg Eq++. f (x, y) : x2 + 2y'9 4H#r+ 4*{I+ fl
f + y': 14 EI+= /el F+l+dql qlg" ++.

t"
z: xz + Zyz

L-
v
flx, v):2
f(x, v) :
l* 1
t
t

C
I
0 x
I

-f

x2 + y2:1 Y x'+ y' :1

-tel ,) -rel 2
JAL JE \ll

4r++ rJHeJ A qlE 13.7¤E ql^{ 6ql^J +qd E4l. +^l ^J46l] tr}
(qg! 2D +4ol H* z]+H;ll lJ.xlE t2m2 *zlE EI=tr}. "l ^}zlg 4l'}] +q
-= +61-4

El4ElEIJI= IlqF
Etrfl 13.7E9 {lxll 64 zJul x,!, zE +?+ *^lg ,Jol, Hul, +ol4 E-l-x}. q7l^l E
3.7tr011^l tr-"^IE ?JP
aZE U+o,l'= olH+-st+= ElEql.olts
gl= mol4. +s_4 zJ* xlleladql ql6l] v: xyz= 4l4gl-6l.elr ++.
1o+ il+g + !ltl- E+EIll e*lioll
:Zxz * Zyz * xy : 12 3.7troll^1 tr?IE qal Tfrl Erll= rl
g(x,y,z) ^l
EEt ?iolq elraJ+ ++g= 0lE6}|
4:=Jf ++Hg ol$all,<J YV:,\ Vg, g(x,y,z): l2g EI+61- x,!,2,,\E +6J ^l r ErJl- Erf.
^l
+. ola.o ++El rl-+ Et.+.
^lg
Vr: hg,
V, : )'{!,

V, : ig,
Zxz I Zyz t xy: l2

rJol 84.
"JE +q=4

tr yz:t(22+y)
6 xz:)t(22+x)
878 138 EEB+

7 xy: t(Zx + 2y)

8 Zxz*Zyz*xy:12
ol flBHIC{gEzl +lEL.JHlzl.J +flg S.eq, ElltrllE {H zltz[ Ss-o[4.o1
qlxllql^J 4 Elql ,, Eql y, Eql eE #ol-E rlHol "JilB¤. E + gl4. :24
^l ^l
E'l¤¤ e=+.
9 xyz:)t(Lxz+ry)
fl=J'Jtr^l E-EE 4; rfP HJEP r
xyz:h(Zyz+ry)
oll r|]"=|.| 'JE^l EI E} trE EL 'Jrle 10
Ee e4l lolrl. 11 xyz: )r(Lxz + Lyz)
^l= =:=

,\= 0ol E + ?lxltl ¤zlrlE i l0oltr}. glrt-"}H ,[ :0olE E, E, 7

oJHl4_"-e"
^]
E+El yz: xz: xy:6ol-tr, "l4g 4l trql E+o]4. :24.p+ 4l Ee+Egg+
El r-l+¤ e=+.
Zxztxy:Lyz*xy
1,xz:yeol4.rEl+ z*0(z:0oJE V:0o14)ol=+ r:yoltr| 4l E4 It
E-+El trI+g g=4.
Zyz*xy:Zxz*2yz
ft, Zxz: 4,ol-tr- x I oolpE y : zz! EY+. ol4l 4l trql x: y -- ZzE 4E6IE
trl¤g E=+.
422+422+422:12
x,!, z E+ "J+olF-+ z: l, x:2, y:28 tsE+. q+^J f7l 4E 'al*ft* zI
¤ + 1l= +g+ ¤g ts=4. fzl ol dql^l 3lH{t E= 4*#g z*Ezl qBrll E
# gl9zl-? 13.7¤E {lzll 64 ,Jol *4zl-+EL 4ql^J alH{}"] 444"t 6l-71 tr}lE
9l :. aql^l 4l'll +nl7l q"lo} al-=. 4,¤- eq54. I

H Eg +61-+.

EOI A (x, y, e)E*El (3, 1, -t)ttlzl 44= q-q-+ ?Jr-+.

d: (x - 31'+ (y - 1)' + (z + I)z

rfl{ tr}+ r149 zll$$ al4 44:l+6lfl 4l4I* q +l+l4f+.

d2:f(*,y,r):
- 3)'+ (y - 1)'+ (z + l)2
(*

4qt3dg E (x, y, z)7Y +Hq fl4b 4o14. +, q+¤ Ef,+.

g(x,y,z) : x2 + y' + z2 -- 4
+r%F+ ++Hql ,'+4 flHiLl{^l V/: i Vs, s: 4E ++. 4+r+ ?JL+.
=,
12 2(x - 3) :2x),
 13.8 afreJ+ *+ 879

2(y-l):2y.tr
14 2(z + I) :22),
15 x'+y'*22:4
oJc4lg +E 7l-+ ++.J %l$g 4l ftE, FE, lrEl_e.ts{ ,, y, zE nql q6l1 E_tr,
"l
olfl alg 4l Eql qloJ6}= 4ol'I. sl EzE+q trI*+ E=tr|.
4
1
x-3:-trr\ ::+ tr(l -A):3 A,- ral 4ts qlrll 30il^1 +E71.+E011^l 7|.8
- I -.\
71il1 8 tr P= Eq +r g,lrl. trlE= ol8
[1 - i + O"Jql +q-6]zl- e++'l-H ,r: 13 4l EE+el Ezl#61-71 trllEoltr].] Hl+ 6lrl oJr E Pq rlE= +g + ?1ts7l-?

+ -,JBs-tr q+g ts=+.

^l EE4 EEql^l
11
r- 1-1 ' Z
1-i
r4oe ^l EEql
ql"J6IE +¤-3 ts=tr} l\

\-I
(-1)2 )
32 12 -l

-rf - 1r -^;' - (t -trF:4

(1
x P
EI+^l (1 - i)': +, 1 - i : *Ji/2olr:-+ trl-¤¤ B=trI. .)r

(3, t, - 1)

^fr
tr":1tT fB4
old Ael Alq ql+qE d (x, y, e)E 4*aI A+.

#,h,il, (
6

,[t' Ji' Ji
22

/= a H4l dql^J q 4I3 z*g zl-dg flr{ g + 9lsstr_ 71,} 7l

olE d z}¤cll
4+ dg (e/,/i,z/,fr, -z/^fr)olr, TI1L tr d+ (-oirfr, -z/.,fr,z/Jn)
ol+. r
(qfr| 4l) flSD:{(r,y)l*'+y'! 1}"ll^l f@,y):x2+2y'4 4qAF+ 4l*
{tg +6}+
pfl r:.zEel 4?-l El.ll^Jel ¤zlql q-+ aaldql^iel {t4 .J4l¤ql^lE /el atg Hl
_noll ExI. f*:2*, fr=Ay"lzl g4l¤g(0,0;o14. "J4ldql^l /E rrtq
"llEoll +"J+
4re}+ ++¤. oleoaJ qlxll lql.^J +EL a4l +lql^Je.l 4H#4 4l*#g ulla]J tszf.

"f(0,
o) : o, "f(tl, o)
: , 1 f(0, tl) : 2

_74== Dql^J /E 4H<Ie,f(0, t1): zolt 4l*#+"f (0,0):oo1r1. rH s=

flsn /el r4E .J+E -H_"JtrI.+EE 6lqlBe (0, tl)ql^J +4+r 4lzl
+lql^l
d+ gdqlC ,++++ Ag E + gl+ :zH 6* fl* a +lql d4C /el Eo trd _a
Hg Eq++.
880 138 trlE-'J+

}'
f(x, v):2
f(x, v):1

z: f(x, Y) ;\
-f,
__t_
I
\0
D

/
-r
x2+y?<l

ral s fal 6

IeEaJ+ ++: + 7[Il 4lEEfl

F zlxl xll"JarJ(4zl4'd) s(x,y,z): k+ cE "J461+ B+ h(x, y, z) -
.f(x, y, z)9 al*#4 4*rtg +6J+i1 z|{a}zf. zlaiqt{ o e ol4e- ++l+E
h:c Ys
g(x,y,z): k\ h(x, y, z): c4 j/zl+d Coll fzllal5 E (x, y, z)ql^'l /el 4*
{tr+ 4l+r,tg *=+. Fol4(:H 7 er-4). /el 4lH{tr+ 4l*#g d P(ro, yo,
C
zo)ollrJ *-+r 6l-x} ol EE E"J+E+E] V/- p"ll^l *d cql #zlol4. s
P
vh
oJ VgE- g(x,y,z): ftql f4oll Vh+ h(x, y, e) : coll fzlolog Vsg} vhE-
q:k

-r
5-+ cql fzlol4. olAg t!#t\ ulel v/(ro, ys, zs)ol Vs(*0,1lo,eo)rl Vh(xs,ys,
-tAl
JE'

es)e-tr edq- ¤Eql +q 9i+g 9"loJ4(219-tl EqEe 071 ol-ijz ¤qEL

zlr $r]._:t 7t¤+r+) q-El^] ++ %Ic4l¤- "J+6I= + ,\4,,r(zlz%I+ ++)
zl-5x.l1tr4.

16 Y f (*o, yo, zo) : ,1. Vg(xs , !o, zo) + p,Yh(xs, yo, zo)

ol A+ 4zqri9 Br-H+ 54lE "lzl+ x,!, z, i,poll ++ rlf s4lE %I44g

¤ol^l 4*{t+ El+aL¤. +-+. olfl B}449:z4el C+_q_E ^l EEg .tr¤
alz zllefad {g ole" fl.r'f q+4 ,Jol g-4.

f*: I P,h,
),,9*

fr: )tg, * Fh,

fr: )tg, * p,h,

g(x,Y,z) : k

h(x,y, z) : c

(q4! 5D ¤E r-t*z:l4flzlf x2+y2:1ol "J+=rdq^l o]|f(x,y,z)

:,r * Zy + 329 4*#g +614
 13.8 alraJ+ *+ 881

Eil 4letarJ g(*,!,2): x - y * z: lt] h(x, !, z): x2 + y2: lg "J+6I= EI+ :aJ sollrl Ets Hlel eol fl+E f + y,
= lll BE r- y* z = l0l ULIAI Elfl
f(x, y, z) : * + 2y + 3zE 4l4s+"1-- +^lJol+. +r*+ aAg Yf :,[ Vs + pYh 0lEtl. qlll s= (x, y, z)E 0l r13o;
olt=E, ++ Eflgl{^lg EE E+. =
Eo+ 4l-.JiIE trll /sl EIH,J= *= E
fii0lri.
17 I:i. *Zxp"
18 2: -A. -t Zypt

19
.}\
J-n

20 x-Y*z:1
\
21 x'+y':1
,,\: 39 (^l Eql^l) 4l E]ql tJlEdlE Z*Lr: -2ol-r', tr|+^l r: -llpolrJ. t; \i
\r
g "JHeE Eql y: slQilE g=+ ol$ 4l Eql qlg6l-H'l+g e=q. *. 4\
v
^l ^J
125
-T -;--: I
p-) +lr.' x

trLr:T, p - *@/Zolq. lH=-e x: +Z/rfZ9, 1,: tlfizeoll, AJ

El+^1
m-q-E+| r: L - x * y: | !7/\/n olr+.olql q+q=/E Alg ++r+A+ :1= g

=h.,(.#) .3(
'-#) :'t.E
rflF-tr +q4i +dql^J fE 4q61+ 3+ 1EolQ. r

_ 13.8 | E+=xil
1. 4g rHg,f9 E"rd:zH4 .%r-44lol
s(x, y) -- 8oJ + 2. f(*,!): x2 - !', y2:x2 + 1

dol4. ^lIEeA s@, y): 89 EI+a.1+ /el 4lqr"l+ 4 3. f(*,y): xy, 4x2 + !2 :8
+r,Ig +614. :1qr r ol+E ¤E6i+.
4. f(x,!):Zxz * 6y', xo + 3yo : 1

-v

5. .f(x, y,z) : 2x * 2y * z, rcz + y2 * z2 : 9

g(x, y) : 8
6. f(r,y,z): xyzz, x2 + y'* z2:4
40
0 7. f(*,!,2): x2 + y2 + 22, xo + yo I za: I
8. f(*,!,z,t) : x * y * z * t, xz + y2 * zz + t2 : !

v/ 20 e-l1 3.7¤ql^J +q{l q*. fl++z]l= +ft*+ ¤+H$. ol

l0
+6H^J 84.
2-8 +# 4H#+ 4l+rJg E+ r*= 6]]E ,*=
Ezll 4r+g
g. ¤#4l z ro. E#+zll 4

+. +:17}+ ++Hg ol+"ll^J +qd 4lEaAg "J+6i= il. E++xll 13

+¤- Er+el 4lEaLrI 4l*{tg +6}+.

882 138 trJE-Et+

12. a}:leo}+ ++Hg 4lH{t. al*A}ol $zlla}21u3 'a}ld. :z 20. {:.e++ ++E "l+611^l Eqlrlp"J ^t4¤9 Holzt al

fl Ae otq4= ^t¤g +4++. 4:z=J# ++E ol¤- q"J ufl= 4^Ir+B'JS eq4.
6ll^l +ol4l 4d ry: 1¤ "J+61+/(x, v) : t + f 4 4 21-27 13.7¤ql^J +qd q-g tr+E4lE 4:1%I+ ++E ol
*#g +B + o 4, ol ^llE a4ql^-l /rt 3l*{t¤. ,*
.o,l
+6ll^l ¤4.
zl ?++g trq4.
21. ¤+E/l22 22. g+Exfl 23
13. eJr?*+ ++= ol$allxJ x]loJad n3 + y3 : 16¤-
"J+6I 23. E+EAI}4 24. s#Etllzs
3,f(x, y) : ery9 4H{lg +6tI, ol xllefadq^J 4*
25. E+E4l 26 26. g++41 27
#ol H,ts 49 s-q4.
14-ls trl-g +E4_otr +qxl= ¤qql^J /e.l 4H#+ 4l*
27. ¤+E\lze
alg +61+. 28. {4lz"l+}r9 -Eo#gflzlE E"Jql zl+g +q H}g E
14. f(x,j): xz + Y' + 4x - 4Y, x2 + Y2 < 9 oJ -EoJg-tr_ xl6}r
".1-=H+. 4:z=Jf +L+E "l+61q,
15. /(x, Y) : e-'Y, xz + 4Y' < I E 4Hol sz]- "J$E ul], flzlf9 k"lel *xl$ol zJ*
ol, AI4g al4z} E9 s_q+.
16-17 + TIxl xlleladg E+ "J+"I= /el 4lH{tr+ 4l* 29. BH x+ y*22:2q EEH z:x2+y'ol "J+^l 4g
{tg +6}4. ¤ olE4. ol 4gql gt= d +ql^J fld.il^l tl$ tlTl
16. /(.r, y,z) : x * y * z; xz + zz :2, x*y: I ol 9l= dq gdql^-l TltI E4 9t= dg +6IE.

17, f(x,!,z): yz * xy xy: l, y2 + z2: I T 30. trl^+ 41qadql,rl r9 4H#!+ fl+q

3l*ahg +61+.
ql+ill4l$ ol$all.<l 4:ze}i ++= "l+q q +4+=
18. +d yz + )co - x3 :0
(EE El] EoJE E¤)qliJ d*/1x, y) flB%I44g E+. (d+El ql+4lal(cAs)71"+"J* 6}l=
: xE 4l4e+o.]-= EzilE rj{aN uxf. *9EJE, EBqE +7l=- rl-Sollo} +trt.)
(a) 4:-%I# ++Bg ol-$ofl.tl ol ExIIE 84. f(x,y,z): ye'-'; 9x'* 4y'* 3622:36, xy + yz: I
(b) 4+ahg 0) : solxluJ .JqE i#ql 4all 4:
"f(0, 31. 4rF*+ ++= ol$oll.! 4lEad *'+y':4yE trJ+
++ 4a v"f(0, 0) : ,1,v9(0, 0)o1 "J+Elzl ?*99 g
6lE ,f(x, !):3x2 +y'9 +{}g +6I+. ).:OoJ ,I 4+
q+.
<i9 zlzlb Ag Eq+.
(c) ol 4+ 4*{tg +61+ Ell +:1%}+ ++B"l dql+
ol frE ¤H6l-E. 32. (a) xt,xz,...,x,* oJf x, + x2 + "' + x, : c(cE t

qE ^J4IEel + ^8++ p+ LF.+ 14 F"JS xtE +)tJ 4],f(x,, x?,. .., xn) : x2."*,9 4R{ig
X1
te.
+8t4.
# roll tr]-+ ECEtrI. 13.1¤ql^l E-tr1=44 Ee (b) (a)E ol+Ell^J xt,xz,...,rnol oJ+"J ull ffiol :ifl
P : bL"K'-'tl qtr 4414 7}46}ql^l +Eg + 9I+=
.JolH4. ¤zlrJ b, aY +}*ol-z a ( lol+. + El9 eq4.
^tdg h+xz+...+xn
9 r=+^l+B ul¤-ol *, *fl xtB#B ul¤ol n, flalzf XtXz"'Xn !
n
E + 9I= + {l+}ol pEHg 4+, al4s}otlo} 6J + oJ+E zJa[$fo1
^l-fl"
pq 4lqFg EbtrI. + 44I "l ++^ls "419 ++¤+84 zxl
^J4I+ P+ a7J mL nK:
+
?+g¤- H_"Jtrt. + ¤+#"1 +g q= flzjl"Jz}?
* P= +++ eg ql +l4z| E9 s-q4.
L:oP, K-0-")P
 138 +A 883

E ll./\
-t El

]1lH +E.I

1. (a) olH+EL+* Ffl.Jzl? 4. *4 y7I olE+E++.J ullE g4lflzlg 4E+.

(b) olH+'EL+= ,rlJ zfzl HJHqI ql6ll ¤H 7. (a) (xo, yd9l;-l ++lEEl t: la, b) %l6}o"tr /E %l''JE
^l4s+6t=
614
B+E ++-qE .s"f,6}4. :1Ag HlgE "18ril 614
2. y)*(a,
lirrl
(x, b)
f(x,y)
" ''
: 19 9"lb FHqlzt? rfl ++ol + 6l+7I? E+ 7lElE4 o _+ q$4l 61146l+z|?
(b) f 7l ul$zl^=." aj ull p,,f(*o, yo)g /.91/rtr. E.E6I4.
Sb+b Ag "l$r| trg + fj+?
xllaizl

3. (a) ¤E*+ f *(a,b)4 f ,,(a, e)E-+6Js-tr E.¤6.I+. B. +g Hzllz} 9ulal-E uti FHtIzl?
(b) ,f,(a, b)* zlafal4sE "lB4l dl]46-l-=
f ,(a, e)E
(a) ftl (a, &)oll.r.J +qloltrl-.

7T? ary*g^ Halgg= qBril 6]i^J6I=7I? (b) f7l (a, b)ollrJ al4"l4.
(c) f tl (a, b)oll.rJ +4ol+.
(c) f (x, y)7t +q¤ ql /.e+ /,E q$4l 4l&6I
^l-oB
r- -zLO (d) f 7l (a, b;oll,tJ al}"l4.
-/l!
(e) ftl (c, b)olJ.tl $AlEoltrI.
4. r}e-r+ rJe Bqlel +Eql qlal d¤Hg qg4l +6]+7|?
(a) olH+6J+ z:f(x, y)sl f4s e. 241EEI+ +4Bg 44.
(b) +E+trI+ F(x, y, z) : k4 F+l+H 10. xllE=A.ol g(*,!,2): k"J trll f(x, y, z)9 4H{t4 4a

s. (a) ftl ul$zffial-4b 9"lE FH.JzI?

@, e)ql^J {lg +6}71 +1611 +re.}+ *izl qBrll zr+6FL_xl ¤
(b) f7l ul$zlfalrft d9 u5 qBrll E"J + ?l*zt? Eol+" E tr|s ^llEa{ h(x, y, z) : ctl iigH qBrll
4tszl-?
6. xelyzl "JHfaJf"J 4l z =f(x, y).ll 4rt E4lHzlg 4

*}
E
. TTI
,IJL I !-
=IJ;T

4¤- Exllzl d:qlzl zl+lqlxl +86}+. #"lH ol+= ¤HEi f (x, y) - LolE (*,y) : fol4.
,.,ffi, orf
z, 44lolE ol#E ¤H6]-4+ +ql= E+.
4. f tl (a, b)olJaJ +Aolr (a, b)olJ.r.-l ul$zlfa|fl

1. fr(o,b) : tim fb'Y) - f(a'b) Yf(o,D) : 0o14.

y-b y-b
5. f(*, : In : 1/yoJ4.
yolH Yf(x,y)
2,f-r::+
dx dy
1,)

6. f(*,y): sinx * sinyolfl *O I Duf(x,y) S Ji"l4.

l. (a, e)= zl+= EE zldg ul+ (x, y) - (a, b)g trll

=*Er{l
r. ++ f(*,y): ln(.r + y + l)el Ce]Eg +6tr rfls 3. EL+ f (*, y) : ,+
y, sl E+l+dg H zH"J :14+.
E rE{+.
4. ++E :24:iz| cl¤:H4 ,Jg tr11 ol oJ+q E+l+d
2. EL+ f(x,y): 1 - y'el :14EE rBl4. E= ql+zi-oE:aeJ+.
884 138 trJE-Et+

13-15 +qd dql^l trl-* +Eql 4t (a) dBH4 (b) Hd

sl ,J4^lg +6t+.
11. z :3x2 - yz + 2x, (1, -2, 1)
y
14. xz * 2y' - 3zz :3, (2, -1, 1)

15. sin(.ryz): x + 2y * 32, (2, -1,0)

+ '2y',el +6Jg +614+

,'lr=
5 Iim
(x,y)+(1, 1)
+xll6l-zl ?+¤¤
)c'
Bq4 16. dsEol s4 u +2y +e : 5e[ *Bol q-._- rd'+E "r2 +
4y' - z2 : 44 dg +6I+.
6. rryStsql zl^t4¤ 0 <-r < 10, 0 5y < 8 E"Jfl #++
ol +q il4. {zl,rJ xe}}E ++lb mo]4. :1 + +lel E 17. 4 (2,3,4)q^J *f ,f(x, j,z): f4$z a ,z E d¤*^I
(x, y){lrJ gEb itr(x, y)olJ. ++l= rdr^lEfc)o14. g-r +6Ir a/.+ ole-oaJl.tJ + (1.98)3 (3.01)? + (3.97)
=
E Et4 +86fi^l trl+ s.il ,l+iH.+.
"e I #g +461+
(a) Es-Bf 4(6, 4)e+ 4(6, 4)E #g +4.fz}. t+l= 18. u : *'y, + eaoltr x: p * 3p',!: p¤P, z: p sinpQ
Ffr.'JZ}? ql g4lflzl9 ol*olltl duldp! +6I+.
(b) u: (i + t/^E"l oll ar(6,4)-el #g +46i+. r 19. x : g(s, t), y : lz(s, r)H 4] e : "f(x, y)ol.tr. g(1,7) : 3,
a+= EIi46I4.
g,(L,Z) - -1, g,(1,2): 4, h(1,2) : 6, h,(1,2) - -5,
(c) L(6, 4)el #g +C"I+. ht(|, 2): 10, f*(3, 6) : 7, f ,{3,6) : $ol4 6}x} s : 1,
\v
x\ 0 2 4 6 8
t: zoJ uI dzlas4 azlatE +61+.

0 30 38 45 5l 55 20. f7l ulszfi.op. z: y* f (x' - y') "J ql ffiol d B+

2 52 56 60 62 6l
g trq+.
0z 0z
4 78 74 68 66 Yd*+*ay:*
6 98 87 80 75 7t
21. u: xlt u: ylx{.4 z:f(u, ,')oltr/rl fl+"J 241 dg
8 96 90 86 80 75
++.$ 7*L_r+H r+¤.ol dfl*g trq+.
10 92 92 91 87 t6
^ dLz ^ 022: 0zz 0z
x'------=- v" ----= -4uu
' * 2a
0x' 0y" 0u 0u -0a
7-e t4 Ero;iaE +61+.
22. Et+ f(*,y,2): yzrv'4 tl&tlE +61-+.
7. f(*,y) : (5y' + 2x2y)B
823. Et+ f (*, y) : x'e-'A 4 ?2, Q)q^l 4 (2, -3) o _+ 6J
8. F(a, p): a2ln(a'+ p')
6l+ /E %I-oJE*+E +6l-4.
9. S(a, a, wi) : u arctat(uli)
24. 4 f{x,y): x2! + "frA 44 EE}g¤ +6t
(2, t)ql^J

ro-1r f 4 2Al tssa;ag E+ +6i4. 4. :49 qe %'-uJ=qleJ gq4Ezt?

2s. +g :1Hg 1ee2H 8g 249 :"l4rll.J qng+E ¤+(rr.
10. /(x, !):4x3 - xyz ll. /(x, !,2): xoy'z*
E)g Bq +b Ffl*dE."ltrI. olE ol$ofl.tl +E4+
12. z -- xy + xe,/*4"I ,# * ,#: xy + zoJg trol+. I +^ql-=ql^l ol4zll"J9 bol 9i- 'tr-6}sE ¤+q
%l6*E++E #g +46t4.
 138 ++ 885

E zg. fzlls+ F+l+^J E= + rH¤- Ef ol-o-o 511tl f(x,y) :

x3 - 3x * yo - 2y'4 +E#, ++{t
- "J6}dg +CB}
/ 4. "l4$+g ol+fl^J r {t$$ A+'l 4l+}d}+.
30-31 4:*i ++E ol+4^J q¤-4lEad ot4oilrl /9
4H{}4 4*Alg +6l.+.
30. /(x, y): x'y, x2 + y' :
-50
1

31. f(x,y,z): xyz, x' + y' * z? :3

West 32. +E xy2z3 :?ql fl= 4 +ql^J 944 zl$ zlTl$ $$

010203040 +614.
(Distance in miles)

33. 4^l4B +lql olFH+4E¤-:H4 rJ"l FoI s4B¤.

26-27 trt¤.'J+q +q#, ++{t ?}+E¤. +6}+. ¤l+q Elpdlr ++. sr+89 Eqlzl p_tr- ojSo3 ull HolE al
+s+ deg E+ EBl4= 4qq4 ul-4e= +Eg ¤4 ql+61-E 4 Eel ,JolE +614.
6ll^-l fglliEE rel4.

26. f(x,y): xz - xy + y2 + 9x - 5y + l0
27. f(x,y) : 3xy - x'y - xyz

2s.rry¤Eql il= +1lE (0,0), (0,6), (6,0)9tr ol+q4l

q]dL4H Dql^J g!* y) : 4xyz - xry, - ry,q al
"f(r,
E{I4 4+#g +6}z}.
 ./
Il

r Til
./

f !

t
/
l-

7 I

:IeJrl eE ESA'EEE=-d +t!'str ol+oltltrl. 14,8E EAEH 250ll^1 olH +E()H Ee{flEl +iilE 4lt:.Jtrt.
peterschreibermedia / Shutterstock.com

14 trl=4E
Multiple lntegrals

0l 80ll^1= 84Esl 7flEg olE+ E-

+H+Er+q ol+4+, #6zlBgs qt}+4. olfl
,li'E=g 5ar-, Btr-ql^J ^J4*HH 4E+ q gHI4e sqq'il++El, e+, +rll+cg 4l
41q+ tril ol+H+. E6J + +=HfzL felg El-E¤ 4ltl6l-71 +16]] ol+4+g
^l-++ri.
E']]E Bqql^J ol+4$g 4l4I.J tr| +4}szl-f_so6J ag g+ gt+.uf4lzfzlE
"lH
4IE4l, * flzlFal-Eel +E4Eg AzllB d"14. ol +|_*4lE
^llE+ F
3z]-fl ++ql^l
+E4sE qtr "J^ll ¤qql^J #+zlEE 4l4}g,}]+ ++61-41 ++.

887
888 148 q¤48

14.1 I El^l'?-lF"J EqqFl olE4E

ol#ol U H"l ExilE al]¤6}71 fJ6ll

e4EE Ce_lE
^lEflH a4 EgEl "JH
oE, olxll fl^llel +{= +6Ir r 44ql^J ol+4$e-l ee-lql E$EJ+.

I E4=+E
HxJ oJH+e-+eJ 44Bql zlB *d
^I.J.g
+r-7161-xl-. 'Jf /(x)71 a< r < bql

^-l
4elsl"l gtg "l] a7J fu, blE qulz| Ax: (b - a)lno s +g6J nzlls-l 5-g
*tJ lxi_r,xilE ++r, +E +rJ .Jql^l EEd ,fE dq'J{. relr +^J +
*- 4"J 6Jg +C+tr|.

E
i:l
/(,f) m

rsl-l. ru -+mH "ll El"J Be.l ++g +lall r+s=q B3 aollr-l bttftl.J+lE 4
4Eg E=+

tr []rurh-J1g3 r@!)Lx

Eal /(r) > oql 4+ql 4"J Et* :-H lql^l zl^l-4¤el Holel aJeE. ql
=^I
4B + glsq, Iltt*l d.xY oollrl bnlzl4d y : f (x) o}4el H ol= 44U+
.v

A,r

0 ^l
tr7 X3 ri- t .f,; Xn-l h J

-ral
JEI
{ xl x\ x\ xf xl

r +Ele,t ol=4E
: Hl+6J HIBsE qlzl^Ir+E"ll^1 4EE olH+6J+ /= ^J46tr. H
'++r+ 'Jg
Z
z f(x, y)
xl f(x, y) l oolr{ zl-{a}z}.

R :lo,bl x [c, d):{(r,y) E R2 | o S x 1 b,c 5 y S d.I

0

/y
d
/el r4E.=. ^l z: f (x, y)= "J+61+ +Hol+. s= RE +le+/E r4s o}4ql

X
+olb oJill, + +¤.4 +qa_ alxll:2fl 2 +4\
-al
JEL
D ,s : {(r, y,z) eR' I o 1 z 1 f(*,y), (*,y) E rR}
 14.1 4l^l-48 gqqt^1 ot6qE ggg

sel +i4E +6lb 4ol +Eol+.

1+41= zl^Ir+B nE y E + ,++= 4014. +7J la, blE qulzl-Ax
^t4¤-o
: (b - a)lmo tr- E"JEL m4l4 +E ++ l*,-,, xilE 4i1z, lr, dl= uJulzf Ay :
(d - c)lnsE +"Jf, ,zll9 +E +rJ [y,-,,]ilE +b4 rH 3+ zJol ol f E
++el Edg ;q+r 4l*+ql 4dg:zq$, ¤6J"J qg=r+ +o1 +7+9 Holzl-
AA : &Ay"J Y E ol d+
^Lr+¤ "JEq
R,.,: l*,-r,r,] X lyi-r,y;]:{(*,y) I*,-, <.x< xi,yj-t<y <yr}

v
(xi, vl
d

I
!1
(xii,vii)
Orf li-t t

"}r

C
1
(xp, Jtz)

n u x i-t xi h -l;
"fl
L--l
'a*' f.al 3 ,q= ?E a.lA[zJ-$o+ Lltstl.

44te.l Ruql^J EEE(sample point) (r,f,y,f)E q6IE R, 91.11 Folts sel YE

tr .^I^lrJ + ?14,r:zB 1$ ullall Ezl-). ol zlqE^llel +q= +g_4 rJol rI

4¤ "JHq ,-Jole+ 4+E4l E"l9 #o14.
f (xff,y,f) AA
olfl r+Cg E= 4^l-4$ql ql6]] +6J61-r 4+6|= 4q{^flel +i{= E+ q
6IE sel + +Elql ql+ ++t{tg E=+(rH s +a).

d
/y )'

,{ -r

R,i

aEJ 4 JE] -ral tr

J
890 148 rt=48

nl n

3 v - E 2 f\ff,v,f) aA
i:l j:i

ol
"lfB$ +E ^I4eql ql6ll dqg dql^l /el {tg 4l+i6|r ++ ^f4¤
,+

E Hol= ++'+¤., r E4¤ -u.i rJo|= 49 9"1+tr1

trl.ll +qC .3t#e mtl nol ?lA++ El =-oldg z1+4 o_a oJ + }ls
^l
4l Eoil^l 01f;;-go1 qDl= +Erl #rf.
H,'r}4rl 4*ol Tlr]]g+.

SEal
fl9e E-qE}lEl m. nE
[Rroll^] (*,i, y,f)E
3711 6lE olE:st= + Yoll fldl"=
4 v: lim iE
m,n+@ i:l j:l
f@ff,y,y)AA
rll= .\ Olr[
J- / ltl/ll o[
-1L7Jl'il1
-T- .

gE R +le+/el r4s ot4ql +"J "Jill s9 #rl(volume)$ 4el6}7l +l

= ^,\"l

^t4B
6ll EIE EE¤ ole" oJ4. (ol 4E= s.ztrql^J +Elql ql,J 44 .Jxl6l+ a
^l
g Bg + 9l+.)
El"ll^-l +El+- +¤e] ++g +El= 7B rll$"J olq;+ 14.4¤oll^J -tr711
^l
g +"f* +E d-s+, dzl 4 ftl oJfz} "l-u EI-+oJ trll4zlE ++ ++++. Et
+^l ++ C9= qlE+.

5 Esl zl^tr+B R +lql^l /ql ']]qI offqE(double intesral)$ +¤Lol +{]6I

Eel trsl.4l Esl E"J41E9 E"l7l+^l E trI+r+ ,J"l {fl+tr+
-or-011 +=6l.rl.

JJ
r(,, y) dA : m,n+@ i:l j:l
n1

4el trlql flb +dq e'Jt9"1ts e > 0.J "JEE +q] '16ll $f nol 3x1
aflal N_H_tr| - 4f n, m$ R,igl^l q+ "Jqel EeE (*,f, y,f)oll {a1 q4.ol ^J
o|E4EE Eel-=r q Eq R= aTVl'J
H6l-b 4014.
+E Al4E ft,j= 0IE"-[|AJ LlflrlLr 3
= ?Jxl Lrg +E ftr= olEE'
- >r:t i:lf f Gff,y#) ^A
7l7l (e
^l4E y) dA
+ oJri _1al+ ol e+ql +EI rlEoil^l ,ill rr*,
+E TlEsl- -E+ 0oF
^l.4Bol
?iE ^1le7f
tr=otE -dtl.
E8'J0I0F
cq trE ++ol /E r.F "l4Btrl 4cql
4Ezlir(inregrable)olrl-.
=7l]6IH
^J
E- ¤+Et+- 4Ezl-tsa}4} 49 B"J + ?t+. xl9 fzl r4l EE*ol "l
ol#4tso1 +zll++. Eal /zI Rql^l +4I [+, Rq] +61-. EE (x, y).ll 4
'l E
.ll l.f(*, y)l< M"J ^J+ Mol +zl*4l"lz, fzl #aJzH9 oll]1Bl+ +dg 4lE
Ei *q^J ¤+ol$ /. Rql^J 4tszlft'o]4.
E.tsd (r,f, y#)i. f E ftrull e-6I. 'JEE Ep- q6llE +HJaIxltrJ ft,i
^l-48
9 g=+ +lel E^lF-l d[4,:rH 3q^J (r,, y)]9 q6LH ol+4+ql 4Ese
gq+4 rJol zJt61l4ltri.
mn
(*, y) dA : lim ST f (*,, li ) LA
JI f
5 L,t Lt
mtft+6 ,:l j:l
R

cE Ee+ EE ulast-eEjAl +q- ++4 rJol ol64Bge + + 9l+.

 r4.1 4t^t4-d Eqoil^1 ot=48 ggl

f(x, y) > 0olE 4^Ir+B RE +ls+ +E z: f(x, y) ot4ql +"J "JillE +iil yt.
++4 +q.
,:{T f(x, y) dA

4E trE ++ 6Jg 0l= alsJ =st(double Riemann sum)ol+ +r+.

mn

,:l j:l

olE ol=!4+e_l ,*E ol+E+. (^l trq "JE+R+e] El=J 6Jr+ qB

=4trteE
4l Hl+ltlzl $olEail f 7l "J+"J orfolE ol+ 4"J +e. rH 5e+ zJ"l zl¤¤
el +"le-l ql¤. -E¤6E, /E r4s "lrlel +qql 4+
=4tz*o14.
(q8l 1D EISEEH z- 16- *'-zy'al c^l4E ft: [0,2] x [0,2] +lql +"J E
*llel +iilE +¤6I+ RE ql T]]el ,Je d^I4BeE +hr, sEdg 4 RuE sE
+ +le.l E^Jr-l ¤g dq++. .Jslel- r4+. y
(1,2)
=^l-4+HijlE 2 (2,2)

Efl :H 64 zJol d^l-r+Eg +.b.+ EEHe f@,y): 16- *r-2yr4 rzJlsol R,, R,,
t- d^I4Bq HolE aa : 1014. m: n:2oJ ?]"J +ql q+ +^I +v.l= +s=4
zJ (2, t)
(1, 1)
zk)
E Rrr ftr,

v--iif4,,y)aA
,-l j:l
0 2 x

: f(r, fEJ 6
r) aA + 2) LA + f(2,1) AA + f(2,2) LA
"f(1,
: 13(l) + Z(1) + to(l) + 4(1) :34 z.

16
z:16 - x2 - 2y'
"lag:.H Toll s.^lE
=^I
4+ExllE +r4ol+. r
{lxll 1el ++t#e 4^f4Bq +-
E4H cl #ol-d+. rH 8ql^J 4^].4¤g
fE 16, 64,256 EoeE
=4rJql
,q-+ zlqHillTl fl4 g4le-l E+ql zLz}gl4g
E + :l+. qlxll Tglrl olaE 4++ pulzi 48oJg -H."J 4o14.

v
2

-ral 7
JaT

fB 8 z: 16 - x2 - 2.v2 o[agE +trl0ll

il-d alU Et mal nol lE+E tr
m: n: 4,V: (b) m : n:
=Al.=
(a) 41.5 &,V - 44.875 (c\ m: n: 16,V - 46.46875 tr Eq6tlTltl..
892 148 rl64E

(qdl 2i) n:{(r, y)l-l <x <1,-2 SyS2}"J ,ll +* 4Eg 4l+}6}+

$ffi*
Egl ¤E trE "l*oflrl zlE 4E{,|g 4l4}6l-7lE']]+ qB4. :-4+ -/r - ,' > o
0, l) :
"lzl ollE.il 4Eg +ul=l 6]]46ll^J 4l4}g + 3t+. , .fr7ol4 Fc.S i + zz
s h.- - 1oltr e>0ol.u-+ +qd "l+4Eg flzlE *'+z' - l9 "l-44 ul^Ir+¤ R glql
+"J Eill se.l +r4E+4'd'HrB e +a).sE +rl=elxlE l"J HIflE Hole+fl
zlt9 ,Jol.el +ol+.u}+^l +*g E=+.
x
(1,0,0) (0,2,0) y
ft
fEJ 9 il G dA: Ln(r)' x 4: zrr r

r EEEIEI
+"J4Eg -^|^Jzlzl sJafl%IH(+dB4, ^l-+?-lE +41, 4e*9 +41)
^l-n"d.
.$ E+ gtrt. q7l^l= ql+ +d$flEl
"l+4$ql 46}|^lE 4e" "l+4tsq1 ^J
zJaltle. aJ4. ol4g Rrql^J nr9 6d (r,, rrE stE (*#, y,f)9-e dHB rll,

"l+4$g ol+ EI"J *ss =^I^l7l- Ag 9"loJ4. ul-+l "5"|E r,= [x;-r, x;]
e.l +d, yiYlyi-r,y;19 +dol+.

0l=4E0ll rll=d [r,-,, *,]9 5fi x-re] [y;-,,y;]9 #4 yioll q1a1 r1g-
ol =EHEI
cB*+.
[[rt,, v) at :
'i
i, f fG, ii
,:l j:l
) AA

ilql{l 3D R-{(r,y)101x12,t< y.2}"J 4*: n:2il.68849 0l¤-6ll^l

4+ II- G - 3y') dAE #¤- +46t4.

Eil * : n: z.J 6dB4g oleo B "ll :-H 10ql BoJ 44lE -? E ^l4Bei +Cq1
4 fl*,y) :x - 3y'# 4l4I++. trl+^J i,, : i,, x, : L, y, : 1, y, :lol.I. 4 ++^I
4eel H"lE AA : *"14. r4= + tl+g- E;-+.
v ,,)
2 (2,2) lJtr- iy\ae- E l-f{*,,y)LA
t R,, .R,
1 : f7r,y') AA + .f(rr, yr\ Le * fl*r,y, ) AA * f(*r,i) LA
2
t ft,t t Rzr
1
: f (+,i)ae + f(+,i) ne + f(+,i)aa + f(i,}) aa
: (-#)+ + (-#)+ + (-#)+ + (-#)+
0 2 x
95 _ 1.
--8 --11.875
ral 10
 14.1 EI^t.4-d gqql^1 ol64E 893

irl-+^J
lJ t- - 3yr) dA * -u.Bzsol+. tr
D

NorE qzll sql^J ol+4+g 41416l-* trr+4.J %r-Eg {zllap q1x1 391 gl= ol
++,r.f4Bg * .4'xlr+lil
o Etl-- =J\l7l
L--\HA
+zl$el 4++ r,ioJ -12"J9 I 4."lcl. (+{E^l ol+4$g 6]]461+ A+ q4+ I - I I .5000
aJ# fzl
"JE -J+"J rll"J El+6f+:. 4* zlq6lx}. qlxll 3ql^l q4+++= oJe-l 4 -I L8750
oJfzl olq+. q+^J 4+g tsulzl-
"l "tq+. qlxll 5e+ 6ql^J **zl-"IH e}#e.l 4 16 - l r.9687

Eg +:4E olg_all.<J 6ll46l_b ,JBg t9.J 4ol4.t :zH 10oll 4 + 5_g af4rsg 64 -|r.9922
256 - l r.9980
+^l+ E"Jq q 4lg 47Hel ? E ^f4eg ++H, -rg4 tre+ ,J+ +dH4g
= 1024 - 1 r .9995
+t#g ts=+. **rlol ol+4+sl {q-J d{ -tztr qBrll d=6l.=zlql +E_6}zl-.

r U=48
4Bq 4gE olf-o[.<J z]d +g4Eg 414]6]= ae gH]4qE qHq rel
4 "14+qlsl 7le44= "l¤.al-H rll+ fl41 9fl4. "l4EqlE ,1844 re "1
+4Eg 4l+16.l-71= E'l qBzl"J ol ¤oll^J ol+zjB¤" ++4Ee_e E¤6E,
F zll9 +94+g 4]+I6]]^J ol+zl$g 4I¤6|= 49 ull¤ 4o14.
f7l 4^l1B R:lo,bl x [c,d]olJ,tJ 4Ezl-L"* olH+6.J+efa app.xE r
46fa.f(x, y)E y: cgJrJ y: drtxl y9l +611 4E+ 49 zls llf?,i dyE
+44zle afx|. ol4g y.ll ** Ezl+"14 ++(E,,lE4 +^I6Jql +=-6Fl).
I!fU,y) dy* rg {t.il e1=o-1-- *ol1 qq^l olAe ++4 ,Jg x9 6J+E
¤el+tr}.
A(;) : [!f t.,y) dy
olz-ll oJf AE x: aoll^J x: b7lVl xg1 +6]] ziEaIE rl-¤¤ E=trI.

7
Iet.l o.: I:l I!rt.,v) dv dx

Efl +Hql fl. 4Eg HJ=4E(irerated inregral)ol4 qL+ 9.6l gs$ ^J+
^l
+'1. tr++^J +s=4 rJol *4.

8
!! I! rt-,v) dv o* : lu lil.,y) dy dx

4E+ tl-¤.aql^J bllxl xoll *dl 4+61= A

"l4g Hzl'ollrl d7+71yoll Sal]
I9"1*4.
ulalzlxlE tl+ HI+4+g Hxl ,: o{l^J x: bvVl *gl +6]] zJE(y= r46J
q+ gC y9 6JfE y: ,ollrJ y dlltl ygl +611 4eo.r- Ag g"l*4.
-
^ll)dJ

9
Mlru,i a* o, : ln Ilrt.,i a* dy
894 148 +64E

4l trr+ Eql^J t}+"ll^l ula+-o -s. 4E6l-- aql +E6Izl-.

( qllll 4 D q-g HI+4+g 4t4l6l4

(d
I; f, o, dy dx G) J' fr
*', dx dy

EI
(a) xE tr-+E ^J46tH, 'l-E¤ g=+.

ff *,, dy
:1. +):,,:',: *(+) _ ,,(+) :r*
$sl Es.lql q+ ol {lxllofl,tJ $+A= A(*):tr*'"14. olx.ll 0ollrl sfizl roll 46J
ol $ffi'l+r+ zJol zltst4.

ff *'y dy dx:ff
[f
*, orfdx: ff**0.: +) 0
27
2

(b) olHql= yE
^J+E ^J46tr xoll 46]] ++4 ,J"l H4 4EJ+.

f ff xzy dxdy :f [f
*, o.)dv :J:
[+r] r:0
x:3
dy

:f eydy:rtli,,:+
{lxll 4oll.! x EE y qg 49 HxJ 4E6llE +e E}g g= 4"il ++q}+.
f
"JHI4SE 4 Er+ Eel + H}+4EC 6.JtL 'J4(4?-l l0 +e).+,4E+^J-
E_a.J ¤El+fl d-Eql ql+
^J+ol H,+. ("lAg
ot+ 4ele} +^L6I+.)
=qlEfl
+¤- 443 "l*zl+¤- EI+4Ss-+. -E^lH.sEAl(+^Jql +4ls,ol) ol+48
g 4l+a171 +lo} ¤A4e %r-Hg zll+oJ+.

Bal E= ol=alofE ++rl +HlLl

10 +HILI Eal /zt zl^l-4¤ ,r - {(x, y)|" (x ( b, clysd}ql^J fl4olH
(Guido Fubini, 1879*1943)q OlE= E ++ 4lol dB++.
aol+ r= ol traloll rHEl 7l
leoTLJ
Er-"Jtt4oJ EE]|=
=Eiflrl.
rell.l E+ II rk, i de : I: I! t.,y) dy dx : Ml rt.,v) dx dv
Er+oll tH-d uaJ/\el ++rl ?Al
8el=
(Augustin Louis Cauchy)Oll 9afl 3 l,tll + trl 9qI4 o _e /71Rql^J +4l"lr f 7l +71 #ELzH9 trHr14+ +d +lq^l"J
7l troll "Jz1firl-
Bfl+olr qI+4E"l *4lal-H, +l 4+ +rol4.

+Hlq d4ql q+ +Hg ol z4e-l ++g Hq^lzl"J f@,y) > OoJ A+ql ql

"H^l= "l d4z| 9E ol]?E 4+4sE g + gl+. f7l "i+"lH "1648

4.ol
Il*ffu,y)de* ft +le+4E e:f(x, y) ot4ql +q fl- Eill sel +tle 6l]4g
+ 9l+. r+l+ s.2¤ql^J +{ql 46ll ^l-+C +E +^1, +'++ al¤ "Ja 9l+.
 14.1 4.1^t4-d Bqqt^l ol=48 gg5

':luAfu)dx
4zlrl fzlolz xE xl+- ¤Ho e s= ¤+,* Hel HololQ. r
A(x)E x+"ll
H 1l-tr-+el A(x)* ;z| {-folr c 5 y S d.J *oll^J Br-d^lol e : f(x, y)ql +d 0

c ol4E 'Jolol4.rqFE q+4 ztQ. tl

J
b

A(x) : I! l.,y) dy J

-f.al 11

trI+^J ++g e-q. {,

II ra,i ae : v : I' e1*1 a*

: I: I! ,t.,y) dy dx 0
v d
7-
ulalzlxl B}BSE :H 129+ zJol y+oll +4e +Hg olgoll.r.l q-*g Hg + )
x
el+.
: I: Il tt.,y) dx dy fB tz
Il rtu, y) at

(qdl 5D n:{(r,y) l0(x( z, t<ysz).J q ol+zl+ff_(, -3y,)dAE 414} qllJl sg B0l

=+t]
,ioll +9dl-rl.
qTl^l EEE ?iP o1+zlE g.rl. -sr+=,/
afrt({lxll 34 Hhrtall trx}.
TlSel -Bf+71 olt_l7l trflEoll 0l +
El= LIEILHTI Etsrl. :aJ l30ll^l ^lEg
/ts n
Eqtr +HlLl C4q "++'ISg EE+. o1l^l fl4lLlEq ,JE ,*tsrl- qaf^J 4E
,J= /E -r.rflu +lsl.R ola|]oll gxll
g+E fl-d aol+. =u
lJt. -3Y')no::rrro- 'r',r''"11a*
sl +trloil

,r':'-:; ;l: 2

2 v
EUE +Elq 4?.1= +^l 4+6lEl, "lH"ll= HxJ ,"il +611 4E6l]^J ++g g=+. x

ff t, -
:f tr G -
3y') dA 3y')dx dy:
I, l+ ,*,7,.::'** -{ ry-

: f (z - 6y')dy : zy - zr'li: _tZ r .f.al 13

(qrl| 6i) n: [1, z] x [0,

"r]glal
jjursin(rr1 ae3 414]6]+.

g x.l1 +El] HxJ 4+6IH et+

sin(,r) dA :
lJ r I: I:y sin(ry) dx dy

: J,,[-+*o.r,r)]
*"*
896 148 +=qE

--t+ J7l grl gsl ,J= E.+ += g+

oll rl16H ll^ ftr, y) dAi +trlel v1 - vz
:.lJ (-cos 4 + cos y) dy
^l
E r;.1-Ec1". qTl^l v,3 R +lef /ql r :
al1E olr}lsl +nl0l1, v|i R ofallel. ral.| -+sin 2y * sin y];: 0
E +19 +trlolrf. qEl 60ll^1 4gol ooJ
ae F +rl Yrrl vrTl U+= EoltKr
eJ 14 EtE). NorE ql4l 6ql^.1 4Eel +^J= utTJ yE Hzl 4E6IH r+¤¤ g=+.

lJ r'in(,r) dA : i:lJ y sin(xy) dy dx

R

z0
I
++4+tlJflg ^l=+6lloF 9zl oflEql xl+ %IHtr+ g{ qH
ol+r1 6l-= "JB+
-1 z :.y sin(xy) + "t+^.1 "l+4$g g oll, q ++6trll 4$ol 4l+I5]. 4E+^JE d$dt 4,"1
_r g,q6I+.
0 2 2
3
-v

ral 14 4gEEE r' * 2y'* z:164 ¤E

( 0{l{l 7 l} ,: 2, ! :2e} ^'ll
4}tr¤H-q--E +41
g Eill ssl +iil$ +6I+

EOI Hxl sb 4^l4E,R: [0,2] x [0,2] +le]*E z: 16- x2-zvz o]4ql +q

glg EAl"Jg +++q(rg ls +4). ol Ei]E qlxll lql^l +H.+. olztl +Hlq 44
x2+2y2*z:16
E ol+6l]^i ol+4+g 4l4I6lH trl+¤ e=+.
v: II (16 - x' - zy')dA: ff ff (16 - xz - zyz)dxdy

2 --------i
) lJ,ru, - tr*' - zy'*l.,li *
.r

-ral il\.,tr
: ff (T - ay') ay: [+, - ir']l : 48 r
JE

5E'J A+E f (x,y)tl r"J9 ++e+yE}9 ++9 +gE gfgaflrlE /el "l
+4++ -B+ +troJ EE qElg + 914. ol ,Jg ^idg EofETl 9l"11 .f(x, y)
: s(x)h$i)olr R: [a, b) x lc, d]+r 6l-H, +Hlq C4E+El +¤¤ E-+.

y) ae: l: !' d*)h(v) dx dv :f n.]*

ljr(,, [f s@)h(v)
"J+ 4$qlrl yE 4.#olo + tu(y)E +r-+ol+. relr Ix s@ dxzl ^J#ol=e.
rlg=4zJol #+91+.

flf s@)h(v)n.f*: !:[ru,r(f ,,r r.))*

: l,o,
s(*) o. I! ^t't dy
trlEI^J olfl 4+"fl /el "l64Eg q+r+ rJol F 4lE +"J4+E #s-tr. + +
el+
 14.I 4.lrl4E Eqoil^] olE:4E gg7

t1 R: [rr, b] x [c, d]g trll 4e,.,_ol dH'J+

ff rr",) h(y) dA
: I:s(x) dx I! ,t l o,

{ qfl 8Dn : [0, nlz] x lo, rr1z1a1g Eql qet ++4 ,J+
^l

II,*,u cos, oo :_[::;,; 0,,1

ry:,;u,, : 1 tr

{ qlrJl SollAl gr* ,f(-r, y) : sin x cos y!

z : sln,r cos y
noll,tJ "J+olrl qal^J EEe rts t67|-
,Jo1 ao; +lsl./el r.Eflu ola]1 oJill
tsu
sl +tr|= LlElL.!r|..

v
.f,
reJ 16

I BEEI
6.5¤ql^] AtJ la, bloll^J 4gq- .JH+++/E ¤+#"1 4g=4 zJ¤¤ ,!.zl
6l-xl-.

a*
fuue: --l-
D-AJa
lo 71*1

Bl*+ ¤^l.osi 4^14¤ nollrJ {elEl.}. ol{#oJf /el EflrJ(average value)g

r+¤-rl rJ"l c9+trt.

ru.e:# ll rG,iu
qzlrJ A(R)E ftel Holol4.
f(x,y) > 0olE +¤- EHol ftolr. +ol7I /,,roJ 4+Eill= /E r?_lls
^le.
o}4"ll +ql Eille+ +ulzl ,J*9 "J+r+.

A(ft) x fi,* : II t1,i ae

lz:f(x,y)71 +IEg +44r +ol ,,,-; 41el 4+g 4.+.1g, ol zlgg 4l

+,ll+l Sd6l B{-e "JE + ?l+. tH L7 +al feJ 17

¤+g "JilE ++,J dol4. (EE+E += +^J e 624 km, gge E_ 444 kmql ol
898 148 trI=EE

f.fl 18

-e= zl^Ir+B E"J"l+.) ¤-+l+dEE 0l+6ll,rl $EflJE + dEql 'llfl ¤+rJ¤+

g +4614.

Eil Hal+ E.^Jr-l= gdsE 6l-H 0 < x < 624, 0 s y < 44401+. g¤ql^l E+o
E x(km), +e--s=tr y(km) ¤qTI *ql^l ,J¤+g,f(x, y)E 4442I. pol $Ee-|E
+E +44= zl^}4¤olH, l2g 20*2t.Jq "l +ql qlfl ¤+rJ¤=*g'l-¤-.?+ +
4
lrc
fuus: A(R) JJ
/(r' r dA

qzlal A(R) :624.444o1tr1. ol "l+4+q {fg +461-7] gla}l *:n:4"J +dH

49 0l+6lzl. +^l g61l^J :.H 1e4 eol Rg aTlTl rJS tezlel ++ ri4¤-o=
+btrI. 4 ++ ^I4BE Holi r|-o=$ ?Jtr+.

AA : #$Zqw+) : 17,316 kmz

++l+.dEE 0l+i'l^1 4 Y E ^r4¤q +d"ll^l /el #g +4ii|l*l ffig E

-=T.
1- rI

f (*, v dA-ij:l j:li f(n,y)a,A

fl
^, AA[0 + 38 + 20+ 18 + 5 + 64 + 47 + 28

+ 1l + 70 + 43 + 34+ 30 + 38 + M+ 331

: (17,376x523)

trI+^.1
 "t4.1 4l^;4--J Eqql^j ol.gEE 999

-v

444

)
o

,( -xr

0
624 x
-ral ro
JE tU

(11.316)(s23)
ravc "'''
624)(444\
+, 2006H 129 20oJ+ 219 Ee+s. +ql= ql+ ¤+4s-tr. 32.7 cmel bol qlH.
+r

14.1 I t+eq
1. (a) *E z:xy{ ot44 ^Ir+E
ft: {(x, y) l0 < x 16, ?.1 dgo[$rfl,rJ 4l+]E ts-l"J 6Jol+ 6lz]. y, L, u= 4l
0 < y < 4) +lq +ql .Jfllel +sl$ f46I4. rr : 416lzl t*z +^JE xllull$alz|. rqr r
ol+E ¤H
3, n: 2.J 4"J q-g ol$a|-L r+ 4^lr+89 s-=+ 6I+.
=
+l E^J4 dg _trEdsg dq6J+. 4. El-e-e- C^t4¤ ft: [0,4] x [0,4]ql +4,J.J+/.il ql
(b) +d$zlg ol$all,tJ (a)9 fl;llE +sl= +C6l+. 6J .F+l+dEol+.

Z. m: n:ZoJ 6Jg
v
"lEI ^l-.&+q
(u) IJ- xe-xv dAE 6k& +¤o14. +, R : [0, 2] x [0, l] 4
00
A/ )
olr eg4 +l+ +4q {t¤- q6J+. l0 ro lzo ro i

(b) +dHzlg oJ$a|1.<l (a)9 4EE +61-+.

=^l{Ig 2
3. "f(x, y) : 52-x2 -y'9 r4lg o}fle+ 21xIA, 10

Zsy <6oJ zl^l-4¤ +lql +e EillE +tlE y4r.6I

20

zI. zld r: 3, y:4= 0l+6ll,rl RE ++ Ll

^l-4¤gE
++. r4 ug tqz; g+ otq E^J4 d+ s=+ +l E^J 2 4x
900 148 +64E

(a) m: n:2ql +dHzlg olf-alf ,tJ Jj* y) de{ 1I 20. :

"f(r,
g +c6l-4. z:xy
(b) /E B+atg +46I+. 0 2
s-6 ol+4Eol .Ji.llE +q"J¤. flzl $olap., olag +4 R ))
2
6l-+.

{(r,y) I 2 ( x (
.f,

s. lJ. Ji ae, ft: 6, -1 < y < 5}

21.
6. lJ- (4 - 2y) dA, ft : [0, 1] x [0, 1]
z:l*ye\

7. f(*,y) : x + 3-r2y2fl ql f\,i d** li f\,i dyE

L
J3

+6I+.
8-r3 rJ¤ HI+4ES 41416}+. )r

-r
a.
J' f to*'t - zx) dy dx
e.
J' l,' f.,
* ,-r) dx dt 22. ¤8. 4x + 6y - 2z+ 15:0 o14e1 zl^14¤
ft: {(x, y) I -l s x12, -l <yS 1} +lql +q fl= 'J
ro.
I:, Ir'' t,
* y2cos x)dxdy
AIE+4= +6I+.
,, I:r (; . *) dv dx 23. 4flsB9 x'14 + y'19 * z: t ol-44 4^I4E
,t: [-1, l] x [-2, 2] +lql +q 9I: "JillE +ElE +
,r. l; lJ'' ,, sin3s dg dt 6i+.
tt. IJ J,'
,t, * u')o du du 24. +H z:7 + x'yet* SE e :0, )c - + 1, ]: 0, y: 1-E-

EBl,r+.J oJ4lel +slE +6}+.

14-17 49 olf4tsg 41416l-+.
,o.f xseczydA, ft : {(x,}) I 0 < x 4 2,0 S y < rr/a} .y
: 0, y: 4E EBU^|'J "JillsJ illzig +614.
xvz
-?dA, R: {(r,y) I 0 (x ( I,-3 <y < 3} T 26. A+q ql+Al4l$ ol$nlf,tJ R: [0, 1] x [0, l]ql^J zJE
x'*l
"'-[ II**'y'""dAE C+t Atg +61-4. rqr CASE ol+
,u.fl r sin(.r * y) dA, ft : [0, n/6) x lO, rr/l] 6ll^l +irlz| al$e-E +q4l "J4lE rBj+.

ye-rY dA, R : [0,2] X [0,3]

27.
^l+4 +adol (-1,0), (-1,5),
rRel (1,5), (1,0)"J trll

"' {i f(x, y) = *'y4 ¤+{tg +61-+.

r8-1e Fslzl-++ HI+4E9E +"141 "JxllE fBl4. zB. qlAg oJ-$iill.tl 4* "164$9 41416I+.
,r. lJ IJ ro- x-2y)dxdy Ilhoo' R : {(''Y) I -l < x< l'o < Y < t}

,t. f,f_,to - *') dy dx E zg. A+q ql+xll4l= ol$-aNal +g- HJ+4ES 4l+6;4.

20-21 rl-g-]H9 +H4 rry *lE9l,tl zl^l-48 fig Eq++. IJ iJ ffidvdx, lJ IJ ffidxdv
q6J ++
(a) 4E
"t4e+ ft +lql Folb "Jiilel +'lql t44zl +HIq C4ql g*.JzI? qB 9o1 g46l-=zl
4+g ^il+l+. ¤86t4.
0) r Hl+zJEg 4l4I6Iq "JillE +qE +alzl.
 14.2 gHJ4oJ Eqoil^l ol64E 901

14.2 I EtJ4?! gqoll^1 olE4E

+"J4Eql^J= 4E6Irl+ gq+ .JtL +rJolr+. rfl+ ol+4$ql^l= zl^|4

B ++ olq+ + q "JHI4"J EoJq ¤Eql^l Er-+E {$apz} EL+

r "Jil4e gE
fH 1ql^J E= 4iJH rJ SHI4.J ¤E D=
^B46lzl-.
DE +41 ¤gol+'IzI.
+, D+ rH 2.ll^JilH qtr 4^I4E sq R ?Iql E+g+- g"lol4.DqI^J
/E q+4 eol 4Eq Rg
+I+ 4+6171 +lql '*= ^llE+ ++ FE 4E++.
I f(r, y), (.r, y)eD
I F(x, y) =
I 0, (x, y) e R, (x, y) G D

I' y

0 0 -r

JEI-ral r aEJ 2

rzf Roll.<J 4Bzl#alE, Doll^l /9 ol+zlEg ++4 ,Jol de_l+rl.

2
II l.,i ae:
II
Fk,y)dA, qzl.r.J F| al E-+ +"1+l+

"f9 .z4g
4^14¤ Bq Rq 46J ol+48 il- F(x,y) aeY 14.1¤ql^J ol"l C9fl-o =
s 4E tr= + Celg4. (r, y)zl D +r-ql ilg {lE F(x, y)9 {lol [ola, ,r}4
.tJ olfl dE.g zlEg +61-= ql ol+fl qtss 6l.zl g:s-_rr_E, xlfrzfxl v
^l-.++
%r-E+ 4'J6}trt. olAg nzl- oE ER6l-= E, ,Rol qBExl tl-+H_*g X
^L4B
9"IaJ4. -ral
JE
Q
r,

f(*,y) > ooJ 4+llr,f(x,y) aeb qdq D +le+*E z: f(x,y) (/9 r4E)
o}4ql +oJ "Jillg B4e 6ll4.J+ gl+.rH 3+4ql^J /e+Fel :zr)le= u1
F9 :qle
:ral--r. IIoF(*,i aetl iq'E rillq oi?-llE +irl4- zlq6lE +lel Itr-H*
^ld¤.
4'JEL 49 .J + 9t+.
rH 4ql^l rtl n4 A4ldE.ll^J Eg+.J A +oI E.J{E $761.1, f 7l D y
q^l gaolr o9 44ltl'B Celg' +d(ol 49l +=g Hb zllHol4)olE ,l: /
ffo r(*, y) aetl +rflElg -H-"J + 9]-r, ul-4rl llo f Q, y) dns- +zllEls- tr.J + lal 4
902 148 rl=48

9l+. $ol r|o=4 rJe + zlzl #¤E ¤Eq qlsfl "lf4$ol Exlltr4.
BH ¤ 4 ntl xo]l 46fl E+.J + ++ ^Iolql FolH, + ++4 ,JsE D=,*
fl I(type I)ol4 ++.
,: {(r, i Ia ( x( b, glx) < y < gr(*)\

{zlrl sy fiz=- [a, b]oll.r1 fl+oltri.rH 5t: +E I"J ¤qel q= trq ++.

v y
J:02@l l:TzG)
"y
l: gz@l

!: gr$\ J: At@) r: oJx)

0 a bx 0 a bx 0 a bx

rrJ 5 +:d roJ Eqg ql

NorE +E I"J Sqql 46]] EL+ sr\ sz+ ¤+ololof alzluJ 6l-+E 4lsE CE¤
g,q= fl'+. qlE Eq rH sE Hxll s 42 srzl fl4"lzloJ azJ-e-E 4.el¤ EI
^ll
fol4.
v
l:02\x) D7L +e r"J 4+ Il,f1,:,dAE 4141617l +l"ll rH 64 rJ"l D- Ee-61+
d
4^I4q R: lo,blx l',df+ dq+q-. relr FE 4l Eql EE}l +q4l EL+
+ 6t^I. + F- Dql^J le+ olrlap D +ql^l- OoltrI. rqE +Hlq cEl"ll e-l
all ffiol ^JB++
C
-Tl y:g r(x) l.,i ae: ll F(x, v) dA : i: I: F(*, v) dv dx
II
|

0 u -r bx

rH6 y < gr(x) *J, > s,(x)olE;, fi71 DEiql ilsE-E F(x, y) :0ol+.
g,(x) sys gz(x)olH F(x, y):,f(x, y)olE-E tl-Sg g=+.

I! ,t., y) dy: Ili| Fe, y) dy : [';,lr' ,t.,y) dy

trl-4^l ol+4Eg HI+48"8 4l4IB + ?lb4+ +^lg E-+.

Efrl- +¤ r"J gq D: {(r, il" ( x ( b, s,(x) s y s sr})}ql^l E+olE,

4*ol CH++.

ll tt.'v) ae : I: I';,';,' ,r.' v) dv dx

EE +Hq il- 4+e * ¤ql^J TElltH 4r+ Hl++ HI+4Eolti.

+{
zloldg tI+ 4${lrl ,E "f(x, y)ollrl S"J oLq+ 4E *41 g'(x), sr(x)oll,tJ5.
 "t4.2 "JU4?.! Eqoll^l ol64E 903

tr-+E +l+++E dol4.

e.ql q+r+ gol Etrg= *E ll(type II)el BH gqg ^J46J + ?l+.
, : {(r, y) l r < } < d, h|y)( x ( n (y)I

4zlrJ ht, hzY E+ol+. olfl ¤ fl ztllty:-H TollrJ ¤HE+.

v v y
u
d d

x: hr(Y) x: hr(y) x: hr(y) x: hr(y) x: hr(y) x: hr(y)

L
0 x L

L
0 x 0 x

azJ 7 8ts Ir?l EEsl ql

+E r ¤Eql qlql^J +41 trg EHH ,JB4 Fg6l-41 +¤ ilql qt6H^l +*

g tr.J + gltri.

4 /rl-+¤ trql ¤E D: {(r,y) l. S y 5 d, h,(y) ( x ( n')}olrJ ¤4ol

H 4*"1 dB+rI

II t.,v) dA : !: Ii,|*',lr'
tt.,v) dx dv

(q4 1D az1 .trEd y:zx'4y: t +r'"ll EBll +4lg ¤q.J "ll j[t, + zy)dA
E 41416l-+.
Efl sEdt^2J"2:1* *',+*:t nl-+^J.r: +1"J trll
"Jtrl.rH Bq:aEj4l
Bq D= #B uzl olH +B r?l S4oll, q-q=r+ zJ"l ¤ + gl+ (-1, Y:I+xz (r,21

, : {(",y) I -l < x 1 l, ZxzS y S 1 +.x2}

oi4 44lE y : 2fola- +l A4lE y: I + r2ol= + +{ Eq "I+ ++g g.+"
! :2x2
+ * .,;:):
lJ r,
:
2v)
-1 lx
:f fi ], -ral
4E
a
lrlt

: J], [x(1 + *') + (1 + )i)2 - x(2x2) - (2x2)21dx

: I], (-3*o-x3+2x2+x*I)dx
x5 x,4 x3 j--r-lxz lt 32
:-2 .- I
5 4
-J-2- 3 2 _J_, 15
904 148 rt64E

NorE ¤lzll 14 eg "l+4ts9 rll9 rHollE rHg r4= 4,"1 Ef4ol4. ElltrllE
rH 84 z;o1 ffiEE rqE E+ol EuI. :-48 oJ+ 4Bql ql+ zlE,J4l= +
*4 rJol r4Bo-eril .J + 1l+ ffis= 4E 6l-*0l q= olrll 441 y: g,(r)gl
^J ^l4LEllC
4E ^JoJ"l q= +l+ 44l y: sz(x)oll^-l E*+.+B r"J gqql^J cI
¤E= g+ a4lql^j s_E+ a4lvlrl+¤eE rfl+.

(qrl| 2D z:x2 +y', "I49+ry*HollrJ 4d y:2x* EEd

e+g y:/"ll 9a]l
+4lE ryBE9 Bq D +lql flE Eille] +iil= +EI+.

v Htr :.H e-e.*El D. +¤ I"J ¤qgg- g + 9l+. + trIs=r+ +L+.

(2,4)
,: {(r,y) I 0 { r
( 2, tcz. y. 2*}
y:2x
)
trlq^J z : )c2 + y, oI4 e+ D +lE +irli: q*q= + ?JLI.
l: x-

y: lJ (*, + y,)dA: ff f* u, + y,)dy dx

o1z -r
: fln,. +]-'*,'*
:IH I +:d r EE?] o
: f'l *r0*\ * (2x)'
3 -
xzx, -
tu& G'f-l d.
3 )*^
Jol'"^'
:l; ( + -x.+#)*
v
4 (2,4)
x' x5 'l xa -
2
216
T-
I

x: iyI
2t56 oJ)

*: tfy
EqE :zH 10ss+q D= ++4 rJol +E rr"J Sqg.E + + 9l+
D :{t*,y) Io 1y I 4, iy s* sJi}
0 I'

trI+^J Yql ql+ +E EEg r+g=r,+ rJtrl.

r.eJ 10 *E tr Eq?! D
v : lt (*' + y\an: ff f ,* + y')dx dy
z:x'+y'
:
J; [+
.,,.):;, dv :.l; (+ * v,, - * - +) .
: fry'/' + try'/'- #r-]l :'#

y:2x :.8 11$ {lz1l 2ql^J 4l+E +4E r*- "J;ll9 :H"l+.olAg.rry¤E 91,

EEE z: x2 +y' ol-4, BE y:2** gEzlF y - x2

.r y:x2 y ^Iolql +q fl+.
fal 11
 14.2 guJ4?l gqoll^1 0l6qE 905

E +61-+.

Eq ¤q DE:.H l2oll reJzi 914. D= +¤ I4 +e rE F zfzl-E ol6llB + 9l

,lEI +E r?l gqge.rlq D:: *flEql q e4.6I
"14 4A)71 + ++e-E *¤9zl
+. EI+^l +s=4 ,J"l DE +B II"J S9 " + s¤¤14.
D:{(*,y)l-zSy5 4,Ly' -3<x<y+ 1}

v v

(s,4) (5, 4)
y:rfzr+6 x:j I y'- 3

Y:x-7 x:y*l

-3 J x

(-1,-2) (-1, _L

y: -Ji" + A

(a) f'¤ te. sd¤ D (b) +B ue *.¤9 D aal 12

rflfl ^l
Eql ,+4 +¤¤ e=+.

!! ., dA : !:,!;;'-,xy dx dy :
t:,1+r),.::'-.,r'., ,0,
: +!:,v[(v + t)' - Gv' - z)')av
:+lr4 ( + *4v'*zv'-*)
t^_L
U ',
: rI lu *vo+z.y'- +urlo :36
rl- 24 3 ')_, r']

ql^ll 3e-l rH 12(a)E "l+"ll^l DE +B r"J ¤ qsE EB6I-E +¤¤ E

r- rL
E-1 .

gr(x) : -3 < x < -1

{ x-1, -1 < x < 5

II * dA: I-: frrr* xy dy dx * I:,!ff xy dy dx

"lag +lE ,JHE+ rJ gd 4gtr"l rlri.
(q!41 4|) ¤H. x + 2y * z:2, x:2!, r:0, z:091 el6fl +4lg ^l-Hxllel
+ElE
+6I+

Eil olfl Ex.llE Ezl glaH^l= rH¤- F zl1 r4= 4"1 64. 6l-+= 3;(}fl oJzIol
906 148 rt641E

z a, += 6r+= ra"l +q il+ ¤E sE Dsl :Hol4. :.H 133 4lE¤E.x:0,

(0,0, 2) z:0,+4BHx:2y,48x+ 2y*z-2ql el6ll +41¤^IErll 7=-H.q +q.B
H. x + 2y * z:2q rry¤H(tlol 4:0ol+)ol {C, + 2y: 291^'l jil^IolEs, T7l
rJ¤Hql^J {d x - Zy, x * Zy:2, x: 0oll E6H +4lE +48 Sq D +]"il +e 4
x:2y x*Zy* z:2 g "J + gltrHrH 14 +E).
T
!
¤8, + 2y * z:2+ z:2 - x - ZyE # f glo pe, +61rl= +q3 Bf e:
2 - x - 2y4 r4g g
"l-{e+ 'l-S E +]"il +"J+.
0 (0, 1,0)

(,,+,r) D :{k,}) I o (x ( t,xfLs y S t - x/zl

x
trl+^J q-s=r+ a+.
fal 13

v:JJ(z-x-zia+
v
xtZy:2
:_ fl [l-rtZ (z
-*- Zy) dy dx
)o ).,r'-

(,'+)
: I'[r, - xy - y')i1)i]'' a*
y:
0
*12

x
nl
:JO 2-x-x (,-r-(,-;) _x*-+-24 x2 x'
dx

f.g :J; (*' - zx * l) dx:

+ - x' +rlr: tr
14
+

r 4E +^1e-l Ele
v +Hlq 4El= 4E +^lE HL+q^l 4+ts + ?l+= ass "J6ll++. 4+ +^J
y:l .ll trl-+^l 4Eq 4l+lol ,l]+ qHzls 6l-a E.7l+:61-zlr alr1. ++ qlrll- 4l4I
617l ql- Hl+4Ee-E -trtrg a+ql 4E +^lE Hl-+E'JHg Eq++.

y:x
il ql4l 5 I) HI+zlE jJjl sin(y2) dy dx? 41416l+

U x E4 zl+g +qd qlE 4]4I6IEJE Hzl J sin(y2) dy¤ 4l+IqloF 6k "J.il zlE6J+.
:zflrll ol4+ Ezl-bol4. sll'F6lH Jsin(y2) dyb zlEH-fzl. "trlIre fr+z]]9 gl-
f.c 15 3B r EE?] o o + 4l4lg+ + H.trH7.s¤E
"lzlE ++ d-a).
q+^l zlB +^J= Hf+lo} ++. ol4
g trxl +qd HI+4E9 ol+zl+sg E¤+sEr^l SCg+. 4l tr]g 4+E 4+
v
6lE +¤¤ e=+.

lJ I sin(y2) dy dx: lJ sin(y2)d4

x:0
x:y {zJrl D - {(x, y)l 0 1x1l, x:.y < 1}ol+.
:.H ls9l gq DE r*l +914. rH 16-e-E+E1 DE q-q=r+ zJol 4E H'Is LI
0 x
4s + el+.
ral 16 +:d rr EE?.! o D : {(r, y)l 0 5y 5 l, 0< *sy)
 14.2 "JEJ4oJ
gqql^1 0lA4E 907

ol+48+ q+e H}+4Bqtr +4ql-r 4l E= ol*"1lrl LI++ ,J"l 4l&E f

gttrl.

f J' -*trz)dy dx: II sin(y2)dA

: lJ lJ sin(y2) dx dy: J; h'i,1y'1].:i ay
: , sin(y2) dy : -| cos(y2)]: : ltr - cos 1) r
Ll

r o|=4Esl .8E
++ zlEc eF ¤xlloJ+r 714=J+ 4^14¤ Bq D 9lg "l#4Bql ql+ x.l

+ ^ll c4+ 4.24+ t"J,* HJEsE +HB + 9l+. rel7 "JHJzl"J ¤qql ql
ol
"l] ^JAEe C9 tre+El tsg + 9t+.

tr lJ trr*,
y) + s(*, y)f dA : II f k, i ae. s(x, v) dA
ff
D

E :
II ,tt*, y) ae , I) Y@, y)', dA, ct tl+
Dql +6J EE (x, y)91 4dl fk, fl >_
s(x, y)olE trI+ol cB++.

A II ru,i de
= lJ s@,v)
dA

ol+4Bql ql+ ++ tec ll rt*l *:

,rr(x) dx + !! rG) dxE-+qzl- E
"J4EE de4 +^l-6}+(4.z4.q Cd tr).
D,4 DrTl ol=el 44lE 4]E"IE dzlzl t+g ull, D = Dru Dr+ 6lE ffiol -v
D
^dB++(tH t7 +6).

8
ff rl,i ae: JI rl,i dA +
ll tt.,i aa
t) x

C¤ tre +E IE "Lqr +B IIE "IHxl"J +¤ I E= +E r gqE 6Jd6J .f.al 17

o-tr E¤El= Bq D"ll^l ol+4Bg 41416I= ql

^FsE + ?lr+
rH 18e ol
fl 4dg ¤H++(fl*-gxll 34 +z\
v .),

0 -11 0 "Y

(a) rb +¤ IE us. "ILlri. (b) D: Dtt) D2, A,¤ frB t, OrE #B lt"1r*. ral 18
908 148 trt¤EE

4+q 4+'I+ Ceg gE D.ll^J {r-+uJ+/(x, y) : 19 zl+a}E +*4 g

ol DE HolE E=rl- ^I¤g Eol
z:l
=+.
0
9 A(D)
----------I

.f I) 'oo:
_t
D )
^JBErg:zB leoll^l E+ gl+ "JEol Dolak"lz} loJ
wl
+l 4l oJill 7lE
fal 19 "JEol Dolr tsol7f l?.1

"Jrll 7lE E +ul= A(D). 1:A(o)o1r1. :zflcll "l +qE !t,rane_ + + gl*g g.7.
?lzl 4+ol+.
uJ-xlqte-E- CE 6 EI EE e*6LE
'lg cag +E6J + glrltE#Exll
37 d-4).

10 Dql +'J EE (r, y)91 4dl m S f(x, y) s u olQ ffiol ^J B++.

m- A(D)
= ll f\,il dA < M .A(D)

a +Z: M s o}4ql il- oJiljel +q= +ol *rt "JE DE 6l-- flzlFg +trle+ +ol M+
*'--r:*'') ,,tg" r*=+(+g4gq qaf,-$,r.[oJ d¤oJ
a
+Z=nl EE D-tr 6I= flzlEg +irl ^|"lE
4.24E t B 174 ulla[Ez]-).
D

-r
(o{!41 6D DE +Col fldolr H}xlEol 2ql fl+ol+E oll, d¤ Eg oJg-all,r-l
:lal 20
4+ ilr rsin.rcos) dAg +¤"14.
pQI -l < sinx < 1, -1 (cos) < lolu-+ -1 <sin-rcosy < loltrI.trF+il +q=J+rJ+.

e-l< rsin.rcos) Iel:g

^dd EOql *: e-7 : l/e, M: e, A(D): r(2)2* tllE6IE tr{+g E=tr}.

4rr
e
,"" xcosr
dA < 4ne tr
= IJ

14.2 | u+=x{

1-3 q+ Hl+4Eg 41416|+. G) :a Hl+4+ {tg +a.t4.

,. ff (8x - zy) dy dx z. J' !' xe,'dx dt 4. f(*,y)=2y
:5X-X'
,. lJ jj'cos(s3) drds -v
v
(2,2)

a-s (a) +qd 6J+/el ¤q Dql q6l] ol+4+lJ" fQ,fi dA

y =-r
E Hl+4Estr. s^l6l+'
0 .r
 14.2 "JHJe?l Eqql^1 01548 909

5- f(*, y):xy
-v
z:l*xy

v: J* I

Y:x-7 -
.v
0 -{ r
(1, 1,0)

6-7 +*- ol+4Bg 41416I+. t6-20 tr}.+ flillel +ElE +6I+.

6lJ ]=ae,
x"*l n:{(r,y) lo(x{4,0< ysfi} 16.¤E 3x+2y-u:0 ol49+ EEC y:*', x-y298-
EEU{"ql ¤q +lql fl= giil
7
f e-"dA, D:{(r,y) l0SyS 3,0< xSy} 17. +H z: xy "Hle+qA¤ol (1, 1), (4, 1), (1,2)'J +48
+l.tl 9l= "Jill
8. trt¤- ¤Eq qlE fq4.
(a) #B rolz.ltrJ rirJ rrE olq+.
18. als.Bfll} ¤ 4. 2x + y * z:4E- Eqr+.J
^IHilJ
(b) +¤ rolz]trJ +E r+ otq+. 19. 7l;i$ z:x2, !:"r24 gH e:0, 1l:4tr- EBU,+oJ
o*l4l
e. D= +B I"J ¤q4 +B rtl ¤9gg +444. rzll.
+ %PHsE ffi olfzJE.g. 4l+16I+. 20. $lzlf- +y2: 1+ xlltBE*+ql^j9 rll ¤H
x2 y : e,

f! * ae,D= {d !: x,1;:0, x: 1-E EBUrt.J ¤q r : o, e: o9l Edll +4lE .Ji-ll

zlzl zl$ +^lE HI+4+g r.ll+14. fzll fl+ +

7
t0-11
m 21. r4gE ol-$all,tJ *d y : xa4 y: 3x - rq.,/d9 x4
,tJfi-oJS-all^J ol+4$g 4I4I6tr, El q +l+xl ¤HtlI4. 4IEE +4"I4. DE olfl +Cql E6fl +4lg Bqg .I
,0. y dA, DY y: x - 2, x: y29 + +4lE ¤q [lox dA$ +4a.]4
{J
22-23 + +tlcl il-= ol+oll^J Eillel +EE +61rJ.
,r. sinzx dA, D+ y: cos x, 0 ( x 1 r/2,.} : 0, x: 0o F
{J 22. EETIFy: | -i,y:* - 14 BEx*y* z:2,2x+
+4IE Bq 2y - z* 10 : 0 oE Eal/,+tJ "Jill

23. ¤H z: 3 olEl], ¤H z:y +ls+sE7lE y: fi,y: | - *

12-14 49 "1¤:4+9 41416l+
+q fl=
^Iolql "Jiil
,,. TJ .rcosy dA, D+y:q y:f,x:191 96]] +4fl ¤q
24-2s Pslzl ++ Hl+zl+sE +qd Eall= rq4.
,r.{J y'dA, D= +4ldol (0, t), (1, z), (4, I)"J dL4¤ gq
,0.
IJ
jJ-'rr - x - y) dy dx

,0.
IJ
(2x - y) dA, D= +dol fdoll tlzlBol 2.J +lql E ,'. l; !: Ji=T dxdy
l)
6H +4lg ¤ q
T ?:6-27 a+E ol+dl^l trl¤. oJzlle.l
4+qI +q
ls. rEg +Hlt-ry ¤Hql^i gq DE Hq+q. 'il+4141=
(a) 4E ot4el D +lq F"lE "JillE +qql qil HJ¤.
=
+6I-+.
ol+4+g 41fl+. 26. +E z: *'yo * ry' ol49+ *d y:tr3-r4 y :x2 + x
(b) oJillE +EE +6171 +l6li HJ+4E$ 414I6t4. (x > 0)91 el6fl +4lB BE +lql 9l= Eill
910 148 +=48

27. z.- I -r' --v'4 z : 0o-E- EJlAtoJ Ezll 36. qg- ¤q Dql^J Er+/q ¤+{tg+6}+.
f(x, y): x!, DE. +Adol (0, 0), (1, 0), (1, 3)tJ +4
28-30 4E ¤99:41, 4+ +^JE Ht++. ¤gq
,*. .[ llfl.,y) dx dy ,r. [:'' 11", rt,, y) dy dx 37. CA Eg +H6t4.

38-40 zla| E| Ella, Eb E+ 0l+611^l tr+¤- ol+zJBg 4l

f ln:
,o.J: J, fU,il dv dx
4I6t+.
3r-33 4+ +^lE Ht+l^l 4Eg 41416Ir+.
,t.lI (x+2)dA,D:{(r,y) l0 S y S ,/9 - rt}
,r. J; f "r.'dxdy ,r. IJJ; v
3 + 1 dydx
,r.fl (2x + 3y) dA, D: 4^17+e 0 < x1 a, 0 <y <&
,r. I l:*",,cos -r I* cos2.rr dx dy

oo'
.[ (ax'+ by'+ u 2- x2 dA, D : l_a, al x l_b, b)
34. DE-+B I E= +B rtl BqE BdBqs E¤6Ir 4
+ lJ
x2 dAE al4I6I+.
ol+4E"il ql+ ¤+{t 4r-l= /7}
41. 0|E4EE BA'"1 Eel
v
I
SB t e.= +E tr.J ¤H ¤E Dql^J fl+olE q-"s
(1, l)
"J+61+ d (xo , y)7\D.Jql ¤x[+g "JrJtI
/ : f (xo,vo)A(D)
1x Ij ta, v) dA
\
f7l4 @, b)Z :E6+6I= fl+ +lql^l E4ol4. D.= +d
ol (a, b)olr. qlzl$ol r"J EqlflsolE, ol+4Eql 'I+
3s. ^J¤ Elg zl+ {i¤. +¤61-+.
ol$_aN.+l tr++
¤+{t d4= ^l_eo
6l.{ trq+.
'4
- xzyz dA, S: {(r, i I *' + y' 51, x > 0} 1^^
: f (a, b)
IJ
5 lg3 ,t JJft,,
Dr
y) dA

14.3 I +als,q^1 ol=4E

+dol gde g+ Bq Rq^l ol+48 IIofG,:,dAE 41416.17l g*q-r 6}xf.

ol 4+ql Rg 4i/3+E_E EB6l-- aHq +4IEE EH6l+ 4ol d4. "JqI4
J) otr EJoJ ¤9 nol +4IEE Etrt ¤rll EEE+H, ol=l4B¤. +4lE_E E+6t
P(r,0): P(x, y) q 4l+161.= 4ol #4ts olzl-EJ:+.
r
v
r +ElE'0ll EH:d
=+
o .{ "{ +4lE- e.3{oll.<1 azl]qHtrJ-. rH lql^l 'J Eel +4s (r, 0)L ++ +4141

-ral
JEI
'l
ql el6fl r Ael zlaalE. (x, y)4 +fl$+.
 14.3 0l=48 911
=atE0il^l

12 : x' * y', x: rcos 0, y: rsin 0

+dol gdql gq %144g +4IEE +EILIE '11+ ++61-tr|.

++]gE ,J4^lg r: roll ol flsE Ezl/ l-.J ¤q* :.H 2(a)e+ rJtrl-. rE
2(b)e+ +c sEE +61-EE ++48 E46l-trI. +4IE_E- E¤E trl= +dE.il
qlr.lq e.3¤el E tg 4r'Izl-.

v ,v

x2+y2-l x2+yz-4

l
0 -f,
x2+yz:1
(a)ft:{(r, B) l0<r<1,0 <0<Znl (b)R: {?,e) l1<, <2,0.0<o}
=zJ
2

I =-,EljEoll^l ol=4E
a4 24 ¤q=g rB 3ql -H.J 44 e+ + 1.48(polar rectangle)E 5tr+ 4
*"14.
,R : {(r, o)la( r ( b, s 1 g s F}

R7l- +^l-4eg ql ol+48 llofh,i dA.4141617l +16ll +rJ lo, b)E Hulz}
Ar: (b - a)/mo+ ,Jg m414 ++ ++ lr,-,,r,lE 4Ll, +7J lo., BIE q
ulzf A0 : (F - d/n9 E eg n44 +E++ lli_r, g;le +b+. r+l{ fl .:
,,el *4d 0: 0j= rB 4ql -HoJ 44 rJol nE q 4r-g +^f4¤ R,
g +b+. =^I4¤

e- 0'
0- 0i_,
r: b Rij
0:F (rf, oi)
rfl 4e.i 14.1Eel ral 37|- HlE6|-al.

LO

/ r:a. 0:a r: ri
f:fi-r
a
o o

-7al 2
rEt u =.r17t6!
---I,.1 :IeJ 4 ft= +E^[4:doe E:-J
-6
=

+ ++^l-48 R, : {(r,6) lr,-, S r 1r;, 0 j-ta 0 < 0j}E +dg tl-*4 ,Jg
912 148 q+48

+4tEE +=+.
r,$ : L@,-, L,), Af : i(0,-, + ar)

HlzlEol roltr 5i{4ol 0"J +zllgel H olzl11204. ^l¤9 ol*ull,! nr9 H

ol5 4l4I++. #d4ol Ae : 0, - |i_t?l + +zllgel HolE uuNfl rta9 H"l=
'l+4 a+.
AA,: fr?Le - *.r,'-rA0 : *t: - r?-t)Lo
: Lr(r1 * ri-, )(t, - ri- r) L0 : ,f L'r Lo

4^t4Bg fl dA= 4gqHxl"J g+EI+ /"11 4611^l

ols-rll.rJ ol+zJB |lo f u,

- +^I4¤g ole" aJlE +"JoJ Arl-= g= Ag }t.J + gltrt. ftu9 +dql 4+

zlr.4lE.= (rf cos 0f , rf sin 0f )oluE, 4oJ 6J+ q+-4 ,JtI.

1 ir:l j:li /(r,r cos 0f , r! sin 0,t) LA, :>,:r i:li /(r,r cos 0f , ,! sin gf ) r! L,r L,0
g(r,0) : rf(r cos 0, r sin O)etl 6IE, tr$ F-l+ 6J* ++r+ *ol ¤ + 9l+
^l
,t1 II

> E sU!, ol)arAo

i:l j:r

olae ,Jg 6J"l+.

'lt$ "l+4$ql 'lql El"J

f !: s?,0) dr do
r4 o-E ++g e-r+.

f (*, y) dA : lim i j:li /(r,t cos of , rfsin ol) AA;

l] m,n+e i:l

:
-riT*
m,n___)6
ii
i:l j:l
sif , efi L,r h,o : Ill! nt ,a) dr do
: I: Iltt cos o, r sin o) r dr do

E ol=+Eolll1 =EIEE EE ftl o 1a 1r 1b, a < 0 s BE +"141 +^I4B

,roll^-l fl*"ls ffiol cH++.

lJrtr, i a,q, : I: Illrcos o, r sin o) r dr do

{zlrJ 0<B-s12rro14.

tr"I 9l- +49 .4 0ql qlal 4¤.J 4+ +415 ols-" ap, dA= rdrd?E \ptl
oll,rl x- r cos 04 y : r sin 0-tr +'s -tral ol64Bql^l 4-il.4+E.E +4IE.E H+
 14.3 +jtlEoll^l ol=qE 913

@ q+ dg,+ElU+. +{ trE +HglrJ *zl-4ql .J+ rE *"1^l- oJ ¤+.

oltrll
olfl
^l4&
tlqq+ d5:4"J ,JEol rB sql ¤Hqq fl+ 4zlrJ ,+oJc'+ o'>ffi dA

,Joltl r d|e] drtl 4s4.J + gi+. rEljr_e. .\l rl dr

He-l
^I4ESE 44l6J
/vl
^I4¤r9 -
'Hol'} dA: rdrd|Tl gtl. /-t,'1.r
r do
,/-'
o
{qrll 1l) fl
x2+y2: l:} x2+yz -4ql elt11 +4lg tr-H} ¤Hql fl= gEgRol -ral tr
+ R oll ff- (3.r + ay\dA= 4141614.
JE !t

Eq Bq R= +g=4 zJol u14g + 9l+.

O :{(r,y) I y } 0, L I x2+ y'. +}

ol4.g:.H EFol Hlrfloltr, +alEE t<r<2, 0<0<rrol4.EI+^l

2(b)oll^J

+^l Eql elofi q4g E=+.

,r, + 4y') dA : I: f [3(r cos 0) + 4(r sin 0)2] r dr d0

fl
: JJ Ii ttr'cos o + 4r3 sin2o) dr do

: IJ [r'.o,
0 * ra*ir'o]:i d0 -
Ii O cos 0 + 15 sinzl) d0
: lJ[z"ore + f1r - cos zflfae qTl^j Af4-tst+ -BrEAl= 0lEEtrl..
sin20 : |(1 - cos 20)

:7sin0+ t5o-T*,nrr]o:;
15 l' tsrr
I Af4-st+"| 4EE 7.2=2 Eta-zltl
Z
(o{14! 2l} q+ ol+4+g 414}61-+.

(*' +
Jl, fj= Y') dY a*

Eil ol Hl+4.$+:aB 6q^J Bqzl= *E R +lql^19 olf4$"l4. -)f

I
Y: th
n - {(x, y)l -l s x { l, 0 5 y 3 ufiy -'
ol sq Rg Hlg+oI4. r40+ q+r+ zjol {a}Ee +44H q+ rJ+611414.
R : {(r, o) I o<o <rr, o (, < l} 0 lx

4+^J +gg E=+. =aJ

6

Il, I./: (*' + v') dv ctx - lJ l; ?\ ' dr do

:.rt+] r:I

r:0
d0:-l
4Jo
ltrTt
d0:-
4
n
914 148 +=48

(0,0, t)
(o{!41 3l) ¤E e:0+sEE z-r-x2-y2ql elB]l +4lE ExllE +nlE+61+.
I

l-
Eil e+gq e:0olg xz+yz -lg g=trI. olAg ¤Eol EEE
%r-44lql^l
F- 4 "J+=:zdol fl ,, *yr= lgg 9"1d4. trl+^J Eill} x2+y2 < l_E +"141
0
fl* n +ls+ sEts ol4"tl +"J+trH 74 :rH 2(a)l arleoll^l D= 0 ( r { 1,

D
.v
0<0 <2nE- +q4l+ | - x2 -y2: | - r2olFE +61-= +q= +s=r+ ?JL+.
-rel 7
JE' v : II (r - *' - y')dA :ff"JJ 0 -,')rdrdo

: ff'ru!:u-,')dr:r"l+ +]: :+ tr

qlxll 3ql^l +4l-E. 441 4r4|ge ole"dffl q+ 4Eg g-+.

,: I!(r -,' - y')dA: I:,f-'A(r - *'- y')dydx

:a+l+ Jtr - *ir'','dxil+qloh 6r-Ir.E 4l4}ol flzl ?*4.
zlgl$lfl ILIH$ rH 8+ rJe +AI+ +¤E ¤qee q+E f gl4. uA
r: hr(O) z r+.zz3ql^J 44gHH +¤ uel zl,r.14B gq4 +^l-61trr. "lH ¤E +4 tre+
0:fr
14.2¤e-l +{ EE e.Jdtfl 'l-S +{g E=tr|.

0:a rJg +Bqql^J /7I E+ol+a 6l-xl.

p
a
3
'l++
o r: h,(0) o- < <
{{r, a) I a o F, hr(e) < r
< hrg)}

fg8 relH'I*ol ^dB++

D : {G,o) I a < o < p, hr@) < r < hr@)}
II tt.,y) ae : l: I!,',1,'
f Ucos 0, r sin 0) r dr d0

561 ,f(x, )) : - h@)E +gE 0: q,0: F, r:

1 , ht(e):0, hz(o; h(0)41 916l]

+4lg BE DE Hol= +*4 tJte.ad +^l Er+ gzl++.

A(D): t dA : ff lJ'' r dr do
IJ
oo
,': :
I: t+l|."'0,: !:+ lh( 0))' d0

(qd 4D olf4$g ol+afl.! 4fl x}ol ,:cos26el $,t1+l 6I+E Efl*l-oJ Hol
E +6I+
A: -[
Efll :e eql il= +dE rHqJ^l g^Irl 6I+= +s-+ ae BqqE +q4r+
:1aJ I
 14.3 0t=48 915
=4tE'0il^1

D : {?, 0) | -rrA < e < rrl4, 0 { r 1cos20}

4e}^l HolE +s=4 rJ+

A(D) : I! dA : I::,^[:-20 r dr do
: I!:,^[+,1, "' do : +
I!:,^cos2zo
do

: i I!:,-(l * cos 40) do

: +[e + [ sin ou]l),^: tr
+
( qfl 5 l) EEts z: x2 + y' ot44 ry BE gl r4I. ET]E *' + y' :2x4 q]+ql v (*-l)'*y':l
+q il+ Edlel +i{t +614. (EE r:2 cos 0l

Eil gq e4lz} ts44 *, + y, :2x E* sd4l#.J G - rY * y, _ I oJ

ol Eill=
+l* 9lql +.J+rH l0rl-ll +4). 0
2
x
+4IE.= ol+olfl *'+y':r24 -tr: rcos0ollrE gE eAl *,*yr:Zx! y2:
Zrcose, + r:2cos6ol4.
"l-+^J flS
A= tl+4 ?J+.
: ral
ill -rrlz < 0 < rr/2, 0 I
10
D {(r, r 12cos0}

+4 Eql sl6l] +*.g E=+ z:x'+yz

v: I[(*, + y\al: [!:,,1;*" rzrdrda

: ou : o []i,'cosao do (x-1)'*y':l
fl,,tt']."'"'
: r [:''cosoo do : r *
f''(ty)' -d 2 v

:, !:''lt * zcos 2o + l(r * cos +ey)ae f.al 11

: zl*e * sin 2o + sin 401:''

$

:,(;)(;) :+ tr
916 148 q"648

r4.3 | E+gnt
1-3 ¤9 Rzt q-q=+ zJol fqH4.ftl nqlrl ¤+tl oJE.el 1 r. 3 E tr.ol r : sin 30el xll I fl= g
^tBEql
E++.J 4l 4r.ale4 +4tE + qL d9 ole" Exl {dap.,
12. (a) :H4 rJe +E olel], ¤E D +lql +"J .J4lel +4=
II* f G, 11 at¤ Hl+4gee sf,ot4.
4l4}6i7l +l6l.q +4EE ol*d Hi+4H ^llfl+.
1 y 2. -v
$) :a HI+4E* 4l4I6Iq +qE +ol-4.

4x -3 -l I 3x z:l* m

-4
V
D
3. v
-x *' + y': 4, z:0
13-14

-L
n 2x (a) rHr+ Ag ¤q +'J +qA E4,f(;r, y)9 :4
D +lql
o opiql il= "J4lE +ElE +6I= ++{Eg +aIEE
ol+6}q
^Jl+lrl.
(b) ol HI+4E¤ "l+6lq +el= +61+.

+q+l ¤qs:14r 4Es

13. f(x,y) : y 14. f(x,!) : x
4. H "l+ f:; f ,a,do-E 41
)r
:9 r=sin0
4i"I+. x2+ y'

s-8 trl-¤. 4E¤. +3+trs HI+l^l 4l+614.

s. j[ xzy dA, D= +dol flflolr H]zlEol 5.J +l-HJfl x

6. JJ-sin(x2 + y')dA, R+ 4Il^IEHql^J +doJ fldolr -r

HlxlEol tJtJ tg 3.J g +fl Bq

^Iololl
7. tlre-',-v'dA, D+ HIfl, :,/4 14yA"ll el61l +4'|
¤¤q rs-le +4ls"E ol$all,rl q+. Eillel +rl= +6t+.
S. JI* arctan(yf x) dA, 15. EEE z:xz +y', oI44 fl* x',+y2 <25 +lql +e
R: {(x, y)l I S *' + y'< 4, 0. y.r} EAI

16. SH u*y* z:4 ol4e+ flS x'+y'S I +lql +"J

e-l1 "l+zlBg olf-all,rl trl+ gq Del HolE +61-+.
"Jill

9. r: l-cos0 10. r:sin0 *

17. HlxlEol aoJ

18. flgH ,: E + y' +le+ +H xz + y2 * z2 = 1 oiqlql

+"J 'Jill

r: cos d
19. fl7lE x2 + y2:49I E++1ts 4x2 + 4y', + z2 :648 E4
,RI"J
"Jill
r:1*cos0
 ',4.4 olEi4Eel 3E 917

20-21 trI-S HI+4E¤. +4IE_E H+6tJ^l 4l+I6t+. E +4E 4l+6I+.

,0.
J; I{=' e-*2-)'2 dy dx ,r. t'' Iff .r'dxdy 24. 0 1a1b"J trll, Iel ¤9 o' 1x2+12 <b'q1.r1 t3
E"J
# f(x,y) : t/Jx' + y' E ¤+{tg +E}4.
T 22. ol¤l4E¤. rgl ql+ tg4EsE EB6.I+. :7 trH_ AI& 25. +aIEE- ol+El^J q-* qlg 6I+E olfzl$s-e AqI^l
zla-, t ol+4$e] {tg +6t+.
q6|rll zl$g 41416l+.

lloeG'+r)'dA, D+ +dol fldolr q1xlgol lql g+ l,:,,n !'rr= xv dv o. * [! L ., dv dx * f^r !:= xv dv dx

23. zl$ol 10m?l fl¤ +q+ol ?l+. "l +¤tlE zJol* E ,t. I: e-"'dx : J;= olgall,r-l trl-S 4EE {tg +6}+.
,<J-EE ,rJE zj-I", h++ E.¤- I molr +4__ e--tr" ,J++ d
E4 "-e +7I6ll^J E+ EE zJolb z mol4. ol +st}
(")
l; x,e-*'dx G) ff Ji e-, dx

14.4 I olE4Eq 3E
+?]- olul olf4BE ++ + 6r+"J +EE 4l+ql Bt+. 4E zlalqr4 ¤-s" e
E +Hq HolE +6I. 4ol tlbtrll, ol49 r+.s¤ql^J ffi {o14. "lH ¤ql
gc E4qt4 +¤¤ a^I6J+. olfl E
^l= e=J, d6l-, 4++c, +^dEElE!+
4E4 ,}]HES F zl]9 qEE+= +- g¤"JEE.+E ++¤ trll E^l +,qql
49 Erll ¤ 4ol'I.
v
I "JEst EeJ v)

8.3¤oll^l oJEzL +.J+ s.g +ol+ qr-"+e.l _EHlEeI d=#+dg 41416l-71 +ldl
+'J4+g ^l*s"6J + glHrl-. ol4l ol+4Bg "J-L 110-oe oJETt +96}zl g+
g q}"+g 446]] E^l-. sg +.ol :ry¤89 sE D. ztzl6l-j1 glr Dsl d (x, y)
"ll^lel ++lHol%L d+, * "Js(density)zl Dql^-l fl+?] p@, y)E #"1fl41 zL
0 .f,

Ctll-x}. ol. ++3 9"1*4. -ral

JEI
{

p\x, y) : Iim L,m @ii,fii)

AA
^
J

{zlx-J Lm4 AA- tJtJ @, }). EE}6}- z}g ^l-4¤E E=6}r+ rdololg +6Jg
{^I4¤9 HEol 0o_+ d+6I- 4sE qflr(rfl 1 +a).
se *E dill ¤=J rug 7al7l +16ll DE s6J6l+. ^}4¤ RE (rH zel 'Jol)
a7l7l +C +E zl^l-48 ftiiE +b+.DE e.l+ollr-l p(x, r; : sola|_r_
^J4,*+.
4 (*ff,yf)= q6lE,troll qlB6l- +E E+C 3,t[{ee p(xff,y,f) aA
.R,joll^J n

ol+. AA- R;jsl Holol+.

"]fl ¤Ec=¤ E+ q6IE ++4 Ag dill d%IE -
=A 2 4 +E E#E
4.1^14:d R,el
+t{tg e=q. p?i,yff) AA0ll el6t|
=^lEtl.
918 148 rt=48

* - i, j:ri p(r#, y,T) aA

i:t

YE 4^l-4$e] += E4zlH +*#sl **ee +s-r+ rJe S+ +fl dEl 4

* m* e=q.

kt
1 *: ,ri\*t E p{xff,yfi) aA : lJ p(x,y) dA
[, I+co ,:l j:l

E4qtzl-==+ ole+ ag rJHsE rl-E + gl- trl-= ¤EilE "JEE C46Jq ql

E Eq ¤q Dql^J a6l-71- +sq"l tla D .Jel d (r, y)ql^l d6I"JE(t9l.Jol
B datizl- o(x, y)E +q4lqE dill E6t(electric charge) O- q-q=r+ *L+.

2 0 : ll a(x,Y) dA

v
(oll{l tD :rH 3.el +48 gq D"ll^J d6t7l-EEqr (x, y)ollrJ d6}'JE= o(x,y)
: ryo14. dill d6l-= +61rJ {zlrJ d6l-"JEE ++l= c/m2o14.
)=1 (1, l)
D Eil ^l
tre+rH 3oE+q q**g e=+.

Y=l-x 0: I[o(r, y) dA:lJ L:, xy dy dx:fi [, t),,::'=, .0.

r'l -t
'!:;[r'
- (1 - r)'] dx:L ll tz.' - x3)dx
-ral
JE
2
T'

:rlu'
zl3
_r*-],: s
4)o-za
l4 =.+ dxll d6k # c"lrt. r

r -EE!-Esl.tre-Ec
8.3¤ql^l ujEzl- t"J,* SC +el d++d$ +fl+ olxll pETl- +"J61-xl 9+
g #g +g ^J46ll Exl-. sg +ol ¤E DE +qzla "JE++ p(x, y)E 7*E
rJ_r. a1z1-. 8+ql^J +ql ql+ .JzI9 EHIE= flxl-9 d"#4 +sE+Elel 4d
,l4e-l #ss 4Efltr}. a4 2e+ zJol pE 4Lg Lrb+. rBlE Ru9
^Ir+EsE
4%Ie 3rL4 o_a p(*fr,yff)
^Aoltrl. "|+^l x+oll 4t Rrsl _EHIE- +¤.4'J
ol f,r.|,rJe + il+.

lp1ff,v#) aalvf
ol4l
"]fl "JE+ EF q6}r. Y E ^t4¤E +E =ElrJsEr&l ++g q6IE,
x+oll .ll+ s+ + d4lE gE=(momenr)$ +-o_4 rJol EE4.
 14.4 ol=4gsl 3E 919

E Mr: lim
m1 n+@
nl
TT
tl

yff p(*ff,y#) AA : lJ yp(x,i ae

n

ulalzfzlE r+ql qoJ EHIE= +g-4 ?Jq

Mr: lim
m,n+6
i j:li *ff p(*ff,yf ) AA : ll xp(x,y) dA
,- 1

*ql^lxlH 4++c (r,r)- mi: M,* mi: M,E cq*+ E4qzj"J g"l . (t, r)
b se +E d7-ll ¤*"1 ¤++cql d+qqfl. axJH zls"e+- 4014. I'l- D

4^J d++Cql ts44. +sH S+ *e +¤sE +¤g olE+(rH 4 +e).

5¤q DE zlzlo}il pE6J+7I p(x, y)tl $E9 +e-l ¤++dE 4l-E (x,r)= ral 4
+94 a+
M., I rr
i:_-,::llrp(r,y)dA, M, y p(x, y)
1
t- dA
M MJJ
D
mm IJ

¤zlr-l 4* ** +*+ rJ+

*: tt p(x, y) dA

(qr{| 2 |} "JEEI+7I p@, t) :1 * 3x + yB ofl EAdol (0, 0), (1, 0), (0, 2)tl AI
4B +"+el ¤++ A=#+dg +614
Eil ,il:r+83:H 5eI rJ+. (g+ 44lsl %Fd4_lol y:2-2x"Jql ++6izl.) +E v
¤* ** ++4 *+. (0,2)

y:7 - 2x
*: tl c'.,idA: lJ f-"(1 + 3,r + y)dydx
(i,*u)
:fi t *)|,','r dx
[,. 3xv
0
(1,0) x

:4f (l -r,)dx:4 x"

?
I
4
_IEI E
J 0
3 JEvi

+^l trq^J r-l¤¤ EE+.

1
o:;JJ-- xp(x,y) dA: iJn
c fl l2-2x
J;
-- (x
* 3xz + *y) dy dx
3 rr
:sJo [r, * Sxzv
" * *t1':'-'.
2),:0
o*
L"
:it:(x-x')dx:-l
. 3f x'
2L2--
*01
I
4 ) o8
a
1
920 148 +e4E

o:*l! yp(*,y) an: i I; (y + 3xy + y')dy dx

:+f l+.3.+. +1,:,-" o*: ilJ (7 - ex - 3x2 + 5x3)dx

:;I 7r_ 9__x'+5-l:-

x2 ^ ,'l'
2 4lo
ll
16

trt+^t ¤++cE E (t,it)q il+

(qd 3D Hlg E.JE EI"+ +lE "JEel Eql^j "JszI gE +dg-q+El 7l4ql Hl
,ll++. ol +fl fl++dg +6I+

v Eql EI"+g fl. *, * y, = rrg tlHlflql +l^l \7\7Ha+ 6 +4). rElE E (x, y)oll
u
* y': o' gE +d(flfl)ztxlel 44= ,ffiol+. trI{^J gEH,++ r+g-r+ *q.
^J
p(*,y): KrFy'
-a n OX
{zlrl Ks ^}+olr+. gE'J+e} q}Ee.l E"J E+ql^l +E}-tr-E E++6}E x z+lz
:1o1tr sq D.0<r1a,0<e<a-E iold+.tr}+^l qt-"+s] 4* ** ++r+
reJ 6 zlrL
'F-1.

*: ![p(x, y) dA: !1x,ffi aa

: J;L tro rdr do : * I' do [" rzdr : -,+f Kra3

a
0"

qr-"+4 gEEL+E y49l ql6l qla"l+. q+^J e++dg +E^l y4 +lql ilqoF +
+. + x : 0ol+. A++A9 v4E= q+r+ ,Jr+.

qftll 3ol EaJAdq fl^l= 8.3tr qlfil 4

y : * ![tot*,v) dA: # I: ff,sino
(Kr) r dr do

el Hl?6ll HII-. Esg ,Jrl'J "JE7l-il

g-d gJp i$g EaJ6d0l
+l^l-Erg g aolq.
(0, 4al(3zr))oll : #J- rin o do
!' 13 dr :#t-*' rf;[+];
3 Zaa 3a
rra3 4 2r
relE-tr ¤++C+ d (0, 3al2r)4l+l7l++

I EI¤EEIE
qE +ql ¤* *"J 'JxI9 *CgElE(moment of inertia) [E= 2rl .E.EIE
'fl61]
(second moment)lY mrZ9-e Celg+. 4zlrJ r- gzlql\ 4rtl{E ,l4ol4.
EHIEqI^i dqfl'J 'J4sE ErH.fzl- p(x, y)olr qE DE ilzl6}= sc +
oE ol z11'Jg. +er-=J+. DE +g ++r, x4oll ++ 4 .? E ^l4F
^l-4$_etr
 14.4 0t=qE9 3¤ 921

Eql ql+ +^dEHl=E ++4. :z4r 5-g ,r.|zJEel += EEjrJs

=^l-4eE
E,tAl !}ql +*g +l.Jtrl : ¤4b ++r+ ?ol $3 S9 x*oll +rJ +CE{E
oltri.

6 I,: lim
m, n---+e
i i
i:\ j:t
bil, p@ff,y,f ) aa : I!r, p(x, y) dA
D

uf4lzlxlE y+{ ++ +CE{E= ++4 ,J+.

7 Iy:m,fi+G
rim i i kff)'p(*ff,y#) AA : [{.r' p(x,y)
JJ
dA.
i:l j:l

moment of inertia)+ 6l-= +94 A* gd"il ++ +¤51fl

=Ed.E.HlE(polar
E= 4r+6l] E= 4E +ElEri.

8 Io: lim
mrn+b
iir
,--l j:l
(ril )'+ 0,T)'] phff,y,T) AA : lJ (*' + y')p(*,y) ae

Io:I"+1,oJg+E-6l-zl-

(qq 4 D +dol fldol7 llxlS$ aol4, "JE++ p(x, y): poJ #¤ fl+ De] +
cg{lg I*, Iy,Iog +6i+.
EEI og] 44.|= fl *'*y':o'o14.=41-EE DE O <0<Zr,0.--r1a-tr- g.EE
trI.+^l Elql s.lsll ++g E=4.

,. : II y'p dA : o f" l, lruin o)2 r dr do

: o ff" sin2g ot I: f dr : o ff' Ltt - cos20) ae [" f dr

: tlu - | sin zo):" -
,poo
t+], 4

ulafzfxlE +41 Eql E6l1 +¤¤ e=+.

I,: II x'pdA: rff" Jo
{.ror o)2rdrdo

: o [:' ](r * cos 2o) ,u I: f dr:

+
(Ezllql^J
4acsE+EJ 1, : r,_7l rl4g4.) +41 E_E+q 1.9 zld 41416l-/l+ +
+g ol+B + 9ltrl
922 148 rt64E

Trpa4 Tpa4 :- Tpa4

/0:i*aty: T-
+42 .

qlzll aollrl g+9 4%I"l q++ rJ+q #e-aj4.

m-EJE x HoJ : p\raz)

rflF-E (iL+ql ++ HI+le+ rJsJ g¤q +qL g+sl +-EE-HIE- ++r+ +

ol ++?l+
,o-
, TPoa
- z :L(pno')o':L*o'

fl+q e+olL| *xlEol +zlalE sdsHl=_+ +7},ilr}. oJHlzl "E c

trl+^J
B+Eql^] 4%Iol 6l+ E+g qd +Eql^] +^JEHIETI-++. xl+ztel a=J
oJ xffix|e.l ¤Eol'+ cxlE u.I=:. 4z-lH, Ht+le-l +¤EHIE= Etflel
"lgr11
sldolq 4xlE qB4l "J=+.
+"ll +'J Se SE Eldelxl$ RE ++4 rJol 496J4.
I mR2:I
{zlrJ *3 *9 4+, 1- +qd +ql '11,t} +dEfl=o1i1-. 4l trl= Se +E
¤+ol +sE+El '14 noil d+g+E, ol ¤dE +^JEHIE- +el *cEHlE
e+ e+- ag "J6I =+.
561 ,+"11 ++ sld*xlE Is+ y+ql +.J qdElzlE ;= q-g-4
'Jol iq
+l+.

10 *y' : I*, mxz : I,

:f4=8. (t,t)= +E d+ol 4}Eqql +6J +d-EHIEE Esl^lzlxl elr. d#

E + ?t= doltri(¤++dr+ +^L6Jql +sl6l-^0.

( qxl| 5 D glzll 4q 9t= g+el .r4oll ++ sldqlzlE¤ +6L4.

Efll t++ Hte+ rJ"l fl*q e=J+ ,n: pnTaz"l+. q+^l 4l Eql slaN ulgg E
I-tI
L t.

I, _ o'
i' m
Inpoo
pro? 4

rBlE-tr x49l +.J qdH}xlE* i: L"oltr, g+q qlxlEg elol4. n

r +Ei
8.5¤ql^l ¤++EH+ xel E}=EE=J+(probability density function) /= ^84iR
rJ. ol4* e= roll 46}l /(x) > 0, I:- f(x) dx: 1o14, xzl a4 b q
^Iolql +"J
 14.4 ol=4Eel 3E 923

P(a < x < b) : I)fl*l o*

ol4l "JelE q6J ,l4lel +e6J + ++q fE s= dql qd9 zls+ E+rll
E"
4 7Je- F zll9 fl++EHf x, rel %Fg ^Jr+61-zI. xe+ rel
=!-sEE:d+(oinr
density tunction)!- (x, Y)71 gq n"il flg qtrol +s=4 B* olH+6J+ /oltrl.

p((x r) E D): ae
I|ft,.,i
D

561B9"l ^f4Eolfl xzf a* b ^Iolql +olr ytl c4 d ^l-ololl +.J +Ee.

q+q rJq(rfl 1 +^).

P(a< x< b, c < Y s d): I: I!rt.,y)dydx

e v)
=f(x,

d
b
v
aal 7 x7l ae] b Alololl wl cel
x D
d Al0l0ll E"J qE3 =olr
4lAl"4E P: la, bl
x lc, dl Plsf Laflu s1.11
=E|."JE-sf#9
0ll +trlolrl
=?l
q¤* ¤."1 "t,,r 04 I +CE.o-+ A6JtrJEE-+8. q+ CEg r*
^Iolql^-l
1- r]
-T.

/(x, y) > o, II rt.,v)

dA: r
R2

R2o|^]ol+4$g +'Hq= g Eb {^l-4$ql^J ol+4EE +qLsE dEEl-

oltr4Bol4. :_42 ++4 rJol ¤ + 1l+

II rt.,y)
dA: J: Il_fi,i a* dy :I
R2

(lo{l4l 6 j) xs+ yel A.Jgs.Jfzl ,J"l fqfl4.

'l-.gl4
C(x + 2y), 0 < r < 10, 0 S y < 10
f(*,y): 0, += *ql^J
924 14tr} rl*4E

^J+ cE #g +6}-r, P(x < 7, Y > 2)E +614

Efll rg ol+zl+ol 1ol qE+ cE #g +6JtrI. 4^l4B [0, 10] x [0, ro] 9+q
t) f(x, r; - Qoltr F trl-+g g=+.

J: I: f k, y) dy dx: lJ' L'' tt, + zy) dy dx: t l,'' [,, * ,']',:i o*

: t (lor + loo) dx : l5ooc
.|;o

:a4_op. 1500C: 1olr., EI4^J C: #ol+.

olzll xzf zl4olloF zoll. y= 4q=_ z"J q¤g 4l4IE + 9t+
p(x s r, y > z) : f_*ll l.,y) dy dx : f I:#(, + zy) dy dx

: Il* * ,'l',:)' dx: ,* [

,roor (Bx + 96) dx

: ffi : o'5787 tr

x= q¤EEEI+ "f,(x)E
,*- +EHf"ll r- qE"JEi'J+ fr9)* += q
EH++r 6}zl- +s=r} zJol olEel aEI"JsEfzI +?+E "JEEI+el ;,Lr+ ,J
o H xe+ yE E}EE+(independent random variable)a| +q.
=tJ
f(*,v): f,(*)fr(v)
8.s¤ql^l xJfulrH-+E ole" oll,rl 4zlrlzJ¤ rls=4 zJol e¤sHHtrl.

:{ l.0, r<0
f (t) r >0
lF-'e-'/*,

4zlrJ pt Bfr-rlfzJ.r.lz3ol+. trl+ {lxll"llr-l + q7l^l+ol +H"J +%l-¤- ^84

+rt.

(q4l 7l) ¤El+ +¤zI= ¤tr} sE"l ++E sE++E rlzl 91"11 7l+4= ¤#^l
+g l0Eola *=¤ ^l-71 +16ll ,l+r-1. ^l+g 5+ol+r 44'J4. 4zl^lrJol +
B"J trll, + BE+ S"l zt4ql *zl 4ll4 7l+48 dfll 20Ets-E+ zlg +E
^l+ol
g +61-+.

Eq Bg+EE ^Izl 9lt 4zlal* xel E-=g ^F7l +l+ 471^lrJ rE xlaqgn=
++E EEsl++$, + "Jr4-a3 44 +=r+ rJol ¤ + 9t+

:
,(r):lg, ,,^ x(o>_o f'|il :=l?, ,. v<o
' lrtr-r,,, x \+r-r,t,, =o
xe] yzl -E-Bol.E-=_ pE}psga3 +++ +E|
 14.4 Ot=4Est 3g 925

f (*,y) : f,(x)fr(y) : I $e-*/tor-t/s, x ) 0,y }_ 0

I 0, trt= *ql^l

x+y< 200J q¤g q+4 ?JL+.

P(X+Y<20):P((X,r)¤D)
q7l^J DE rH 8e-l +I4¤ Sgol4. tr;+^l +g.g E=+. .I'

2A
p(x + r < 20) : llfl*,y) dA: l;'J'o-' fie-*/ro"-r/s dy dx
x +y :20

i l;' l,-v'o1-srr-,,1i-?-' d*: # J;',-*/ro(! -,q'-zo)/s) dx

= *a Jro (e-'/ro - ,-4rx/t})dx: I * e-a - Ze*z :0.7476 0 20x

olae Bs+ se-l *tsEozl zI4ql szlzlzl20+E+ 441 7l+4= 4g slulaf,{. r -rel
JE
a
llt

I t l5{rJ
8.sdql^J x7I q¤"Js*f f- ?*+ ffi{folE, xel S+g'}¤.+ ,Jtr+.

*: I:-xf(x) dx

olxll x4 rzf paSgEEr-+ f E ?*+ ffiflfolH, xel ysl 7l"jrJ(expecred value)

ol+ 6I= X$t(x-mean)r] r$t(y-mean)$ ?+r+ Ll9.4 ,Jol {e-lql+

11 Fr : II *f (*, yl dA lLz
: lJ Yf (x' Y) dA
R2 R2

^l
Eql flt- p, , pz4 g.Bllol 4l trr+ Eql il- S+ +9 E "Jser-#zl-p.J
HIE M., Mr* oll+ Hl+Elql ++61-r.|-. ¤xllE +# g+4sE EEgqgI=
E+eE ^d4e + il+. trJE6J+s 4E6H^J e+g +f, 44 Ag rlBeE q
s$ 4l4I*+ d^ll 'q¤-e{"ol 1ol!re, +^l Eql^l r, ,ql 4f, se4l3 x, r
9 zl{{t rr,, FzE q¤EsE '¤B=r^r'el 4}EE S4}5J + gtgg E-.J+.
q+ elzllql^J dfeeE '+E.rl-.
8.s¤ql^Je+ ,Jol q.E'JEEL+zl rJs-a\ zv
sH +"J +EH+- 4+EJIE olE+.
l:
f(x) : ,-t'-*)2/(zo2)
u t/Zr
¤zlal p=- B#ol_1 o.b E+E^l-ol+.

(qrfl 8|) qE -z"1}qJ^J zl$ol 4.0 cmoltr z)olzl 6.0 cmoJ (gE¤) E+lEll"lB
g ^J4IEll^J +ofl6l-r 9l+. xl+ x= ¤+ +.0 cm, _EEEil- 0.01 cmoJ ¤++s
^I¤
oJ+-I., zJol r= ¤il- 6.0 cm, _E.+Eil- 0.01 cmoJ 4f+s= olE+. X, ytl ,<l
=
926 148 trt648

e +Bol+I TICB trIl ¤6J"JEEr-+E rAI l4sE rEl+ 44I4"Jql^J 'Jels

q+ HllqBg xlE Ei polzl E+ge+q 0.02 cm ol{L x}ol7} ,+ ++g +6}+.

Eil Xs+ Ytl h- 4.0, Fz:6.0, o, : cz:0.01"J tr+BEE olE+. trl+^l Xe+

Y ?+44 "JEEI+= rls=+ +:.-l.

,f,(r) : +-. ,-(x-+)2/o.woz, r-\r / ^ ^_'

fr(y): r-b-6)2/o.om2
0.0lJ2rr -
0.0l.J2rr

x* Yzl SBol= + prJIrJEa-J+= trIs=r+ ?JL+.

f(*,y):rtk)f,(y):*,_G_4)2/o.0a02,-(l-6)2/0.ooo2
0.0002rr
5000
--sooo[('r-4)2+(Y-ol'J
-

ol EL+e] r4EE rH eel rJ+.

1500 Hxl xel Y7l E+ B+oll^J 0.02 cm olllql fl¤" +E¤ +6J+. 4l4}zl4 A+EIE
1000 ols-o rll,rJ 4+g +461-E q^s=r+ ?JL}.
a
500
0 95
-5.95
6 .I
p(3.e8 < x< 4.xz,s.es < Y <6.02): I;,'J !i}ft.,y)dydx
v 4.05
605

: 5000 r+ '02
f,zJ I qlll 8oil ?1= olE# E+'J--J"J I i6'02 r-s000[(x-a)2+(v-6)2] dy dx
T Jr.sa Js.sa
-E-El+ol Jrflr
: -0.91
trl+^l x E= y7I ¤+ql^l 0.02 cm ol{L il-ol7l- g +E+ E 1 - 0.91 : 0.09
ol+. =^l-4-o
r

14.4 I E+=rtt

l. d6t7J- zl^Ir+¤ 0 < x < s, 25 y 5 5 +lql^l EEE].I, (,r, 3-6 ¤q De+ "JE*+ p7I q+4 +g sg +E a=#4 e
y)ql^J d6tEE= o(x, y) - 2x + y(Clm')ol+. ++cg +61-+.
^I4E
+lel d4l ddl-= +E|4. 3. D={(r,y)ll< x13, 15y*ah p(x,y):lcyz
2. rHg ,JE'EL+ p(x, y):
trt4 +¤ol +.¤E H*4 r2oll 4. D+ 4ddol (0, 0), (2, 1), (0, 3)oJ *4¤ ¤9;
g Bq+4. q++ +¤+ r.r,JE= +Elutrl. ol EEe_l p(x,y):x+y
+ril+dg +a6I+. fElr 4+6J +lilE +6I+.
5. D=!:l-*',y:OqJ 96}] +41¤ ¤9;p(r, y):lcy
v
I 6. DE *d Y:s-x, Y:0, I:0, x: lq E4 +4lg ¤
9; P(x, Y) : ry

7. xlll^IBBel fl* -r2+y',s lel +Eg ilzl6}-r- 9I= #

g sol tltrl. "Jele.l dq^J Brz1x49l^l a_ gvl,.l 4
lx 4"ll ulrjl$ "ll +e.l ¤=6hfdg +"t4.
 14.5 i;01 927
=E

8.x44FHIfly: - x'9 ¤EalliJ

l-x2,!:
(*,y): 6.1r_(0.s:+0.2r), x > 0, ), > 0
S+ +fl 44lE Eb+. .Jelel dql^-l "JE7I flEql^J
f 0, qE *ql^J
a 47+7l 44q HlqIEJ trI +E A?#+Cg +6I+. (a) tl ¤zllE ¤6-J"JE+I+fl¤ s-q4.
f
e. + gE zlolzl a?l 44ol5H+4B E.Jel SE *"1 *i (u) r1-g- q¤g +6i4.
+. HEE dql^J "JszI 44e qfl4ql^l a- 4?+zl A (i) P(r > l) (ii) P(x < 2, y < 4)
4E 4l+ql Hl4Et .Il SE A++dg +614 (c) xsl YE 7\H{tg +6t+.
r0. E+Ez1l 3gl +q4l #g +E *dsHI= r", r,,109 + T 17. xe+ yE
^JE
+H.J+EH+{ 6l-zl. x= ¤tol 4solr
6l+. _E¤E;tz[ O.S"; c++EE ol+r, r= E+o] 20olJ.

11. fl++41 gql +"141 Sg SE *r"lsHle 1,, 1,,109 + E+EiI7l 0.1?l {+ge= olEtrI.
6t4 +* qE-g i+¤ oI4 /jl4ll zlQ7lzl 4+61 +6171 +l
dl ol6zlgg +zlzie.tr 4l4}6t+.
12-13 Sg +ol t|.J+ oJE p(x, y) : pE trl+ gqg ilzl <X<
(a) P(aO 50, 20 < Y <25)
611 9l+ +cEHlE 1,, ryel sldHlxlE i, y=E +6i4.
O) P(4(x - 4s)' + 1oo(r - zo)2 < z\
12. 0 (.r ( b, O < y Sh"J zl^l-4¤
18. dgHE qt¤ fl+6J uI ¤Ixlzt ulzjsxlollril aHg
t3. zlll^IE-Eq^J fl* ,2 +y, 5 a2oJ ¤H
dH^lzr gEe- + ,*++r 7l_c'*+.
^t+ ^l_ol 44E
oJ+zl- EEElqfl= HlzlE l0 mig flEE^lE
T 14. A+El Eil+4.|41= ol+6]]C D7l 44 f,rol ,: cos zlE e =r+
^J4fl] Ext. ICH d A(xo, ydoll 7j+61-5.
ulzJflzloll
S gl-oe ¤qoFr, Era571 p(x, y): + y' I ql6}] q.E.++zl-ffia} zJol a14.
="iAI?l #olrlr|_L
"J *ll S+ +el E=*4 ¤%h+d, *^.reHlc= +61+.
f(P): #lzo - d(P,A))
t5. q¤-H+ xe+ yE ¤B"Js.Jfzt r4g=4 rJtrt.
{zlaJ de, A)+ Pc}A r}"1 44o.l4.
+y), 0<x<1,0<y<2 (a) *
^IgE eHql 4t
Cx(l r=g.g f"J d;llzl-4Hql a
y):
f(x,
0, +E *q^J g +Ee-l 6Jol+_r. 6}zl-. +zl+ B%r."l-.J%I ftB o_e
(a) {}f cE #g +614. d r.r1ql Er+ EEgq il+r z|fralz|. olEli A
(b) P(x s r, Y < l)g +6I+. q ,l+6l.= + i=+g ++4= ol+4Eg +
^IH.q
(c) P(x+r<r)g+6I+. 6t+.

q¤H+ (b) A7t E^lq +d.J a+e+ H+4"J A+ql qEI 4E

16. xe+ rE eEl"Js*.fzl trI¤.r+ ,JtrI.
* 4t_J +di+. qL *ql +116]-= Aol +¤.zt?

14.5 | +E kilol

ol Eql^l- +Efl HolE 41416|= Ezllql ol+4+g zls"+r+. 8 zpoll,! u11g rs.6troil^l rfl7|1+Eolel Eal= #qg
qEg 'Jol= rlEtrl. ralz
+E+ EEIe-l +H.J qd$fl HolE +"JH+E 4E ,JH.| 'l-+ 7iH4. ¤zl
HJEloJ 0l+
0ll rf^'ll6l rf$-=_e q7l^1= ilE6l
,J4^l z:f(x, y)= zlzlr +E HolE 4lt}+r+. A'tr1

^]. Hlc^lol l4soJ

olH+Er+e-l
EtrI.
sE 7:"f(.r, y)"J +Hol4 6}xf. {zlrl /= ¤+.J EsgaS +-.-
+,+Eq Hol +Lalg ++61 =.6.alzl +14q, fe,y) > 0olr/el Cqq Db
zl^l-4¤olal. alzf. H^J DE Hol Aa : LxAyoJ zlg 4^I4¤ ftrE'lb+. (xi,yi)
928 148 +=EE

Z
E gd ql Tlvl+ ftr9 E^l ?-lep afl, P,,(xp yp f (xp yr))E @i, y) HIE +lql ?I
P,,
- sel 4ol4 aIzHrH 1 +a). Puql^] sql qlal dBEe P,j +-ql^l sql +^I
AS ++. q-q^J R, Hl-E 9l"ll *"1= dTlE +E(*4^l-Ee)E Hol Arr= R, BIE
Fol.
91"11 sel++ Hol AS+qi *^l-+ti ,t}rl^J oJ E)Ar,i. sE dill HolE
f-" **z.loll, ol-*{tg ^i4¤E += zl]d$4. :r-4gtr- sq +E!
0
l- Ay
LJol(surface area)$ +*4 '/Jol ¤E++.
=ElrJeeal

Ax
v)
l J

lim i>or,,
A(s):m,n+6
AA 1
D j:l ,:1
x

.f.eJ 1 +g6J 4l+g trBq ,J++ +{g +6rzl-. ae} hE p,jql^J ^lzl6Lq
+1611
^l
.Jolz} Ar,joJ ¤fl^IHEE + Eg trl+ +ol= EEleir 6}zHrB 2 *4). a-
pij 4H arr: la x hlol+. 13.3trq1^l f*(*,,y,)4 fr(x,,y;)E a4h
EJdJ.o-=.e-l P,
E zl+= ddE zl#tloltrI. :zelp + ffiol ^dB+rI.
a: Lxi t f*(xi,y;) Ax k
b:Ayj *fr(*,,y;)Ayk
0

Ar )
rr]I ijk
aXb: Ax 0 fr(*,,y;) Ax
-{
0 Ay fr,(r,,y;) Ay
-ral
Ja
.)
C_
: -f*(x,,y) Lx Ay i - fr(*,,Ir) Ax Ay j + Ax Ay k
: l-f.(*,,y,)i - fr(*,,y;)j + k] AA
lel=E tr]-+g E++
STii:laxbl: .{ (x,, yi + ) x,,y))z + I AA

c9 trE+El q+g e=q.

lim Ei
A(S): m,n+@ LTij
i:l j:l
mn
: lim
m,n+E
E> .r Xi, h
2+ ] ,yi)7, + 1 AA
i:l j:l

r4r. ol+4Bq 4EE+E] trI+ +4¤- e-q-.

2 ,f,e+/rz} E+ola ,r}¤4lol e: f(x, y), (x, y) e DtI +E9 H"lE trl+4
,Jr+.

A(s) : IJ f-(*, y))' + ["6,(r, y) + tdA

ol +4lol qdillE +E t-Jolql ql+ +^14 gzl'J+- 49 ts.6¤ql^J E+6J

 14.5 +E Eilol g2g

4olrl. E"l+ql 4tr zlgE Hl-+l^l

^]-S6-IE
+4 E- q¤=4 eol +^l ++
olrL
,LA-l .

+E
Eoil ?t= Hol E^lrl +grl ,J
^l
3 s.ttrq Eg E^lol Hl+-Etoll +
tr : l+ dz =ol
A(s)
lJ
D
dx
I. (#)',* e,l6lrl.

,:
fb
,. (ff)' *
),

(o{ldl 1D xy¤Eql^j $+l$ol (0,0), (1,0), (1, t)oJ A}r+B gE z+lql +fl +H
z=x,+b+2 ++E +H H"l.+6I+. v
(1, 1)

Eq BE rb rH 3r+ Asq ++4 A+.

v:x
T_ {@,y)lo{x{1,0<y<r}

+4 trlE f@, y) = x2 + 2y + 2gl4+6tH ++g g=+. (0,0) (1,0) x

-rE.l ?
e: t[ )r+(2)rtIdA:
I I

J. J.
tr
2 + 5 dydx

rH 4= qlxll lql^l 4l+I.J +Eg +4U4. n

0
ilq!{l 2l) ¤H e:q "t4oll *ql sgH e: *r+y, ++E +E HolE+6I+,

Eq ¤Eg +Er+ xz + y2 :9, z: egl^J "J*+ -r4 o _+ +q4l +H+ +Col fl :lal 4

dolr qlxltol 3"J gs D +lql F"Jcltt-H 5 +a). +^l Eg olgall.tJ trl+g E

r-d-
L t.

o:lJ ,. (#)'. dz
dy
OO:
TT
I + (zx)z + dA
;+ -!
_-/l
D

:lJ 1 + 4(x2 + yz) dA

i

+alEE H+t6|H +Sg e=r+. i

D
o: -f
ff" I: I 4r2 rdrd?: f;" ae Ili I * 4r2 (8r) dr 3 )
_t

: zr(#) 3(r * 4rz1trzl3 : (ztrli - r) tr

-ral
Jt=
tr
!r

+
930 148 +E4E

t4.s I E+=rtt
r. :H4 rJol, *89 SH n +lql +"J ++9 HolE +414. T 8. gS *' + y'< I +1"11 +"J +E z: 7l(7 + x2 + y1 -Y ts
E +E HolE +"JzjBg ol.gall.<J _s¤*ss4 +E
z:10*x*yz
HolE 4+E "lql 'Jlall zlelzlxl {qa-}rll ?alr4. :24
1
r 4+g +il4!=tr 4l+16I+.
e. (a) 47HE 4^l4eg ,*= ol+4Eq ql6J +EH4(14.1
I

-/- E +4)¤. ol+6fl^J 4^I4¤ [0, 1] x [0, l] +lql +.J

) eEH z:x2 +y2-Ytssl +E HolE+86tt}.
o) a+q ql+i]lal= ol+81^J (a)qJ,rl +H HolE 4+
2
(2, -2,0) J T

E ol4 uJlall z[=.]z]xl +61-+. (a)"]lrl td

z-7 trl++H HolE +614. g-4 ullalr{.
=*Atg
2. zl^14¤ [1,4] x [2, 6] +lql +e ¤E 5x +3y - z* 6:0 T 1 0. e+El ql+Al4]E ol+611^l +E z: t * 2x + 3y * 4y' ,
HtJ
OI -r:E
i I < -r < 4, 0 { y 5lel 4++ +H Hol= +6t+.
+g ¤E :;r +2y+e=69 ?E
3. zlllg++rJql T rr, 4*rl ql+i'll4l= "l+611^J s* x'+v's I +lq +'J
4. ¤E z:-2 +lql +.J sEH z:7-x2-y?4 i* *H e: I + xzyz iEE +H HolE 4+B oli.ll ,-Jlr,ll
5. ETIE *'+y':1+ x2+y2:4 +'J4}.+SEH zlt)t\zj +o]-+.
^l-olql
z:!2 -r'9 Hol ,yBEql^J Hol A(D)E r*= ¤E D +lE
12.
^I¤^lrJ ¤H
o. SzlE xz + y2: lE 4+ql +ql +H e : rry9 PE z: a.x + by + FE9 H"lzI a +b + 1A(D)gg
"9
Hq4.
z. SzlF )c2 + y2 : ax{.+l+e+ ry¤H +lql +e +
)c2+y2!22:429 5ts 13. SE y: 2s.il q6ll +fl EEH !:)c2 +e29 ++ +E
9 HolE +614. [-.J-=: +EgxzBE +]E ^]B++.1

14.6 leF=48
gE+'++ql 46ll +"J48, oltr+r++ql ql"il ol+4+g 4E+ 44'Jol &
H+++ql qlql a}+4+g 4Eg + 9l+.

r EIEEi{l BE +toil^l tr=4E

Bz] -Jf ,fzl- 4q=4 ,Je zl+Eillql^l 4EE-1. 7t6I +trq! A+E 4461-^l-.
1 B-{(x, y,z)la1x1b, cSyS d., r1z<s}

a +41= BE ++ 4+HillE +b+ +7J la, bl= qulz| Ax-E ,J¤: lz1e1 5-
E ++ [*,-,, x,]E 4hl, lc, d.7E Hul Aytl mTHq ++ +rJ-" -+ 4+-r1 [r, s]

LJul azoJ n7il4 ++ ++sE +b+. olfl ++ +rJE Edg zl+q 4LE
=
 14.6 AF=48 931

¤E.il ¤4"J ¤Eg zl+Eill BE +s-4 zt! tmnr\E Y E 4+H4lE Lrb+

(rH 1 er-E). B

Bij*: l*,-r,r,] X lyi-r,y;] X lzr-r, z*f

4 +E zlqflillel +El- Av : A; Ay Azol4. .r
v
rflE !+4 +g S= eltrJ:-J(triple Riemann sum)g +C,tL+.
2 ii:l j:lf k:l> fiffo,yff*, zffi Lv

%l-HsE ++4Eg ^l trql +qTl ++ 4EI 6Je] +6JeE dE++. Z

El ¤e! zl+Hill B +lql^J /E gfi4!!(triple integral)g +Elol ¤x]]B ofl, q

*r+ eol dq'J4
.f,

ii
f

y, z) dv: G,yo, yi*, zi) Lv

ijjrt.,
B
J1p-* i:l j:l
,t,m,n+@ f.f
k:l
f.al 1

/71 fl+olH +r-+48+ a}t, ¤xH++. Egdc ++ zl+E*llql +61-- .Jel

el 4g dqg + 9t+ .s+49 d (x,,yi,riil 4ELH ++4E"ll ql6ll +
=61
++ zlol ++EJ -Btrg E=rl.

lll tt-,v, z) dv : , )!y=-i- ss

,Lr
ntn
Z-r f (x,, y1, 21,) Lv
B
I-l j: t k:l

ol+4Ee_l a+e+ eol a}+4+¤. 41416l+ ¤xil4tl "JHg ++r+ rJol ##

4+g ++4+s-tr E¤61+ aol+.

4 g=4E0ll Ell:d+HlLl EEI /rl zl¤-Hxll SH B: la, b) X [c, d] x [r, s]

ql^J fl+olfl 4*ol ^JB{}+

III tt.,y,
z) dv : I: I: I'. tt.,y, z) dx dy dz
B

+HlLl dr.le-l +Eql fl= HI+4E$ flxJ 0, eE l.C6J zlly xgl q6I] 4E6l-
tr, (eE r14ql ;l]) v9l ql6H 4tsoJ g ufzln-|ee. zoil 4"}] 4E++b F"lq. 4
EJ + 9t= += 4E +^l- +d zfxlol{ :r+ ,J* {tg E-rf. HIE E"l y,
z, .rql +* +^Je zlE6IH q+4 ,J+.

III rt.,y, z) dv : I: f I! t.,y, ,) dy dz dx

B
932 148 q64E

(qql 1|) zl+HA1 B -{(r,y,dlO<x<1,-1 sys 2,0<z<3)"J ql A}+4+

JIl,*y* dvA 4l+16l+.

Eq eC zlxl 4ts +^J qL 4,"14 ^l-n" * + 9l+. x, y, z4, +* +^Js 4861ts

q¤¤ B.+.

I$.r*or:f xvz'dxdvdz:I;
B
J:, lJ f ,l+fi,.::'=,0,o'
:J;I:,
{*dz:Ll+]:-- dz

:J,rs 3zz ,t1' 27

dz: ?lr:T
+ I

I EHJ4?] Bq flqEI EE4E

ol4l ol+4+( t4.29=E 4E E)ql^J
^F&1UH
44 +e Ezlql E61l 3ilg ++
"il ilE "JHItsl.J +41 Sq E(E^1) +lql^le-l +r-+4gg 4EE+. ^l El_e aq
d B4E zl+Hill B-tr E= Eqt+. relr EI+ FE Eql^]= 7s{ oJ;lap roll
4t E Hlaql fl= ESql 46H^l= 001+ 4E++. 4e-lq q4 q'*g e=+
III ,t.,v,z)
dv: lll F(x,v,z) dv
EB

f7l fl+oll Eg 44171'+E6l ,I]flEl+' 4+ql "l 4tsc ++48

=4E-J+.
rJ+.
el CAe EezlsE "l+4E9 4Aic4.2¤E d¤ E^E)4
¤+.J+ /e+ Hlr4 +++ BEIe.l SEHI ^J4t6l7ltr Eltrl tls=rl zJol "Jzll
SH rztr, yql 4+F ¤+++9 r4s +q 9Ig trll +E l"J ¤qol
^l-olql
z: ur(x, y)
4r. *4.
E
5 n : {(*, y, r) I (r, y) = D, ur(*,y) <, < ur(*, y)}
: fir(,r, ))
{zlrl D- rH 2ql^l;lH ,ryBE +lE EE ^l-B"l+. "J^ll Eel fl+ 441= oJ
Calol z: u2(x, y)'J 4Eolq, oL4+ A4l= 4E z : Hy(x, v)'J 4"ll +el++.
X
"v
14.244 +4 Er+ rJe bHql elall E7l 4 Ee. +"141 +¤ 1e g9olH, 4
o6d lol
-tzl Lc r-rd
1d
oti.tl oqoq
I L_ tl/'ll o-
*"1 CB*g E"J + 9l+.

6
Iff r(*,y, z) dv: *,t,4 a,) dA
E II [fi.I;,r,

^l
Eq +Eql fl- oJ+ 4Eg x,yE -L46tt, tr14^'l u,(x, y)4 ur(r, y)E {l
at zJAollr.J /(x, y, e)E e.ll 46ll zl+6Jtr1-- el"l"l+.
 't4.6 #=4E 933

Eal ,yEE +lE Eel ^l-B D7l-+E rtl EE BgolH(:zH 3) ++4 Aq.
z
uz(x, Y)

n: {(*,y,r) I gr}) SyS gz(x), ulx,y)1z1ur(*,y)}

"Sx1b,
r?-lI Elg ++4 rJol 84. z: ur(x, yl
^l
0
u

7
lJJrt , v, z) dv : I: I:::,1::::' rl,v, z) dz dv dx b
l:0r v: gz@)
J"

E
f.al 3 DTf PE FJE EE?l f,
^l-ggE
--J l"J g^11
o-3g nzf 96 tloJ ¤H ¤9o]H(:zH 4 +4) q-q=4 rJ+.
z: ur(x, yl
n: {(*,y,r) lc< yad, hr(y)( x( hr(y), ur(x,y)1z1ur(x,i}
rql 4l El* q+r+ rJol ¤4. I E Z: UI (-r, y)

x: hr(y)

I llj/(,, v, z) dv : I: Ii,':,':jff,i,,1,' r(*,v, z) dz dx dv 0

d

v v
E

x: hr(v)

(qq 2D wy 4H e:12xy4 ¤H y: x, x: loll e]"Iq +451 Eill"J trll, :19 4 +E rr Al-E= .JEE +e l?.1
gE
fi|,, av? 41416}+. "J^ll

Efl +t+4Bg ¤4e. oll, :_B¤ + 7l4E rEl= 4.ol trEal4. +, 6I+. "Jill
gq E(rB 5), += 6I+= olaE ,y¤E +lEE .r.[$ D(:.8 01.:fl4. Ei]l EE
o}4l+ 44.|= ¤E e: 0olj4 +l+ 441= +E z: r?*,cyol+.
"l+^J fl.il^l u,(x, !)
41

:04 ur(x, !): 12*yZ rflI EE ^Iqg rH 69 dt4$ S9ol4.

^l-s"++.
E:{(x,y, e)l 0<x< l, 05ySx, 0 ( z<l?:xy}

v
.v

E y:x
0

z:lZxy
0 1x
-ral
JE
E
!, rg6
E7|+B le.l Hgolos, ++r+ rJol 4E¤- 4l4IB + ?l+.
z-l2xy
:
$l
E
, dv :1,
IJ Ii"' , dz dv o*
I' ft zz

2 z:o
dy dx
934 r48 q¤EE

: +
[: [' \z*t)'dv dx : 72JJ JJ x2v' dv dx
: dx : ro I: x' dx : rol+]::, :- I
'z,f [.' +]::,

rH 79 qlrll 2el EE ^l+ EqE H+= ++Utrt

Z

y v
fit

{/
0 I 0 0
I- - ;*>-

/
-r

7of 0olf ,tl lZxyvl^l H'J tril yz| 0oll.tl xzlxl SaJ u|| xz| 0ollr.J tzfxl
x, yb tf -L ,\l-a-
^LOl

-ral
Jdt
"
Eill ¤4 ntl +*4 rJC Eqg ,ll +E 2E ¤9ol+ qL4.

E = {(x, y, e) I (y, z) e D, uii, e) S, < urQ, z)}

¤zlrl DE ye¤H +lEel EE ^l-¤ol+(rH I ALa). Fl+ +H* x : u,(y, z)o)

-z *+ +Eg x: u2(!, e)ol-=g +¤¤ E=tl.

!!l rr.,y, z) dv: *,y,,) a.f ae

10
ED ll [ffi;'r,
E t'
"r
I X: UI (y, z) ufzluJeE +s=4 +* ¤'|]E "Jill ¤q EE f;.B 3ol4 ++
I

x: u2(Y, z) E : {(x, y, z) l@, z) e D, ur(x, z) 5 y 5 ur(x, d}

ool 1Ol
rE Q -rrcj
-Ial rJ ;r_ olill
tll\ll cqot
o-
9zlr] ot xz¤E +l.tr.el Eel g+ +H* y : u1(x, e)olI 9-E+ +
^l-¤oll,
Z

J:
rr.,y, z) dv:
uz(x, -l
11
!!l IJ U:,::t**,y,,) *)oo
E
E
4l @4 44ql^l D7I +B r ¤E S9.Jzl +B rr ¤E ¤9q-lzlql
1t q-e}
: ur(x, z)
(rplr El4 trql q+dl^J) 4+ql +6]] F zlzlE E¤B + 9itrI
Y
^l
-r

g +-J 3oJ "Ji1l Eq (qH 3|) rz1 eEE y : xz + z24BH y : 4ql E611 +4lg gq"J rll
=aJ
lll,,F+ ,, dv* 4141614.
 14.6 A'=E]E 935

Eil "J;ll E= :.H ro4 rJ4. ol 4¤ +¤ 1 ¤ qsE ^Jr+6IH ol9 ry¤H +lE ^l-
¤ D,g ^Jr+.J gszt glr, EE gEg _LH 10, 11r+ Aq. (¤E e:0glrl !: x2

+ z'4 zl+l= EEd y : .r2olr1.)

y:4
y:f + zz

G
D)
0 y=f
4 .y
E 0 J

-ral 1n
rE rv
rltl oqoq
O- reJ 11 ,y EE fleq AIE
-Ll_

y=x2+e29E+el z:x,F-*+ g=q. trI?+^J Ee] olql+ A4l+E+

z- * 6 a
"1r +l+ 44+Ee ,: 6 - *ol+. trl+.<] EE q+r+ +e +¤
t ¤9o14.
E= {(x, y, dl-z < x 12, x2 sy < 4,- tF:l 1 21,fr=)
:r.+itr + +g¤. gE+.

III
E
rw dv: I:,!:|-'AJ., + ,, dzdydx

ol 4q6}zl"J 4lt}"l +zi "lflrl-. fflEF EE +E 3 SH " + ^B4E]] 5!-zI.

{g
olfl 4+re ¤ts +lEsl ,t-|$ Dr+:zH lzsl 13ql -H?l fl* ,'+22 14ol+(¤E
y: 4oil,tJ y: xz + 224 xI+]= fl. ,, * z2 :40.|4).
z
Z

+zz:4
D1

I
E
I
I
x
I

-ral i,tE rlH

-E
-L
oqoq
O- ral 13 r:EE fl-+e1 ;.19

rq$ Eel g+ 441= EEH !: x2 + a2oltr e-Eq 44lE ¤H y: aol4. 44

4l Enql^l ur(x, z): x2 + z2 :.Aa ur(x, d:4tr q6IE trl-gg E=tr}.
^l

!l!
E
Jm dv : tl^II LJx'+z-
!:.,,17* I *lI oo: IJ I
(4 - *' -,'),w ae

ol 4+.$ q+4 rJol ¤ + ?l+

936 148 +=4E

gs+s= 4l{tg
f,lt^A(4- *'-
@ trll 7lg clelE E 'x2
z') + zz dz dx
4l= trE ee
zel 4l Eet
==iqlrll ^ll
0ll r]l-d E-dg trtr61.= ?iolrl gl+ trE
sl 4E El4l= -Fjol0l OlE+= g-st6l?, rq+ re*Eoll^J +4I-*' r- rcos 0, z: rsin0-E H+61-= floJ rJ fl+
6il 4Eql 4E -d41ts PJ0l.0t "JE+E
s-Jdlq, Hlts 4Eql qE --J4l= A|+01
qoF -Efg 71q6ffi. Ifi
EDt
,t* ,, dv: II g - xz - ,'1rrx, + ,, an
: f2tt f2
(4 - r')r r dr d0 :
f2r f2
Jo J. )o d0
), l4r' - r") dr
2
l28rr
-
L tt
t+ +l 015
r 4#^1sl HB
+Hlq 44= 4+6|ol ++4Eg ++48"E E¤g + ?14. reltlJ ol$s
_tr 6zfxl 4ts +^l7l 9l+. +qTI H}+4+ql ql6l] trt= +^JE 485}E r,l zJ

+'J + glo.oe. 4+ +^JE Hl+= flol g$ +E gl+. trl-+ qlzll.ll^l ++4

Eg {4 zfxl +- +Cfl H}+4Ese sflafi.H-zf.

lloll{l 4D H}+48 I; j;' jn f(x,y,z)dzdydx* d.64+gE +qLI4. :2fl + +

+ +^lE HI+4eg +^l j!+.
(a) x, y, z #rl-=- 4t+"J+
(b) y, r, e t^JE 4EdJ+.

Eq '+*-4 rJol +4ts + 9t'+

jJ j.'fJrt x, y, z) dz dy dx : III rt.,y,
z) dv
0 E
1--l

\E ly {zlrl E:{(r,y,e)10<x< ayS*',0121y}ol4.E¤ +E 1 ¤EoE +

1,0
y:-f 4'llE:rH l4s+ lsql^Je+zJol rE "I4+ 441+H e:Orf +l+ 441+H z--ye+
X
-r:1 ry¤H +lEE r|S {(r,y)10(x( 1, 0< ySx'} ^}olql +ql+.tr|{^l EE ¤E e
fal 14 grll E
: 0, r : 7, !: e4 EETlt y: f(E= *: ,/i)a EBlAtql E4lol+.
rH 14= ol$a|lal +++ aol ^Jl 4+E¤H +]tr ^l-¤+ + + il+.
ry¤E Slg: D,:{(x,})10 4x11, 0< y!*'}
: {(x, y) I 0 5y 5 l, ^fr <"r < l}

yz¤E +lg: Dz: {0,2)losv< l, o<e<v}

:{(},e)l01z1I,zSyS1}

xe¤E 9l-E: Dt:{1x,2)10<x< 1,0 Sz<x2}

: {(r, e) l0 1z1l,r/i <r < 1}
 14.6 A'648 937

v z

1 I 1

7:\t
)
J: x- z: x7

0 1r 0 tv 0 l"r f.al 15 Eol

^lg=
(a) r, e, y f.r'fE 4+otzl +J6]] EE +E 2 SqsE ^J4E}E Fl+ A4l= +H
,: ffoltr g}+ A4b ¤8, - 1, :a4a yeBH +lgel ^LSg Drol4. 61-4aJ rE
rJol
448 + lltr}.
'l.g4
E: {(x, y, il10 Sy < 1, 0 121y, {i <"r < 1}

relH AI+4+*'l-+4 e+.

jfjrc, y, z) dv: .|; fi Ii fl*,y, z) dx dz dy
E

(b) y, x, e +:^JE zl+6-1-71 +14 EE +B 3 Bq_"E ^8r+"lH

g+ 44lE BH y: e
ol-Z e=-q 441= *E y : x2, rElr xe¤E +lEsl ^l¤e- Drol4. rqr EE +
*4 zJol +4'g + 9t4.

E:{(*,y,2)lo<e <1,,/T (x( l, zlya*'}

relfl ++4+g +s-r+ ?JL1

jljrt , y, z) dv : !: L !i' tG, y, z) dy dx dz r

E

Ir ,\T=I{EOI OQ
Eo-r oo

f(x)>0olH +"J48 I'"tt.l dx+ rqlrJ bllzl *d y:f(x) ol4el -JolE +F+
rll_7, f(x, y) > 0olH ol+!4+ lJ, fG,i dA+ D +lql +}oll *E e :f(x, y) ot

4E +qE +4U+= Ag zlflafz[. ol"]l ql+afts f(x,y,z) >OoJ trll ++4

E lJJ" f (*, y, z) dv 4 6114g EE ++6lzl ?+'+ ql,+-"IH rag ^Ixl-g Eillel
'+*slftypervolume)'o11, olAg 7l^lrul- 61717l r]]+
"lHzl "ll$ol+. (E= +
xl ++ /el 4.elqolr /el rqs= #+.il +"1 gl+g zl$alz1-.) rH
^l-zl-fl
qE E-*a|l x, y, z, f(x, y, z)el E44ql 6H4ql q+ lllufk,y,z)dvi fiel
TIzl E4zl t'-ql.il^J rql qE
"l4 tlzl %LB9E 6fl4ts + gl'i.
Eql fl= 5-= dql 46il f(x, y, z): r"J SEqL 4+E tlxla-;.l4taf4.. -r.+l
E ++4Ee q+r+ zJ"l 19 +q= +ElU+.

12 V(E) : TIT OU
E

ql=Eq +¤ I ¤qe-l {+ql f(x,y, e): lg+41 Eq']]oJE|H tt*4 ?Jq.

938 148 +=48

dv:fl
[r:;'o')oo II 1",{*,y) -
ulx, y)) dA
U' D

14.2d-E-+rl "l4g +H z:ill(x,y)el z:u2(x,y)

^l-olql +oJ "Jille-l
+i4=
++Hg "Jr ?l+.

(qq 5D ++4+g ol+6il^J ql BH , +zy+z=2, x:zy, r=0, e:0gl 94

+4lg ^lflill rel +rilE +6I+.
Eill rlHi{ 7e+.ryBE +lEel .r.}g Dzl-_zB 164 l7ql il+.ze] ol-4+441= ¤
E e: 0olI. +l+ 44]= BE x+ 2y * z:2, + z:2 - x -Zy"l4.

(0,0,2)
v
x* 2Y:2
1 (ory:l- xlz)
x: Zy x*2y* z:7
(,,+)
T
j

0 (0, l,0) y: xlL

0 x
'(t,
i' o)

r.g 16 f.g 17

4+^J +gg ts=+

v(r) : [!l o, : Ii J,,r' J,
fl-x/2 f2-x-2v'
dz dY dx

f l;.''(z- x_ zy)dydx:!

14.2{.4 flxll 4oll.<J +Ae 4+Ig fl+.

(+vl. 4l+6171 +l"l] HIE^I dl+4B¤. "l+B B,q= s,4. ol4e +qE 41416I
E e. tr}= %r-Hg gol4.) I

. * * *, 14.4¤ql glb "164+e-l E= +¤+ ++4+s-e qtloJ + 9l+. ql=

\xiip, l1i1r, =E
¤E E= i}7,l6t=. g^llel EEEL+7\- .JEE +qd E (x, y, z)ollrJ *+l+ElR
2111a)

7
e*9 ++ls p(x, y, e)4H EillE ¤=J ** ++4 e+, EE dill E%hg +6I
B zl +loll EE Ee-q+ 4+Hill B! zzltl eC ++ zl+Hill B*E Egdl-r E
el el+qla] p(r, !, z):0- B,io "Jql^] 4 (x,To,yitt,ziiF=- qr|fl B;;i.
E ^Jr+6FzL.
E ilzl6l.- EE .J+ql 'l]* 4+g p(*ff0,y$*,2$*) Ayql q7l^J Ay
=^l*+.
y
:.BurE Bslol4. E. +ts 4+H^llE (-^l-) e'6hg q6H^J d4l 4%Iq
f,

=+t
.r.g 18 4 +E 51qflxil9 traJe {ig t-4. ol"ll +E 4^}r+89 z}]fE +7lr{71H ++sE Eel d
zfi AYoll sl6t| ill ¤+g ?=+ =,t#q
P?ffo,Yffp
=^lEtl
 14.6 de4E 939

E *: ,,jig- P p,oiffo,yi!*,zffiAv: llJ

E
p(r, y,z) dv

relr = Eel EfllE(moment)= trtgr+

4lsBEql 4+ vJq.
^ll

E My, : III
. p(x, y, z) dv M,, : llJ , p(x, y, z) dv
E E

Mxy , p(x, y, z) dv
ffl
E

EeJEfl(center of mass)9 4IEE G,t,i)elt aLtr ol5 ++!+ ?Jq.

M,, M* Mxy
15 i m
v- m
i m

"JEz|+g6lfl oJTllE Ae}6dg

Eel +fl18fl(centroid)ol4ll ++. ^ll 4Is+
ql EI+ EdEflIE(moments of inertia)- +*4 ?Jq.

16 r* : llf (y' + ,') p(x, y, z) dv, ,, : III

(*' + ,') p(*, y, z) dv
E tr

+ : IIII*' + y') p(*, y, z) dv

E

14.4¤ql^JxJH ¤E E= zlz16-lr. d6I"JE a(x, !, z)"J ".ltr Eille-l dill flEt

(electric charge)|" trI+l} ,Jti

O : III
o(x, y, z) dv
E

E+.J ^ll q¤'Hf X, Y, Zq density function)t (X, Y, D7l

=!EgE=J+(oinr
Eql +.J ffiol qf,.rl Ag +IgfaJfol4.

P((x, Y, z) E E) : llJ f (x, y, z) dv

E

561 ++ol ^.iB6J+

P(o<x<b, c1Y1d., r<ZSs): I:I: Ll.,y,z)dzdydx

EB"Js.q-43 +¤¤ +++tri
fa lo fo

f (*, y,2) > o, I I I fG,y,z)dzdydx:l

.) -4 .J -@ .l -x

(qdl 6|) -s.E-zlF *:y'rt^ll ¤E r: z, z:0,r: lql q6ll +4lgl'Jrztt

'J.J gAlE e++dg +614

Eq .Jzll Ee+ xyqlH +leel ^I¤e :.H leq e+. Esl ol-4+4 +l+ +E+ 4+
940 148 q¤48

z
__
0,4 _ lol s E, E+ trl+$ ,Jol +¤ lql g g -o e. +49 + 1ltri.
Z:x E: {(*,y,41 -1 sy 5 l, y' < xs l, o<, < *}
/
E 0 relfl "Jszl p(x, y, e) : pB tll e++ ++r+ +q.
!

-I *-t--
.lf
*:III pdv:f, l;,lJ pdzdxdy
E

: rl, !' * a* dv :,
-v

x
Il, ltl,r_,,*
x:l *t' rJo(t - ya\d.y :o
/J r-
i' (t - y4)dy

0 t x '4p
,[, +l U- 5

E* ptl.re¤Holl 4ol] 4{"lE-tr., 1M,,:0ol+6J+ 9lr 4+^l ,:0o1tr1.tr+

-rel
rE ItvO
E E{lE= "l-Elle+ +q.

My, : III
-o dv : Jl, J;: L -o dz dx dy
E

: ol., !\.'dx dy: , Il, t'l':' ot

I T ).:",
:
+lJ t, - vu)dv
:
+[, - +], : +
M.,: III ,o dv
: Il, I: [, ,o dz dx dy
E

:' Jl, trl+l:;dx dv : t !'-, I',*' dx dv

:+[:(1 -yu) or:?

tr++^J ¤7++de +gr+ ++
(i,i,l : (u- m e)
m/
: (+,0,*)
\r71

14.6 | E+grtt

1. ql4l l9 4ts+y, z,.roll ++ +^lE ^{E"fl^J 4l+}6}+ 3.

f2 f2z llnx
xe-r dy dx dz
J, J, J.
e-e 4¤- H}+zl+g 4i4}6l-4. f3f2 fz Z
o' J, J-,J-,t dxdzdv
z.
J' I:' [:-'
(zx - y) dx dy dz
 14.6 AF=4E 941

5-6 T (b) 4EsLi e+El ql+zll4l$ ol$all,tl (a).llrJ Ee S

(a) folal ++eI .Jillq dv!
']]6]] ++zl$ JJI, f(x,y,z) +4EE 4+6J #g +6f+.
Hl44Eo.e EH6l4. 15. #E4Eoll r]lEt +I+4Eql ql.J 6dHz.lql^l +
(b) HI+4ES 41416I+. =EEEI
+r]"J+g z1qB4 B +lq^.] ++4Eg
ol+Efl^J
=^l-
5. f(*,!,2): x y, zl$Eill B,rkE 6d (x,, yi,io)
^lrJ+. {zlr-l f(x, z)E
7 ql^J 4I¤g+. +d$zlg ol$afl,rJ 4+{tg +46}+.
oltrll BE sz]]sl F.JBJ ++ 4+Eiil-E EE*+.
?.:l-xz J*z:2
\-\ JJJ, cos(.ryz) dv,
V
E B : {(x, y,z) I 0 <x < 1, 0 Sy 5 1,0 < z < lI
,r
v 16. +El7t trI¤. Hl+4EsE +q4= "JillE EoJg rq+.
6,f(*,y,2):x+y lJ IJ-' fr-" 0' dz dx
Z

17-18 E7l t++ +Eql sl6H +4lg "Jill+ 6J trll, ++4+

r*-:') *: Ji [ll,fG,y, z) dv$ 4d. z]xl H]+4EqE ++'H4.

0
17.Y:4-x2-422,Y:0
ts-D
-r- 18.y:g2, z:0, y*22:4
J)

r e. trl¤. rflg 4+ IJ Jr' J. -'ff x, !, z) dz dydr g 4E ¤

7-11 ++ ++4Eg 4141614. 99 :zH 4,"14. ol 4Eg 4d zl-zl trtE +^Jel HI+

7' lll,Y dv, 4E!-E +^l 4+.

E : {(r, y,z)10 <.r < 3,0 S y 5 x,x- y 5 z* r+y}
8. JIJ, 0/f)dv,
z:l-)
E: t.r, , |O< v
{(x.v.z\l ( l- O < z( v2. I <-r < z*l} )
v: Ji
9. gE z= 1 * x * y oI4eI ,,y¤H{lrJ
lil r6xy dV, Eb 0

*d Y : ,F, Y: 0, -r: 191 916]] +4lg ¤E ly

10. Iff. y2 dv,r= +lldol (0, 0, 0), (2, 0,0), (0, 2, o),
(0, 0, z)oJ
^tEill
: : 20. HI+zlE y,z) dz dxdyel rJg +d zlz] 4
11. JII, x dV,E= e.E:E x 4yz + 4224 BH "r aoll 96ll .J; ['JJrf,,
+4s qq +^lel HI+4E¤. 44
=
21. 7l6l-E+4 6il44 trI4"Jg ol+6ll,q +¤- ++zlE+ 4l4I
12-13 A'-+4Eg ol$-alal 4+ "JillE +ElE +a-t{. 614.
12. 4Is.BHr+ BE zx *y * z:4E- EeliAl"J * 5xzyz2) dv, c+ )c2 + y2 < 4, -z 1 z 12 ?I fl
^iE4l ffJ" t+
13. T]FE y: x2, ¤H z : 0, )* z: 1tr $ela[?-l "Jx]I 7]F Bq

14. (a) flzlf z2: l¤ BH y: x4 x: 1-E- dgel

yz + xllt 22-23 +"141 EE6J+ pE '*= "Jili EE e+r]- e++d
g$+rJsl +tr]= C-+4E9_E +4'}|+. g +61+.
 942 148 +=48

27.. E+.rry¤E +lsi EEE e: | - xz -)2 ol-4ql +"J "J

(c) e49l Ell+ +CEHI=
ill; p(x, !, z):3 28. q¤E+ x, Y, zE EEIEEJ+7h ++4 rJtrl

23. E= 0<.r1a,05ySa,012<aE- +"141 4-$H41; <x <?, Sy S 2, 0< 252

f(x, y, z) :
I Cxyz, 0 O

p(x,y,z)=x2*y'+z' I 0, +E *q^-l

ulr kE +b+r EJ+.

(a) tif
cE {tg +6}+.
24-2s "Jill= +oJ6J (b) P(x < r, Y < l, z< 1)¤- +6I+.
24. 4+E4l9 'J +elEg flEql flil6t-r. .ql er.l4z} a} (c) P(x+Y+z<t)* +614.
E+ql +lil+tr1. + EE zjolz| r"J ol d+Eill9 +C 29. Bil'J(Average Value) y(E)E Ee] +EEiI aJ trll, "Jzll
E-UEE +6f+.
¤9 s glql^J f(x, y, e)9 ¤t{l*
trl-s-+ zJol 49¤4.
25. x2+y'ao', a1z1a.J flzl6'J4lel e49l 11+ +^d
gHIEE +61-+.
fu,e:
# lll tt-,v, z) dv

ql$ Eq pz| uj=r$+r 6l-E p,,sb EE ¤+ Es"l4.

26. ¤6E4l 139 "Jiilql 46H p(x, y, z): x2 + yzI 4l (a)
zlllgts+rJql^-l + q{dg fldql +lz16}-r. ,!l er.Jal
0)
Ag=, ¤%r-6d, (c) z4ql ql6J +dEHlE= +6}zi +l
71 4lE+ql ¤44q H9
+ zlE E¤g ^tl+l+. 4l4}e il}zl t*=+ 'Jol= r"J 4+Ezil +lql^J
*f ,f(-r, !, z) : *yz\ E+#g +o.I4.
T 27. EY 4llgtsEo+9lr'l flzl+ x2+y2:1+ ¤H J: z,
^ll 30. (a) ++ /$+4Eol 4qlql ¤q EE +a.I+.
r : 0, a : 0oll sl6fl +4lg oJxll+r 6tz|. rrJEElfzI
p(x, y, z): | * "r * y + e"J ull 4+El ql+ill4l= ol+E]l - )c' - 2y' - 3z?) dv
,<l Eoll trI+ trl-g "Jsl ¤qq} Ztg +614. fl,,
(a) d* tr (b) a+El ql+4l4lE "l+6fl^J (a)9 c.64Eq 4l*{t
(b) d++d g 4+61 ++4.

\4.7 I flzlEElEoll^'l s=4E

v ¤Hzl"l-E"ll^l +4IE4l- ol+6lE qH +d4 gqg E+ ¤"-16}rll ¤HB +
P(t',0): P(x, y) gi+(e.3¤ +E). r+ lg -H--n +41-se} zliz4}E alol9 +41. qgEl BzL. ¤
PE zl-E.alE.zl- (x, y), *rlE.zl- (r, 0)olH rE ls+q 4¤-ol ce++.
r
v
x: r cos0, y : r sin0

o ,t x y2: x2 + y2, tanl : L

x,
-ral {
3il-g ++"ll^J .J+4sE qtr +Er+ .J^ll$ ¤F-l6}rll ¤H"]] += 4+E4l +
JEI

ql +4IEe+ +^tal SzlE=ls(cylindrical coordinate)71 ?l+. *9s .H-fl].zlt! q

H dt+4++ fl7lE4IEe oleo 6l.fl 4l&"1 gd +l+l4lri.
 14.7 fl7lE5lEoil^l Ar=4E 943

I fl7lEEIE.
fl7lEElEfil(cylindrical coordinate system)oll^lb 3x|g +rJel d P= +iJtL z
^ll
(r,0, z)s 44U+. 9zlal r4 08 r.y¤E +lel Pel
^I¤el {afE'oll, zY
xy Plr,0, z)

B$ql^l pnlx)E +'J zl4ol4tafl z +a)

flzlF+lE.E +rJ4+E-e. H++^lzlzl glall +g 49 ole" t4. o Z

1 x : r cos 0, j: r sin 0, ,/, ,1,

x
v
- (r, o, o)

HlEq +e=IEs flzlFalEE E+I^lTlrJH q-# ol+6J+. f.eJ 2 -Lf trel flTlEa|E

2 12: x2 + y', tan0:L,

x
Z:Z

ilq4l 1D
(a) g7l+alE7l (2,2rrf3, 1)?l d¤. filJJ", ++4lEE +61+
(b) +rJalE7l (3, -3, -7)"J d9 flzl$alsE +61-+.

Eq
(a) fl7lE4l-s7l (2,2113, 1)"J Eg rH 3ql ++H,+. +l Ee+El ¤I.+4IEL + z

*r+ a+
Q,',t,r)
x:z"rr4:r(-!\:
3 \ 2/ -,
2

y:zrirf :r(+) :f 0

T v

z:l x

lal
JE'
e
U
q+^J dE +rJal+= (_r,,F,l)ol+.
$) ezl ry¤EE xll4^lts.Egl ilesE q Eepq +gg e=+.
r: 2 + (_3)2 :3 E
'T*
tan g
-3 :
- --: -lolE-tr- fl: "' * Znrr
34

r4o= flzlEalgb (zrE,lrf 4, -t)+ (2,8, -r/4, -7)ol+. +4}g'.lliJel "L

szlxlE ++61 *e dqE ¤xlzl- 914. r
flzlf+isb + +ql ql"]] 44ola, ol +ol zq"J Ezllql ++6f+ ql= EE
4f,*c4.l xz + y2 - c'oJ flzlEg '}]a+g 24014. flzlFal-EollrJ flzl+
944 148 q=4E

3 ol# ,J+f, !tr-c^l r - cE E.¤¤+(a4 4 +4). ol4.ol 'flzlF' als4= ol

Eol E9 ol+ol+. %r-441 0 - c9 f.4s- gdg zl+b +4¤golq:fl s

T---
L

(0, c, 0)

(c, o, ]'
I Ir

-t--..-
.r
.))
J
I

-l;

-Ial E A-,..\xlr{tr{ -rel A =-^.^ItlIIiEH

f.al 4 r= c, fl7lE rEstlO!
-EvlOOL

(o{1rll 2l) flzlFa}E.ql,^J H}c4lol e: r"J +B¤- ¤H6tr+

Z Eq "JC4l¤.¤irltrE +Eel ?+ A"llal e{1, +kol= :L441tl z+4zl9 44 r

e+ a+ 071 +EI+ glzl ?*gEE ,J+ e#9 *= 4=* +oJ"l-+ trI+^'l ¤H e:

k(k > gEE #Bxl-*l= tlxlEol ft"J ?loltrl 44^J ols xlil-e-+El +H"l
O)ql^J
gggg g + tl4. "1fl qltr-e %I44g ++4-Es H+t6l-ts E+6114t+ trq a
.v Hnll 4sE+El ts=+.
x
l z2:r':x2+y2

a?J 7 z: r, flgE %r-C^l zr:*r+y, (1l.6EE E l+ Hlr)g 44+"1 z4?l fl+iol+(rH 7 4fE). r

r fl7l#tEoil^1 g=48 Aht

z: uy(x, y\
E7l +4 le.l ¤qola.rryBH +lEq .r.].$ DE +4lEE flrll +Eitr + 9l+r
6l-xHrB I +E). 5al /zf E4oll trl*q-rl +qa- 71-46l.xl.

E: {G,y,z) I (r,y) E D, ur(x,y) 1z 1ur(x,i}

z: ur(x, Y
{zlrJ D= +a}E-E +-q=4 zJ"l f"l4l+.
r: hr(

p D : {(r,o) | a < o< P, h,(o) 1 11 hr(il}

v
0:A
,r
r: h2(0) 14.6¤el al Ege+q ++g E + 9t4.

:fl[ !:,::;' fG,t,,) a,)

g
=aJ
IIJ f(*, Y, z) dV dA
E

E+ +4|.gollil o1+4Bg ol$all.rJ 4l4}6l-b *Bs "Jr ?l+. ¤xlls 4l E4

14.344
^l
Eg ¤EI6IE +*g e=q.
 14.7 flTlE4lEoll^1 Ar64E 945

4
llfrr,, y, z) dv : l:fii|]' j;;:;:J,,,,,1'rr, cos 0, r sin 0, z) r dz dr d0
E

+^l El- flzlEalE"ll^J ++4+"il EI+ 4lol4. r- rcos 0, y:rsin0, z: zE

ts*ceal ++4+sE flzlE:als-E Hl+ir', z, r, 0!l4i 4¤+ 4+ *4lE ol
+61-r dv= rdzdrd|E- HI+E +rJ6lsel At+4Eg flzlfalsfl +I+4+e
.t^
({'
tl9
'.. -*'\
E H+'J + gt+. (rH eE EE olaNz| d+.) E7l-fl7lE4IEE flrll strq=
-,n

t' dr
rd0
"Jill ¤q.J "ll ol 49 4+f+"1+.gI#,f(x, y, e)oll *z + yza+ rJg 4lol sEr-
Elq ilg ql q6l ++6r+. :IeJ I BTlEalE'oil^lsl i1144
dV: r dz dr d0

(o{l{l 3[ rz1 sEH z:4-x2-y' o}44r.y ¤H +1"il +"J Eill"J trll, lfi,x'dv
E 4l4}6l-rtt:rH t0 +a). -:4- I - r,2
\
Efll rr| z4ql 44olzl qlEql fl7lEl4lEE ^l-a:o 6IzI. *zls _lrEc z: 4 - f - y,
- 4 - (*' + y')+ flzlEalsglal e - 4 - I p e.s¤goe flzlEalEE ol+++. , *l
EEH+ ry¤Eol olF= j/d+ 4. r':4 .EE ,:2olFE ry ¤H flEE EE
^I
S+ g+ r < 2014. trI+^l gE E= ++4 zJol fq+14. 2
"v

{(r,p, e)10 < 012rr,0 <r <2,01214- r')

feJ 10

^l
Eql E6H^J 4*¤ E=+.

l$ * dv : I': f ff-- (r cos o)2 r dz dr do

: [:* Iltr cos2o)](+ - ,,)drdo
: ff" cosrg o, ff (4r, - rs) dr

: Ll, + | sin zoll" h- - 1,,]3

: l1zn1j6 - ?) : En

0! +^lE 4+$ oll "J z)l Etl At+HI+4Eql

qlxll 3ql^l z, r, el6ll 4gEl=
%r-Hg rB llql^.] E + 9l+.

{qlll 4l) "Jill z'= flzlE x2+y2 - lql 4lExz¤H9 s-- 4+e} ¤H z:4 o}
4 :4.Z EEH z= | - *'- y' +lql +"J+(rH t2 +4\ ge_lE + dql^JE gE
zl flzlFE 4a+sE+ElE ,l4ql HIE]I'J *l] Eel 4+g +6}4.
Efl flzlf+IsE aH flzlf$ r: 1oJ_tr. sEHg z- | - r'o14. 'r++^l 'lg-rl
zJ"l ¤ + 9l+.
946 148 trl+EE

'-1
!
I
I

-----r--r
v -
./
_)'

./
_v

z= Oql^l 4 - lo e H6Ir r4 0= r= Oql,q 2s E6Ir ats tl#o14. 0E oql^l 2rrE HqI4.

dtf"l4.
fal 11

Z
r: {(r, o, z)lo < o 1 r, o( r ( l, 1 - rz < z< 4}
z:4
(0, 0,4) (x, y, e)oll^l gEE z+g-E+El 44ql Hlql6IE-E gEq++= +s,=r+ ,J+.

p(x,y,r):XJ*'+Sl:Kr
¤zlrJ K= Hl4rJ#ol4.trf+^l 14.6¤E -B^] F3l!-E+El Eel 4=#+ r+-q=4 ?Jtr+.

(0,0, l)
*: Iff K\W dv: f jJ ti_,,{x,t rdz drdo
i
z:l - rz E

L.
,0 : lJ ['**t4 - (1 - ,')] drdl: *['de ['(3rz + ra)dr
(1,0,0) v

: ,'* t'l' 6nK

J

L 5lo-
-rel {,tL
rrKf I
Ja s

(qH s l) I-', IEfr*(*' + v') dz dv dx= 4l+Idl-+.

Efll "l Hl+4# trl* "J4l Sq"il^]E t*zlBol4.

E: {(x,y, 4l -z 1x 1 2, -JR syt J4, ,Fll . , .2}
ry¤H +l-E.E EE
^l¤g
g* x2+y2 <4ol+. EE ohfl+ +Eg fl¤E e:
,FW +l+ +H+ ¤E e: 2oltrl(rg 13 +E). ol SEC q+rl zJ* flzl6a1
str ,E4d ++6141 +4tr + ?l+.
z

E: {(r,0,2) l0 s 012rr,0 (r 12, r<r'2l1

2 trI+^l ++g ts=+.
,: J*' + y'
t
I

f-,1:=# fr*(*' + v') dz dv dx: (*' + v'\ dv

ry
2
2
v : ff" trf rzrdzdrdo
feJ 13
 14.7 flTlEelEoil^l Ar=4E 947

: f2n
d0
fz
rr(2 - r) dr
J, )o

: zrrl+r'* - +r']; : En I

_ 14.7 | E+eU

1. trIg flzl+alsE dg L+4.+1r, ol EE io"+4+EE + 1O. Etl flzlE )c2 +y2: 169 ,ll+eJ. ¤H e: -5sl z: 4
BI4 ull, IIL\ErW d.v= +6I+.
^Iolql +.J Eqg
(a) (5, r/2,2) (b) (6, -rr/4, -3) zlltgB*+ql^J EEE z:4-x2-y2 o}4ql +"J
11. E7l
2. trt¤- *+3+E= flzlEatsB Hl-++. EII"J oll, Iff, (x + y + z) dvE- +614.
-3)
(a) (4, 4, G) (5r5, -5,,8)
12. Ezl flzl+ y2: lq .ll+s+ BH e: Oel +1, gE-B
x2 +
s. *4+lol r: lof, +Hg gE ¤8614. z2 : 4xz + 4y, A ql oJ trfl,
"I4 +ql ¤ E Ill , *, dyE +6f
4. %t-C^lol r2 * z2 :4oJ +Hg- ,Jq+. +.
5. q¤ HJ44g flzlFalsE ++4+. 13. flEE e: ,T
z * !2 J+ +E xz + y2 * z2 :2tr- E-BUAI
(a)x'-x*y2+22:l "J "Jfllsl +ul$ +oi$.
(b)z:x'-Y' 14. (a) EEE z:24-x2-y24 flgE z: ZJx'+ y t'y
6. PE"al ,, 1z < 8 - rr"] ui44= "JillE:1q4. ol.ll +.J gq Eel +rl$ +6].+.

7. t)olzl20 cm, 4* elxlEol 6 cm, 9P elxl$ol 7 cmoJ (b) Eel +fll+dg +6I+. (t,JEzt +"JqI 4+ e=#+
gEAEol gl4. 4¤+als4lE olgall,<J AAe LI4LI] Col4.l
+F4lg -.:-+. 44ql 46]] 3+E4lE "lBril 4iH.bzl 15. EE-E z:4x2 + 4y'4 ¤H z : a(a > O)ql el6ll +4.l¤
=
¤H6l+. oJi'll s7I +"J+ ,JE ,,(= 7I4 trll, oJill sE a=d=r+ ¤B=

8. (a) i1H4 ,J* B q Eql^j, f (*, y, z) : xz + y2 "J ql +Cg +61+.

IIl, f b, y, z) dvfl HI+zlEes r+4ql+.
(b) :1 H}+zl+g 4l4lEI4. ro. flzlFat*-ts Ht+l^l
fr[-^= fr* xz dz dx dy? Al
+1614
'l_
17. +IE E¤ 449 g+'J rll, xl¤qrxl-==$ &ol ollf{ 9l
::2 x' v E +7lE tr}] 4ls"6J oJel "&g +g+tr}. TlBzl oE 49
I

I E
I

l,'. *-.1 l, i
\
I t
|
-

;fl
<. .1 {-d ,.r.)
\-v
E
x q .4
o
o

e.+47l 4E f;: fitn,,d,drdlE- +q41 "J;llE:-4 :

E
q
o
@

r, 4Eg 41416l-+. F
o
o
t
L

10-1s flzlE=lEE 0l+6l.4 )o

o

@
4
948 148 tt64E

g ES9 4}g {46tzl. E Pel +=ql il= E49 +41 (b) "JEE Fzl+Ig HITIE 19,000 m, Eol 3,800 m, oJ
"JEE s(P), +olE h(P)tr 7}46t2t. E7l3,200 kg/m3-E t"Jql 4flg e.oJolrlz 7l-4BI
(a) d¤ ¤^J6l= trll zl+o-J dill .Jel "&g +4ql= 4 xf. $xlzl-a7lql 6H+Hql flHtrlH +rl4}g EC6I
4Eg zl +16ll + ge Eott_lz|?
^ll+l+.

14.8 | +Eals,oll^1 s=4E

z 3z]+l +rJ{^J ++oJ E +- El-E4le- +trEts4lzl- gl+. ol +|E4l= +E E
P(p, o,d) flgEql el"I] +49 gqql^l ++4Eel 4+g ++61 g + 9l+.
=
p

o
6
I +EIEIE
e ++ql^l d 0,#)+ rH lr+ ?Jq.{zlrl
Pel ?Elat+.(spherical coordinate) (p,
x v
p: lop l- gdql^1 pnltl{ 44olt, a- flzlfaleqlr.lel ,Jg 4oll' +=
*9 e+4 dE or r}"l9 4"14" {e-lql elag r1-gol ^JBEJS +E-6IEI"
ral 1 -.J Eg +ErlE
p Z 0, 0 < S < rr

+BrlE4l. + d.il r]lql 44oll, "l 4ol fldtl Ezllql ,l]+ ++r}+. qlE E
E +d"l fldolr *xl+ol c"J +Eg %L44g ++61 p: colrHag 2 +a). ol
4ol 7H4+E+- olEol Eg "l+olrl. "J4^l g - c9 r4s= +4HI¤H(rH
3 6r=yo1a' oJ4^l O - cE e+ol +d+t] HlggEg +4.J+(rH 4 +4).

/" (, ., l
I

ld"

I i {"
--t
OL
\ 0 0
C

,/ 0
C
/\ -=* I

I
v y I
-1i

,{
x ,/ x
I
-T
I

O<c<rrl2 nlZ<c{r
-192 p=c,Afl ral 3 o: c, UEE
=B
4 # = c, HJBEE

oPP', o t+q qp-" E-+.

z:pcos@, r:psin@
rflql r:rcos 0, y:rsinoolEtr- +H4+trE. +rJ4IEE HT+6Izl +14 q+ 4.1

g oJ-4" aJr|.
 14.8 +E4lE0ll^l Ar64lE 949

1 x:psinf cos0 y:psinSsin0 z:pcosf o

E=J 4El +{sE+E rl*ol ^JBqL+.

P1x, y,z)
Plp, o,6)
p
6
tr p':x'+y'+zz
o

ol 4e ++4EE +E4IEE H+6J rI ol*el4 -t'

0
v
x
v P'(-r, y, o)
(qrll 1l) +E=lsE +qd 4 (2, rrl4, rl3)71-9i+. "l Eg rq-l. =o*4EE * -ral tr
JE TJ'

6l+

EQI :H 6ql +qd dol E.rlslq il+.^l EIE+EI 'I-*g e.+.

Z

l: (2, r14, rr13\

x: psin$ cos0 : 2 sin 334,o, I: Z (+)(#) !z l) fr
J

t; 0

y : psin,f sin 0 : Zsin

f sin[: Z (+)(#) V; ,J

4
v
x
z : pcos@ : z(*) :
2 cos
+: r
fg6
q{^J 4 (2, rrf4, rrl3)sl +AaIE= (JW, @,I)oltl. I
lloll4l 2 l) +rJ4l-EE +"lTI d (0, 2\8, -z)zl gl4. ol dE +H4IEE +61+.
Eil EE+E] q+g e=+.
^.t @ +q +Ealtrotl rH--J 7lE= du4o
p: x'l y'* 22 : +12 ]_4:4 -+ gil6l-rl= g=rl. rll?=E Ealqr'4
0llAl oel +E 9rl7l Hl+lr p cHC rE
rfll ^l
trq q+ +¤¤ e++. ^fEzttl"
z-Z1 2rr
cos @
p4 2
6:-
'3
: x
cos 0
psln@ --
0, 0:- 2 TT

--;
(y:TtE >OolI'E 0+3n/z"Joll p*,64.) u|+^1 +"14! EE +84+E= (4,
rr/2,2rr/3)ol+. r

r +E4tE0il^1 gE4= 4ttt

+H4lE4lql^J +*4 eg +E {l7l(spherical wedse)714+Hi{q 4RdJ+.

E:
{(p,O,il I " < p< b, a< o < F, c 1+ <d.}
4zJaJ alO, fr-a12rr, d-c <zrol4. .Jill=4Ig zl+EillE +Yl^j ++4
950 148 rl64E

p, sin dk L0

Pi
0
4r h,p v
)
0 Pi A0 AA
Pi
ri A0: pi sinSe L0 ri L,0: plsin$p A0
\ ri: pisin$L
d* Pi Ad ri: pi sin{1

-r
;;,r1"+r -r

(a) 7H 4lzl (b) +E +d (c) flE $¤

-ral
JE'
7

+g 491Hxl"J "JAIE 4t* +E 4lzle q+lE'J^J rJ+ ¤4¤ e-+= ^}d

g Bg + gl'l trl-+^J E= ErJ4se trqd 7H p : pi, H]¤E 0:0r Hlgg
E +:#r,E olgall.! rJ 4'-+78 +llzl Eaks +b+.rH 7ql^-l E,iuY ^Jl Hel
z)oltl Lp, p,Lfl(Hlxl$ol p,, ,Jrl Ad.J tls), p; sindoA0lExlEol p,sin $0,
zqol a0?_l flel"J zl+Hille+ 49 ,J+. q?+^l E,inq +^l- +irl= trlg=4 ,Jtr}.

LV,in : (ApXp, Ad)fu, sin@o A0) : pi2 sin #r LpA0 A+

dxlle Bt{t 4flE ol+o]-E(fl+s.zll 26) Euk{ 4+E} +{- ++4 eg

g E"J + gI+.

LV,io : p? sin 6r Ap A0 Af
{zlrJ (p,,0i,0*)E E/ql +61+ qE dolr+. (xff*,yff*,rffi= ol EE ++a}E
+ 6IE ++g B=+

I[l rt.,y, z) dv : ,,]i,p._,*= lmn

2,f Gffo, v$*, zfft) Lv,io
Elmn ,E

I,m,n+a r:t j:1ft:l

rflql ol oJ+ ++ Et+E ?.1"J'J"l+.

F(p,0, +) : /(p sinf cos 0, p sinf sin 0, p cos Q) p' sin @

¤44sE rl-¤-r+ gg +E+s"il^l +L+41+q ql+ +^lg e=+.

3 E7l-+++ rJg +E $zleil afxl

E: { (p,0,il I os p 5b, a4 a < P, c 5+ 5d}
 14.8 +Erl-8011^l Al.=48 951

relH ffiol cfl6J+. 7

psinQA0 dp
dv
Iff rt.,y, z)
E
p
: sinrf cos 6, p sin@ sinO, p cos 0) p'sin@ dp d0 dg
I: Iu I'r(, + v

0
pdd

+4 ffi +rJ4lEql^J ++zlEg +-q=r+ zJol alrl +E4LE-e. E+|6J + gl

*+ "J6]l ++.
x:psinf cos0o y:psinf sin0, z:pcosf
¤zlrl 4¤+ 4+ +4lg oleo 6p. dv= p2 sin e dp d0 d+E qlill++. olAg A

reJ I 7El1-*0114e] ill4a

f.fl 8ql^l ¤Hg+. dV: pzsins dpd0 d+
ol {g q+r+ zJ* erl trl .JHI4"J +Esl Bqg se-6rE+ +A'-.J + gttrl.
E : {(p,0,4) I < 0 < F, c s + a d,, gr(0,0)s p s gr.f,#)}
"
ol 4+.ll +^lg psl 4+ 6J4lzl- s(0,0), sz(o, d)e Ht+l= 4¤ xllg6lr= +
EFt +E+.
^l
EE ggEol+ +Er+ +* +Hol 4+ SEel 441= oI.F= +'-+4+ql^-l
*Halezf ol$¤4.

(o{l4l lD a+ ++l+ B: { (*,y,41*, + y, + z, < r}g g tt[,e{.'*,'+")''' dv

E 41416I+
Eill nq 4A?l +EolF+ +s=r+ zJol *E4EE oJeooJr+.

r: {(p,0,+) I osps 1, o< o 12rr,o <+ <"'}

e*q.
ttt ,r.'-r't,2)il2 dv : lJ f"i sb\'/'pzsin 6 dp d0 d+
B

: lJ sin,f d+ t:" o, I: p',,'dp

: [-.o, +],tz*l [lr,']l: !n(e - t)
NorE qlxll 3ql^JE 4Eg +H3iEE ol$alxl ?+r 4l+16l-71= +61 qH+. ++
4+Es ++4H HI+4E* r}+r+ +L+.

f,l-rr=lffie,2+Y2+22)3'' d' dY d*
952 148 trl¤48

:Jt
(0,0, l)
{ql +.J Eille-l +qE +6l7(ffl e eia).
I
i
x'+y'lz2:z
Efl +qd +Eg gag xl+q +c"l (0,0, l)";qt +rE_61-xI. +E4IEg ol +H
,Jc4lgq+4
I

L el ¤ + fl+.zJol

p':pcosf, 4p:cos,@
1 ,: GTy,
ggEE ,J4^le ++4 rJ"l ¤ + 9l+
v
.r pcosf: sin2@ cos20 * p2sinz$ sin26 : psin @

:19 I "lAg sinf =cos +, + 6:rrt4g+- FqL+. trl+^l +84+E.E E4l EE rlEl4H
++r+ ?Jq.
z': {(p,0,+) l0 < e < 2o,0 s+ s rrfL,05 ptcos,f }
:.H to¤ -trH p, +,0E +^l 4?+ql 4El] 4Eg 4 ntl qB4 4l4IEExl 'J + 9l
+.EE +iil=q+4 *q.

v(E) : III ,, : ff" IJ^ IJ",

d
p' sin 6 dp d+ de
E

: f* o, !:''sinr
[+]:,".-r*
/4

T ff'^sinr cos3 + d+ : +t qr].

7T

k
\ \ 7

.L' y _t' ,r

+, 0+ IC6f-r. pE Oq^l cos f a= oql^i Zrrrtlzl +4leq.

fH 10 ztzl s4.J4. +4.J+. tr
 14.8 +ErlEoll^l a|-=48 9s3

t4.B I t+=rtt
1. +¤. +84+Ee] d¤- +qLI:2, "l 4e.l +rJ4IEE +6t+. 12-18 +H3IE= ol+6}+.
- (a) (2,3rr/4,rr/2) (b) (4, -rr/l,rr/+) 12. B7l +d"l flBola HlzlEol soJ +oJ tril,
z. rJ-$ +rJalE= +HalEE HI++. IJJ, (*' + y' + z2)2 dvE +614.
(a) (3, 3,0) (b) (t, -r[3,ZJi) :4* :9 ,t'lolql
13. Ezl + +E x2 + yz * z2 *' + y'+ z2
g. Bl4^lol + : 3r/4oJ +Hg "JE ¤E6IF+. +"J |fi,G, + yr) dVE +rtq.
trll,

+. HJ¤alol pcos #: rql +Eg Elq+. 14. Etl zlllg$+rJql +.J ++l+ x2 + yz + zz I I oJ ull,

s. 4* %r-c4g +E4tsE'lEl-4+. !fi , *t-'*r'*,' dvg +6I+.

(a) x'+y' + z2 :9 (b) x' - yz - zz : I ls. flBE Q: o164 #: rrls rlol"ll +tl + p s a9 Bul
6-7 trl+. +F4ol L}44= "JillE:1Bl+. E +614.
6. pS l, 0<$<1116, O<0<n 16. (a) flEE 0: rrls +le+ +ts p:4 cos @ oi4ql +ql
Exllq +!lE +614.
7. 1< pa3, 0<d lrr/2, rr<0<3n12
(b) (a)9 Exllel +ril+Cg +BI+.

8. + ggfl , : J*' + y' e-]+e+ 7E ,r' t y' + z'

E/ll7l- 17. (a) {lxll 4oll 9j= "Jillel +41+dg +6}+. ("JillE "JE
:42 qpql +q il+. ol oJillE +H4lse+ +flg ++ K-I-- +oJ6}ql zl-C+tr+.)

{sE +4.114 (b) ol oJill ql6ll e49l ql+ +dEHIEE +dI+.

g. *qz} trl-+ 4tss_+ +"141 E*ll= f_4tr, zlEg +614. 18. (a) qlxl$ol soltr 5¤"J Hl+el +41+dg +614.
(b) (a)9 "JillE eHsl zlEql ql+ "Jillq SdeHle
ff'' I;'' 1" o''in Q dP do d+
+6t4.
=
r0. rHrI rJg Sq E +lql^J "JEE E+tr}+ f(x, y, z)4
1e-21 q Eql _H_olb flzlEals.+ +E4s= ol++trI.
++4Eg flzlF=IE E= +83+EE +4'}i+.
.A 19. ggE , : Jx' + y' +le+ +H x2 + yz * zz :1 otqql
r-l
+oJ oJill
I

-r/
Ee-l +ule+ +41+dg +614.
!A'
,/ -1

20. HlzlE oJ EETI #"JqL flzlEol ?14.

a, $-oJzI h.J
l (a) 4HJ6Jql ql+ flzlF9 +CEHIEE +61-+.
-
,/\
---.*
zl$ql 4oJ flzlfs.l +CEHIE= +61q.
-Y

G) Hlqlel
T 21. E7l EEE z:x2 +y' 91s} ¤E e: 2y ol4ql +ol 9l
r I. (a) rH+ eg Jx'T yriV
EE E +lq^l f (x, y, i: g trll
lfi,rdv? +6I+. 4es,-1 d+El 4fal4lE ol
ql qlal ++zJE lll, f G,y, z) dv? H}+4+str +
+6H^l 4+g 414I6t4.
+'l]+.
(b) r HI+zlEg 4141614. 22-23 +EaisE Ht+j^j ++ 4+-g 4l&6I+
xz+ y2 + z2:4 ,r.J; tyltrxydzdydx
( ^.IL n fl---i
M-r' z+J4-rz-p
E 2t' )-r)-t^*- 2-)
(*' + !' + z21st'dz dy dx
r

x
v m24.r4q AliE+llqE- ol+6ll^J qlxlE 3, +.ol tO"J g7l
\ F +lql qlTzl +"J ^ISEE:aq4.
,'+ y'+ 22--9
 954 148 q-A4E

T 25.+H p:| +Isinm0sinnf+ +oJfl EBoE ^l^'*q o}4ql fl= "Jillel Fulz} trts=rt a+g Hqf+.
q *+. 4* rB9 ffi: 6, n : 5?l $FSF,J +Hol _ Zrf a3 ,-
,,v:f(l-cos4o)
q. A+El ql+illfllE "l+6ll^l rAol Efl,ilIr ?l= +
EIE +61+. (b) pr 5pf pz,0r<0< 0r, QrSdSdrE f"lTI +E
4zl9 Fslzt q+!},J+g +E6i+.
33
Av: Pz - Pt
J
(cos dr - cos e)@, - o,)

(c) ¤t# 44E ol+6ll^1 16)E +ElE trl+4 rJol ¤

+ glgg Bq4.
AV : p2 sin d Ap A0 A,f

¤zlrl pb p,4 pz Atolgl ilr +b Qr{ #, rt"loll

+q ilgq Lp: Fz- pt, A0: 0r- 0u L#: #r- #,
26. (a) flzlE 4lg.E ol+6ll^J +E rz + 12 - a2 +le+ ol+.
0 . do < rr/241\ gEH z : rcot do(EE 0: Qo)

14.s I trlE4Eoll^1 E+EaJ

1il-fl 4E"ll^J 4Eg ++61 6l-71 9-l6H H+E++(il+)g ol+1R4.*el-19

===
q¤g uffieEal 4.5¤E ils+H4 4"-l tr= qgr+ rJ"l ¤ + ?l+.

1
Ilrio dx : I!rtnt"ll ttu) du
{zlrl x: s(u), a: s(c), b: s(d)oltt. +41 trg q-q=$ gol EEoJ +E 9t+.

dx
2
Ilru>
dx: l'r{*{")) du
du

"l+4+4 At+4+g 4l+I*.ll B+tr+e ++B + ?l+.

I ol=4Eoll^l H+E!Et
H+E+C ol+zl$ql^lE oll+ ffioffr, olul olfl qlE*l *alEE9 HS+g

+r+.
x:rcos0, y:rsin0
rnJI 14.3¤E H+H+l +4] tr]. +*r+ zJol * + ?l+
llft.s,t.,y) dA: IJ/(r cos r sin o) r dr do
g,
 14.9 +e4Eoil^1 E+EEJ 955

{zlrl sE.rry ¤Ee.l ¤E Rql 6l]=J6l+ r0¤89 ¤9o14.

+ q "JHI49E q+r+ 7JZ uaBEql^J "lry¤Egs9 t!fl(transformation) I
E +q4l E+H+}q ^J46tzI.

T(u, u) : (r, y)

{zlrl x, ye} u, uY ffi al-o E +¤E+.

3 x : g(u, u), y : h(u, u)

E.- trlltrllE tI+4 zlol tt-7lE ++.

x: x(u,a), y : y(u, u)

s, h7l fl+ql l4l ¤EEL+E +-+= 9"l"llrl H+I r= c,EEJ(c, transforma-

tion)ol4 6l-q, *.sE. r= .J^J crE+ol4a_ zl4++.
ESt r- ¤xll Ce-lqr+ xlgol E+ R29 +EddJ"J B+ol4,r(ut, t)r):
(r,, y,)E oll, 4 (x,, y,)S 4 (ur,ur)9 $(image)ol+I BJ+ qH + dE eg
rJ9 r*zl ?+sE rE gEHg(one-ro-one) flElol4l ++ zH 1* ur¤89 ¤9
s= rql E"ll E++ rHg Eq EE 4E9 ttsE *CE rry¤
=r+.r7|s?IE
E ?Iel gq R-tr- H+qH, RE Sel 8(image of ,s)olal oJ+,

Jr

T
s R
(up ut)
T-t
<-- (-rr, yr)

0 u 0 "r

feJ t

rrl "Jql"J E+IolE ,y¤Hql^J rzu$Eo_tr_9 sl$E(inverse transformarion)

r-'ol rqr ^l Eg Eol^l rl+4 zJol u, aE x, y_tr EEB + gl+.
=zl]6Jtrt.
u : G(x, y), u : H(x, y)

(q!rfl 1L ""Le^lol x: u,- u,, y:zuuaflel¤ H{+ql qld| ¤^Ir+e

S - {(r, r') I 0 < u < 1, 0 < a'< l}91 t}g +6}+.
Efll H++ sel A4lE +r-E A4E ^l-^J++. q+^l ss.l Hel ^J¤- +61-= aee ;.1
4El+ A Hail H Sre. a:0(0 1u1l)olrJ{rB 2 *4). +"141 4l e_E+El *: ur,
y:09 Bo o-tr 0 <x< 1ol+. :.ele+ S,e.;y$Hql^l (0,O)oll^J (1,0)zlzl /jg
oE
^l^J++.+ H4ll H.92+ u:r(0< zr< l)ol+.+q4l %I4^loll u: lol++s
E +gg e=q.
956 148 +=4E

y:2u
L)

)c:l-u2,
s3
(0, l) (1,1)
f/E A4ElsE.rAl sEdg "J+e q-gg e=4.
s4 s2

0 sl (1, o) u
4 .r:l -7, y2
0<,r< I

u|$zfxl_e srg a: I (0 1u 1l)tr_ folzlq, +¤: rl+rl- ,Jol EEde-l g+..l+.

T

5 *:T-r, y2
-l<x<0
.v

(0,2) ulxluJg-e SoY u:0(0 1a< 1)og +qzl.Z, ** x - -rt, .l,:0, + -1<x<0
*: r-l
,12
x
v'
4
ol4. (4^l-4¤ ++lE HI^l4l HJ-6Js_tr S4olE trE ¤qE ++lE Hl^l4l HJEJeEL
+zl"J+.) sg +g r+r+
^l
Elet +qd EEd_o + +4lH ¤9 nol4(rg 2
il-.a\
E+)t I
(-1,0) 0 (1,0) x
oJot-H-zl-.uuBBql^l g
-tzl ,
ol4l H+H++ol
"l+4+ql {E aqg 7t4s_=xl
JdL
+ oI4 ESLoITI (ro, ,Jolr Hel z)olzl 44 L"4 Autl 4I¤. ^l-48 SE 7l-zl
r ^]$+trkre 3 +6).
D v
u: u
r (u-,t,u\

Ai., T
(xo,Yo)
(uo, uo) L'u
U UX r (u, uo)

0 u n _rr

ral
JE
2
I'

Sel tl$ry*Efl Eq Rolr a- 44lE +fl 6I+- (ro,yo):T(uo, ao)o14. d

(u, u)4 tlql ql'J +lilulEl- ++4 ?Jq.

r(u,a): g(u,u)i + h(u,u)i

sE "I4+ HE BI4^l* a:
uooltr "lAE {l*d(imase curve)g ulEl{++
r(rz, ao) o.E +qdq. (ro, yo)ollrl ol ++dql ql+ ddHlEl. ++r+ ?Jq.

tn: gn(tto,0o) i* h,(uo, uo)j : +i + 9;

du du"
u|$zlxJE ("rs, ys)ql^l sel g+ H(+, u: us)4 t'-+d.il 4+ dddlEl}. trI+
r+ rJ+.

ro: !lo(il0, r.ro) i * h,(us,uo) j: *t * 9i

dn da

sel +F$$(image region) rt: I(S)- rH 4oll^liJfl tl+- + pC BlElql el6ll

 14.9 trl64Eoil^l E+EE| 957

q}Sqzlh ¤q^l-HB-o + *a}^lrJ + 91trI. r (au, uo * Au)

a: r(uo + Lu, uo) - r(ao, uo), b: r(ao, ae * Au) - r(ap, uq)

r (uo, uo)

rflql ffiol dH,*tri.

a

,. r(uo + A,u, as) -

t,: o'J1'o r(ao, uo)
r(ao t Lu,uo)
L"
:19 4
trI+^l +*g B=tr|.

r(no + Lu, us) - r(ru0, r,o) - Lu tu

Aur,
,Je %FB
og rl$$ E=+.
r (uo, us)
L,U ri{
r(ao, uo + Au) - r(ao, ,o) - Aa r,
oldg RE + Elel Aa r,e* Aa r,9l 9"l] ".]¤qxlb ¤4^IHESE
=^f^l4 -?al tr
+ 9l+g F*rI(f-H s +4). trl+^J ,qE Hol= ol BEX^I.EBE Hololl el6ll
-^I^la + fl'}. ol ¤4^l-H¤E Hol= 11.4¤_E+El trl+4 +r+.
E l(Aru r,) x (Aar,) I : lr, x r,l\u L,a

E4g 414I6|H 4¤¤ E*trt.

ijk dx dy la, arl
r, X rr:
0x 0v
JO 0u 3u
k
lau
I aol
tk
0u 0u 0x dv ldv
I^^l
avl
0x dv
JO 0u 0a ldu dul
0u 0u

ol 4l4lql +El-+i- qp{g H+IE o[=uf Q](Jacobian)ol4 6tI, t]94 ,Jg

EEJ 7ls.s +tr+.
=

7 Eq x: s(u,u), y: h(u, u)tr- +qd H¤l rE otEHleJg tl+4 e+ oFEHI$P

=g9
+-+Il otiHl(carl
Gustav Jacob Jacobi, 1804-1851)ol 0l
0x 0x E A0l+. ua$el ++^lz^l7f tr
d(x, y): I
du du dr dy dx 0y =E
E-Br+= E:E|6F= olal il=^lE
d(r, r) dv dv 0u 0u 0u Eu Erl ol8fl^ltrJ otzHlTl =E-.J
olaE q"=EE
I 6u 0a q 41tl0il 0l86lts UHE 7tlg=i.{rl.

ol T]gE ol+6ll^J Rsl gol AAoll ql+ q*q=r+ a+ +^l4lg 4l Eql

^h&e+
+ glrl-.

E(x, y)
8 LA: L,u L,u
6(u, u)

{zlrJ o}=ulQ}* 1uo, uo)91r.1 Zl+B+.

958 148 trt¤48

q+ql= BEql 9t= Bq sE +ts ^Ir+B Bg srE

ua +hr, suel tl¤: ft,r

4 oJ4(:H 6 +E).
[: y

s ij

Ai.'
f
R ftij
s
/ Lu T

Y
lu i, u) (xi, y j)

0 L.t. 0 -rr
reJ 6

=^I^l
ffi ?++4 R,jql 4+EJs-a+1, R +lql4 /E ol+zlEg ffi$ zJol

+^l-^IrJ+.

II l-,y) dA- ij:1 j:l2 fi,,y;) AA

ft
mn
:TT ,LI .LI
i:t j:1
f(g(u,, u1), h(u;,-r,
I # I
O, O,

¤zlrJ olauloJg (u,, u)ql^J 4l4lEr}. ol ol{=aj$ q-S 4Bql 'IE} 4"J E}"14.

I a(*, y) I

a), h(u, u)) du du

I!s flnt",
I a(r',, I

olfl EETI +.Jg q+ 4elzf ;.1;.1a3+. (+d.J +H+ rE trl4Bqt q4ql

^l +"Jg + 9l+.)

I 0l=4E0ll^1el E+EEJ rtl uugEE BH s. ry¤89 Sq R +le ^Itr-

oli crE$olz, :.e-l ofauloJ"l 0ol olqe[-L z]-5a1x1. Re+ sz] +¤ I E= +
¤ rroJ ¤E tlgol:r/7lRql^J fl+olall zl-{a1-x1. s.oJ 17} sel 44lE zll9
6lr gqlflol4 6lE, 4*ol CBaJ+.
o(x, y)
ll l.,i a,q,: lJrt,t
fi s
u, a), y{u, o))
o(u, u)
du du

tr]. x,y= u, o4 ^lsE +r}'1lr dA= ++4 zJol #s-trr^'l r,yE +4

CEl
U 4Eg u, u41+eI 4E.o-tr {$.t.lA+b 4.9 "J6ll ++.

dA:lml**
 14.9 +=480il^1 E+EEJ g5g

C4 gsl +^l"J
1zl-g 2 rl-ololl +^|Col fl+ql +E_6|xI. E'J+ dxldu 0
0:fr
^l p
ofaul.Je-l EH# I E(r, ila(u, u)ltl
'Id"ll ^|&Htr}.
cfl EJel d Hall qlE, +4+sql^lq 4E +^lol ufe olflel 5E+ 4+gg r a s r:b
_H-oJ+ q7l^J r0$Soll,{ ry¤Esee-l H+} r- r++4 ?Jq. d
0:a
x: g(r,0) : rcos0, y: h(r,0): rsinO 0 ,'
a b

rr-ll- r H+tel +471rH Toll +Eiri 9l+. rY rl¤Eel Ef,l {^l-r+¤9rry

T
¤EE +^lr+Bs_tr rel ofault].+ +g=r+ +L+.
^l-+1-61-q
v
dx 3x
r:b
d(x, y): I
0r A0 cos 0 -r sin0 : rcoszO + rsin2g: r ) 0
0:fr
0(r,0) dy dv sin 0 rcos0
dr Ae
r:
I

0:q
:r4=E C4 trlql 'q-+ q-gg E=+. a
0 x

IIirsff-,y) dx dy : II ,t cos d, r sin g) d(x, y)

dr d0 aEJ 7 +41.8 HEJ
d(r,0)

: I: Ilft cos o, r sin o) r dr do

olag 14.3¤el Ele+ "Jzl++.
^l
(qq 2l) x+4- E.Ed y2 =4-4x, --4+4x, y>g-oE +4lE
y2 ¤qg REI 6I
zl. E+E$ ,r : u2 - il' , y : Zuu! ol$all.<l 4E JI- y dAE +6|+.

Eq ¤q Rg rH Sql rHq. R= ql4l lel r+ 2ql fleq, sE.c^Ir+¤ [0, r] x v

[0, r1o14 6]H r(s):

Rol+. 4Eg 414]61-71 +16ll H+H+]g o]ts ol fi E sTirR-H_ (0, 2)

+ E{ rj ++E} ¤9olzl ull$olrt. fl;<l +++ Aol oFzul?}g 414}f,+ y':4 + 4x y2:4-4x

Ax dx
d(x, v): I
du 0u 2u -2u :4u2+4a2>0
d(r, ,) dy dv 2a 2u (-1,0) 0 (1,0)
I du Eu
-rel Q

Iq-+^l 4;-l Eq slol r1-gg EE4.

JI v dA :II 2uu
I a(r, v)
a(" ,,
dA : Il Il t *)4(u' * o,) du du
R s I

: * I' I] t"', + uu3) du da: I f l+u^, + i"r;]ili a,

: Ilt , * 4u3)da:lo' * ,of'o: z E

960 148 +EqE

NorE ql4l 2ql^J= 4¤6J HfHSlol +"1d.-ose. ¤zl.ll qq+ EzllT| oltJ4.
H¤tol +qzlzl ?+sE "J xlg ts gg 4¤+ H+H++g ^J45}l Lll= aolr+. ,f(x, y)
zl 4+alzl q4+ E++olH.f(x, y)9 Eqlql^J E+Ig ++g + 9i+. zJ+ ¤q ,R
ol 4Fzl ++61+E 49"61-E. rrsHg BE sE +t6l sBB + gl= E+Lg dq
E]]OT E+,

(|qlll 3|) q4dol (1,0), (2,0), (0, -2), (0, -l)oJ ¤qgR+ts trll, zl
^}qEE
E ll* ,G+i/G-.t anE 4l&61-+.

Efl e(,*,)/(x-v)o zlBEl-7lql qq+sE ol ++e] E4zI oJ^l6]+ q+4 a+ E+

¤. ^Jr+.Jtr]-

10 rl:xi-y, u:x-!
ol {3,ry$E{lal au$Ee-Ee.l H+I r-'E 4fl6J+ 44 E= rzu$flollal ry'$
Eee.E H++ Iql qlql fl#6}r ?l+ 4l Elg r, y9l +6ll^l EH q¤¤ e++.

11 *: l(u * u), y :1.(u - o)

rE otTHl.Je qg-r+ er+

la, arl
lr, aol l+ ll__r
,

d(x,y)
a(";r):lr, ayl:li -ll
J--3r r:
2

Ia,a, I

Rql 4+qY uu¤Hfl ¤H s= +61-71 +lql ,qel HEol tr1+ 4C +lq +ol+ A
g +q+4
L,^
):0, x-!:2, x:01 x-):1
/ n a\
\-L, L) D:2 (Z,Z)
l.l
--'1 10 E= 8tr14 uu*lHel tl4deq+r+ +q.
u: -u u:u
(- 1, 1) (1, 1) H:a, u:2, u:-a, u:L
u:1
0 u trl+^l gq sErH gsla++4d (1, 1), (2,2),(-2,2), (-1, 1)"J aI44E"l4

"t+^l 'I+4 *+.

T
t1
v
T-l
s: {(u,o) l1S u12, -a<u*r}
d?] Eql elofi q--e-s- Eb+.
x-y:l

0
t2
x
:
lt ,*-*"r'.-i dA lls '"" I ,t,','l
I a(r, v)
du du
R
-1 x-y: 2
:f l_,r"''(i) du du : i flur'n1 u:l)
du
-2

-rel O :if (, - r-')udu:lk - *-') I

 14.9 +A4Eoil^l E+EE 961

r al=4Eo[^l H+EEt
++4$ql {E}]^JE. Hl++ H+E++ +4lol 9l+. rrl uuw ++E gE s= ++
4lql el"ll xyz *zJA ¤E R +lE E+ol+.lxl-
^f+Fal-b
x : g(u, n, il), y : h(u, u, w), z : k(u, a, w)

19 0l=ul?I(Jacobian)+ rl-s=4 ?J+ 3 x 3qEalol4.

dx dx 0x
0u Ea 3w
0(x, y, z) dy dy dy
12
E(u, u, w) 0u du dw
0z dz dz
0u 0a 0w

4El Eel Hl++ 7Ic oI4 ++4Bql 4=J q+ dBtJtri.

^lol

o(x, y, z)
13
I$ 1., v, z) dv: llJrtrt tt,u, w), !(u, a, w), z(a,r, ,)) 0(u, u, w)
du da dw
I

(qH 4D +{ @}g "l+6fl^J +Er+Eql^JE ++4+el 49 +E6I4.

Eil "l 4+ H+H+lg +g_r+ ?J+.

x: p sinf cos 6, y: p sinf sin 0, z: p cos f

opul Ql$ 4l+6l$'l+4 ?JLI.

sin{cos0 -psinf sin0 pcos@cos0

o(x, y, z)
sinSsin0 psinfcos0 pcosf sin0
o(p,0, #)
cosf 0 -psin@

-psinrf sin0 pcos@cos0l ,l sin f cos 0 -p sin @ sin 0

cos + psin,f coso pcosf sino l-Psm9l sin@ sind psin@cos0
cos + ( -p2 sin f cos f sin20 - p2 sin f cos ,f cos20)

- p sin @ (p sin2,f cos20 + p sin?$ sin20)

: -p2 sin f cos'f - p2 sin S sin2f : -p2 sin,@

0<+ <z-olr=E sin,f >0ol+.q+^l ++4rJ+

d(x, y, z)
:l-p'sin.fl:p2sind
o(p,0, #)
962 148 +=EE

+4 Eql E6l] r+.s¤9 +4 trr+ 9z16l= ++ 49 eEq

IllR,Sftr, y, z) dv: IJJ /(p sin f cos 0, p sin f sin 0, p cos 0) p' sin f dp d0 dS r

t4.e I E+=xil
g. sts +1I¤oJ (0,0), (r, l), (0, 1).J +4¤ ¤9;r: v2,
t. dBJ S:{(u,u)10< u11,0< u< l}E (a), (b), (c), (d), a
v
(e), (f)E ole"6l.{ H+}61-ts, r-VI + qL:aeol
=l:.xl
*qH+. r4r.: ol ffE ..4. a-5 ,,ysEql^J ¤9 nz} qs-r+ zJol #"ltl4. ,r¤H qle-l
(a) .r:tt*u (b) x: u-a zl^t4B ¤ q sql^l R +l.E gg r{l 'il+ 49 +
y:u-u v: ua ^ttl6l-=
6I+. q7l^l sE H* a44 u49l Bfl"lut.
(c) x : ttcosu (d) x: u-a
y: usina v: u*u2 4. R= Y:2)r--1, Y:2x+1, !:l-x, Y:3 -xE *41
(e) x:u*t) (f) x:
y :2u
UU

v: u--a- Bgq
T
5. ,R= x'ltalE$oll^J tl *'+y':1r+ *'+y':2 Al-olql
I v v l=ol cd od
6 L-l o --1
1 I

6-8 r+¤. E+E olzul.Jg +614.

l-r n 6.x:2u*a, y:4u-u

-l 0

7. x: scos/, y:ssinr

-1 8.x:llu, !:uN, z:liltt

m v IV v
I
e-r 1 El-g H+Ig ol-$al.tl 4Bg 41416l-+.
2

9. ff*(x - 3y) dA, R+ +adol (0,0), (2, 1), (1,2)tl +r+

B gqix:2u*u,Y:u*2u
0 l.r 10. lJ*x2 dA, R+ 4fl sx', * 4y'- 36ql 9dl #4lE ¤H;
0 2 x
x:2t1, y :3u
V -v
VI y 11. ff* xy dA, n= 4]l^l$Eql^l zld y : x, !:3x4 tI+C
ry: I o w:3ql 94 +4lE B9; , : u/u, v: u
I

0 nf 12. (a) Ez| 4gH x'/o' + y'lb' + zzf c2: lE EBlr+tJ E

Alg ql, H{} x : au, y : ba, z: cw$ ol+61]il
-l 0 7x -1 lll,avq #g +81-4.
(b) 7l+= Sd+ f{"l ot,l+. zldql E6il +ql^l B
2-3 trI¤- E+lq Et d.J sE +g +614. ¤6ItrI. trl-+^l I E"Jg a: b: 6378 krnoltr, c :
2. S: {(u,r) | 0 < u 13,0 < u S ZI; 63s6 kmql +gEql Tlls,qa ts + 914. (alE "18
x:2u*3u,!:tt-u 6ll^J zl+s.l +ul= +4"t8+.
 148 ++ 963

(c) (a)9 "J;llz} #"J+,JE ftE ?*=+r g oil, e4gl S .J

^I+qg Bq
+ +CEHIE= +6I+. 15. jl_ e'*v dA, fi= ++4 lr l + ly | < r ql q4 +qd gE
t3-15 4EEJ H+H+rg ol$all.tl 4+ 4+g 4l4}6i+.
16./= [0, t]q1,r1 S4oJz, fie. (0, 0), (1, 0), (0, l)E o]5
13.
til[ Jx_y R+zlcx - zy:0,-r- zy:4,3x-y:t,
q Tf tI4B "J ull, tt- + il ae : oJg _H
=dA, I! [i "tt") da
3x - y:8-E. Eelalql BB^IEB gq q4. ft

'o'{j "*(ffi)
** 4+tdol (r, o), (2, o), (o, z),(0, 1)

E u.r\
-t l=

r[LJ qe
1. f + ^I4e R: lo, bl x lc, dlql^"1 CEE E+EL++I (c) xsl yE 714{r.g Ffl.JzI?
7lr$6lz}.
4. (a) zlqHzll r"llrl /el ++4B9 49E a+.
(a) /9 ol+ 4"J Elql q+ {g ;A4. &) JJJ, f(x,y, z) dv! qBrll 4E6t;-zl-?
f(x, y) > 0ol4H :a qlg +fl¤- elEl6l+-71? (c) Etl zl$E;]lzl-"IH +416J .Jillgq"J q,
(b) +*s-E tl*f\,i dA+ 498 a+. lll, f b, y, z) dvS qB4l 4E6l=7i?
(c) ,f(x, y) > o.J oll JI_ fG,i dA$ zlalqt4sE 6ll^16} (d) +¤ loJ "Jrlj Bqe FH,.JzI? E7l a4 ¤q"J ql,
4. ftl o#+e+ ¤+{tg E+ +16}E +Eg g"lai III, f G, y, z) dv$ q 841 41416l-=z|?
+71? (e) fr¤ ztl "Jzll ¤qe Ffi.qlz}? E7l ad ¤qoJ q,
f(*,y) d4= qB4l 4l&al-Ezl-?
(d) jj.
ll|, f (*, y, z) dvl qgrll 41416l=7|?
(e) oli4B.il 4+ +dH4e +H,g "J6l+ 4"J71? (0 +¤ 3ql "Jiil ¤q+ Ffl.JzI? E7l ail ¤qg ql,
(0 /el sf#ql ql* 49 44. II!, f(*,y, z) d.vf qBrll 4l&d}=zl?
z. ol¤!4Eoll,rl 4j/4}EE+rl *al.*e Hl-g + glEzt? 5. (a) ++zl+q^J +rJ4lEoll,rJ flzlfalge "lBrll H+I
gl olHzll 6l]01 6t=7I? o.l+7I?

r. E4$EH+ rel paj-u3Ee++E /+-r. o.}zl.

xe+ (b) a}+4Bql^l +rJ4}sql^l +E4ls_tr. qB7il H++6r
l- -I .-)
(a) xzl a4 b al"l"ll il_L yzf c* d
^l-olql fl¤- +E¤ -tf!
ol+4$qE 4+. (c) fltr +r-+ql^J flzlfale .Fb +EEIEE E{+61+
(b) /E qH C $$ zlzla- ?l:.zt? 7l?

i[. -Hrl
.!j/L 3Jr
E tl-

ffi *.Jzl zl+l.JxlE +tr6t+. +olH "l+E ¤H

$xllz}
o.}a, 41|olfl oL?E ¤E6lfl+ HIflE E+.
z.
f Il *'", dy dx: ff *'o* I* e, dy
fzl
- y) d* dy : ff Il, xz sin(x - y) dy dx
,. x'sin(*
3. [0, t]q1,r'1 ¤4olE 4¤."l ^JB6J+
J:, f"
964 148 +=48

: 0,1'
s. +lgE ,:
'/*'+ y'r+ ¤E z:ZB-Eeil^ltl flale-l +
fi frr,rr b) dy dx [fJru, El= ++ 4+e-_E s.¤84.
4. Dtl xz + yz < 4-E +qA fl*ol4B ++4 ,JtrI.
f" f f d,a,ae

IJ -x ,_y, dA:*,
D

ll .r\ E TJI
=tEEr\ll

1. q-e- fflg
4^t4¤ ft: [0,3] x [0,3]ql^J 6J+/el Eotrd EaIE= +ElE+.
EE +4U+. 6.Jol gzlloJ E.l"J Bg ol-ao aJl,tJ jjo /(r, i at s. tr]"*. %L44lg +B4Iss| SzlEais-e" +444.
el Zlg +C6l+. C^I4eE _qE+ +l E^i4= EtsE (a) x'+ Y'+ z2 :4 (b) x2 + Yz - 4
o-+ dq*+.
v
e. H"lzl 4E
I:',', I:^"
rdrdooJ ¤Eg:1q+.
3
r0. 4+ +^j= Ht+l^J +g Hl+4# 41416|4.

dx
J'J'"o'(rz)dy
2

1r-r7 q+ q-#zl+q #g 41416l-+.

11. IJ* ye'Y dA,ft : {(x,y) I O ( r( 2, 0 <} < 3}

,r. lJ # dA, D+ Y: li, Y : o, x: 191 E6l1 +4.l¤
\ D
cd od
o-1

0 2 3r 13. Jj, y d.A,Db 41l^IEEql^l .*.$d x = !2, x : 8 -y'91

q+ HI+4ES 4l4}6t+ E6l] +4IE Bq
2-4
14. J[ (r',+ y2)3/2dA, Db 411^]BEo1l^l zld y:0, ]:
z.
f jJ t, * ZxeY) d* dy 3.
I J'cos(x')
dydx
$ *, fl ,' * y' :9 ql el6ll +41¤ B q
o.J-lJ lfysinx dzdydx 15. JJI, xy dV,
E: {(*,y,2) I 0 < x< 3, 0 5yS x, 0 ( z < x * y}
:.Hg gqol-l.
5. R7I rl*E- /71 Rql^-l ts+oJ "JelE EI+ 16. Jjj, yzzz dv, EE EEE x: | - y2 - z'4 4fl ;r : 0oll
oJ nll,
IJ^ "f(r, y) dA= HlqzlEeE 4+. slql +alE ¤q
y
4
17. IIlryz dV, E= ¤E e: 0 +le+ *lH e: y oI4 :-4-z fl
z\* *2 *y'= 4s-l "J+.ll +ql gq
2

-4 -2 0 2 4x 18-20 q¤ 'Jflle-l +Y1= +e}4.

18. gEE z: x2 * 4y', o}4e+ R : [0, 2] x [1, 4] +l
o. szlF4E7l(2,/i,n/3,2)! 41, ol dE zlj/4lse+ + ^l4e
ql Eill
HEIgE +6I+,
Ig. qlldol (0, 0, 0), (0, 0, l), (0, 2,0), (2,2,0)tJ ilE4l
7. +E4lE'7t (8, nl4, rrl6)oJ tril, ol del {j/6lEe+ +l7l
 r48 E+ 965

20. fl7JF xz + 9y2 = a2+ ¤E e : 0rl z: mxE gqg 4l ffizs. D7l+N !:r-*'4 y:e'oll E6ll +4lE ¤q"J ql
7l + 6tLt 4ts JI" y'd,qg +6I+. (rr+lEE ol-$afl,tl {
=*#g
dfl Edg +{dI+.)
2r. xlll^IEEq^J 4IE+4 EEd x:1 -y2ql E6ll +41¤ 26. q¤E+ xel rE ¤EI"JsElfzt trl+4 rJ+.
EE a= ilxl6}= Sg +E Es*fzl p@, y) : y"14.
*9 C(x+y),0<.r<3,0<y<2
(a) 4%hg +614. y):
(u) A++dg +614.
f(x,
0, 4= *ql^-l
(c) *CE.HlEel r44 y4q1 ql6J qdHlxl=¤ +6|+. (a) tf ce-l ,tg +614.
(b) P(x < 2, Y z l)g +.I4.
22. (a) EEel HlxlEol aolT +ol7l-ft"J zlggE +rll+d
(c) P(x +Y < 1)¤- +6t7+.
g +6i+. (flgE "JHe;,y BHql il= fldg +C
otr. al* flol4 6l-r +d+g
"J9 e4¤ ul4 Fol zt. 4+Jl,
[: [i-' f t*,y, z) dz dy dx? 4+ +^Jzl dx dy dz
E+ 6J+.)
"J H}+4Estr +^l i'A+.
(b) ggsl "JE.ElfzJ- p(x, y, z) : + !2 "J trll +d+
xz x-y
28. H+ u: x - !, u: -tr * yE ol+E],<l dAE 4l4l
(24)"ll +6J EgE +'H-trHlEE +61+. fl x+y
rl4. {zl^l ,r= 44dol (0,2), (t, l), (z, Z), (1, 3)qI
23. +Tl4ol (0, 0), (1, 0), (0, 2)"J +4¤ +lql +"J +H CaI4E"l4.
z: x2 + yg H olE +61+.
2e. H+H++q ++ +^lrl 4¤+ H+lg ol+4^i lt*xy dA
24. +a}+E ol+6ll^l ff I-*(r' + *y') dyd.rg zJl{!a} E Al4I6t4 qzl,rJ iR| +llBol (0,0), (1, 1), (2,0),
(1, -l)"J 4rl.4¤o14.
+
 \*
alr

':.

Efu
T' ' i;'-

.:

EH¤le 34, ETltFt rPlEl reE B{aE4 ee q¤}E E8t sa+el= q + flEL ol|l Eot, aEtrto.lip
3z! cel 4got^t +EEqr
$t= A+Er{ sEltf + 9lEL fE +0l qqDlElE= ^ltf Et(Ba}otLt Elgel gal?} EI*(EJID
Elgel +e, s(?l?l), tel eFt r= g
^t
It= xh! + flEL ^ltaq ^totgt
3dmor! / shunEtstod.m

15 trl El 6l|4
Vector Calculus

0l Efoll^l= ElEltle] P*4. (dlElz}+ +rJ q}e-l dql EEI= EH+^l7l- *+

"14849 ="
.Jg +6F= ql
"14.) 561 (+dg "l-4 Eiil. #zl"lb E+"1 + "l+E + ?l=) d4E
g 4E++. :4r (+Eg xl+- +illq$E Bl-$-g +61-'ll o1g.Hu.; H4Eg 4E+
4. olg ,tfi_trS ¤EHe-l 484 o]ul uflg +"J48, oJ+4+, ++4Er]E E+Cg "l4E
qr9 zlgcqq rz|fl4.J E4.J :fl 471, c4e+ E& 44E ¤Eg + gl+.
^E"-ar-.

967
968 159 ulEl6H4

1s.1 I tr1E16!'

r R2z[ R3fiElel EIE{8

re lel Eq= ds+^l^E I'J zlqql^J 6l]H 10 m 91 4 zldql^l ++r+ +oJ
¤. zl47l+ +Edlqol4. :rH (a)oll^J 7tt a E+gEE+q HIH.ol #E:u
Hl-H:

. zlul-"Jge Eolzl-E ++ql 4l.I ++ol +4+- 4g E + gl+. rg G)ql

,<J r?^l7J dq Hl-E+el ¤4tl zAl +E agE+ ?l+.*zl 69 E-E d.ll^J
HI-EI. +EElqE {r-4}g + flsq olag +Eqq+E + qlol+.
I I I I I I \\\\\\\
I t t I \\\ \ \ \ \
t t I I t \\ \ \ \ \ \
I I I / \\\\\ \ \ \ \
I I I 7 fr :" \ \\\\\ \ \ t t \
t t I I t \\ \ \\\\\\\\\
t t I \t\ \\ \ \\\\\ \r\ \
t ,.b A r'{ \\\ \\ \.\ \ \ \ \ \ t t
t/l \\\ \\ \\\\\\\tl
ffi I'
/
itflf/t

2tttt
i.FJa \\\ \\
t\\ \\
t \\
\\\5
\
\ \ \ t
\111\
\\l t
t

,.* t \\ lltt\
I t,,,12".; I
I \\\l
ll
I
t\
l\
,,,S"H :{,,-u
I / ,,1lll: //// .\ \ \ \ t lt t \
t I J#.: ///
tttI
ttII
H **/ /
I **/ /
fr : \\\\ll\\\
\rlll\\\\
\\ /\ r\\\\
t I t I t: //// \\ \ \\'tzz

ffi
t I I I t' r\r{- .\
t I t t t' tt\ \ \\\l'.t
ttttt rlr t \\\\\
Itttt H \'\ ttl \ \\\\\
(a) 9F 6:00 (b) 9d 6:00

feJ 1 EHoll +!EaJAl,\" usl HlaJ EEH= LfEfLH= +Eulq8

=E-d

+EEEltr-q += ql- rH 2"il ¤EEl"l 9l+. + ol]+, ulBzl tszl]E zl4zl-

b +7lE sE 5'ol+.

I
-.1

'-..-......+-
:I
-f
TIII
r
@ -+
t\i
o'
E -
\I / o

=
-'e
G
o
+
i.( o
I o
E
o

tt E
U
z.
x O

(a) Lu|47^l ¤oJ 6ll+ (b) ulo$zJ Bzil9 A^Itrg xlLl= *zl9 sE
-rZl L,
JA -4.EElltr-lIl-
-+-elO
 1s.1 EEIE 969

E]+ol+z 6|= ElEltlel +E BE]]= E qqql fl= 4 dql .J EEE 4+^l

7l- Aolr|. :. qlE. ql4l 4ql^l +qg 64etol gl4.
gHlzlsE Eqtle ce-lEol m2(EH R',)ql +61= dEel d6Joll ilgol
%(s= V,).il +6Lb EElEe] dtloJ Elfol4.

1 8el DE R'E ++dq}(BEBglol4 o1z|. R2olf^le.l Eq++Dql +6lts.

?+ 4 (x, y)E 2zl-fl Elrl F(x, y)"ll 4*^l7l= *f Fol4

4E]1lg r4= TI1L=-* ,JB+ 4 (x, y)E rldstr 6l+ Elel F(x, y)E 4 ,v

+4= ffis-= r4= dol4. EE E= d (x, y)ql 46]] ol4g ril= 4g E

7l-!,o61-zlEl, :-H 3ql^Je+ z;-ol Doli +61+ H zH9 qlE4ql dql ql6H ffig= \x,))L
(x, y)
-r
IHoEA'l FE 4¤aJ zl+l$ Eg + ?ttrI.F(x, y)z| 2zl-g 4qolFE +-q=4
0 x
Bol 8E**(component funcrion) Ps+ 0E ol$all.<J + + 9t+.

F(;, y) : P(x, y) i + 8k, i j: (P(r, i, 8k, y)l

Ei Q-o-=4-'Jol zJ*61 EB6J-+ ?i+ .f.g 3 mroll,tlg ElElEt

F : P i + 8i
pe| 0+ olfl+ )-?Jq Bfolg EE6r-4 +E6l-71 +1611 ,J+ ,rgaffiscalar
field)ol+ +=+.

2 $sl rz| R39 i Ed-Jol+ 6}zl R'ql^Jel EEI+* Eql +{-= zJ d (r,
y, z)E 3^l-g ulel F(r, y, e)91 ql+^l7l= ++ Fol+.

Rrql^lE dlEl4; F= :H 4oll.rJq rJol rq+l+. FE rl-s=4 zJol dEErf r, z

I
F(x, y, z)
g, RE EE6J + gl+.

F(r, y, z) : P(x, y, ,) i + QQ, y, z) i * ft(x, y, ,) k (x, y, z)

12.1¤ql flE ulqH-+E^lH ElEltFel g+^dg 4.elB + glr, F7I E+"1 El

.y

7l +l+gs-++ad.g p, o, Rol E+ql agg E"J + gttrl.

^dEEr-+
,J+ d (x,y, e)E 9lxl4el x: {x, y, e)4¤roJ^16}r- F(x, y, z) 44l"ll F(x)E f.H 4 Rsollllsl trlEl8

++. rElE F= EEI *"ll ulel F(x)E q+^lzl- ++7t Er+.

(qI|| 1D mtq,tle-l EEI+ol F(x, y):

-yi + xj-tr ¤EE+. :.H 3oll,rJe+ rJol H
,l]el ElEl F(x, y)E:zEJC FE ¤EEl+.

Efl r'rr,0): jol"E,:zH soll,<J4 rJol 4 (1,o)ql^-j ^Jzl6I= ElEl j: (0, l)¤.
rfl+. F(0, l) : -iolF-tr, d (0, l)ql^l ^1461-= Eq (-1, 0)g rfl+. ol "JH¤-
970 158 EEI6H4

v ++Ell^J H zlxl qs4.J F(x, y)el {tg trl-* s+ zJol *eL + rH 5e+ rJol Eq
tl¤. LI+q]E q4 zl]9 qlszl.J rfl+.
F (0,3) F (2,2)
EIE]E
2
(x, y) F(x, y) (x, y) F(-r, y)
\ F (1,0) (1, 0) (0, 1) (-1, 0) (0, -1)
-2 r0 2 .t
(2,2) /
-,)
,)\ (-2, -2) <2, -2>
(3, 0) (0, 3) (-3, 0) (0, -3)
-2
(0, 1) (-1, 0) (0, -1) (1, 0)
(-2, Z) l-) -?\
\!'
(2, -2) () )\
(0, 3) (-3, 0) (0, -3) (3, 0)
,fal 5 F(x, y): -y i *,r j
rH +Elt 4 rlgs= fldol +Cfl flql EEJ+ ol4g +"J6l7l
sql flo1l,t1 qg.
4 ?ol f ilEq x : xi + yjel ulel F(x) : F(x, y)E tll4g +++.
x. F(x) : (xi + yj). (-yi * xj) : -ry * yx:0
olae F(.r, y)7| +lilulEl (r, y)oll +zlolq +dol fldol1 HlzlE"l l*l :
,Wql flql delg Bq ++. Et ++ql ie=,434

lF(r,v)l: (-y)' + *' :rW:l*l

,J+.
:a4 Etr. Elrl F(x, y)9
=zlE fl9 elxlE4
F

244 4-o-=+llol= zil-fl E- 3zl-+1.il^J EEI^JS:-B + 9lr| 1-4=

HH
+ +sE zld :24= 4E+ q +e ElEler-E zl-f$ ^ll+++. $,|"IE 4.8
Eq5g rl "*"1 rg + ?lzl ull+"]+. :zH 63 {lxll rql^JE 4Eler-g e+El
E rfl 4.o14. a4 7+ 89 + ,l]E += ulrlt¤ 8"1 +r gl+. AEEillol.
rl+ ,Jzl ?+41 dxll ,Jol.ll ulfllafr$ dlEl.el ,Jol= 3¤++. Eql ++++.
-5 6 5
*r-\\ 7,tt-- -t././l
l/t.* -r\\\
4J--.-
,//tt- -..t//
l/t.- r/{\-
//tr- -t,t//
llt,' ,/r\!
lltr' -rtlt
It ! t .rtl Itr, .ttll
-5 It Ir ,ttll 5 6-5 lt lr . t t I t 5
\r -rtll
*tt,l/
\r?- \\'7F Ir I
\ht'f *\F/F
-t,t/
--.t// tsLFF+ -.t,/,/
\\*.'-.- *-,,1/I -t.t/ /,

IIII
-5 -6 -5
.fal 6 -ral
JdT
T feJ g
F(x, y): (-y, x) F(x, y) : (y, sin x) F(x, y) : (ln(l + y'),ln(l +.r2))

t
t)
tttt (q!rll 2 l) R3ql^J F(x, y, z): zk.tr. +q4l EEl+g rel+.
I1 Il y
Eil :4u.E rH ,J+. E= EEI=* +zlolz, ry¤H +l+.I^J= fl+-q-E.
ee+
-t

II II oJ="E
Elel
ry¤ E olEl+ql^l-- o|fl$eE_ dJElql ++6l.^l EEIel a_7]|+ry¤ EsE*

'l4ql 4+ ¤=zlaJ4.
r
f.E 9 F(x, .v, z) : zk
 15.1 ulElef 971

J/
1 I

4
t I I

5 I
\ 1 -,
A
z z \
+
\ z3 \
-1 -l \ t
I +
1 -l
-1 0 0
-1 -l 0
0 v
0 -1 0
v v v

fg 10 F(x, y, z): yi + zj + xk .f.al 11 F(;r, y, z) = yi - 2j + xk ral 12 F(x, y, il: li - i: * iu

qlzll 2ql^Jel ElEltr-e +++ tlolzl trllEql zld rg + ?t+. rqq
=H6l
ql++q 3xl-fl Elq+* +sE aq7lzl Ez}b6}rrE, d+q ql+ill4lE Es
ol $ea|4._zH 10, 1r, tzb rfl qlE¤ Eq +r gl4. :rH 10r+ tlql^lE
ulEllr-g alol #rI6l-zlEL rH 11ql^lE E- ElEl= rEq y^J+ol Il.F -2ol
,l qlEql gHI4sE ¤.9 y4 oJ'Jg zlfltla- 9t+. rH 12qlaJ9 ulrl^Jol 4
EAr-g ++U+E oJxlt flE +l+4 ¤4z}7ll Elr, +lql^J H-E HJ6"ro_E
^l4l
z4 EdlE +dB +# 611 9l+.

(q4! qtr + +g
3 |) "l$ +=61 E_=.= +ill$ ^146}.l. v(x, y, e)E d (x, y, z) L

q^le-l +EEEI+ 6lzl. olrfl vE delq E(+E q+)ql fl= 4 d (x, y, e)gl 4
611 6}+9 EEIE ql+^lrJtri. trl-+.rJ vE R3ql^Jel Elqtroll ol5 *Eg(vetocity
----I -_>
.n
--+
field)ole4- +++. Tlsot +Etlol :zH r39l ¤Hgq fl+. ge.le.l +q4l d"ll^Jel ---> -_+
--"-l>
0
-+
+qe E+gEE
'JolE E^lg+. v
-:>

+E+g #ltrr-E += ¤qql^jE "Jqt+. qE EH qlxll tql +s= EEI

_rr

EtL
fEJ 13 ;=ts gilloil^lel +Eg
1r-g Hl^l4l B-6J.o_E qd6l_= HlflE ¤H6t= +E+_o_tr "l+g + gl'I. rH 14
2ql^J E +e +EtlE qlE E + gl+. I
(q4l 4|) 1'HE +q Bzle a*"1 7+4 m, MoJ + E4l rl"lg +eE a7l7l +
+4 A¤¤'J.J+

lFl:ry
r-

{zlal ,+ + Eill ,JE 44o11 G= +q^}+ol+. (ola+ qxJl* H4E e} qol

+. 1.2¤g B+.) ¤esol Mtl ErtlTI R'E gdql +q fl+-r. 6F+. (qlE EH M+
xl+E d=#ols gde zl+el +dql E + tl+.) 4=J *oJ EiflE +lzlulEl$ x :
\*,y, e)E alfl r: lxlolz, trI+^l ,':l*l'o14. "l + Hall Eillql Elil= +qg
gdg 6}611 4'-+6Iq, ol ulrfoll,tlel EflEEl= q-.q=4 ,J+
x
l*l
972 159 ulEl6H4

rEFE x : (r, y, e)olJal Eillql zi+61+ +qg q+rl ,Jr+

mMG
3 F\x/:-, x
lx ',
l-

tE4qlzl¤e +lilElqql ++ x 4dql zl-s rE "l+oJ+.r4^J +4 E

Ell6}l
ol F - -(mMGlf)r-tr 4{ol= 4+E E + ?l+.1 +4 Eql E6ll +q41 E'-+= +
+ qlE E= ¤ xE ulEl[H F(x)]oil ql+^lzlzl qEql EEI+e.l {lz} 94, olE EEI
S(gravitational field)ol+ +E+.
+^] Ee +qel¤. s.^l6t= rJts+ oJHolTl"J x : x i + y j + z ks|
l*l: {
* y, * z, r}¤¤ "l¤-al]^l q+.4 zJol c+E}+tr L}4tr +E 91tr}.

F(x,y,rl:ffit.ffi:*ffiu
+qtl-F7I rH 14ql rrlzl ?I+

\
l/
1
-.-.--r--* g

x I

I
I

=aJ
14 6eJB I

(oll4l 5l) d6l 071-gdql +l^lql flqa z|{a}21. E+q Ezlql el6l.H, ol d6}
e-l +lilulElTlx: {*,y, e)tl d @,!, e)9.| ?iE Tdal q"ll
"lil= d7l4 r1x15 c1-9.
4 rJ+.

eaO
4 F(x) : ,*x
l* l'
q7l^l e* (^l-*¤ ++lql {tfol4. e+ +sg da"|"J 4* qQ > 0oll
el+61-=)

44ol g+. +E +sq d6l-"J 4* qQ < Oola .J4"1 ¤+.+4 Eq E al'o]"il

+^ldol il+ql +e]6}loi EL+. ol + EEI*e flE(force fieId)9 qolq.
4zl4 FE ^J461= 'H41.il ++ Eel44¤g q+4 'Jol ++ld6I'J Flg ^J4
+trI.

E(x):lr(*):**
q lxl-
oltrl E= R3ql^i ElEltlsE^l gel E7l8(electric field)ol4 +=+
 1s.1 utElg 973

tt lEzlg
ftl olH+ 4rJ4 El*olE r:.eEE+El rE Tlgzl v/(e.b erad/)E q-q=4
,Jol Ce.lg+

Y f (x, y) : f,(*, y) i + J,(x, y) j

ntEI^J V/b BE6l R',ql^J ulel^JolE olAg=- 7lF-,7l ulelg(sradient vector fietd)
ol+ ++. uf4|zfzl E f tl dlH+ )-vJ+ a$olE, :9 zl&tly +g= + eol +
"l
xl= Rrql^i el EEltlol +.
Y f (*, y, z) : f,(*, y, z) i + fr(x, y, ,) j + f,(x, y, z) k

{ qq flr, y): x'y - y'9 tl&zl EEI+lg +dl-+. /el F+l+CEe+

5D E}41 zl¤ 4

7l EEltlg rEJ+. rE+ q¤r]l *HgEzI?

Efl zl¤rl EEltle'l+4 zJol f"l+lc1.

-4 4

Yf(*,i: #, * : zxyi * (x2 - 3y')i

ff:
:zB rs= zl&tl EElri4 EL4l /el F+l+dEE Hq +r il+. 13.6¤ql^J eltleH
-4
'l 4iJA t1&zl ulflz| E+l+Cq +4"Jql ++qL+. E6J t+l+dEol .rle zlzf "rg 15
+ *q^lY zl&tl ulrlEol ,Jr E4 E{4 fl= *ql^J. #+= 4E ++6}zl.
rflg zl&tl EElel z)oltl /el HJt.JE++el #ol-rl zlnl& E+l+dE-$ 4^l7l zl
y}E r4trE S^16}zl trllEoltr|. I

EEltl-F7l "1tr 4"J+ B+E t|&tloJ trll, 4 F : V/= "J+6Ib Rf /zl-E

trl ol FE lt={ ElEl$(conservative vector fietd)ol{ +rl.
^llts "l {+ql /E r'
q 4il d*(potential function)e} E}+.
E{EIts

-E.- EEixlol tL¤4 ElEl^Jol !-

a* olqzlql tr+4 EEI+$ Ealqlql^]
zf+ ++++. qlE EH {lzll +.ll +s-
+q6} F* B=4 EEI+"lr+. Et+E
+g-q zJol d9al$
mMG
f(x,y,r): x 2+y2+zz

4*ol CHEI-71 trll$ol+.

{t * af af
Yf(x,y, z) : j + k
dx dy 3z

-mMGx -mMGy
i+ 6arr*;yri* -mMGz
(*'+y'+zz)3/2 1*ara*u
: F(x, y, z)
974 I58 EEI6H4

15.3¤r+ ls.sEoll^l +"141 ulq^Jol E+4qlxl otHzlE +E6I+ %r-Hg Hllg

4o14.

15.1 le+Bnl
t-6 -fH s EE .zH se+ zJol sB¤ :qrJ ElEl+ FE f I II
q+.
F(x,y):i + rlj 2. F("r,y):i+lyj
t /
1.
z0 z0 f /
t

3. F(x, y): -ii + (y - x) j /

/ /
vi*xi
4. F(x,y):-f -l 0 0
*
"/x' Y'
v
X
v )c

5. F(x, !, z) : i
ffi rz. r4q +liE+Jol= ol+6iq q-s 4E1+g f-q4.
6. F(r, y, r) : -y i
F(x, y) : (y' * 2*y) i + (3xy - 6x') j
7-e I*IIIE rHr+ EEI+ F= 4+4.a, I ol+¤ ¤H6I4
F(x, y) : 0g d (r, y)9 d{l$ +6ll^J rHg
"J+61-=
7, F(x,y) : (*, -y) 8. F(x, y) : (y, y + 2> ¤86}.+.
9, F(.r, y) : (sin y, cos x) 13-14 ++ /e.l zl&tl EEIAI v/E +6}el.
I3TI
'r//// ///// It
3
13. f(x,y):ysin(xy)
t//// ///// \-zl /,,-\ ')c2+y2+22
ttttt t/ttl \-r',/ 14. f(x,y,z):
\- t ,/ 7z.*r\
r-r/ //*\
-3 -3 r-r\
i : +G - y)',q 4&zl Eq+ v/E +6tr rag
3 3
t I t I t t I
/ 15. f (x,
I
y'-r\
t/*\\
Z-r\ \r-zl reJ+.
-1
-3 -3
16-17 trL+ /el t|&tl EIEJ4-(I*II)E :aHg 44r, -z ol

III 3
+¤ ¤H6I+.
{{ I I t \ \ \\ 16. f(x, y) - x2 + yz 17. f(x, y) = (x + y)'
I \ \ \\
I \ \ \\
4 II 4

-3 3
tt/,r',f \\ \1 I //,f
:: tt//,/
tr/// \\ I /,/,/
tt

t r I I r'-,,
, t
/ //
r // ::
\\ \\ t/ /t -4 ll t, '
4-4 4
/ltt,
-3 I \ \\
//tt,
//ttt /,/ / I \ \\
//ttt 1/ / I \ \\
r-rrel
r0-11 fH4 R3ql^lel ElEl+ F= 4er, I ol*¤ -4 A

¤8614.
10.F(r,!,2):i+2j+3k ffi 18. f(x, y): ln(l + xz + 2y2)4 .J4l /el 7l¤-
=i+l+dEe+
zl Eq+g r41, "l$4l *fl9gzl ¤H"I+.
I1. F(-r, !,2): xi * y j + 3 k ^JE
19. + flzlz} +EeI V(x, y) : \x?, x + y2)olJ,! +zle+. E
 r s.2 dEE 975

+71
^17+
r:3oJ trll d (2, 1)ql fl+H r:3.01qJrl oJzt H zllrl f-q4. ola_o ++q +dE %I44g ++
el +lil= +46tq 6L -A olL-7L?
I ,\AL'I:
=

20. #fl Eqtlel #d(flow line)¤ :a +E4-ol +qd qEl (b) +dE ,]]z[H*%rdal"l x: x(t), y: y(r)olfl olfl
=Jol 4b
oJzlql el?5l] f.q4b aEol+. El+^l + EEI Efzt "l+HJ{^l dxldt: x, dyf dr: -yE "J+61"=
tr-q^lel ElEl_=g +dql dE+. ol+E ¤8614. ol ulE%r44g Eq^J E (1, l)g
(a) ulrl$ F(x, y) : -r i - 1l jel fflg olf-all,! +dg zl+= +dE %r-C4lg +6I+.

15.2 t d4E

ol ¤ql^J= ++ lo, b) +lql^J zl$6l-= rfldql 4d c +lql^l 4861-b 49 xll

c.l6}r= +"JzJEr+ +^l-+ 4Eg del{L+. +qtsE +dul+(curve integral)
ol q 4¤6J +E ?1s4, olfl 4+g c4B(line inregral)ol+ +tr|. d4E3 rq
,tllzl agl +xlls$, r-J, dzl , zlzl$ E6Jd Exll$ Ezl Sl"J] +.JH+.

r tsEloil^Jsl d4E
rl*4 rJg,HzHH+rJ{4l s= ols+ Eiltl ElEl%l{^l r(r) _ x(t)i + y(r) jE
+qd ¤E+d c-tr
^l4o-l-zl-.
v P,_,
r,tt",t, yli
1 x:x(t), y:y(t), a<t<b Pi
L

c| ql:zElg +dolel zl-461-zI. [o]ag r,ol ¤4oll_ r,(r) + 0.J 4¤. g"l,* Pz
Pn

+. I2.3zJ +El ,J* ?THE ++ +A [r,_,, r,JE

"llzllH#+zJ la, blE
qHlzl-
Pl

4hl x,: x(r,), .)i : y(r)+ o-}zl-. rel{ 4+6I- d p,(r,, y,)ql el6H *d C Po

3 zjolzlAs,, As2, ..., As,tJ zTHE YE -s.e. ++q+l4t:zH 1+4).olxll iH 0 x

Eql^J .Jelel 4 pf (xf, yf)E qtJ+. (o14.+ k,_,, r,loll 4__61-- d /fql t!
,q ++ a t\ b
4s"6J4.) +d cE.E6J6}= 4e_lEg +- ggg olH+ ++E/El 6IH d ti-t ti

(r,*, y,f)91^l /el #g 4I4I6H^J, Y E _ael z3ol As;$ #6Ir +g=+ zJol 4"J EI -r.al 1

+ +^I* 6Jg HI-+.

t1

Z f Gf , y,t) Asr
i:1

oltrI ol Bfl ++g f6l-r +9484 +^16|41 trl-+ cEE "J84.

2 flsl f7l 4 trtr +ol+1 qlzq+ +d cql^J CEg trll, +qlol #x}]alfl c
+loll^l /sl flrlEg ++4 ?"1 del.J+

[
,JL-
f G, il lim i
ds: fl+6 :-r
/(*,*, y,r) As,
976 159 trlEl6H4

e.z¤ql^l c9 zJolzl- ri¤-4 rJ¤¤ "J:z 9l+.

,:fffir,
+^I+ BE]]eI Eqql 44 fzl E4EtfolE 4E trq +=Je 6}{r #{6ta q
+ +^lol d4E* 4141617l flutl ol*g + fl+g u_"J f 9i'1.

3
J: f(* v)a,
)
: !: f(x (/) v t) ( ) (#)'.(*Y"
ollzllH# rla{iltl#4 u4z,l +71e+ trll +d c7l+ 6J H fEJTItrlE, d4E9
#8: +dE ,}]zllflfplql 5galQ.
EE 'Jol-df sts 12.3tr0ilA1 flE:?Irl. s(r)zf r(a)$ r(r) ,t.fo]E Co-l z3o1+ts trt+ol ¤B+tr1.

#:l .'(r)l:ffi
1tz.:¤9 +4 E ELa) trl-El^J +^1E+ zlgat* "Jtsg EE Ag u[z]l{f r
e. e¤a|* 4o14. ,}lzl]HfoJ4^lg ol.$all.r-l ,4 yE rtr. qqql_L dsE 4*
4 ,Jol +tr}

ds: (*)'.(#)'"
NorE Czl (a,0)+ flA{+ dE'J EEEJ {+ql} x$ uNzflSf = o1s-"
(b, 0)g 11-

H Cel ,IzHEf%rC^]g x: x, y: 0, a I x < Aol4. rflE +^l E+ +g=r+ 'J4.

0
[,fl*,i a, : I]fl*,0) dx
v
trl+^l
"l 4*"il d4+g EEq +"J4Eee EBErl.
C
f (x, y)
(x, y)

x +g4Eql^]e+ ,Jol oJ9 {tg ,*= 6J+el d4SC HolE 6ll46J + 9l'} ¤
xllE /(x,y)lo"lflJ. f\,idsEre zql^J EHol coltr-,d (r,y) 919 kol
-ral
zl f k, y)oJ '¤.44's='zlE',E
C
JdL
6J +Hq H"lE +Elutrl.
_],

x2+y2:1 (q!4 1D cz1- ++lg *'+y': t9 tlHl+"J 4,J. (2 + ]czy) dsE 7414.
{v>0)
Eil +4 E+;.ffialzl c9 qlzllE+rlc4lol $ea}trI. +91fle ++4 e
+16ll^l
ol q]zl]Hf4tr + flsq, ,HzIHffizJ o < r < r'oll E6ll ++ttr|
"l fl9 tlql++
-l 0 1' (rH 3 ela)'
.tr : cos ,, y : sin r
-ral
JE
e
Lt
 1s.2 CEE 977

r4=-e. +{ trql q+ +*¤ E=tr+

lr{, * xzy) ds: JJ (2 + cos2r sin r) (#)'.(#)'"

L t, + cos2/ sin r) sinzr + coszt dt

: f* (2 * t t) d,t :
Jn
cos2 sin
1,,-+].
:tE+-A12
L,,
' 3 .

cz| 448]tr[ 4nHE {fl(piecewise-smooth curve)o]+ zl-¤6}xl. + c7l

olx'fl v
rH 4ql^J4 ,Jol c,*,9 xldol c,9 ¤!¤ol g. +qlzfle] ufl:z4s +d c,, c4

cr, ...,cn+ BsE ol+qd+. rBlE c +lql^l /E dzleg +¤-4 zJol cg c3

,]lzel+ t; *zJ +lql^J /E 4EE ElsE ¤el++ c2

trf{*,y) ds: J:, fk,i d.s * Ir,f(*,y)

ds + -.. * Ir.f(x,y)
ds
0 x

:1-J + a4nEl nH:ralE *d

(qril 2 l) c7l (0,0)ql^J (, t)/lzl sEd y: ,*oJ E c,4 (1, l)ql^J 0,2)7+7lE
+zldE c2E d-e_E ol+qe 4 J.2rdsE +6I+.
EUI :zH s= +d CE rflolr{. C13 xE H*s ,*= .J+E rflsol.sE, xE o11 v

4lH+.E q'J + glr. c,ql 4rt 4z11H+%F44+ ++4 ?J:*+. (1,2)

cz
x:x, y:*', 0<x<l (1,1)
r4FF +Sg e=+ cl

(0 ol

Ir,'* ds : I' x dx '.(*)'*

d. rAJ5 C:CIUCz
:I; zxrft + +x, ax
: )v) - -t=
I
i'?,0 * +*')u/'))o- 6

c, +lql^'l yE ,llzHH+E qBlE crql 4aJ r]]z]]E+%l4^lg'I*=} ?J:-+.

x=1, y--y, l<y<Z

r4r ++¤ E=+.

Ir,r*
ds : Iirt l dx
dy
'.
(#)' o': lizat: z

r4=E fapx| 6I= 4Eg ++4 ?JL+.

978 159 ElElsHA

Irr* ds
: Ir,r*ds + J* zx ds : # *,

d4E t,f?,v) ds9 Eq4 "ll4g ++ /E Erl4 6H4ql 9='J+. p(x, v)

zl-*d cE EflE *. Se ddfl 4 (;r, y)ollrJ d"JE= 44H4r zfzJolx)-
1z.t4g qlxll 2 +4). rElE rH loll^J p,_,ql^l p,4zl e^| oJ+e-l ¤7#g =
e dCE + 4%I+ *r}4-o-+ E p(rfyf) As;ol+. +
p(*!,y,") As;oll.,
^I49
dql^l dd q "*g dfi$ fl+sElq olE -*{}el ++str. dd9 EaJ(mass)
*9 tsi-+. + r+s=r+ rJtrl.

*: l!*i p(rf, yf) As; : Lpo,y) ds

telE EH,f(x, )) : 2 + f yzt Hlg E"JE ddE Era= +ElUr+E ql'Z'll lq]
^lel 4E+
ddel ¤+g sE++.1 'JEoJ+zl p"J ddE Eeo$C(center of
mass)$ q+q ,Jg E k-, y)'ll +lxl6J+.

tr i-
I
ds j:;), lr y p(*, y) dt
m Ir*o}'y) '

d4EE E +e E7l4 "ll4g "l +q +H}+ql^l triEtl.

(qrfl 3D ddol qlg x2+y2 -1()>0)E e4"Jql fl++tr+ol-flHEol q +

4'| "Jelsl dql^lg dgrTl a- 4ql^l 4c y: l"1l olEE rl4q Hlqlg ql dd
I 4++dg +6t+
Eil glxll lql^le+ ,Jol ul]T}]Hfs] r: cos t, !: sin r, 0 1 t <z'E ol*alB ds: dt
q-q_ rI ?J+.
"Jg "J + gltrt dgE=
p(*,y): ft(1 - y)

{zlrJ kL ++olq. rflsE ddE e+g q-q-rl ?JEI.

*: lrkl - ids: Jj
k0 - sinr) at: *lt * cosrl: kG - 2)

at Ele+Et +¤¤ e=+.

v-
1
d, : [;Ht - y) d,
v
m !;ol,y) #- ,,
7'1"*z Al : -+ i"(rinr
Jo'---- - sin2t),, : -L=f-.o, t - Lt+ |rinzd,
L
=.ooEI rr-Z T:-ZL
4-n
2(rr - 2)
-l
0
rt
4a¤ql 9"tl ;: sol-tr, trl+^J ¤=#+d* ++4 rJr+(rfl 6 +4).
=HG
 1s.2 C4E 979

$,#3) =',0,038)
r r EEyoll Ell:d fl4E
{el Eql^J As,E L,x,: xi - xi-r Eb Ay; : li - 1,,;_rE 4xl6IE r}*4 rJ+ +
Et TIzl ++E d4+g e-+. ol=¤ x4 yoil +6J c flql^l /el d4+ol
+ ++.
f
5
Jr"r{r, i a*: ,lg 2 fkf ,y,r) Ax;
6
Lf@,y) dy: J1g z fkf ,yI) ay,

^l
trs+ Eql fl-
d4E+ E4q d4E l,fT,y) dsE fpapxf E qlq- g
qle_l d4+g gE zJ"l.ll +'J czlBol4 +-'1.

++ +419 ,el- yil ** dzlE+ E- Ag x: x(t), y: y(t), dx - x'(t)dr, dy

: y'(r)drs] zJol /E +4Hser,q q:q4 rJol 4l4IE + 9l*.g trq ++.

[rf t*, y) d.*

: tu
f {*tt), y(t)) x'(t) dt
e
trf {*, y) dy
: to ft*{L), y(r)) y'(t) dt

ol tL dillql ¤4^J *e}y.il ++ d4$ol xl-f Et4l +4+= Ag E dolc(*

AI
--1 14 +a). olfl a+ *414 "e. ++6trll r-l-q=r+ zJ"l +.4.

Irrk, y) d* * Irg(x, y) dy : IrrU, y) d* +

g(x, y) dy

d4+g ¤C'J oll, ollulle zttt qEJ+ d3

zlalulzl ¤Hol +qd +dg
"ll
4lH+E etraFb 4o14. ,}]zllH#Elz} xli gs6}+. 6;-4.tJ rooll
.=61 iJ+q
rrql^J E+= dBe] ElEl4l"l +*r} rJ"l i"j4¤- zlq6I- aol
^l ^l4L6ll^J
+s"o1+(11.5¤E %L¤^l E ar+1.

v
I r(r): (l - r)ro * /rr, 0<r<1
(0,2)
c2
cl
(lo{l4l 4D c:
I v'd* + xdy? +6[+. {zlal (a) cr+ (-s, -3)qJ^J (0, z)tlt)
9 :
Ctsoll, (b) c cz=. (-5, -3)ql^J (0, z)vl^lE -+.Ed x: 4 yr+ Eol+(r -
x

x:4-y'
H 7 +4).
(-5, -3)

Eil tul dgql 4E "IzHH+ s¤g +g-r+ ,Jq. -1zl

+Ef
-,
980 158 EEJdH4

x:5t-5, y:5t-3, 0<r<1

(ro: (-5, -3)r+rr: (0,2).J +{ @p ole"*4.) fflE dx- 5 dt, dy:5 ilsola-

+{ E.I eloll r.1-gg ts=tr}

Ir,r'dx * xdy: fi tt, - - 5X5 d/)

3)'(5 dt) + (sr

:,J' (25t2 - 25t + 4) dt

:'[T -+.-,]: :-*

(b) sEd"l y9 olfolp +, yE ollzllE#E q6tr c2E trhsl,r+ ,Jol *4.
x:4-l', !:!, -3<ySZ
rqB dx: -ZydyolI- +^l Eql el6l +gg E=+.

[r,r'dx
* xdy: f ,f?zt) dy + (4 - y')dy
: J-3t
l' ?zyt
r - y,
r + 4)dy

: yo
- ++ +r]',: +o?
[- 2

+ +de.l +dol +q4E ql^ll 4el (a)4 o). Bol 4s+= Aql +E-61-xl-.
g+4sE d4+E #C +dE +dql E+o.I= 4ol ol.l4 AEql el=+ti
(4+ol 4eql 5B"J 4dql 4"11^1. 1s.3¤ +3).
ql4l 4ql^lel Bg +cE ".r-Jql q+ql+= a¤- +le-,6lxl-. -c,9 (0, 21oll.<'1
(-s, -3)vlzlel d+sE ++E trll, q+4 'Jol o|zll{fffi ols-" o}z}.

x : -5t, !:2 - 5t, 0 <r<I

:r-+l$ q+ 4E+ B*+

B
t-''"dx * *dY:Z
C

"JHI49E +{d "]]z]]Efgl x- x(t), y-y(r), alt < e-

A
r]|z|]Hf t4 #tl
ql ql+o}= "JE ILlrJss +d Cel EJ=d(orientation)9 ¤46J+ (rH I +4,
{zlrl ;.1fl Ai- {z}]H*a} aofl Qle" afz +d B- r: bgl 49" d4.)
-C7l Cel qrJg d_o + TCgxlqI "J6Jol (rH 8ql^l ,t.1fr B-E+EI +d A
u b

B
zlzlil) HI4"J +dol4 6lE, +g+ Etstl.
_C
A
I-rf(*,y) dx: -lrf(x,y)
dx, I-rf(*,v)
dv: -.|: f$,v) dv
g
=aJ
 1s.2 548 981

rq+ ael z3o1q *ql zl+6tH, d4+q #g +dq ,J+g eI4zI ElqE +
g-4 zJol H6txl tlE+.

I_,f(*,y) ds: J: fk,i ds

ol4+ csl %F,J"l HI4zI g &,4 Ay,9 +sb Hatzlq} As,E r*^} "Jfzt
"ll
slzl ollEol+.

r Ez[0il^1q C4E
olxll czJ- qg-
"llz]]Hfu}4al E- ulEl%r-4^l r(r)
: x(r) i + y(r) j + z(r) ke.
+qd o]lzEl+ 3" 7J*dolr] zl-zJalxf.
x:x(t),
!:y(t), z:r(t)1 a<t<b
7zl cE EEI6I+ qE gqq^J ¤+?I +E+ B#olH c flq^l/el d4B(s
9 ,J"lql ++)¤- trls_r+ ,Jol ¤H+dql^le+ +^IEL Br-BsE de]++.
n
: lim E /(*,t, yf , zf) As;
!, f(*, y, z) ds
'* i:l

+¤-4 zJol *rl tr+ +^l-6J +{g ol$-oll.{

"l #g 414}++

9
trf {*, y, z) ds
: lu f t*{t), y(t), z(t)) (#)' . (#)' . (#)' "
+|-^l Er+ Eql il- 4++ + q ,J¤+q+ ElEl zlFF +4H + 9l¤-g "J
+ el+.

!' rt unlr'(r) ldr

Eol ,f(x, !, z) : l.J 4+ql ++g e=+.

r'( /) dt:L
Lr': I:

Et x, y, e9l ** c +lqliJE d4EE Ce-l'J + 9l+ elE EE q++ ,J+

: lim )i:l ,f(rf , y!, z!)
t, f (*, y, z) dz n-*
L,zt

:T: f (*(t), y(t), z(t)) z'(t) dt

:z4oe. EEql^lE d4$ijH -e.= A(x, y, z, dx, dy, dz)* "l{zl]Ef ,E +4H
eerrl o}?tlel ++ B4E 4Eg 4l+IEl+.
982 158 EEJ6H4

10
lrr|, y, z) dx * Qk, y, r) dy + R(x, y, z) dz

(ql{l 5D Czt %r-481 r: cos t,!: sin r, e: r, 01t1ZrrE- +q+l flB 4dol4
$ *l J.y sin z dsft +61"+(rH e +3).
Efll +q Eql "14 q+g ts=+.
6

: a)'. (#)' . (*)' "

dx
z rt" z ds r) sin r
J., Jr'" tr,n
2

0 - JoI
t Lu .
srn',
a
sin2r*cos2r+ldt: ,E ff" LO - cos 2t) dt

-l -t

v
0 0
J
: +1, - isi,, zdi' : ,frrr
ll
-rel O
JEv
(qdl ctl (2,0,0)ql^l (3,4, s)zfzl$ dE c,4 (3,4,s)ql^l (3,4,0)zlz1E
6D
+zlC+ CrE +dg trlt [ry dx t z dy + x dzE +d]+.
Z
Efl :-H 109 +d cE rflg +QUtrI. gt41 trg ol+61-E c,g tr1s=r+ zJol ¤
+ el+.
(3,4, 5)
r(r): (1 - r) \2,0,0) + t(3,4,5): \2+ t,4t,Stl
Lt
C, EE Qs-r+ rJ$'l|z]]H+%r-Cal eqls + + 9t+.
0
(2,0,0) y

(3,4, 0)
x:2*t, y:4t, z:5t, 0<r<1
x
trl+^J q+g E=trI.
reJ 10

tr,ro*
* zdy * xdz: f t+O dt + (5t)4dt + (? + t)5dt

: l, t,o + zst) dt : tot + zs

t)i,,: 24.5

uf{z}zlE CrE q+r} ,J"l ¤. + il+.

r(r): (1 - /) <3,4,5) + t(3,4,0): <3,4,5 - 5r)

ri ffiq- zJol ¤ + 9l+.

x:3, y:4, z:5-5t, 0<r<1
rTlE dx : 0: /yola 4+.^l tr++g e=+.

lr,r
r* * z dy * xdz: lr'
:f-s) dt: -15
olE zltsel #g E+ -J6lH, trl+4 Aol +6}r.x} 61"= zl$¤ tsE+
t;a*t zdy * xdz:24.5 - 15:9.5 I
 15.2 d4E 983

r 4HB9 C4E; fl
+ r4g- 44 aollrl b7+71 +zl.J *fl H6l-- a;11x12l. E oJg w:
"Jzl-zl-
l'"ft*ld*Hg s.4¤ql^l +E{+.r q-¤- rr.:¤"llrl gC+ E Fz} ++E 6J E
Pql^l g += 4 Sttzl Eill=*{ol- cll aJ ggw: F. D";g "Jgi4. 9zl
D:Pi,=H9lErlol4.
^-1
olxlJ 15.1¤E q1x1l +oll +s-
64^Jol4 ls.t¤E q14l sg1 +s= dzl+r4
,Jol F : pi + gi + nk= R3ql^l fl+ql E+ol4 zlCC4.(R'ql^Jsl 6Jtle-
4: Sol_7. pe+ 0* x, yollEl q+61+ 5++ 4+s ,J+e + fl+.) 4r7qs +
d cE uI4.Jxl-= +4"J rll ol Tl"l t g¤. 41416ll -ELx|.rB 119 E-+.
Z

l't
F(xI,yI, zI)
t, I T rrl l
t 1

I I I +
Pi
Pi
I
0 0 P,

v Pt$l,vl, rI) .y

x I 1
,r Po

ral 11 .fal 12

+d cE II}+ f, "Jzl-= olE^Ifl oJg 4141617l glaH, ,]]zHHf*t] la, bl

F7l-
qulz1zJg. ++ ++sE +bssal cE z3ol As,?J f H s pi_rp,_tr +b
=
r+(2i}flE 4* :H 1, 3i}flg 4* :H tz +4). rllzHH*At r,..ll 4l*alb ;
Hall *B E +lE 4 Pf(xf ,yf ,r!). q6IxI.Ar,7l-zlsfl, oJzlz} +dg q+
p,_,oll^J pivl^l S4"Jql q-n+ r flzl+ 7.<|{_qtr 4 pf ql^Jel ++lddEEl
r(rI)E "J6Jse +]fl,*+. rqEE ol oJzl-zl- p,_,oll^l pitvl +zl"J trll 6J F
71 6J "Jg -^L4sE ++r+ ?JEI.

F(x,*, yi*,zi*). [Ar,T(/,*)] : [F(x,*, yi*,zi*). T(r;*)] As;

r4r oJzlz} CE trI+ g.zlolE ql o-J

"J dzll= *rl-zJ_oe. 4++ +L+.
IT

11 ) [F(x,r, yf , rf). T(rL y;*, z;*)] Asr

i:1

¤zlrj z)t. C +le-l E (x, y, e)ollilE ++lddEElol+. 4+4sE ol

T(x, y,
=
&r,Ie nol El ,l¤++ +alql tvl# ¤3 alol ¤ + gi+._f4o-e. +4 mql
9l= r-lEI Bq ++sE e6L Fzl f, E(work) w= +s=4 zJol 4q*+

12 W :lrr(*, y, r) .T(x,y, z) ds : .
lrF T ds
+41 E. ge EIel ddc+gl s9 zJ"l.il ++ dzl+"Jg "J6H ++
gg4 159 ulE16H4

*d czlElEl%1-4^lr(r) : x(t) i + y(r) j + z(t) kE+qz1H r14 : r,(t)11",(r) I

ol:1, trI+^J +4 EE ols-o6|-fl +4 El= +*- E4E +^l + + gl+.

: :1.'.t"tal
w
f [rr<al #e] t,'(r) I dt . r'(t) dt

ol 4Eg j,F .dr-tr ¤q^J 4Aq, EqtrLq trl- ¤qql^lE xl+ ++*+.
¤'+,
r4 0e. gelE g+ql EEl6r-e-l dzlEql '}]+ rl-* 4q= "J=+.

13 EEla++ r(r), a <y1be +q+l {]zel$

Esl *d c +lql^"i {qg fl
+"J Eqlr-g F+ 6lz}. rElH c +lq^l Fe_l crl+e. 4*-ge 49l++

Jr ,r:[: F(r(r)) .r'(r) O,: IrF.Tds

4EEg ol+B rll F(r(r), y(t), z(r))5 =q^l F(r(r))tr +Elt 4fl9 zl
q6}z|. l{oe- F(x, y, z)9 Eflollrl *: x(r), y: y(t), z: z(t)E +g-q-Er,q
F(r(r))E fl41 +tr + ?}tr+. EEJ ¤{4sE dr: r'(t) dtE ¤ +E 9l+.

ral 13P qlll 7ql EBrl-+cE LlEl,-,! (qq 7|) oJzl-zl- r(r): cos ri * sin, j, 0 1t 112! rrl{ Szlg trll E+
^t+g
tl. -d6t01 +C= qe= EEE ,J6Hdl7l
ttH=0ll -.J g= E+0ltf.
-f
F(x, y) i - *y jtl + "Jg +o.1-+.

Efll ,_ cos rola y: sin plEE trl-+g E=+.

v
I \ \ \ F(r(t)) : cos2'i - cos r sin rj
\ r'(r) : -sin ri .. cos r j
r4 oE + "Je q-s=4 ?JEI.

J r. dr: J''r14r)) .r'(r) or: ff'' (-coszr sinr - coszrsinr)dr

1'
: !:'' (-lcosztsin r) dt:2*lr" : -+ r
ral 13

NorE j.F. dr: jrF.Tdsoll %r.Jol FlHlflq4E s.E aolq +qI 4¤+ E
6lzl t+ot qd6l 4¤-ol ^dBdJ+.

I_.r-dr: -J r.a.
ell+6}H c7l -ctr_ Hlg ql ++lddEq r= FozL Hl4"J ++lddBleltr- uff zl

"llEol4.
 1s.2 CEE 985

(ql4l 8D f'(,r, !,2): xyi * yzi + zxkoltr C7| r++4 'Jg HlEfl +Izl+d"J :aJ 14E qlll soll,q9 Hl=aJ artEd
cq c +lel rll Eoil 4r8dl-= EE4oJ
41, J'. F' dr$ +6I+ EIEJ= Hq ^il
=+.
x:t, y:t2, z:t3, 0<r<l
2

Eq Bzr rlf f eI_}-rL

F(r(1))

r(r):ti+tzj+l3k zl
(1, 1, 1)
r'(r) : i + 2t j + 3t'k-
r(r(3/a)) C

F(r(r)):t3i+r'j+r4k F(r(l/2))
0
0
trI+^J +6}IZ1 6}= 4+$'l+4 ,Jq.
v Z 0
2 1
x

J r dr
. : JJ
,t.trll - r'(r) dt .f"H 14

rr ta
:Jo(r'+sf)Or:T* 5t'1t 2'l
r_1.:2g r

ulxlu|e_tr ElEl6LE d4$q d4E xl-ol9 +4lql ++o.|zl- R3ql

^rJ+6lE
ulrl^J rzL "Jc^l F: pi +
^Jel
oj + rRkql el6ll ¤EBqlE i"l+i4l zl-c
6lzp. 4E Eg olg-oN.rl cql 4s d4Eg'tgr+ zJol 4l+I*4.

. :
J r dr l,' nr<ol r'(t) dt
.

:!: (Pi + 8j + Rk) . (r'(r) i + y'(r) j + z'(t)k) dt

:T: [r{r{r), y(t), z(t)) x'(t) + OGU\ y(t), z(t))y'(t)
+ rt(;r(r), y(t), z(t)) r'Q)] at

rq+ ol ulzlq 4Ee +4 Eql 9i- d4E4 "J+. :r4 =_+. 'l¤-g
g=+

Ir
Jt'
dr:trea*+edy-tRdz, qzl^J F : P i + Qj + R k

q= EE F(x,y, r):yit zj +rk"J trll qlxll 6ql +g= 4+ jrydx* zdy

* x dzy J. F . drL -trE.J + gI+.
+^l-d 44tl R, +lel EEIaI Fql qldl^lE cB++.

14
Jr.dr:trra*+ody
olzlaJF:Pi+gj"l+.
986 lsg EEI6H4

15.2 le+EHl
1-4 +qd BE +d dzl$g +61-+.
cql^-l 1r-12 cr| ElqtrI+ r(0tr +qe ull d4E J,F. drg- +
:
1. lrydt, C: x: t2, y 2t, 0 < r < 3 6l-4.

z, L xya ds, c;. fl *' + y': 169 gE+ HIfl 11. F(x y): xy'i - xzi, r(r) : t3i * ,'i,0 <r<1

l, lr?'l * sin x) dy, cE (0, 0)ql^J Qr, rrzlttlzJ "trEd y: 12, F(x, !,2): sinxi * cos y j * xzk,
r'Es r(r) : t3i - t'i + rk, 0<r < 1

a" !r(x + zy) dx * xz dy T r3-1,r 4l+IzluI A+q= ol+6ll^J d4Bg 4+d oI4 9lnll
tlflnlzl {qflrll +6i4.
v

13. j. F . dr,¤zlrl F(x,y) :

rE + y i + (y/x)jolg
r(t) : sinrcos rj, T16 I t 4 rrlZa1r4.
(2, l)
C
sin2ri *
(3,0)
14. J, xy arctan z ds, Szlr.l Ci. "]]zll{f%l{{ , : f , !: f ,
0 x
z:r8,1<r<zoJ+.

s-e +old ++ +d cql^l d4+g +6I+. EE 15. F(x, y) : - y) i + .ry j, Cb (2, O)ql^l Q, -Z)ztlzl
(x

5. lr*'yds,C:.rr:cos t, !:sint, z:/, 0 !t <T/2 EI^l4l HJ6J9=E faizl= fl. *,ry,:4el eolrf. d]El
tL Fe+ *d cE :4sE 0l+6ll^l c +lql^j Fe-l dziB
6. trxev'ds, CY (0, 0, 0)ql^l (1,2,3)zlxls-l 4g ol oJ+, *# s= o"JzlE ++61-+. r4r d4+g 4l
7. trxyeY' dy, C: x : t, y : t2, z : t3, 0 < r < I
+1614
S,Jrzdxlxydy+yzdz, joll, : * ,' j,
16. (a) F("r, !): e*-t i* xy CE r(r) tzi
C: x: sin f, y : cos t, z: tan t, -rrl4 < t < rrl4 < l.tr. ql dzlE LF . dr$ falal..
0<r +qA
9. Irr'dx * )c2 dy + yz dz, C= (1, 0, o)oll,t1 (4,7,z)nlzl
ffi (b) fH l4ql^le+zJ"l 4d Cs+t:0,rl$, loll 4soEt
EdE E EE]+ql^jel ElElE¤ rBJ,q (a)E ¤HaI4.

I0. F7t trl¤-rHql +4ki ulEl6}ol4 6l;(f. T 17. A+El Eil+8141= ol$ollal cz| E]]T|]Hf%r$+lol r:
e-'cos 4t, y: e-' sin4/, Z: e-', 0 < f < 2rroJ +d"J T]l
y
,/It-) *-* \ \\ [rx3yzzdsE 4++ #g +6t+.
, a
.y'---
/
2
18. #9 dd"l HIfl x2+y2:4, x>0 EoJoE ++=14
I / /r+ \ \ 91tr1. dgETI ^J+ ftoJ trll ddE 4=J+ e++cg +
Ir rl I
orq.
:l
-I

3 2\ tl 0 I tz I .r

\ \ \ r--1 I I r9. (a) "JEElfTl +rJ+d CE E"Jg 6J S

p@, y, e)oJ trI
\ \ /
e ddq ¤++c (i,y,r)ql ql+ %r-441 EIel-+^I
_L

\ \ \*-* -*-y' / /
\ \ ^-r'/ / 6J +4g 4+.

(b) ,JE7I ++ ft"J trll, +d x : 2 sin I, y : 2 cos t, 7: 3t,

(a) c,ol ?3, -3)ql^J (-3, 3)nlzls) +4dE"J tril
0 < r < 2rr EoJ?l ddE A=##dg +6t+.
.
Jr, F drel
g,fo1
"J+, ¤+ E:-ooJxl ¤C6l+.
(b) crzl HlzlEol 3oll +dol fld'J Hl^14 'J.Jel 20. d"Jsz} p(x, y)oJ ddol ¤E+d cE q+ +q 9Ig
g"J trll jo F . drel 6|ol oJ+, ++ EE OoJxl ¤4 41, 14, y+ql ++ E8EE!E= +q-4 zJol
zd9rJ4.
6t+.
 15.3 dEEsl TlEEal 987

,, : try'p(x,y)
d.s, t, : Irxzp(x,y)
ds
25. (a) aJ^Jol ++.J rll .Jxlzl- fl ,'*y'= I ++lE ;r=zll
o.J Htfl E= ql + gol o.Jg Hq{.
ql4l 3sl ddql 4* +CEHIE= +61-?+.
(b) k7l r}*olz x: (x, y)'J 4l EltI F(x) : /<xoll 4dl
21. 6J,* F(x,)) : xi + (y + 2) jtl r(r) : .tJs. (a)9 +4-e *flz}?
^Iol=-eolE
(r - sin r)i + (1 - cos r)j, 0 (t ( 2rr 4+EE ttl+E
26. Czl EElq++ r(t), a 1t 1bE +qd ,]]uel-g +dolr
illE +{ol} cll + .Jg +6|+. v7I ^J+@rlolH +¤-ol ¤B+g Eq+.
22. qlelF(r,y, ,): \* - !2,y - ,',2
- x2lol (0,0, l)qllJ f
(2, r,0)zlzlE d+g "I4 *4ol= .Jxlql 'il611 EL .Jg J.o' dr: v'[r(b) - r(a)]

+6I+. 27. qB E4lzI rHql^l trq41 *d c5 II}4 (1, 2)ql^"1

23. ,ql^l erJ E;llg +lil7t trls=+ +trt.

moJ
(e, 8)ztzl¤-zlg+. ql+ Fofl^l ElElel 4ol= +e] E+
^J7+ ql el6l] hH(N) ++lE +46Jtr|. fl n'z} E4lq 6J .Jg
r(r): atzi+bt3i, o<r<l
+cBl4.
(a) rl4 rollr,'l g;1ql zl++ E* Eultlzl?
(b) .<lz3 fzJ o (, ( 1 +t] Eol t "Jf. gtrt"J7|?
y (meters)

24. t?.s teoJ al$ol +zl$ 6 m"J q+lt +dE C

^}"JEE
4tg "+e} +lE 11 ke9 ql"JEEg Eq #aq. ^IoJE
I
zI +ol z7 mal:n- r}*ol $QlzJzlxl HI+IE SdBl E
^Jl
"J.Jse ^I*ol ql "Jg Hottl
oto} ++8, +q4 +4
C
7l?
n r(meters)

1s.3 lfl4Esl 7E8al

4.3¤tr.+el ol4Bqre] 7lt4El 2- ++4 z3ol EtrE + gl¤¤,*7161-7,I.

1
I!,
o't.l dx : F(b) - F(a)

{zlrJ F'+ [a, b]olJ,! S+ol+.r]C4l trol "JuH+- a+, [c, b]ollal r'el 4zl
Eg +61-71 9J6ll^J= ++fl Edql a4 bollrJ Fel {tH} "JH g+- 4"14. "l
¤ql^J dzlEq ql6ll ole+ +^l-* trr+= "JEq ur+

r d4EelT lEEal
olH+ oI.+ s= +E+ EL+ /el tl&zl ulel v75 "J+.el /el E6J+E ^J4g
oll, ++ Cp-1. d4eql HlqL zlts{ale- ++B + ?ItrI.
ggg 159 ElEl6tl4

2 Eq C= ulEl++ r(t), a 1t l eE +qd "H:24¤ +dol+ 6lzl. f+ 71

9zl ulrl yftl cq^J E+ql olH+ E= +Ef9 "lB7lsooJ.'=L++ 6.l-z}. r
flts'l-gol {B++.
dr :/(r(b)) - /(r(r))
l,rr.

v NorE r xJel E= -E-¤4 Eq+(qHl¤ ++ f 4 tl&zl ElEl+)E d4E3 cg-l

A(x,, y,) B(xr, yrl +Eql^J /E ++{t+ +6]] ++61 4l+}E+ + il+g 9"laJ4. ^t¤ 4n-l tr= v/el
d4$g /E +Esl.Jg g6I ++./zI ol$+ Efoll :-H 1(a)91^le+ +ol c7I ^l
C .r dol A(xr, ),r)olJ. +dol B(xz, yz)"J ¤H+dol4 6iH, 44 tr+ +s=r+ zJol 84.

I vt . dr :
JC
f (*r, yr) - f(*,, yr)

(a)
/rI AIE+ ++olr rH lG)ql^le+ ?Jal c7l.rlff A(x,, y1, z1)rl *4 B(xz, y2, z2)E
z
fla6}= +rJ+dolfl ffiol ^dBql+.

A(x1, yp zi
C
Of - dr : f (*r, !2, zz) - f(*r, !r, zt)
J.
B(xr, yr, zr)
0

v
NorE 2 cEl trq 7I4 6l-ql, EIE c,r+ crzl z;2 ^ld4 +dg z*E 'llzBl+ +
dolE'l-*E ¤Eg Eg + 9l+.
(b)
lr,of
.dt: .
tr,vf a,
fg1
/7I +H+ Et+.J 4+ql 4q trE +H6J+

r.l=l 2 el ts.z{.{ {el Eg ol+6|E rl¤¤ eb+

=B
oEl

Lot. dr : I)ort"t\ . r'(t) dt

:r(##.##.##)"
:T: d
(g4lBzl.ll
* flr(t))
dt 96||)

:"f(r(e)) - f(r(a))

"l-zl"+ +41= "l4Eq}e.l

71844(+41 tr)s+q +e'i

NorE 3 tr]lzBl+ +dql 461 44 EIE ?HgH.zlqL a4ol-4 El]rTq+ +dql ql6ll
ol4+ cE #iz1]9 ,I:r43 +dss ++q, ry+4 +
^lE c4 trl= ^dBEL+
dg trI+a-l ^JzlE 4+g q6il^l +Hg + 9l+.
 15.3 d4Eel 7lE8al 989

(qry 1|) 4rS rnt_l Exl-= ar+l-+ rll]1+l+ +d cE

"++ d
(3,4, 12)ql^l d
(2,2,0) oE_ #4.J .J "Jg +6IE+(ls.1¤el ql4l 4 eL=).
"ll ++ ¤=44.ol

F(x): -\*,?
lx I'
*

EI rs.l¤-E+rl FzI _H_+4 BlElt}flg. "J+. tlg ftl 'Ig+ eg a+ F:yftl

¤+.
mMG
f(*,y,r): x 2+y2+22

:a4=_+. 4"-l Eql el6l] 6J gg ++r+ +r+.

w:IF-dr:lvf.a,
Jc Jc"
: f(2,2, 0) - f (3,4,12)
mMG
E2-it
y,{- .L
mMG
2+42+IZ2 **,(;-#)
I 4Es!
==J¤
C,4 crTl
^ld
Ae+ +E B= zlzl:. F
ar+l-+ ol]zBl+ *dtde(path)E|
z]]9 .v
p
E+lolep a1x1. 1s.ztrel qlx]l a_EPH I.,F.dr * tr,F.dr.Jg.Jrl. r+l cr

+ NorE 2ql el6]l Yftl E*olzltl 6IE 4*ol cB+tri(a4 z +a).

.dr:
"t
. a, c2
Ir,rf tr,vf t\

+^l "J6ll.<-l 5-E4 EqAE iJ4E+ +del ^144 +dqlH} E¤++. *olrl.
"JH]4SE F7l-4elq Dql^J ¤+"J ulrl^Joll, ^144 +dol ,J* n .3e1
-ral ,
JdL
I or. dr: t,,vf .a,
.Jele-l + aE cp c'ql46ll j.,F.dr :
tr,F.drolE d4+.|'rF. dr3 BE0ll
SEI(independenr of path)ol+ El+ ol +"lE 4H E=4 Eq+s.l d4E+ a
E"il +BolElr. "Jg + gl4.
+dE ^l¤4 +Eol ++ 4+, +-r(b): r(a)oJ +dg E=d*fl(closed curve)
ol4+trt(rH 3 +4). I.F.drol D .Jql^J 4_Eql EHolr czl n.Jql il-
gelel Rfl AEolH, Cql^-l gEel F d A, B= q6lr c. Aql^J Bvl^14 d C

E c,rl Bql^] Avl^lE aE crE +¤¤ 4ss 44.J + gl+(rB + aral. o1 rH 3

=-d+C
oll c,r+ -cri zJepe. ++ a+= gb+.
^ldr+ +dol C?

J r. dr :J,r. dr *J.,, . dr:J,n. dr -J_"r.dr:o

B

A
qsE cTlD qlql il= "JEel EJf, AE.J flzll4J.F.dr:0ol CB++ cl
"ll
E, trl+4 zJol Cee.l +BCgg s'-tr + glri.Dql +61+A"ll^l BvlT)E "Jg fzJ +
990 159 trlEl6H4

el + 4E C,, CrE qdE, C= C,4 -Cra +^dg +dsE C9++. r4E

ffiol CB6J+.

0 : I F. dr : J:, F - dr* J_oF. dr : J:,F. dr - L,F. dr

,rl{^J J.,F. dr: J.,F.drol g+ l4oE r}f,. C4zI*HEtl.

3 gil . drtl Dql^J 4eql +eol7l

J, F +l6J g.q+Eaa+ Dq +6l+ "J
slE Bfl 4-+ cql F . dr : ool+.
'116]] J.

"JglE B=4 ElEl+ FeJ d4++ 4Eql rE-BolF-B,

"Jelel ?,tl 4trql ql
aI I.F.dr:0ol Ert.Eq4sE. ¤E6l-E _H+E+(1s.1¤ql +s= +er}
E- d7l+4 ee)ol E4l7L E.a 4EE .J+^171. ql '* "Je Oolel. 4o14.
+* ¤rl. 4Eq +Bql ulq+c s4 E+4 Eq+s.Jg "J"ll ++. +
+ ¤q- ¤H+dql ql61] ^J+6tr +B6l-xl"J +rJ+dql ql6l]^1tr +^Lalq.
Dtl olag Dql +6t- gqE 4 Pq ql6]] D
fi2184(open region)ol4 6lxl-.
ql Sd6l EElq- +dol pql fl+ol ¤zlltr+. Fol{ (q{^l D- "lE n
e-l 4414s. EEL6tzl ?+=tl.) HE.l D7l A1B$(connected region)olzir. 6I
zI. olAg Dql +61-= gEfl + dol D"11 qtr A-+.E ¤tr¤ + ll'i
=.qlEl=
4g 9oloJ4.
=
4 EEI FzI ¤il gA¤E Dql^l g+"J ulrl^Jol+ 6txl-. j.F. drtl Dql^J
4Eql +HolH F= Dql^l -H-+4 qrltol4.+,Yf : F7l. q= ++ ftl #
xl]++

A(a, b)E Dql +61-= r4Eole]. afx|. fl61+ tr1fl¤ '*+ /. D"ll +'I-
=B 4 @, y)ql ql"ll q+r+ Bol {e]uJr+.
"JEel

f (x, y): ff;, F . dr

JrF. drY A-+ql +HolF+ (x,y)vlzlel AE cql +4lH,ol "f(r, y)
(a, b;oll.t-l

v
E- 4l4I'J + gl+. D7l gfl BEoIF-E. D"ll E+q= +C (x, y)?l fl*ol ¤xl]

y)
il+.rr (;?I fl*.ll +a1='Jsle-l d (x,,y)E qo.lr cE @, b)oll^l @,,, v)771
zlel 4E c,r} (x,, y)91al @, y)vfzlE +¤dE CrE +c6l-zt(rB s +a). f
(.r,'

(-r, y)

flH t]-+ol CB++.

D
(a, b)

,t
f(x,y): !,,F.dr * L1 . dr: I:;'F . dr * I. F -dr
0

5 a H4l 4Ee roil 9¤alxl gfe PE q+g e.+

=aJ
 15.3 54Eel TlEgq gg1

ad
^ .f(x,v):o+-
dx" '-' dx J."
dr

F:Pi+?j"lEq-q=r+a+.

J',''dr:lr,'dx*QdY
{r.folo,+ dy: ooJ4. ,llzl]Hf t, xrl / < xE ol+6}E a.3pel ul
crollr-l yE
4+Ee-l TlECi] lq elal r1-gg- ts=+.
d Ar d
Pdx + edy:
fftt*,y): #1., *ti,rT,i*: P(x,y)

v
+^t* BFB_o +, +4cts{rH 6 +e)+ oleo6f{ r+¤¤ E=-+.

A Ar d
l- Pdx + edy:;dy .rr,i'e(*,t)dt: oi,y)
t

*fk,y):;
dy dy rc,
q-+^J ++g Esq, olag Fzl -H-+,zl EqtF.Jg E"J+
0 x

F:Pi-gj:gr-9:
dx dy
vf I fH6

r :d+
-H.=4 EIE{8E} tr{E!¤
olxJl 4q=rt eg elEol ts=ri. Eqtr-F7l-_H_¤,4qlxlg .l+E q¤4 ¤¤B
ol l- -zl.o
1-
^- )i-/ I !

: p i + gjTl- B+4flo1 "J44 gl+r zlzJalzf. {zlrl pe+ c- E+e

F
141 ¤=_gia= ,,t-+. rBlH F: V/, + +¤¤
"J+6I= *f lz| +zl{+4
af
P
0x
o- d],af'
r4= + 4t1.il q+ +gol ¤B++.
=Eilssl
aP a'f a,f ag
0y dy dx dxly 0x

5 Eq F(r,y) : i + 8(x,y); z| E¤4 ulel^Joll Pc+ 0= Cflq

P(x,y) D
q^J fl+"J 141 Es.g-aE r*=+H D {;llql.r1 ffiof CB++.

dP a8
dy dx

Cr.l Efl Ee $f+ Sq.il {dl^lql CB++ olAg ¤E6l-zl +16]]

B=}]el
Hzl B,qEJ T}]HoJ t!ffifl(simple curve), + "J e:d qE **ll^JE
^I"19 ^JE
992 158 EEI6H4

rr.z16}- dol s.- +dol4. [:-H 7 +4, +++,8]+d9 r(a) : r(b)tl qxl"J
altr<tz< b'J trll r(t) * r(r2)oltrl.l
C4 Eql^J. gfl ¤A¤9ol g,q6}+. +g ¤qql- + q zlal azJ"l g,q
E#"ll B#"1 oiqr- 6l+. BEql^"] trJ+EflB$(simply-connected region)* o ?Iq 9l- -Er- ++E
E4 glzl ?++ E4 glrlE 9+4
f,+dol D .Jql 9i- d"Jg E44r il- flABq D- FEL+ 4+4sg'J
.l-H,:t H 8-trPEl ++Ee¤Eg+Hg-trs'-alxl ?+r++¤-s--tr ETlElxl t+
-qr "Jg + 9l+.
'J+ol-1 ++ol olql-
B6l ?ttrI Eq "J4.
aeJ 7 +fiel BEll

=aJ
I ++¤Aqq t#¤¤"1 "lH ¤9
r0
I
++EtrgqsE olTql R2ql^lE ulrl^Jol -H=4"J9 +E6L- ql ¤rl6J rlH
y'y'tt--
ly'/t.-
g +- Cr-l EE +E4e qg ¤Hg + 9l+. +He rfl C4E 6J E4E^l
/y'tt.
r+* ¤q]^l tri$+.
-10 r0

I I
I I
I I --*a)y' 6
- +: a)lt
I

-n 4ql r4l Es++= zf-:a nq1a1 cflt4l

4*ol alxl
-rel o aP a8
Ey dx
ral eel l0g 44 Glxll 2(a)ef 2(b)01l^j
q ulE{8= _H.q
=rl.
ral eoll,tl Elrl rflE F= -H=4 Elelet"l4
ts E.F =J-d+d cq 71 coll^1
=g6tq
sl E"J-d ,J:d= 7lll?la. ?lrl ftafAl
J.r.ar > o?..1 ,tileJ Ho;=+ F= -E (q4 2l) +qd EElliol !-¤4oJxl oi{4t +46}+.
(a) F(r, y) : (*- y) i + (x - 2) j
trlEl8ol ol-Llrf. ql^ll 2(a)ol zl+Je
=E
olal +1614l -Er1. ral l00ll ?l
=rl-=
c4l c, +=ql^l HH EEIES (b) F(x,y) : (3 + Lxy)i * (x2 - 3y')i
+C
=
r +drl 71ql Eg-d gf:BF= TfalTlr ?l
oq, HJEoll tlE EEIE$ HJI|| oJ-er$ zl Efll tu) P(x,y) -x-yolI QG,il:r-2+6IzI. relg trI+!+++
alTlz ?lrl. qaf^l EF 'J-d ?Atr ++loll AP ao
Alsl c4Ee r,Jol ooJ a eolHoJrl. -l- -l'
1
- -l
dy - dx
qlrll 2(b)0il^.1= F7l ¤rlE E=4 ulElEr

"J= Hq E+. ap/ay # sQ/axolEe 4r-l trql 44 r= tr+4 ulrl=Jol olq+.

2 (b) P(x, t) : 3 + Zxyola Q@, y) - f - 3y'o1+ 6IzI. relE +*4 'Jr+.
/l I
I I
+ \
\ aP: oQ
dy 2=:
I
'c dx
_L
} 2
EE-J FE 4EE* ¤fl ++fl¤Bqe d4l ¤E(D: R2)olut. r4-o-e 47-l E¤.

\\
I IIllr
r
4so 6IH rzf _B¤4 ottelerol4E ¤Eol +++. I
F:
-L

ral 10
ql4l z(b)"ll^l CEI trq uI4 Fzi -H+4 EEltlgg ElH,zl"J, V/E "J4
 15.3 d4Est 7lE¤at gg3

6I- (iilHl$ ++ /= +61= Er-He xil^lEl-zl g+9ttrt. c4 EE +HC /E +

6l+ oJBql q1* d"I4E +r+. ri¤. glzllql^Jel rJol .84+,¤. ol*aJ4.

(oll4l 3D F(r,y): (3 + zxy)i * (x2 - 3yr)jg trll F:yfzlg=6J+/=+BI+.

Eil ql^il zolql.,rJ F7l E=4011 Q=].! V/ : F7L q= E4 rzl +, q
=xH++.
*ol ¤B++
7 f-(*,y):3 * Zxy
I fr(*, y) : x' - 3y2

+41 Eg xoil 4a]] 4+o}E Q+g e=+

E f|,y) :3)c * *'y + g(y)

4EtI+= r9l SoJ tr-+, I sb)+ C$fl y9 eI#"Jq +E-61-zI. olgq3 4l trlE
"JHg ++4 rJol ygl q6ll trl+6}z}.

10
"f.(x,
y) : xz + g'(y)

+4 trr+ E}g ul,zaJ-fl+*¤g+9t+

g'(y) : -3y'
y9l 4dl 4+61-H trl+g ts=+.
g(y):-y3+K
¤zlrJ K= tr-+o14. "l4g *^l p"il {"Ja]-E 96l-= ElHt¤ EI+= tsE+.

f(*,y):3)c**'y-y'+K

(qH 4|) r(r,y): (3 + }xy)i* (x2 - 3y')jolrCzlr(r):e,sin ti+ et cos/j,

0 < t < rrE +qd ql C4+ I, F ' dr* +6t+.
EUn qlzll 2(b)_qp4 FzI
tr+401otr cn-l EE gl+. q1z1J :"lJ,rl Fg
^l--*.J +
ulHl¤ F*fzl f@,y):3x* xzy-y'(x:0p. dq).Jg g?t+ Ar-l El= olgalzl
+lal] oJoloF
E lol c9 ^ld4 +Eol+. 4 r(0) : (0, t)4 r(rr) : (0, e-,)ol+. (a) v

4 f@, y)'11 4i str^lql^l ^J+,KE qtr {}E zJft:alE-tr K:09 HEI^I.rElH (0, 1)

0
q-e¤ ts=+.

r . dr : dr : f(0, -e*)-,f(O, r) : ern- (- r) : +

-10
J Irrt. ern 7
C

ol EJH3 ls.z¤ql^J H]]fl.'J d4$$ +o]-= zld4"J %IBB+ EJ ,J+6I+ -20

(0, -eo)
EqE F7I H=4olotr J,F.dr* eeql ro6J.+ +d cE ^lE4 +d"l ce+
,J++)
+e: e. += (q *d
qlill6l-x}. c,s _+ :zH 1r4 ,Jol crg (0, l)ql^J (a, -e*) feJ 11
994 158 EEI6H4

zlzl .tjgol+r 6IxI. rqfl C,3

r(t) - -r j, -l < t 1en
E|. rJol s"Bqa

J r . dr :J,r . dr :l'"rk(r)) - r'(t) dt

: J:;
(3i - 3t'i) ' (-i) dt

: I:; 3tz dt
: fl"l,: e3n + t

EEI+n'z|-tr¤4"Jxl olHzl A46i= 71++ ls.strql^J +q{+.qI

R3ql^J
E ++ ql4l= R,oilr]sl EEI+ql q6J E1H]¤ ++E +6l. rJBol R'qlile-l dl
El6Iq ql+ qfl¤ *+E +61+ rlB4 rJtl- 49 Eol +ti.

(o{lHl 5l} r(r, },2):y'i+ (Zxy + e") j+3ve3'k"J trll Yf : F"J oJ+ f= +
6l-+.

Eil olfl EL+ /z| $zllaJulfl q+4 +Ll.

11 f,{*, y, ,) : y'
12 fr(*, y, z) : Lxy + e3'
13 f,(*, y, z) : 3ye3'

+4 Eg x{l 46l] 4E6tH tr}¤¤ e=q.

14 f(*,y, r) : *y' + g(y, z)

{zlal sb, z)Yx"ll ** ^J+ol+.

olull +4 E1E y"ll 4dl trl+atE trl-+g E=+.

fr(*, y, z) : ZxY -l gr(Y, ,)

+4 Ep+ ulraffl q++ EE+.

gr(Y, z) - s3'

la4= e g(y,r) : ye" + h(z)olt-, +4] E]E tr}s-r+

'/Jol ¤+ 9l+.

f (*, y, ,) : *y' + Yr" + n(z)

ufxluJe--tr z"| {all ul$ap +{ E+ ul:za|fl h'{a) - 0g ts=trl.. :24tr-E h(e)
: K(t*)zl-¤+. tl6h= ++= +g=+ ?JL+.
f(*, y, r) : *y' + Ye,' +K
g.AJ V/ - Fts fl4l +E¤+. I
 15.3 d4Eel 7lEtral gg5

I qHrI H=
olH tI$ ,llpg r(t), a 1y < bE +q4] 4E cE tr].{ Eillg g-zlol5 fl+"J
6JtI Fql zl+61-zl. ¤zlrJ r(a ) : AE AE Cel ,rJfrola r(b) B:
- +dol+.
+He] &F xllzH 4(..2.44 +E)ql lrleH, c +lel + dql^J E F(r(r))! ffi
el6l] 7i+E a(r) _ r"(r)4 +417I glrl
^lql
F(r(t)) : mt"(t)

4+^l Eol EillE +4ol- ql ,* g+ trl-s=4 ?JL+.

*:L F.dr f utrtOl ' r'(/) dt : lo *r"(t) . r,(t) dt

: mfb
z), fir"'ol
. r'(t)f dt (12.24E C al EI t4l E)

: + I:*l l'il : [lt''otel'. ("14+qrq zltc4l

''(r)
: +(l .'(b) l' - lr'(r) l')
:r4.=e. ffiol ^jg'Jtrr.

15 w : i* I v(e) l' - **l "(r) l'

{zlrJ v:r'34go14.
"J i* + ¤+4 +4E 4l#g =,. t 49 elol Exllel #oilHrl(kinetic
I o(r) l' ,
energy)olrf. relrs +^l EE. +*r+ ,Jol 4rl + + gl+.

16 w:K(B)-K(A)
ol4g c= 4+ oJ^Jol + "Jg cel "J Edql^Jel +E"ilHzlg HEI9+ rJ+g
96l]
=+ E+4
olxll Fzf E^Jole| zf{afx}. + F - v/e ¤ + rt+. EElqr-ql.^J, d
(x, v, e)'ll^J EillE +lil0llL'lrl(potentiat energy)|- p(x, y, z):
-f(x, y, e)E C9
rl:/, El-+^l F: -Vpzl- E+. rflH Aq trql q+ q+g g-+.

I F.dr: -fJc yp.dr:

w: Jc '- -[p(r(e)) - p(r(a))]:p(A) - p(B)

ol {g +al El} ul;z6f{, ffioJ CB6;= Ag .J + gltrt.

P(A)+r(A):P(B)+r(r)
ol- EAlzl- B¤46Fe-l g'J o}7]]ql^J E-J d A_++El trrE d B7+^l #zlolH, ol
AE +lilqlqxle+ +tglHzlE rJg {tfzl qq H6Lzl *-q= Ag E6} +
4. ol49 ollLlrl H= EEI(Law of Conservation of Energy)ol+ 6lbql, ol {el
^J9 e+4ol+ +tr.ril E "l#zl {zlgl ?t+
996 159 trtEl6H4

r s.3 | E+=xtt
r. ct* -fe+ *d ce+ t! tl$tlzt fl4tl EL+ /el E v

+l+dEE -Hq +r il+. J, Yf ' dr==- +6I+. 0) 0)

x
,\'
C
\\ 60 v:- J4=7
50
C 40
30
(a) J. F ' dr$- zld 4l416t+.
IO
(b) F7t _H-+4o3$ !-olr F : V,f "J /E +614.
(c) 4 rJ EIE ol+Ell^j j, F. drg +614.
tt .x (d) Hzl cE EoJ6J +ag z*E zJtd +dg-e
^ldr+
H]-# + J.F .drg r{4}6t4.
2-5 F7l u-+4 ulel^Jqlxl olHzl +461-4. E=4olE F : 8. ElEl+ Fe+ +d c7l ol-{el ,Jol f"]4.4.
v/.J 6J+ /= +ElE+. F(x,y) : \ye",xe'Y|,
2. F(x, y) : (xy + y') i + (.r2 + Zxy) i C: x : sin
,Tf
: el-r(1 - rt), 0< I <
7t, !
cos 1

3. F(x, y): y'"" i + (1 * xy)e'Y i (a) Fzt -H-dzl99 Boll slHl¤ 6J+ /= *'l-+
ol$all.rJ J.F .drg +6i4.
4. F(x, y) : (yr. * sin y) i + (e' * .r cos y) j (b) 4zl trlE
j (c) B4 cE F'JBJ +dg d+sE Hl-E +
5. F(x, y) : (y' cos.rr * cosy) i + (2y sin x - )c siny) ^ldr+
I,F'drg flJ{!a}r}.

6. q¤ ]Bg EEI1I F(x,v) : (2xv,r')4 E (1, z)ql^J e-12 (a) F :

V/ql 6J+ /= +6}I, ft) (a)E ol$oll,tJ iq
(3, 2)ql^l E+E ts.q fr ?l+.
+dg 4l +d c +l"ll^J j, r . dr$ faia|.
^lztq-q ^ll
(a) J. F . drel #"1 +d E+ql qlql zJg ol.?E ¤ 9. F(r, y) : {2x,4y1,
^ll
H617}. C= E.Ed x=y24 (4, -z)ql^J (1, l)4zle-l E
(b) ol +F{t+ Bo}"Jz}?
10. F(x, Y) : x'Yt i + ,r3Y2 j,
_y C: r(r) : (t3 - 2t,t3 + 2t1,0 < r < I

J
,r'
11. F(x, !,2):Zxyi* (*'+ zyr)i + y'k,
,r cz (?, -3, l)qliJ (-5, l, 2)4-zlE dE
2
,/ 12. F(-r, !,2): yze"i * e*' j * xye"k,
,/ :
C: r(r) (r' + l)i + (t' - l)i + (t'- Zt)k,
O<t<2
I
t I t 13. r++ d4E"l 4eql +Hgg -H-olr 4Eg 4141614.
0 2 3x trLxe-t dx * (2y - xze-') dy,

7. F(x, ,1 : (3x2 + y') i * zxyiol+ all CE "I4 :zB 14. + Eql^l trtE E oE "Jzl¤ *zl"l7l +1611 a;1t r{l 4
e-l +dol4 6IzI.
+ 44+9 Eol ,q-*9= +dg ac6}4 6JEl. HzJ F
zf -trE4.Jzl S.Jalq, q¤61 -H+4oJ aqe +4fl
 15.4 :Pt Eal 997

trI. f-BlE s+q= +dql ql6fl q$rll BB 4"JzI? .J l4l ¤EEI+E 7le ql, 4¤¤ Bq+
15. Etl F(x, y) : 13 i + y' jtl P(1, 0)ql^J 8Q,z)vvl E41 aP aQ aP d.R a8 AR

+4olE ql + "J¤- +6t+. 0y dx dz 0x 0z 0y

=
16. rH.ll^J Bol += EEltlol ts_¤4oJzl? ¤E6l-?+. te-20 trl-8- d6Jol (a) EH, 6) ge, (c) t#¤Et]xl olu
zl= +46I+.
v
I
J I I / r+-+
y' +- ++-
le.{(x,y) l0<y<3}
t I I
I

\ \ I / F La\

20. {(x,y) I I 1 xz + yz S 4,} >0}

I r \ r\
\\ \ , \ t \x
->f** * I | | \\ -vi * -ri +zl.
--+ -4 /, / t 11 21. F(;, il: -jTits
---F.,..-' -, // ttll @) aP/ay : aglaxoJg Bq4.

m 17. F(x, y) : sin y i + (1 * x cos y)j'J oli :zH¤ ol$fl.! F

(b) j.F .drol 4trql qBol olHg trq+.
zf -Hf4olxl o[{xl a='-q} +ql f+ol SgzlE q."J [-dg: (1,O)ql^] (l,o)r\zl fl .r'*y': lE ^JH]+
e+ 6lHl+E 7J7J cp cr4 tr 4
I., F drlt lr,F dr
614 . .
g 4l4}6t+1. "i4g C4 Eql s*oJz}?
tB. dlEl1r-F : p i + Oj + R kz| _H=4o1tr p, O, Rol E+

1s.4 I -18! Eal

rfl 4El- ++Rf,+dg 4E d4B4: *de-E EEI&lql TlH¤qql^lel

ol+4+ +41= "JEJ+tr}.
^lolel

I rEJ EAI
c= ++g6J+dol+ 6Ir rB 14 zJol, D= c_e. EqrAlql B9ol+ 6rzl-. (D _v

- cE _E= dg EEolr c ql+E EE ¤eE +cElq il+r 7l-¤++.) rfl C

¤r]q^l ++Bf,+d Csl S9 S#(positive orientation)* CzI HI^l4l %L,rlo-+

tr+61 dqq+ Ag trl+^j c7l EEIEL+ re), a i t 1be +qzlE, B
=++.
q D- d r(0zl cE dqB ,ll .J^J g+ql il4t:rH z +z).
0 x

reJ 1

v y

0 ,ts 0 x

(a) "J9 *6J (b) gel %I.J aeJ 2

998 158 EEl"-Hq

f.il E4 c+ ¤Eq +.J "#e-l Br-.#g *E *+g6J+dol az_}ut4 oll:24+

+ 6E, DE ce. EB],&+"J ¤9"1+ 6l-z}. p4 etl D= se-q+ gfl¤Eql^J
¤+"J ¤E++E zlzlg, 'I*ol ^JH++.
F=pi + gjal 0l rl.E= */ao _ aP\ ro
.i. tr'
. Are E-.Jg=:sE
+ ?lrl-.
^lsl
rc, **!:
Ipa*+od u, JJ
D
\; )

NorE +++ trltrllE d4Eol Bfl+d cE "JE %r-a}g ol+El^J 4l+E+ -tsolr
zl- 4* zlaol4.

$rra*+edy Et $,ra*+Idy
DE oJ=el
"J6#oJ 441+d"il 4tr s 4E zlgk aoo14. ,r+n+C rfl Cn-l"ll^jE 4l
g ++4 zJ"l * + 9l+.
1
IJ
D
(* #) dA:l ra*+edy Jan

-rzJ Eel
rfl 44b ol==4+ql^] "14++el 7184"-lql 'l]*q= B4E ++g"l"t.J+
rc! Eal= r+qrrPl-EJ E+sl
+4 Elg ffi al o_E ^J+g El4+qr-el 7lE4Bl 2e+ ullall EzI.
=-+oe I793-l841)Sl 0l=
.LeJ(George Green,
nl-^l BBE[tr]-. r= eg q+El +rl !', r't-l dx : F(b) - F(a)
=
E gDt4loll^l
E¤"J "J= 6l"E^J E^1$
ql^l gal +4o+ +-sr= qqqIE[. 1828
+ a+ E+ 4lel 4Hql= E,J+ (F" 6Q/Ex, aPlail==- EEI-6I= 4Eol r
LJ r= (An Essay on the Application of =zl]+q.
r-li1 + 4+ E+ +Hql= celEel 44l9lrJ"J"l 4lael EL+{F, Q, p)s, {IE E6J
Mathematical Analysis to the Theories
of Electricity and Magnetism)0lal= ++ (1zl-gel 4+ 4Eqg 441dol + 4 a, btrJe s +C¤ ,tzJ la, blol+.)
44411-= rlHle
=iiJi.[rt.
ralLl r00
P"J oJ+lla^Il rH?E T.l+qlal _H'^Irl.
rfl ¤il]= gH}4se +H6I7l7t fl+l ?*zlEL ¤9"1 +E r4 94 rroJ $fa3
0l AEqrUl= +317|. ral tralE oJr" 4+{4.24 +a)ql qlql +Hg + 9l+ "]fl ¤qg.J+E$(simple regions)ol4 +
fl= a4 ,Je Lt|EeI EalTl-E--JEol = rl-
fl+. ralL[ r
L

=J^loll= LJal galrlc

giltr|". 234 ao¤ q ralg fllgHalrl
rtl+r -4+do + g+:iflrl"J + D7l eJ+Eqfl B+0ll El|ft ral ¤alq q+ 4l5ol ^dBElg EIEgeal
=E#
+fl+ l846Eoll galB =B
4Ll 'Joil
e)3 rElsl 44qrF= *ol-Ll1 r
(#HJ
rfl ¤4. +Htr 4014.
Es¤= u|=Jll r4= rf^l ?l4lliltrt.
rBJP Erl-7|+sl ++4 OlE=
trl6lalr. AIEEJ Elflsl ,l.FJgl+. =^l
re1
tr !,ra*: -lJ #oo
D
rl4Eg E*, r-tr-=..r, allgalgl E,\
gE E^i7ltrf ol=sl 7lE7l EJtrt.
tr !,o*:lj ffa^ D

D= +E Ie-l q¤. EqsE ++.Iq +^l trlE +H+trt.

D : {(x, y) I a ( x ( b, girc)s y 5 gr(r)}

{zlal fi, 1zi fl4e$ol+. +{ tre.l +Eq fl= "l+zi$g q+r+ ,J"l 4l
 15.4 ral 8al 999

+++ v l:TzV)
c3
rr AP
dA : J;tbJ;;; ;tdP ('' v) dv dx : )"rb -lr{*' g'(x)) - P(x' slx))1dx
ro,Gt

il ;
4 C, cz

cl
q7l^l 7l+4els+El +gtrl-.
"l-zl"J *41= "14+Eel !: grG)
olxll *4 trq 4lBg rH 3q^lel Rol Hl *d c, , c2, c3, co9 B9tr. cE 0 a hx
++l^J 4l+61-z} c,ollrJ ,E ,}]zHH+_E dq6}r o[rllfl+oJ{^1$ x : x, !: -ral 2

six), a I x < b-E 4^^I. ,q-4^J ++g

JE \'

e-+.
:
t,,r(*,y) dx I: Pb, slx)) d.x
C3ol s-E-+ql^l g+e"_e *4ol{ -C3* g+ql^l s-EE-e-E_ +zl.Jg E +
glt} trl-+^l -CrE ,llz]]{ftl{4lg x: x, y: sz(x), a a x < bE + + 914.
-r.ElF + +*¤ g=r1
y) :
!r,r(*,y) d.x: -J_., P(*, dx - It, ,t., sz(x)) dx

CzEE C4oll^J(rE ,+r+g 13 fr c-tr +4,E +E iltrl) xts ^}#o14. l4oE

dx:0olr ffioJ CH+'}.

Ir,r(*,
y) dx: o : Ir^r(*,
y) dx

El-+^l trl-+¤- e=+.

Irr(*,
y) dx: J:,
P(r, y) dx * Ir,r(*,y)
d.x * l. P(*, y) dx * Ir^r(*,y)
dx

: I: P@, slx)) dx - I! ,r., szGD dx

ol {g +{ Ee+ ullo|fl, rI¤¤ "J + !tr|.

!,rk,idx: -JJ
DJ
#oo
+4 trg D= +B r¤E o_tr++qE +rJe olBsE +E6J + gtq rq
H +{ trle+ trrg rio"Ifl rfl {E]= EE+. r
(qlll 1D cz1 (0,0)ql^J (1,0)4;(1, (1,o;oll.tl (0, l)4,(1, (0, l)ql^J (0,0)zlxlel d .v

+EE +^dg At4¤ +d'J oll * dy! +dt+ (0. I I:l-x

J, xa dx xy

C
Eil +qd d4+g +r+BE ^Jl Hg ltt+ ^ll 4lsl 4ege +rl^l 4141d+ 15.24
el "JHSE +B+E glxl"J rfl 44E ol*all^j +6]] BzI. c_tr EElAt"J qq D=
*+6tr, c= oJel HJ.Jol4= 4ql ++61-zHa4 4 +'-4). p(x, y): rarl Q@, y) --
10,0) (1, 0) .{

,y4 al-H ++g e*+. fal 4

1000 158 trtEl6ll4

!,*oa*
* xy dy :JI (# #) dA:J; f-'(y - 0) dy dx
D

:
l,'[]r'l',l=.'o-.
a*: ]lJ (t * x)zdx
: -+(r - ,)']l : I n

( qq 2D czl fl. *' t y' : q"J ql $. (Ey - ,sinx; dx * (l* + Jy- + t) dyE+6t+.

Eil ce E+lrl-"J Bq D= fl* r'+y'sg"l4.ttl-+^J trI+4 rJ"l :fl 44=

4+* +.ll +a|Ee. H¤frl-E +gg e*r+.
ol8olts Et|+loll, D7l Url= 3 $ t:l - ,sinx) d.x * (t* + Jy^ + t) ay
=ElE4l= 0lE6H^l rlEE E
?l fltrJolal.=
-9. -\ OlrL . ^l.H= : +,ffi) - +(3v - "",] dA
ll [*n'
=-T-/\-l

$+ae:4.n(3)':36rr
:ff"fJrr- 3)rdrdo:+f"ru f rdr:36n r

ol+4Eg d4E-ur+ q flrll 4l4}g + 9lH+. (qlxll 2= d

ql^ll 14 zql^l
4Ege ¤¤6|E +HlE q"Jg + 9t+.) :fluJl olltrllE d4+$- +61. Aol
El f¤. f glz, rfl 44zI qBl-,*qe. ol¤.qrb ql+. el=.q +d cql^J
P(x, y) : Q(x, y): Ool4 6l-H ¤q D 4+ql^l p* Qtl qE {t¤- +16}rj4E
rfl 4;lql q+ q¤¤ E-+.

II(r #) oo:!, Pdx*Qdy:0

r:ral EEIE kiol +6171

rfl c4el EoJdJql 4il e. +- ¤-g+ H"l 4l+1"14. Del Holzl- jJ, t aeol
=e 499 El+6l.= Pe+ O. dq6}j1 d+.
ao aP
dx dy

q+4 rJol {4 zlzl zl-bcol ¤x]]*4.

P(* y) : 0, - -y,
P(x, y) P(x,l) : -*y
Q(x, y) : x, Qk, i : 0, QQ, y) : lx

rqH :2fl 44= os] H"l"ll qlql q+ +4g +E"ll U+.

 1 5.4 ral Eal 1 001

5 A : f.
*dy :-fr, dx : +ir.dy - y dx

( qllll 3 |) e}g t;,-2 + + :18 EBI#.I'J H olE +6p+"

,r2

a' b'

Eql +fl$ ,]]r]]H+it}¤4] ,: a cos t, !: & sin ,, 0 < t <ZrrE r*=4. 8l 5

trRll +{g ol+61-H, rl.*g g=+.

^ll

A:+l
.JC *dv-v dx

: + ff-
(a cos r)(b cos t) dt - (b sin r)(-a sin r) dt

: ab rzn dt: rrab .

Z )o

+4 E= +4Al7l "1Brll zlEalbzl ¤E6I7l +16}] ^l-+g+. ?4r{l(planime_

ter)t A4l+dg 44 +zl"JsE,tAl ¤qel Hol$ +46}= 1e^llzl"ll BHE zl
g+ +o,14 E+o14. olfl E+= E= 4qlql^l +8-aI+ qlE.q
^JEqlql^l
.tFf,olr+ BzH9 HolE +46171 +l"}l
^l^.SE+. qlELTl
rB 5= ++44le.l 4Lt¤ _tr"J+. +g r¤slr, tsgol sqE 441+dg -sL
-t e,

trt4 +zlggesl +qlHITl= +EsE- ul:zelxlr oJEoE- Eggql +21

elq
e.E +84. +441- +qlu|flzl- qd6J 44= +C6l-I, ol4g EtslA|.J g =-
-}

Eel Holql HlEll6J+. +{ 5 sl ¤4e^lE ¤Hg trI+ Sql^l *g + gt+.

lrlr+
r R. W. Gatterman, "The planimeter as an examle of Green's Theorem" Amen 7-l
a==

Math. monthly, Vol. 88(1981), pp.7O1-4.

r Thnya Leise, "As the planimeter wheel turns" College Math. Journal, Vot" 38(2007),
il sl
pp. 24-3t
f.al 5 Keuffel & Esser ++441

r :r.EI EElel Etg

D7l ++6J 4+ql"J rfl
CqE +ElHzlE], olxll D7I ++ggE #*zll sld
EL'J A+E 44= qtl¤ + 9l+. qlE Eq Dzl aA 6ql^le+ eg Bq"J ql, cl
D:D,uD2-tr + + gttri 4zlr] D,4 Dry E + ++gEoltrI.D,9 44- c2

clu c3oltr,DrE 441= czu(-cJol.+. oI4^J D'4 D2ql rfl Cn]E 44 4

+618, 4-+g g=+. rzJ 6

L,o Pdx+edy:ll'(* #) dA
1 002 158 EE]6tl4

t,,u, -G)
Pdx+ody:$,(* #) dA

olE + q6LH, C,e+ -C, gloll^-l d4Bol az]ElsE'l-*g g.+

^l¤.
C

Ir,ur,Pdx+ Qdv:lJ (* #) dA

olag D: D,u Drql qla-J ffl 44o14. e}]+"IH ol ¤qel A4lb c - c,u c,
olTl trll$oltrl.
.qrJ*
tflE dxlzl t+= ++BqE qE ++rHE qld*.tl tr]]afl.tls rfl
-IEI 7
JEJ
44= 4s"¤ f gltrt(f_H 7 +4).

v
(qlfl 4D czl fl. *'*y':r4 *'*y':4 ^Iolsl +HI+ BHql
ilE eEq EoJ
x2+y2-4 el ¤q DE A4"J o|{ $. y'd* * 3xy dy$ +61-+.

Eil pzl ++s9"1 "t.lzl"J, y4ol F Tl]sl ++sqss qt.r+(fH a $a1. o1

qq¤-q_q=4 zJol {a}Ee. E^lg + gl+.
0
xz + yz:1
J
, :{(r,o) I1
( r( 2, o < o s rr}

ra8 r4.=s rfl Cil].il tr|+ Ll^*g E=+.

f,r,dx * 3xydy: [*,r,r) - + o't)an

II
: ll y dA: ff f (rsin o) r dr do
D

: lJ sino dg ff ,'ar: [-"oro];[+.']i : + I

:fl
C4- +Bol 9l= EE, + ++fl¤ol "IH BqsE ++6H^J 4+.J +
9l+.re eql il. BE Dsl 4A) cY + T]]el ++B=J+d c,4 crE +dq
q4g +g6l-zl. olE a4l+dol B9 pz| +d cE tr14 +49 *ll .J^J g+
ql flE+ %I6J"l i"l+141 zf{a}zf. rqE oJel ,}6}g e]+g c,ql ql6ll H}
cl Crql ql"I] ,J6}olr|. :zB l0ql^le| rJol 4d"-+
^l4l "J=JolxluJ,'H+g ^l4l
ral g D= + gE D',4 D"oE 4+r, D',4 D"4 44ql rfl 44E. 43-"61-H rl+
g E-rl-.

ff(# #)
D
dA
IJ
D'
(* #) .ff(* #) dA
D,
dA

LEJ 10
: Iuo,
Pdx+Qdy+ t,. Pdx+Qdy
 15.4 ral Eal 1 003

+F A4ldg q= d4Eg Hlql 'J,'Joltr-tr. 4zl9j1 IIiE+^] q+g e=+.

^l-tr-

lJ (# #) dA : L,, dx .t odv+ J p dx + odv: J:

p dx + edv
D

olae gq o9l 4* rfl c4"14.

(qq 5D r(r,y): (-yi * x j)/(x'+ y')oJ trll, Adg EElr{F= E= oJel uJE}'J
++EoJAEq {ql jrF- dr:Zrr"J* Ble{.

EOI czl g¤g Etslri13 "JelE EoJAeolF +, +q41 4Eg zld 4l4I6H ag .v

"lH+.44rJ +Col flEoll HlzlE"l aoJ HI^l4l "J'JE fl c'g^J46lzI nzlrl C

c'ol c9 4+q sEr-E + itg "J+ 4Ie #9 oE q++(rH 1l aral. DE ce+

C's-tr EBIAI.J ¤9o14 6l-z}. rflE "JE oJ6}il rfl A4l= Cu(-C')olr q4 J

.JHlzloJ :fl 44ql el6ll ++g e=q.

^l
* I-,,Pdx-t edy: ral
!,ra* + W #)
11
edy dA
IJ
:iit## d+#l dA: o

l4oe ffiol ^dB++.

!"ra*+ Ody: I,Pdxt edy

+ J'r'dr:J',r'a'
olzlf ulxlu-| 4+9.(r) : acos ti t asinrj, 0<t <Tntr- +q4f uflzfl{fffi o1

+6lH drll 4l4IE+. r*lsE +-a-a- ts=+.

J r dr
. :J,r . dr :J'"r(r(4) . r'{t) dt
rz, (-a sin r)(-a sin r) * (a cos t)(a cos r) : r2n :
Jo a- coszt * az sinzt
d'
)o dt 2n r

*. ¤ql^-l ¤H,[L ¤+= rfl 4alE ol+6H^J +H6ir o1 tr¤ "[x]4t+.

15.3tre1 gq @p sE F : pi+ 8i7l Efl ++fl¤gE Dql^lq E

=E
el+olr, p4 Qzl E+"J t4l ¤rga5. r*r D.il^J ++g ++++r 6l-zl-.

aP a8
0y 0x

czl D4, +61-- .JEel ++EEJA-e.olr R* ce. E+UAI.J ¤9olH rfl C4

1 004 158 EEI6H4

ql q4 +¤¤ e=+

f r . d, : f,r a* + edy: II (* #) dA :lJoaa : o

6J E ol^Jq^l _ilxl-61+ ++ol ofH +,$g H zllel $ffidge 'l-ts + 9t

4. olE +f{dg trl= Fel d4++ E.F goJg 8H.1, olE zltsg rJ'IE g
gE Ef,+C cql ql6l] J.F.dr:0014. r4gil lrF.drg ts.3¤sl 44
Eq q-4 D tlE aEql +Bol+. i'l-+^J F= B=4 Elel^Jol4. r

1s.4 | t++xll

1-2 (a) 4d4e *Hl} (b) :afl 44= 0l+6r= *H"-e 8. F(r, y) : (y cos.x - -ry sin x, xy I -r cos x), CY (0, O)ql
trh* dzi$g +614. (0, 4)tr_ (2, 0)_o E (0, 0) o -tr_ +q d +48
^J
I. $. y'd* * *'y dy, cE +{dol (0, 0), (5, 0), (5, 4), (0, 4) 9. F(x,y): (y -
cosy,xsiny), C= HJaJge *zl"l
^l4l
ql 4^14,8 g (x - 3)'+ (y + 4)':4
=
z. #rxydx * *'y'dy, CE q+ld"l (0, 0), (1, 0), (1, z)oJ

+4¤ T 10. 4+El ql+ill4l= ol$all,! o}4q +"141 ++ql EH4^J

d4E4 ol+4+g +alr ffl 44zI "J4aJ¤ Bq+.
rfl P(x, y) : *'yo, 8(*, y): *tyo, cY ?rr/2, O)q]l.l (r12,
3-6 4EE ol+44 +q4l +Ce.l "Je.l %}6#9 r++^l
d4Eg +614. o)zlxl C+4 {rrl2 ,0)ql^l ?nlT ,0)llzl4d y: cos "r

3. ["ye',dx + \e',dy, c!4+ldol (0,0), (3,0), (3,4), (0,4)

E .EF ol+q4 fl+.
.J z]^I4C 11. ril 4?-l= oJe"al|xJ "JzI7l gdql^l .rffi trtEI (1, 0)
4. [, xzy' dx * y tan-ry dy, c* $+ld"l (0,0), (1,0), (1,3)
lftl, E d$g trI{ (0, t)vlal f,=zloll, E+^l yA¤ 4
ol ,\LTLd
L-l E --1 o
4 flEzlxl *zl"J trll 'J F(^r, y) : x(x + y)i + xyz jtl
+ "Jg +61-+.
5. I, b + r&)dx-r (2x + cosy2) dy, cY e.Ed y: *t]
x: yzo + Eelr^I"J ggs.l ¤41 12. +{ EIE olSdlrJ rloJ=gol= x: t - sin /, y: I
cos rel 6.J otil oI4 ¤gq HolE +Et+.
6. lry' dx - *t dy, CY xz * y'= 4tJ fl
13. (a) C7l 4 (x,, y,)4 4 (xz,y)Z tsE6l= d+"J trl] trlg
7-e a"J 44= ol+ql^l J.F .dr¤" +6t+. (4q= 43-"Bl- g Eq+.
7l dql +del %r-6.}9 +?16I+.) t
Jr*ar-ydx:xrlz-xzit
7, IrQ + e*') dx * (tan-ly + 3x2) dy
(b) +4$el 41d"1 Hl^l4l %la}e] +^JE (x1, 1l1), (xr,!2),
v
x2+ y':4 ..., ()tn, yJrl zJ"l 4EE el q4E9 Holz} trl-S+
2
,J+g Eq4.

C
A : illrtz - xzlr; + (xzl: - xtlz) + ..'
x2+y':1 * (r,-r1,, - xnln_1) * (r,y, - xry,)]
0 2x (c) +TlEol (0,0), (2, 1), (1,3), (0,2), (-1, l).J -a4¤
 15.5 alErl gtJ 1 005

9 HolE +6I+. : ZxY i--l- (Y2 i

F(x,' r'
Y) = ^x2)
14. Dtl ry¤ts.ll,tJ t+$fl{-tr.
(x' + Y')2
Eeli+ql ¤9o14 aI
c-tr.
zI. :1fl 4E]= ol+6-IE DE +rll+d (t, r)9 alezl 4 ol.,r cts gdg EBIAI-b "Jel %r-oJoJ ++trEi+dol4.
++,J¤¤ trg + tl+. 11. F7l qlxll sql
'+s= +ldg F+6I4 ?+4
4El4-"J oll,
1
: -* + fldg. EBlrAl_r glxl ?*b "Jelel ++Ef,AEql 'tl
-{--
2A f,*' dy t f,v'a* j.F -dr: ogg Bol+.
"1]
4zlrl A= Del H"lol4. ol pffi oJ$a|l,tl qfxlfioJ a
ls. :1fl ¤E.lE 0l+6ll^l f@,y): 1ql 4+q ol+4+ql ql
tl ^I+ g gqE +Cg +r.Ir+. + trt+ H+E.f+ *tl1t+.e¤E 4q tr}g +E6I+.
ls. +g+ ,JE p(x, y) : pE ,*= Sg Tl* a4ol *y¤E
ql^l ++EflCe ce EHal-.J ¤qg 4xlap !lut. II o.',
: II d(x, v)
du du
o(u, u)
s
4 +q ++ +CEHlezl- r+q=r+ ,J¤¤ -H-qnkts.4¤
R

¤zlrl ,tE;r: g(u, n), !: h(u, u)tr- +"l4l H+ ol4,rl

+4).
uaBE9l +6I= Bq sql q+q=.ryBEolI +Et= ¤q
r ^
,
'*: -t tr!'
- -D dx' I': D f
T trx'dt
^
ol+. [-dE: 4]H+A(R)oJql +s-.6tr. +^l E}q a4l +
Eg zl+{}4. an +lsl d4Eg as +lE d4tsge ul+
16. qlzll sel \tr-Hg I.F.drg 7al-4. {zlrJ
^l¤-6ll^l a- ua$Eql^J rfl 4?l= 4+6J+.1

1s.s I EIEsl gtt

ol Eql^JE. EElf}"ll^l +'J6J+ glr +illel sEr.l- Ts,tl, zlzloll ql-* Eq 6ll

^lE ¤+ql^J 7lE4"J q6Jg aJf.i zfxl g+g cq++ ,+ ¤4Ic trlE+
+^I6IxlEJ, 6l-+= ulrler"l rl_I, ++ 6l+- ^+++ol g+

I EIE
F: P i + Qj + R kzl- R3ql^Jel ulrl*oll p, e, R9 ¤sotfzl E+
=z}le-
oll, FE Elfl(curl)g +g=4 rJol 49q;. R3ql^19 Elel=Jol4.

curl F : aR aQ AP dR
j+ aQ _aP
1 k
dy Ez ),.( 0z dx dr dy

zllafzl fl41 E&x1 z1a.E olf-allal Elg rlrl *zl-E alz|. ulrl"lEfl4}
^l
xl-v(B)g +++ rJol soJ++.

v:i' *ia+k
dx "0y
d
0z

ol4g +s=r+ zJol /9 z1&zl== Ezl glall ++ql zi+e ol] g"lE +=4.
^rJ+
1006 158 EEl6l14

' -0x j+-

i9* "dy r.9:+i
--02 0x * 9i *
dy" 9n dz

vg ctsol d/dx, alay ,alazoJ HIEI.E ^J46IE, vr+

ElEl1}Fe.l E^lzlql E49
4+4 zJol d4tr + 9l+.

ijk
VXF:
ada
dx Ey dz
POR
:(#-#) ,.( dP-dR
0z dx
j+ (* #) k

: CUTI F

trI{^J {fl Elg zlq6L= z|t+ +l+ rJEe ++el 7ls Eeol+.

2 curl F:V XF

(qU 1 |) f'(x, !, z): xzi + xyz: - y2 koJ ufl, curl FE +61+.

EOI a tr. ol+6tE +# e=4

li j k

curlF:VXF:
la
t_ d d

la, dy dz
| *, xyz - y'

T il+E9 A+rl tl|+ril4loll= ulElLf a

(-y ') i-
o;slflzf g+t= 4ltt6tts EHolTl gltl-. dy
- +(*v,ll
dzl [*,-r')-*r-r] :
vJ+El tH+xllfll= Il.E-=f + ?loE, 0|il
EaJole olfl trel qllEl- E+Er1loil rH
-Lr 6I|=J=
. [* $v,) - +r,a] r.
-+?.lalrl.
: (-2y - *y)i - (0 - x)j + (y, - 0)k
: -y(2 + x) i + x j * yzk rl

+H+ B+ /g zlszlb R3ql^JE HlEltI.Jg uHfl+. trI4^J ol4E sldg

41418 + 9t+. ti+ 44b zl¤rl EE]^J9 sld* o'Jg "J6H ++.

3 8zl /71- E+"J 2fl1 SrgaS- r*= +H+ 6J+"J oll, 4*"1 dB++.
curl(V/) :0
 15.5 trlErl g^t 1 007

.qls C4ql rl-+ q¤¤ E=r+.

=E
ijk
ddd gr ?l= Aa|- +^l-.J Aql
11.4trP+E1
curl(V/):Vx(V,f): dx 0y Az
++dlrl. EE 3ifE u|r1 aoll rllaH a x a
af af af : 00lrl.
dx dy 0z

a'f
0y 0z
:0i + 0j * 0k:0
d't
0z dy
lf
ffi #),.(# # k

I
_H_+4 dlEltFql^]E r -Yftl CH6I-EE, 44 EC ++4 zJol 14 u3a3.

+ el+.
Fzl- B+,zlg oll, curl F - 0014. 0lrt= ts.3Eol UUgxll 18rl HlEdlal
ol4+ ulrlrJol _H-+4ol o}.d$ +E6I- ,JHg 4l^l6J+.

llo{l{l 2 t} ElElt} F(x, y, z): *zi * ryzj - y, ktl tr+4 4rl^}"1 opHg- trq+.
Eil qal lq^J q+g EH,+.

curlF : -y(2+ x)i + xj t yzk

olAg curl F t O"Jg g"l*4. trl+^l 44 El"ll E6]], FE tr+4olzl $:4. I

c4 trq Ee gHI4.oE iJHaFxl t*xl"J, ++ ¤4b nzl E= *ql^J 4E
qH qE CHEIg "JEH ++. (+ q "JHl4sE CelEol ++84., + '+Hol H.
eH'901 cH++.) 4r-l Elb ls.3¤q 4El Eq 3;(l-fl +^r440l4.olasl
+E+ Cfl= g-s-E 6fIr.E l5.s¤9 ulzlu-|oll,tJ ,q-o+*+
^E-=^
4 ¤il Fz| R3 dillql^l cel¤ ulel$olz, olas] cBer.+zl fl+a EEEr-
+E +_I. curl F : 0olH, F= -B+4 ulE]=Jol4

(o{14! 3 l} tu) F(r, y, z) : yrz, i + zxyz3 i + 3xyzzz k7} E+4 ulElt}gg Eol+.
(b) F : V/oJ ++ /E +614

Eil (u) Fel cldg- 4l4I6iE +s-r,+ +q,

i j k
0 d d
curlF:VXF:
d"r 0y 0z
y'zt 2 xyzs 3xy2z2
1008 1s8 EEI6H4

: (6xyz2 - 6xyzz)i - (3y22'- 3y'r')j + (2y23 - 2yz3)k

curl F: sol-tr Fel499o1 R3oloE, Cal Eql E6ll F= -H-+4 ulel=Jol4.

(b) /= +61-= %r-E.g ls.3eql^J +qdq. r4o-E'l-*¤ E=+.

5 f*(x, !, z) : yz z3

6 f"(*,Y, z) : 2xYz3

7 f,(x,y, z) : \xy'z'

+4 E= ,oll $aH 4+6IE .++4 ,Jcl

8 f(*,y, 2) : xy2z' + g(y, r)

+41 tr]gl,ql +6}| ElEEtE fr(*,y,2):Lxyz'+ gr(y,z)E ga, +{ trF+ ull6[

E gr(y, e) : 0o1 E+. trl+^j g(y,z) : h(z)ola- ffiol CB+tr|

f,(x,y,z) -- 3xy2z2 + h'(z)

rflE +41 Eq 9dJ /r'(z): sol.ug tr1-¤¤ e=+.

f(*,y,r):xy'23+K I

qdol4r "lEg Eql ol ff E sldulrlzl qd4 +Al7l ?lzl ollEolr+. 6J 7l-

curl F(x, -v, u)
xl fl+Ce E+Ex1l 20oll ¤Eqq fl+. E r+- ¤+de Fz| SxlaEql^l +
Etlg +ElE trll .Jq+q15.1¤E {lzll : +4). ls.8¤ql^J s"J 4."1^l"J +^ll
(x, y, i) ollr'l (x, y, z) *J9 flzl-E gE# H4ql uI4 curl F(x, y, z)9 *.JS zl4tlY

+ql ql"ll q{q-El- 46Jol 9l-7, ol sldErl9 ,Jol- oJxl¤ol + iglE E"I
-rel
JEI
't
'l gel Eflr 6}=zl¤ 7l+61-- 4s"l+(rfl I +4).fl d Poll^J curl F:0
olH, +4l- d pql^J sldq ++6lt FE E Pql^J HlElE4(irrorational)"1+ +
+. trt^l E:.ll^] 4¤¤ol Ets- 4s4zl ¤xlldl.xl 9+-4. ol 4+ e.lE-(r=7]- Efl
El-fl)ol +ille+ B4l +zlolxluJ r +ql +6ll qd6l-zl ?*=4. curl F l0olH, sl

E9 z +ql +6ll rEld++.

ql$ EH rH zel 4 EEI1I F- +xllel +E6r-g'|{u+ :H 2(a)oll^-l P,
4 PrE E'Et+ z-19 s= dql^l curl F + 0oltt. P,ql +"J 4tg e-lE+ r +¤-
+deE ^l4lHlql Hr6JsE Eld+ 4olpE (p, =HJel +^ll= 4qI ee oJ6J
_os _6Ezl"J + +q +E7l- +s +Btr| mler+) plql^J sld Eq- k %l-.#g
714?JLl.uf4lzlxlE proll FoJ 49 e.lE* HJ6J.qE pld+ aolEE r*
^l4l
.ll^J qd {rl} -t< r}o}g 71"]rJ+. :.H 2(b)ql^J= -Et= *ql.r'l curl F:0
ol+. Pql +ql elE+ +zlle+ E4l olE6l+ r +g +dsE qd6}xl= t+=
+
 15.s Elflr1 g+t 1 009

a-,/
/ ,f*-\
v
+_,,t / t"_ \r \ v tr,
t/,/ ,/ /
/ /*-\
+-- /
\*-,/B/r/*- ('t \ t/,/ / /
rJ I l'1 f ilJ t
\\ \ tt/ /
.,\ \ \-* / /--\\\-*
--t \\ \
ep,
r--' i ,r
\ \ --, \\r tt/
/
-P\'.a
\ 4
/ t- ltr t I
ls.8troll^J (^F=.^ Ealsl ETI.E,\J) Al
I t \\ \ / / r-t I t \"7 troll rl|--J ¤Erl. sH4g E rl rl,',.il6l r.l
.-/ ,t I *-\ +-r//l*-
=r[
irLl
/ t *-\
.

c- r/
\ +_rt/t,_
ir'l I 'lltt .r
-,\ \r-./ / --\\-'-- -+
-,\ \.-.'*/ ----+\\-*---'

(a) F(x, y,z): sinyi*cosxj (b) F(x, !,2):Lxyi* (-r'+y)j

: -(sin .r * cos y) k
curl F(x, y, z) :
curl F(x, y, z) 0

fal 2 +i{iEE0ll^l +EB (Fol "JTEtrJol rBoll LIEILI ?]eq, Fzf zdEr]-+rJ6Er. zdEol 0
0l7l rrllE0il EE18e -EE +EEoil^l +e+.)

I g+T

F: Pi+ 8j
+ R kzf R3ql,<is-l Elel=Joll \p/dx, aglyy, aR/aeol +4B trll, F
o; uj{!(diversence of F)9 ++4 ,Jol o4ol4. =JEE +Hf

I diYF
dPr- ao
-o r aft
---
0x dy dz

(qI"+ FzL R2ql^l F= +E+ A+eI +^t6}4l CEq= olH+ B

EEltlolE oiv
fol'f.l curt Fz| ElEl6'-olzlq} oiv F= 4e+tl.Jg g + gl+. tl&tl E&z|V
- (dllx)i + Qlay) j - @lad kql sl6H Fsl g4}g tri+4 zJ$ zlp+ v+ Fsl
ril4se- ++tr + it+.

10 divF: V.F

(qdl 4l) r(r, y,z):xzi+ xyz j -y2 k"J rll div FE+6.l-4.
Etrl g&E 4q(+4 E E= E)ql q+ +++ E=+.

divF:V'F:a(r'a* ..,,). A
Gyr) . : z * xz
; *(-y,)

rzl
R3ql^lE Erl^JolE, curl FE R3oll^JE Eqaml4. ol4 zJ"l E&r 41
4I-J + ?ttrI. rI+ d4- A47l O.Jg H"l ++.
1 01 0 r s8 EE1"-H4

11 EEI F:p i+Qj +RXzlR3gl,rJel EEltloltr p, Q,Rzl ¤+"J 241 -8

EEL+= 7l-zlfl, ffiol dH.J+

divcurlF:0

g4F+ qd-el Ae-lE ol+6LE trl-¤¤ e.4.

=B
Agal At# a'(a x b) = o4 +Al=Joll
divcurlF:V.(V xf)
T+6FI. _ d (u* _ ro) , (u, _ u*) * u (un _ r"\
* dy\dz
d.r\dy ar/ d*/ de\dx ay/
a'?n _* u', _ a'R + o'Q _ a'P
a'O
d.r dy 0x 0z 0y dz dy dx 0z dx Ez Ey

:0
e{+6l-H c4q q+'}=¤ a"rzl4 .tle 44'J + tlzl trllEol+.
=ql-E.el

{lqIil 5|} EEI+F(x,}, z):xzi+ xyzi-y' k=4=Elq+9 gld-q-.a++ S.

+E A, + "JEe] ElEltI Goll 46ll F t curl G"Jg Bq+.
Efl qal 4"ll^J trF+g trHtrI.

'*,
r4o + div F + 0orr+. F : curr *;;; ,I+ 'I+g ?=tr*.
^o'qr
divF:divcurlG:0
olaS div F + Oql E+ol+. l4 =+ F= tr+e ElEl+E qd"l olq+. r

div Fel olal¤Eoll tH-d g+! tr +^l + B g+ol* "l#g Eql ol fi E +TllsEel 4+ql^l oldllB + glrl
elel ,lztE^1 =7{=
ls.etrsl nlrlE +E0ll^1 F(x, y, z)zl- +ill(E= 7I4)E +E'J 4l div F(x, y, e)E t9l+4'J d (x, y, z)E
¤E-=r Aol+. +El q E- +z{(E= 7}^)sl e*e] (^l+ql ++) #Hapg +Eiuri. +^l g
aJl{ div F(x, }, e)E d (x,y, e)E*El g4}6}:+zllE 46"E3+ddJ+.div F:
0"J trll, F- Hlg+{(incompressible)olr}.
ql. :.gl 3E z,I ulElt} F= +illsl +E6'-g +ElU+. :.H 3(a)ql^'1 .J
=H,
Hl4s-tr. div F I 0ol+. qlaql 4 Prql^J div FE ¤+oltHP, -iJql^"1 ^146l.
- 4qEe Pr =Hlql^l E+= ulrl=-p+ d-s -EE +sE¤ qI+sE 6r*tr1-)
d prqlrlb div FL oJ+o]q(pz ^lz16l+
4qEg p2 -Hlql^] ELI
=xlql^l
- ulelEerl- aEe +6.# ufp$e-tr 'J+q). rB 3ft)ql^l- E- *ql^l
div F : 0ol+(4 p -z-loll,! BlElEr+ ¤+= EqEe Tlel ,Jg ,Jol
^l+6-1--
E 7l-zlr gl+).
t|&t\ ElEl+ v/E ts4}g 4l4lg trll E rlE "]ts¤tlxl-z} ++++. /7I /*E
f EfolE, r+¤¤ e-+.
 ls.s altrrl g+l 101 1

-F/ / /
v
/ /,/-fi / /f t' 1
\\H.
\\\
f.al 3 +illE=oll^J
Uol rzJoll LfEfLf
ulElSr.(Fol
flqq, Fz|.z8Ezl
"J+E

r'P .FD ,r
rl o
,/ ,/ ,r .r /+
E'
r2a
,/ /t t 1 \ \\
Po
+rJdlr r¤Eol oolzl ttllEoll ulElEP
_".E +Efloil^l +,Jrl).
--+ -4 "n r' r' I --+ ,---v -r.r ,r I \\
F-+ s ) 4 a --+ --+ _---+ --u ) t r\ rF- +-

x
--D - F

..--s --a \\ \ \ *=s> \\ \ / 1{

--)a \ \\ \ \ \---a \\ \ I I / /d
\\ rt{ \ \\\ \\ \ I I / /{
(a) F(,r, !, z\: (1 + x2) i + y j (b)F(;r, y,z):-xi+yj
div F(x, y, z):2x * I div F(-r, y, z): O

a'f a'f
div(v/)-v.(v/):ff* dy'
+ ^1
r)z-

:.elr ol -EEg g6l v'f E ++. ++4 ge s+4= elEe]A g!+tr[

=q
(Laplace operator)+ ++,
V2: V'V
ell+:"LH tt¤. alErta HJd+l(Laplace's equarion)4el +41 trl+ol+.

y,r:#.#.ff:,
E+ ++4 rJol 7+845 fl+Ixl- Vr¤. ulEl+ F : p i + gj + R kql c+EE
4+6J +E 9l+.
v2F: v?Pi + v',gj + vrRk

r f.al Ealq E|El E^l

sld4 B4Ig F6I] ril 4;-lE *sEE trt+.fl^J +s" 6l-7ll + + gl- EEItr +
7l+ts + ?l+ ca 441+deE 6l+ ¤EEq De+ EI+ p, g7l rfl 4q
^l
9 zl{$ EI+++r zl{6}r, EEltr-F: P i + 2jE ^J461-zI. ol ulEltlel d
4EC ++4 +q.
$ n.dr:f,ra*+edy
FE
^ll
trall CE"l Oql R'ql^lel EEIx}ss ^J461-H rl+g E-+.
i j k
curl F : a

dx
d

3v
d

0z
(* #) k
P(, v) 8G, y) 0
1012 159 trlEl6H4

:r.ElFtr +s=r+ ,J+.

(curlF) 'k: (', - ")k.k:ao - aP

\4, ay/ 0x 0y
trI+^J rA 44q1 gl. 4lg ++e-l dlEl ¤4sE + + ?lrl.

E $n ar:f r rds: JJ (*orrF).kdA

D

+4 El= c +lql^l Fel dd^"iBE c4+g cE EEITAF"J ¤9 p gloll.rJ curl

Fel +El^dBe.l olf{$e-E +4u+. olxll Fg tsdc+q] E+E +^t* +^]
g +E611 tr-zt.
czf q4. 4q%r-441 " -+ +q41qr 61.z1-.
.(r) :;(r) i + y(r) j, as t<b
-v

T(r)
++lddElEl- rl=q=r+ +rHlz.z4 +a).
n(t) T(4 : *'(t) Y'(t)

C
H(rl'*;.o;;t
0 .{ cql q-J ufp{s_EE ++lBculrlz} q+-eE +"1d9 +H,g f glrkf-H +

ral a
+a).
n(r) : v'U) x'(t)
mTt-,*1 'r

r*lts 15.2¤E t4 EsE+El rfl 448 "l+Ell^l q+¤ g=+.

f r. nds: Jj tr.nXr) lr(flldt

: y'(r)
H,[- -
pr, I r1r(r), y(r)) Q@U),y(r)) ,'(r) ] lr'(r) | dr
Jo L r(,1 ]
: I:
p(x(t), y(t)) y'(t) dr - e3(r), y(r)) x'(t) dt

:J; Pdv- edx:JJ(* .#)r^

rEl+ "l ol+4Eql^iq El4s++= FE E+Iolr+. ,rl+^l tri+4 zJ* zfl
4r-lel zll2ElEl B^jg e=+

13
$
r . n ds : Ji 0,, F(x,y) dA
D

ol ¤He c +lql^l Fel Hd{+e.l d4++ c-e $*laf"J gq D flql^l F

^lel
E B&E ol+zi$+ rJ+- ag "J611 +tr}.
 1s.s 6lErl g+i 1 01 3

Is.s I t+=ril
I-4 q¤- EEI+E (a) fld, G) g4lg +6I+. :
("f FXr, y, z) f (x, y, z) F(x, y, z)

-1. F(x,!,2): xy'zzi * xzyzz i * xzy2zk (F. G)(r, !,2):

(F x G)(,r, !, z) :
F(x,y, z). G(x,y,z)
F(x, y, z) x G(x, y, z)
2. F(x,!, z) : xye' i * yze'k
+ G) : + div G
3.F(x.y.z):!-i+
' l*z
6 t+ G u
13. div(F div F
1*x" l*y la. div(/F) : fdivF + F . V/
4. F(-r, !, z) : (e' sin y, eY sin z , e' sin x|
15. div(F x G): G. curlF - F. curlG
16. curl(curl F) : grad(div F) -
rH$ *ol xy ¤Eql rel4 ila +E trE
s-6 ulEl+ Fzt V'?F

+S¤Eql^lE FoJ6I+(+^l B6H^J FE eoll EB"ll ed$

g 001+). 17. r: xi + yj + zkoltr r: lrl"J q +g 6}+4g +H
6l-4.
(a) d Pq^J div Fzl- oJ+, ++ EE 0tlz}? ¤H6I+.
(b) curr F:0"Jzl +46t+."}q+H E pq^J qL %lrJg (a) Vr:r/r (b) Vxr:0
zlt)tlitll (c) V(l/r) : -r/r' (d) V ln r : r/rz
5.y
t tt t
6. v ls. +4 EE ¤4e E :il C4= olgalf,tJ q+ raJel

t 1". t I fl1I d=+l(Green's first idenrity)¤ +H 614.

tt : f.rtony . n ds - II ,t.Ys dA
lt
1 1

IIt) rv't dA
I I D

0 x x {zl,rl De} c= :zfl d"-lel 7}dg q}+otl, f4 s4

4'J+ $raj.fz| S4"14. (oJ Vs . 11 : Do,
=x.}]6}ir.
7. (a) f (x, y, e) : +4 trg +eold+.
sin ryeoll ql6H ,| czl+"ll^-l +4t+. olag HdEq nflr-r]eEel EJ
(b) F(x, !,2): xyzzi + xzyzs j + y'kql 46ll +{ 11
al.E.grf o
I I, I g EdEEf+(normal derivarive) 4 6J4. )
g +"J?rl-+ Ie. 6J+ ez| Doll^l E+=44 %'-4^19 EI+6J+H, + Dql^J
8-10 EEI+ol -H-¤4oJxl olBxl tr¤6}4. _tr+4olE F: v/ yrs :OolE, rE arlg+uJ4¤- zJflalzfil3.3¤ +a).
e ++ /E +6F4. fflel xlll.*F4l(g+Ezll rJg 4d+=- TtTl)g ol+
18r+

!, z) : (2xy3z2,3xzyzzz,Zxzy3z) =sloJfolE $, Doeds:gflg- trqq.

alla-l gzF Doll^J
8. F(.v,
qzl,tJ D"sY fl+E4l l8ofJ,rl 4elB e9 Hdrg4o1r1.
9. F("r, !, z) : (1, y, (x/y) * ln z, yf zl

: 20. ol +^lI= qdqElel r4d +41= ¤gaJ+. Bb

10. F(r, !,2) yzze" i* ze" j* xyze" k ^l-olel
z

fr$ f{ qdq+ +++ Eill{ 6}zt. clde Eq

o_+

11. curl G: (-r sin y, cos y, e - xy)oJ R3q,q9 Ule]^J Cz} w : rrrk? ¤Eg + tl+. q7l^-1 r,,E Bg ?++q, + B

¤8614. "JE "Jelel d PE dd+qg qd+gE+E|E 44 d

={6l+7|?
-E +b 4"14. r -- {x, y, z}E Pel +lil{El{ 6J-zF. t+
12. f , g, h7l rl$zffi6-l *+"J "ll, 4qt} F(x,y, z):f{x)i o r .7,Izl
+ s(y) j + h(z) kz[ u1q44"Jg trq+. r= +E =l E+J

(a) :afloll^l e= ^J4611^J Bel +E+ol v : w X r_tr_

7+
13-16 4¤tI EEEtfzt ¤zl]6t7 E+"Jg 7I4Et .I rl-+ +qdg e.q+.
'J+4g +H6I4. f7l n++*olr. F , GzI ulrl^JolE.fF, (b) v : r,ry i + &rr joJg -H.q+.
F'G, F x G= Q-q=4 zJ"l C9el4. :2 wgg Hq+.
(c) curl v
1 01 4 159 ElEl6H4

21. F -Ys BEI9I EE EEI+$'!l curl F:09 "J+61]-,

w
F: curl G BEllel E= EIEIAI* (zl$+ E"lE9 E4
rJ z}d ol4) 4l oiv F: 0¤ EI+++. {zlrJ ++4 ,J
* gEol ^Ja+. ,f : div c B4E _Er= E|+z| q!=r.l
.$xllg afiBol R3ql^lel
"J+6IE "lH +lol ?ttszl-? "l
B
// d gE ¤+,=L+ /zI g+I"Jg +E*sErq
\.t P
"lE EEI+E
I
'olqg'oJg trq4.
I
[e!-=: g(x,y,r) : jil f\,y,e) droJ u]l

G(x, y, ,) : \g(*,!, z),0,0) o g --b4.]

0

.{

1s.6 lo]|TH+E3lf kilol

zlEzltl flzlE, olil-+E, olE+ 6J+el :fellE, r7]r +H+ Et+E ¤:+l+E
E"4 rJe eEllE +Eg ¤irl *+. {zlrJ} o]lzl+Hol+ 6.l-- gH}4ql
=E+
+Eg ¤B6l-71 +16l] ElElEr-+E ol$ap r H"l= 4ltlall Ezf. r47 "JHI4
.J +Efl Hol *{g +61-7 r4ol SEaJ +Eql qBill 4*4tsx1 oiolExf.

I E]|TI|+E!

+.J ,]]rll{+,-el dlElEL+ r(fls +++dg ¤H6|= a4 rJC HlEsE, F zH

9 ,]]r}lE+ u, uE 4qoJ+ r(u, u)E- +Eg ¤HrJ + ?ttr}. ur BHE ¤q Dql
^J
{e]El= tl+ dlElr,i EI+. ^J46txI.
1 r(u, u) : x(u, u) i + y(u, a) j + z(u, u) k

^dE++ x,y, zY 4EEol DoJ + H+ u, u4 e+o14. fu,

q-+^-l rel u)71 Doll
-Szlolr ++g EI+61= R'el E (x, y, e) dxll9 d.Jg ufizfl4E(parametric
^l
surface) Sq 6J4.

2 x: x(u,u), y: y(u,u), z: z(u,u)

+41 trlE Se-l 0tl7flU*HJfl*l(parametric equation)"leI 6J.+. uel , 449 d4

.9 s +le.l 4g +4U+ + -E.. dqg E6ll s +lel E= dg e-+. +^l "JEl]

+E s:- (rz, a)zl- ¤q Dql^l +z1g oI +l^lulrl r(a, ?)el +dql el6ll rEl
^-l
drlt:H 1 +E).
 15.6 EHTH+Erf r .J0l 101 5

.t

r __qrq
----+

r(u, u)
0 LI
0

,{
-}, f.eJ 1 !ll7l]+E

ilqH! I |) EEIHJ{+lol r(u, a):2cos ui i u j * 2sinakoJ +Eg rell +"J61-4.

Eil ol +Eel ,llzll$f%r{^l+ tr|s=+ *L+.
x:Zcosil, !:0, z:2sinu (0,0,2)

44C +H"il tl= "JslE d (x,y, z)gl 4rll tr1+¤ e=+.

x2 + z2 : 4 cos'u * 4 sinzu : 4
0
-\-\_*
ola* xe¤E(* yE ^J+)ql ¤4+ +4+E+dol E+ HlzlEol 20J fl.J¤ gul .r
v

++. ,: poltr ooll r{q+a4ol Hzl "ilEql, +E+ y+g +C+oe a}E {!z]gol (2, 0,0)

zoJ flzlEol+(rH z +z). r =eJ

2

qlxll lollrJ oHz]]Hf u4 ugl 4qL xlloJaflol s.-o oe. sd+ flzlFs HH
+. qlE Eq q+4 ,Jol oflrll{+el $flEg zll+o}E x ) 0, zz 0,0 < y < 3 (0 3,2)
ol+.
9.
0<u1rrl2, 0<a<3
.r

rrJr rB 3ql^J ¤E¤ zjolzl-3oJ ^l-+

flzlfol Er|.
_,

-rel
JE
2
+qd+H, sql tsolE F 2119 +++ +d+
o]jz}J*H szl-EEIEL+ r(u, a)E- \Jr

ol E{*rl. 6l+= uz| {$oll, 4,,lzl* utl {l+oJ +ol+. olg {g &rBE
ql^J +zld4 +Edql r}]s"oJ4. rrE u: uoge ++"Er,l {}+E dr+dl-H,
r(as, u)= +g 4z}]Hf ,9 ulrlElfzl- Elr sql +ql +d crg C-e.l.Jq(r
H 4 +4).

(uo, as)
r
U: +
cl
I

UO

D il:Ho

0
0 u

v
"{
r=4
 1016 159 trlEl6H4

uf4lzfxltr uE u: uooE +.7. t}+-tr. Sql +fl r(u, uo)98 +olzl

^J461-8,
+d cr? E=rI "1fl +dg 4r[ EdGrid curve)olr] qL+(qlzll lql^1, ql=
=
E"l uE ^J+e 6H^l Eg 4zl-*dg +¤cola, HlEql ?E ^}fe dl^J Ee
4xl- {dg gol E+) u1211+Eg rg trll, rI* {lxll$ rJol o}+1-
^|d fl+rle
"1fl 4xt {dEol rq4l +Eg rflr+.

(o1l4l 2D #+ElE ol+6I^J q+- +Eq r4E= rel+.

r(u, a) : <(2 * sin a) cos u, (2 + sin u) sin a, a * cos u)
azl- tft] Ag qL 4zl-*d.Jzl-? uzl tlfoJ Ag qL 4xI *d"Jzl-?
o*+ Eil:zH s= 4rHB+el CEEoI 0< u14rr,0<u<Zrr"J +H ++gr4-=E-
++u 4.o14. a4+ +d+s EoJoltrl. 4zl- *c9 +oJ6l7l +16l] ++ "l]z]]tri*
ut+ c4g-E +E}u+
*: (2f sina)cosu, y : (2t sinu)sina, z : Lt* cosu
uz[ $folH, sin ue[ cos uE {t-folq Ir}+^J "I]z}JHf*B^]g l2.l¤E {lxll +9
.\'
+d4 H?t'}. tr|+^J azl- +r-f"J 4zL *d¤- rH sql^J +d +dolrJ. utl ++"J
4xt {dol reql^j gx]fl B"l* +d.Jql 5eS4= Ag +=ts + 9l+ trl++
.\'

-ral tr
JEJ
olql ql.J +4= u7l u: uooJ +++E 4 z: ao * cos azl 7]o1 uo- loll^-l ,o + lvl
zl H++= 4.9 trolzl ullE"l4. I

ql4l 14 zql^l 4ElB}4alol iq#.a 4*aFb ,l]zl]+HE r4E= r4E+

611 9i+. rq+ {xll.ql^J= +"141 +Hg ++4= EEI6J+E +E q
'l*
+ E.d6]l g "J+ ExllTl-+qd+. ol t}el 4"lzl ++ql^J- aa{g EE #
6l + ¤sz} 9lg 4ol+.

ilql4l 3D +lildlEl roTt 4 pog zl+r ¤q6lxl *= F ulrl ael-b= E6J6I= B

Eg ++'HE ElEl++E +61+
P EOI rzl-¤E.JE gele] + Eol{E, ulrl a HF6Jp_E "ltr rl4e+ Eq b %r-t.Js
ub

4 utl +^HEL+.(rH 6* u4 uz| "JfoJ {+ql ¤6J^l-H¤ Bzlql 9all ol4ol q

a Brll ¤-zlol=zl ¤H.J+.) rol p9 +lzlElElolH +¤.4 +q.
tra

6
.:od*"7:ro* ua,l-ub
=aJ
,rt+^J ¤f z4 uoll 4all ¤Eq ElEl%F44lg ++4 rJol ¤ + ?tq
r(u,u):ro* uaiab
r: (-tr, y, z>, ro: (x6, )0, z6), a: (a1, a2, r,3l, b: (br, b2,\>o\H, d (xs, )s, ed*
xl+= *EE ,llzflEf%r¤^lg q¤4 zJol ¤ + 3t+
 15.6 oHTH+Erf r .J0l 1017

x: x0 * uh I abr, !: )o * uaz * ubz, Z: Z0 1- uaz I uh I

{ qH 4 l) +H xz + y2 * z2 = azel ullzflH+ E¤g- +6i4.

Eil +e.$ +E4Etql^J ++alz]l p : aE_ EtrE+. trI+^l +HaIEql^l 4 #* e

4zl]E+e q6IzI(14.88 +4). rBlE +H4EE z]r.r+E-+. H+l6l7l +16]] oJC
=
^lql^l
p: aE_ +_q_E(14.8¤el +4 fD, +He] 4zl]Hf+t44sE +gg E=+.
x:asinf cos0, y:asinf sin0, z:acos,f
olql 4+61-E EEI,J¤{* ++4 A+.
r(+,0): asinf cos0i + asinf sin0 j * acosf k
0S+(r, 0 <0<z7.olT]E rl]zJ]H* 4EEg zl^l-4¤ D: [0, n] x [0, Zn-1o1
4. ftl tl+e 4x| +de(4EE .trr.Ja]]) g4+ ?l_q + ¤ gg olE+. 07t ^J+"J
4x|*d3 ++rl B+E fl¤6t= zlsd(Hlfl)ol4(:zH z $al.
H

a_
Llt

6:c r
0 4:,
k
0:k
-)
Y

0 ( 'n o 0:k r a=JT

NorE qlx{ 4ql^J Bgt*ol +Eq 46.J 4xEdg +lE "l 4rz} .J¤+ +dol+.
gHI4tl ,Izll*Hol zlEE "J=+E 4xl*dg +ld "i ad4 +^1614. (:H s"il
eol) ollzl]*H +lel + d¤' us]. ?/el zl4¤ ,,lg +=eea] r del +lEe+ 4E
^Je+
E += AilH ¤H'J+.
rtlTH=E"l EE 6 6lLl= Z+El raHE
0l+, feJ 8P ,2 +.y2 * z2 : I oJ +E 4l

E zoll Ea}| Er. ?lsl ola|1+ BJ+= EE

e ral aol+. E+El7l^|-4 4rl.Al4.J
ol8dl.7l ttl|Eoll +"1 g?Eol uulTl
= ^}|
LIElLJrl. E+ Lfg ral eE qlrll 40ll^l
LIEIU nt|ztlfl#UE^l$ 0|E6t|^J A+El

fal g -]el O
tr ral aolq-
JEg

(qH 5I} flzl¤. x2+y2:4,01211q1 ql.J rllzHE* E¤¤- +6.|-r+

Efl flzlEB flzlF 6IEql^J ,J*6l.4, r:2tr -trdB+ q+^l flzlF 4}Eql^l
ullzllflftr" 04 zE q++. rflH flzlf9 ,]]zllfl.f*{^l+ +*4 ?Jq.
1019 159 ulElEH4

x:zcos 0, y :zsin 0, z : z

{zlrJ 0<0 I 2rr, 0 < z< 1ol+. alq zlaE .Rl^l ++48 q-q=4 rJr+.
r(0,2) : 2cos 0i + zsin0j * zk
rH l0qlrJ zJol, EEI++ r$ 4zll{+ Bq D= $zlie--tr -E-u+. ¤zlrl
D : {(0,e) I 0 S 0 12r, 0 < e S 1}

k r
-i+
D z:k
0 C 2n0 -------------*

0:c
_v

.f.eJ 10 .f, .

fi qq 611 4flEEE e : xz + 2y2$,++'HE 4El%r-¤^lg +614.

Efl ,, yE ullzHH+E ^Jr+61-8, ollzHH+tr-C4lg q+4 zJol zJ$aJ-uf

x: x, y: y, z: x2 + 2y2

r(r,y) : xi + yj * (x'+ 2y2)k

"JHl4sE +Eol xel-y9 ++E :a4s-+ +qzlts, + z: f(x,y)e+ rJg ¤

4el ,JCrl$ zl-zl$ :z +Eg EJa} re} yE tr]]z]]H+E dqalfu}]zllHfBr4
al"l 4¤.rt zJg oilzi]+Ege ++6J + 9l+.
x:x,
!:!, z:f(xry)
+H9 ,llzHHf Efl(uflzlJH+o|+ ql+)e +"Jatzl t*'1. ffi {xll= gg+
E9 ollzll{+p+61-- + Tlxl ,JHg Eq +l- fl+.

(qd| +E , :2,W,
7 [) + gg+4. z' :4xz + 4y'4 +l+ Hlq 4eL 4lzl]
H+%L{{g +61"+.
Effi t zlzl zl+* ollzllH* E¤¤. xet yE 4zllHfe dq+sEa] 4*4 ,Jol

Es + fl+.
x:x, !:!, ,:2J*'+y'
tr++^j EEI%IC4]* q-gr} *E|
r(r,y) : ri + yj + Zrffi U
 15.6 !H7H=Erl"r hJol 1019

Effi4E ,l]zllga +tr* +41-E r4 0E ollzl]HfE qEI"E,iAJ gg + gI+. g

g+H +lE .oJ d (x, y, e)E x: r cos 0, y: r sin 0, z :zrf7 + y' :ZrE "J++
+ trl-+^J gg+Ee-l EEI%I-4419 q+4 rJ+.

r(r,0): rcos0i + rsing j + Zrk

¤zlrJ r>0o1tr0<0<2rolq. r

+zlq q+ qlxll zg Eol lri 2el o}JzHEf Etrg qrJol rq+_61-^l+, qE 4

+"ll= gol ztl rJ 4¤.J +E gt+ ql= EE "JE ¤H z: 1 0l-4ql +ql Eg
+Eq ++ql"J +dol gl+8, *4zI "}loF g "J+ ¤ol 2ql^l ,llzllHf gq"J
++4 rJol ul-+= dol4.
- {(r, o) lo 1r<, }, o = o <zrr}
D

rqE EEI++ r3 Sq D= rH 11ql r44l HlgHE.o + ql+^lrJr}.

1 I
2
r r:k
k
0:c
D

0 C 210 v
-\1
f.al 11

I EIE +E
glc +Eg ++g + glrl ql= Eq f@)>_ 0.J +d y :.f(.r)E
,I]7HH+E
a 1 x < bql^-l xffi +dsE qd^14 ec *H S- rH l2oll.<1
^d46lzl-. 0t.
E-ol+l 9d4ol+ 6I^l-. (x, y, e)z} s +lel 6J dolH ++r+ ?JLl t,

,]f

3 x: x, y: f(x) cos0, z :/(x) sin0 f(.r)

tr+4^J re} 0E o}]zl]H#e q"]lal /(.') (x, y, z)

+4 Elg sel "]]rl]E+HJC4]sE ^J4++.
ollzflHf9 {EE* a I x s bel 0 < 0 < ZrrE_+q4l+.
.f (x)
x

{qlfl 8l) +d y:sinr, 0<x <ZrrE xf,$ +dsE sld^14 B= +Hql ql.J
qlzflHf*441¤- +61-4 ol HJealg
"l*6ll^J sld +HE r4lsE rqn+.
rg 12

EflI El A+
"HrHH+HJC4C ++r+
(J

^]
x : x, y : sinx cos0, z : sin,r sinO

,HzllHf9 4EEg 0 < r 12r,0 < 0 <2rrol4. e+qE olf-oll.! r .l

"l ',J¤^lE
fls=:aEltr, qd6IE :zH 139 rqsE g=4. r -rEl 12
JE lL,
1020 159 ElEldH4

+4 EIg +c6H^l y+ E- z+* ?c_oe. qd^14 e* +Eg 'tE},-J +

E tltrl.

I EIEE!
ol4l +l;lqElz} r(uo, u6)?_! d Po"ll^J ++ ulqE}+s +q4l ollzll+H sel d¤
Hg +=Jtr|.

r(u, a) : *(u,u) i + y(u, o) j * z(u, a)k

u7l u: Ho?I
^J++a)i "llzllHf u"Jg ulrlEr#zl 9l sql +q
6l-H, r(ao,
gl. 4zl- +d crg CgBrH:H 14 *4). poollrl c,9 dd4q r,* 4*4
zjol aoll *d 19 ¤=-9.i5 q6Js_ts,ti Eq4l+.

4 ," : ff (uo, ao), * #(uo, ,r)i * *E(ao, ao) k

ril
(uo, as)

a:ao
H:ilo
_+ r
D
C,
0 u

x v
azJ 14

e$ "JH o B, u7l u: oo?l ^J+4 6rts, sql +q 9lE r(u, ?o)-o + +"1+1 4
zI +d cr? E-tr-, P,ql^J
"l4el ddEEl= +gr+ +L+.
5 ,,: ff (uo, oo), * #(ro, uo) : * *(ao, uo) k

r,xroTl0ol olqH, +E sE-Eln4E +Eol+ 6Jr| (ol +Bg'-E^14'zl- s.

rl.) {lzqg +Hql q+ trBE(tangenr plane)$ ddBJH ru, r,$ EoJaf| $g
oltr, Elrl r, x r,i. d¤Eel Hdqqolq.

(qlfl 9|) d (1, 1, 3)"ll^J rflzflH**{alol x: LtZ, y: t)2, z: u. + 2uoJ +Hql q]

+ d¤tsg +61B}
Eq H4 dddlEl= 4l4IElH q++ ?JEI.

0x dy 0z
r I + j +-k:Zui+k
0u Eu 0u

Ex dv
r,: rri
dn
+
da
+ dz
.k:Zuj + 2k
=j da
 15.6 Efl7t]+Erl r 'Jol 1 021

tri+^l E¤Eql rH.J H{EEI= +gq ?Jr+ reJ 15= ql8l qq .A,\+ r.^|.61.= +E
rl E (1, r,3)oll^l tr'JEq -Laflss;11
i jk
r, X rr: 2u 01 : -Zui - 4u j + 4uuk
(1, t,3)
0 Zuz
d 1,3)e rflzllfl#9
(1, 4ku:14 u: lql 'I+Eql ++6tzl.trl+^J E{EEI= v

+gr+ rJq. .l:

2i-4j+4k =ffiF
--HJ.-

r4o+ (1, l, 3)ql^J dBEg rls=4 ?J+. ral 15

-2(* - 1) - ab - 1) + aQ - 3):0
x*2y-Zz-t3:0 n

I br{01
=EI
olxll t4 ELE +qd "JHI4"J ,l]zl]*Eq Hol= 4elEI+. ++6-}41 6-17l glEll
,HzHEf 4EE D7l zl^1-48"J +Eg olag ++ n,;e 4b
^J46E, ^L4B
4. ftr9 94 oI4 flFolE (a,+, a,s)-E qolxHrH 16 +a)
ll Z

D f
'Au r
+
Lr.t

1U;, Uj)
t)
0 u fal 16 +-= Al-48 R,;ql dE E+ su
x v 0lrl.

4+6|= *E sel +E s,j= 44ol+-i Fr olAE fl-5ol + o1Ll-= +l

ft,iql
zlEEltlr(u!, o,t)oJ d p,E E}=+. +al trs} [[q +qd 44 rJol ++ ElEl
- Puql^JE ddEElEl 6}zl-

r,f : r,(u!, a!) , rf; : q(uf , uf) p4

(a)
a4 flFol7l- EElql el6ll qg4l *afglzl
r7(a)= p,iql^-l HI'+- 4?+4 +
Hol +4. olfl 4qEe ¤s+fz} il-el +.I E"ll ?lzl qlEql iL f
= =^l+l
4lzltll L,urr.etArrf oll Edl] + gl+.ul+^J ulel AarfelAarf-tr Ed L,urj
=^J+l
Elb Eq^IH¤str s,jE: +^I^lrJ+ ol BB^l-Heg rH l7(b)ql +4+ gtr A,uri
Puql^J sE dBEql +.Jq ol $a$;.J-EBE Hol* +s=4 ?Jq.
(b)
|
(Au rf) x (Aa rf) I : l.f x rf I L,u Lu
feJ 17 E"J^lHtroil sl-d=^|.44
1022 158 EEI6H4

trI+^l sel Holql 4-J -+t#g ++4 rJti.

,1

E E lrf x rf lLuL,u
i:t j:l

zl+4sE +E
^Ir+¤E +E
#tlt17lH ol **aL* +r*ql 4 tlql& rJg *
Ag g + glr, ol+qlg ol+48 Jjo 1., y ',1 du daql ql+ qu3 aJe
=+=
_E oJ4+4. ol4e q+ ee]E +E6Jr+.

6 8el ,l]rz*lg ollzl]*E sE ILld4lol ffi$ eqa 6}zl

r(u, u) : x(u, u) i + y(u,a) j * z(u,u)k, (u,u) e D

sz| u117HH+ 4elq DE E6ll +-zlol+ (u, u)o]l q4 + + H rBl+]+H, sel +
E LJOl(surface area)t q-q,=4 ?Jq.

A(s) : jl lr, X r,l dA

D

¤zlal rugl r,E r++q- +Ll.

0x dv
aui-;k'
Ez r,: dr dv- Ez-
an:i+*j**u
",:;i+

(qfil t0|) elxl_=ol aoJ +E +ts Holt +6I+.

Eil qlal 4E+El +g,l]7]]H+ sBg "J+.
x:asinf cos0, y:asinrf sin0, z:acos,f
{zlxl oHzl]Hf9 4elqg ++r+ ++.
D: {(+,0) I 0 5 + s r, o ( o < 2r}

H4 ddulEle] Ezlg 4l4I6l-E ++r+ ?Jt;+.

ij k
0x dy 0z i j k
r6 X r d+ a+ a+ acosf cos0 d cos ,f sin 0 -a sin f
0x dy 0z -a sin f sin 0 a sin,f cos 0 0
a0 ae a0

: a'sin2f cos0 i* azsin2,f sin0 j* a2sin,f cos@k

0< d S rr"J 4 sind = 0o1.oe q¤¤ g=+.

lr+ x rdl : a asinaf cos20 * aa sinaf sin20 * casin2f cos2S

a asinaf * aasinz$ cos2@ : a2ltitt'+ : s2 sin f

:a4 oE_ CE Eql 4+ +Eq Hol|- Qe={ +L+.
 1 5.6 E||Tl]+Er'| I ',io | 1 023

o : IIl., x r,lde
: ff" I; "'sin f d+ do
D

: sz
oa-

l-' d0
n_

l" sin + d+ : a2(2rr)2: 4nez I

Jo Jo

r g+ fEl|EE 'Jol
=E
(x,y)tl D "Jql 9Ir. /= fl+ql EEEL+= *-+r 6l-zt. E.f z : f(x, y)E i
"lzlb *H sE #+ A+ql 4rll ,4 yE ,llzllH+E q+q. ,l]z}]Hf*Cal
g 4+4 rJ+.

x:x, !:!, ,:f(xry)

trl+^l 4*ol {B'J+.

r,: i. (#) -, ry:i . (#) -

ij k
af
I 0 af af
7 r, X rr: 6x I- j+k
0x dy
af
0 1
dy

:z+l=e. +¤¤ g=4

E lt- X r,l: (#)'. (#)'*,: l+ (*)'. (#)'

{e] EE +E t-Jol
;t^lg. rls=r1 rJol ¤4.
E^l trpil^Jq +E Hol 8.1tr0il
=:^lrl.
+g Eg aol B^lg +^ldoll +
tr A(s) : 1+ (#)'.(#)"o ^1ql
+6l-^1..
lJ
D
fh
,: (ff)' o.
), '.
( qlfl Il l) *H e : e o}?llql +"1 gl= sEH z: x2 + y'9 ++q HolE +61-EI
Eil ¤83 sgE4 g x2 + y2 :9, z:9"11^J -il.i16J+. lqoE +qd +E+ +
dol fldol:2, qlzl=ol 3"J fl+ D +lql +q ?l+(rH l8 +a). +41 EE. "l+61-
H ++s e=+.

^:lJ ,. (#)'. (#)'*

D
1024 158 EE]6H4

:IJ + (2x)' + (2y)2 dA: IJ 1+4 *y' dA

;l D D

+4IEE Ht+E ++4 ?Jq

o : fr" f; enl rdrdo : f" do l', I -f 4rz dr

D : zn(il?(r * 4rz)3,'.l:o:
[@Ji - t) tr
J "y
-{

fal 1g +E Holql qrJ d9 Eol +gE+ "l4tsEE +Ee.l Hol *al(8.2¤E +

^l
mr+ gzl$^lql ql+ 9$ol H=+
4d y :f(x), al x < bE xft$ +dsE sld^14 Eg +H SE ^J46IxI.
{zlrl f@)> 0olr f '+ 84"14. +4 ElsE+El sel "llzl]Ef+r4^lg ++
4 rJ+g gr ?l+.
x : x, y : f(x)cos 0,, : f(x)sin0, a 1 x 1 b, 0<0< 2r

se.l +E -JolE 4141617l flall r-1-g- ddulqzl 9,q-al-4.

r, : i +"f'(r) cos 0 j + "f'(x) sin 0 k

re : -f(x) sin 0 j + /(x) cos 0 k

44rJ q+ q4g e=+.

ijk
r, X 16: I f' (x) cos 0 f'(*) sin 0
0 -f@ sin 0 /(x) cos 0
: f(*)f'(r) i - /(x) cos 0 j - /(x) sin 0 k

r4I /(x) > 0ollr.tr. r-]g=$ g+.

lr, X .rl : l'z

2+ x COS 0+ ]2 sin20

:M:f(x: 1 + [/'(x)

la4_= + se.l H"l- trl+4 ,J+.

o : IJ lr, X r,ld.t
D

: ff" Iltt.).-fTflrlt dxdo

: 2rr I' tt.lJt + lf 'GW a*
olag ule troJEf "l4Eqlql Lls- sldalE +E Hol= 4el(8.2¤E +4
E)6Lzl +1611
^l-+g +4oJtrl.
 15.6 rt]Tll+Erl- r 'JOl 1025

rs.6 | u+=xtt
1. +q{ +H +lql d Pe+ Qzt +ol glbxl +{EI+. 10-13++ +Hq 4t 4zHE+ seg +6I+.
r(u,u) : {u * a,il - 2u,3 * u - o} 10. gEg xl+I ulEl i - jel j - kE EEr6l-= ¤H
P(4, -5,1), O(0, 4, 6)
11. ye¤E *ql +q il= tL+E 4x2 - 4y'- e2:49 i E
2-3 Eq%l44lol trl+r+ rJ+ +Hol qH a.Jxl Etd+.
12. flSE e : x' + y' +lql +ol 9l= +E x2 + y2 * z2: 4
2. r(u,u) : (u+ a)i + (3 - a)j + (t + 4u+ 5u)k utl
-iol -r-irl
3. r(s, r) : (s cos ,, s sin r, s)
13. ¤H z: o4 r:3,8 +ol gt= A x2 + y2 + z?
^FlqJ
:36E ?ts
m4-6 4+ElE ol$all.rJ qlz]l*Hg :1El+. ¤q6li^j qL 4
zI +doJ utl t]folr, azl t+"JzlE +44n+
ffir+. ,J+El= oJ-$all.! ++4 z;-g:.eflEE rrj+.
4. r(u,u): (u2,u2,u * ul,
-l<u<1, -l<u<l -1

5. r(u, u) : (u', u sifi u, u cos u),

-l<u<1,01u<2rr ;0
6. x: sin u, y : cos u sin{u, z : sin 2u sin4u,
0 < u 12r, -n 1a < rrl2
-J -t

r4EE 4i1r f ol+E ¤H6IE+. q

7-e ,JC^14 I-IIIe-l
L 47I +d+oi utl tdlolt atl .ctfqlzl +¤61-4. ffi1s. 4d y :t/(l * *r), -z < x < ZA xffi +dgE old^l
4 e.$ +HE r]]zl]HfHJ{4lg +aE, ol-g olf-o|l,r.l
Iz II
+Hq r4EE f3J+.
EEto. (a) 441 2ql^J(lg 5 el-a) cos aE sin rz-E, sin ag cos u
.E HI-E+E +dFq= qE4] EEZ}?
(b) cos a$ cos ZuE-, sin aE sin2uE- HI+E El
J
"lBZl
LzL?
l' L, I:
.l
v
zlc¤ dql^l +qd olzll*B"il
'l]+ d¤Eq
17-18 %'-4
III {g +6Ir+.
17. x: u * u, !:3112, z: Lt - l)t (2,31 0)

18. r(a, a) : ucos u i* u sin aj * uk; il: l, u: rrfS

mle. 4cE dql^j +qd ,l]zl]*H"il ql+ d¤Eel %r.4^l¤.

+a.I+. r4r +H+ dBEg rBJq.
-r ")'

7. r(u,u) : ucosui * asin j* uk

u
r(u,u): uzi -f 2u sinuj * rucosuk; H: l, u:0
8, r(u,u): (u3 - u)i + u'i + uzk
: : :
20-2s +q{f +EE HolE +6I+.
9. x cos3tr cos3?, ;l sin3a cos3c,, z sin3u
20. zlllg$+rJ ?Iql +q ilE BE :.r +2y*e:69 ?ts
 1026 159 HlEl6}l4

21. gTlfil *'+y' =3 4ts{l tsolb IIE , +2y+32:14 05y<4el H"lE+{Et+.

tJ tl
-r.ir T 16) A+El 4+4l4l$ ol$all,tl (a)9 *E HolE ef
d ot4 9lz,ll zl4zlzl 4l+}6}l, (a)9 B4
22. +tr z:l1x'/'+ y'/'),0<x< 1, 0<y< I ulna}4.
=+t{tg
23. gTlF xz + y2: I oJoll +q il= 4E e : ryel +E
T 2e. A+q 4+*ll4lE ol$oll,tJ 4H z : I + 2x + 3y + 4v2,
24. ET]E x2+y2: 16 oJoll +q 9I= EEH y=x2+229 I <x<4, 05YS lsl HolE +6I+.
ll tJ
-rE
:
*: n2,!:su, z : 01u 1 0< u<2
30. (a) "llzllfl#*{ alol x asin u cos I), ! = b sinu sin t,t,
ZS. u}lz}|Hf%1{A] ir', 1,
z: ccosil, z: ccostt, 0 < r,r ( rr, 0 1a1Zrr"J I
= 7IL-
e. 'x, L -I-d
--1 L-l
E"l 4flE"Jg Eq+.
ffi (b) (a)9
"J]zflHf+r{{g a: r, b -- 2, c:3
0l+6ll^l
26. x2+y'Sn2olalrl< l, 1"6,1< loJ *ll +E Sel %l-4^l
qg4l "J'J + ?lEzl? "J UIE 4flEel :14s8 r44.
* z: f @, v)q +tr}. A(.T)q qlql
(c) (b)9 +g{e]HolE +6h= ol+4+g ^ll+l+' zJE
T 27. g+ )c2+y2 sl +lql +q fl=48
z:1n(x2+v2+2)
+ 4l4}Btzl ?+=+
e.] ++el HolE 4+E ol4 'Jl4ll zlQr\zl 4+Etrll +

6t+" oltrll toJ4Es-E H"lE 4441 4l+IzlE

31. -*.EE z: x2 + y', ?loll +q il= a x'+ y' + z2 :42 *
^l^+611
+sl HolE +614.
.^l +il4str 4Eg 4l4l+trI.
ql6J+d Hzl(14.1¤ 32. gzlf x2+yz:ar oJoll +q 9l= A *'+y'+z':a'
28. (a) 6zH9 4^t4Bgz*i ol¤=4tsql
*H e : U(l + )c2 + y2), 0 (x ( 6, +EE HolE +6t+
+r)g ^Fs"Ell^l

1s.7 I E4E

E4E4 +H H"le+e] +41= d4$r+ -ItE ,Jole+s] +4le+ E+g dql^J 'J+.
fE t 4elqol +E s5. 86J6|= +tE+ +++11 6l-x}. olx,ll s +lql^J /sl E
4+g 4el+tr+. f(x, y, z): r"J A+ql H4+9 #g +H sel Hols+'J4- ol]
zl]*Eee rl4roN.tJ sz| o1E+ E+9 r4EE +q4l .g+ 4+= +E+.

r rl|Tll+E
*H sE EEI%'-441..| tl+!+ a+r 6|xf.

r(u,a): x(H,a) i + y(u,u)i * z(u, ?) k, (u,a) eD

Hx] ollzl]H+el 4EE DE 4^14¤ol4 61I, HE 'Joltl L,uq AuoJ ++,(L

4B R,E +b+. rqE +E s- re
lql^Jx.lH 44 srEE +H+.
7+ 4+.Jq d p,1.1iJ /E {tr+ tJ +tJ! LJol ASr=*"11^l q+4+g El

"J +g +=+.
n1 fi

i:t j: I
 1s.7 E4E 1027

PU
s
s,j
r
I / Au ....................-

-D-
I

o II -v
.t

f.B 1

44q fzl ftiF;lql q-= ++g q6H^J 4H s +I"il^l /E E4Eg 4+r+ ,J

ol ¤E'J+.

tr ljftr,
s
y, z) ds:
*liq* -E i f(Ptr) ASij

d4+E 4E(1s.2¤g 4E EDe+ +^l-61_r, ol+4+q 4el(14.1¤E 4el

elE +^I+ql +=.6}zl-.
+41 trq fl- E4+g 4l+16}zl +16]] AsrjsJ .JolE d¤H ?]el ¤q^l
=^t
HEE Hole +^i^lrJtrI. ls.6¤ql^J +E Holql +* bE"ll^li-lH q+- -^l-
49 eb+.
ASu : I r, X r,l A,u A,a

{zlaj s,iE +]Fololl^J ddEEl= +'=4 +Ll.

+ +j * 9r, + 9i = 9u
",:9i
du du du ",: $i
da da- du

iJ+Eol E4olr ruslr,Tl Ds] .ll+oll.r.l 0ol otqr ¤qo.lzl ?+sH D7l 4^l
4¤ol olH trI a;fs. dE EIE+EI ++g E"J + 9l+.
(u, u)71 D Eill= ESz rlLlrJ n|1 +E
2 llSDtt,,y, z) ds: lJ fbtu,r)) lr, x r,ldA 0l Erl -d E raJfl+r 7[80=l"rl- EE1E
,J= rfl7flE+tr|+ll sl=dlrl Lr=rl.
^l.EEl

"lAg rI+E d4Bql ql6J +44 ulrE 4"1.*.

trf{*,y, z) ds : lu f{r{,))lr'(t)ldt
rl¤¤ ++6|zl-.

lJ r as : lJ 1., X r,l dA: A(s)

SD
1029 159 ulEldH4

+4 E= E4Eg ,l]z]]Hf 4EE D +lql^-19 ol64BsE Ht+J^l 414its +

glr+. ol {g ol+oJ oll,,f(r(r, n))= f(x, y, z)sl 4lollrl x: x(tt, a), !:y(u, u),
z:z{u, u)-E #9Ell1 Bq49 zlq6}z}.

(qr{l I D sz1- ++l+H x2 + yz * z2 :19 ull E4+ Jl,*' dsE al&El+

pfl rs.ope] qlrll 4ql^le} Aol, 4* ,]]zll{+ Etrg "l+dtrt.

r : sinf cosO, y : sinf sin0, z : cosfl, 0 < d Sr, 0<0 <2n

+ r(+,0) : sin,f cos0 i + sin@ sinO j * cosf k

ls.6¤el ql4l l0qlals+ Eol 'l¤¤ 4l4IE + 9t+.

l.* x trl : sinf
r+lo-+ +4 Elql q-+ q+¤ B=tr}.

fiSD.'ds
: JJ trtr@ cosg)'l.o x reldA
q7lAl !g -Btf;a]E At'$"^Itl. : cos'o sins dS d0 : d0 dfi
ff" J" sin'zf
sin3g
f".or'd I"
cos'o: l(t * cos2o) :
sinz4r: 1 - cos2$ ff* l(r * cos 20) ,, !; (sin,f - sin 4 cos2$) aS
EHC,
olrI
4$trq A4l 64, 672 AIEE + : l[u + | sin te)i" [-"ord + ] "or'4]l : +

E4+e] +¤+ *q^l +E 4Eq +¤¤4 Hl+6I+. qlE Eq se ¤{"J+

"lE E"J)"] +E sel e4E zlzlr. d (x, y, e)oll^lel 'JE(+91'J"lt+ 4=Jlzl-
p(x, y, z)?l #* *t$*ultr Eg)E t EaJ(mass)E q+4 ?JLI.

* : II p(x, y, z) ds
s

r4-7 EaoEfl(center of mass) (r, r, r)g r+q=$ ?JLI.

* : L-JJ ,rt*, y, z) ds, , : *JJ rrt*, v, z) ds, v: !-ll 'oG'Y'z)ds

s s s

tr6J +^JEHI=_sr "+ql^le+ ,Jol cEB + 9i'l(E+Exll 21 +E).

I d+ol =a1=
"J4^l
ol z : g(x, y)"J ge-lE +H s- q+ ,llrllE+"J44ss +qd "llzll*H
"E^848+gl+.
x:x, l:!, z:g(xry)
r4r ++g E=+.
 15.7 EEE "1o29

0g
r,:i. (*) k, f,, : j* k
0y

tri+^l rl¤=ol cH*+

0a 6a
tr r.Xrr:-lti-;,1-j+k
dx dy
-f4=e. ol a+ql +4 trl- r++4 rJol ¤4.

: [l ft.,y, s(x, y)) dz

f
az \'
E JI f(x, Y, z) ds
3x
+
-fay/
+7dA
s D

sE ye¤Holul ,e¤ts +lE rj+ ¤?]+ 4+ql- +^l-+ +4g

^l¤61- aol
4e" B + 9l+. qlE EE s7l "Jdalol .y : h(x, z)oJ +Holl oE xzBEe-tr.el
sel ++g e=+.
^I¤olE
2
0y dy
II rt.,y, z) ds: Ji
D
f @, h(x, ,), ,)
0x )'. ( ilz + tdA
.s

(qq 2D szl-*H e:r*y2,0(x(1, 0< yazg ql JJs),dSE +6IrHr.H 2

+4).
:ot d'-,: dz
:Zyolo-=. +4 Eql el6ll trI*+ E=trI.
Efll r,
; ay y

dz 0z
II,,':
SD
JJ, l+ dx )'.( dy
dA
,T

: J, J,i, 1 + 1 * 4y'dydx
1al
JEL
a

fI f2
: -t
)od*12 )oy I Zyz dy
-

: Ji(i)?G + zyz)zn)': + I

s7l 47+tr1-4"l]zq+ +H, + a4lql^JEI Hl+:. #BzHg trl]zq+ *E s,,

Sr, ...,EE Bfl*"J rll, s +lql^l /el E4Eg'l+r+ rJol 499+.

ft.,y,z)ds:lJ f(x,y,z)ds +..-+

llSSrS, lJ f(x,y,z)ds

(qdl 3l) +Essl gEs,*flzlf xz+y2:1ol-tr "JHsrge:gtl ¤Hql^J g

s *'+ v' ! lolq flH s3g s, 9l4.lJ +q il= *lH e: l +.re-l ffiol+ g trll,
jj, z dsE +61-4
1030 158 ulEl6H{

Eil +e s7I rB 3q ++q 9i+(sE # q B s-21 +ldl] +E E^"I4tl +lil= H

Sr(z:1*x) p+^l#,+). s,9l r11o1l 04 eE o]1z}lH#e ol+61-0l(ts.0¤9 qlz]l s +4), ,]]zllEf*
44g ++4 zJol *r4.
_v

S, (r2+ y2:l) .r:cos0, y:sin0, z:z

:-
-rr ¤zlal 0<0 12rr, 0 < z < I + x :l* cos6oltrl. E4^J trl+g g=+
0

s,
i jk
ts X r,: -sin0 cos0 0 :cos0i+sin0j
=aJ
3 0 01
l.u x r,l : cos 20+sin20:1

q4^.1 s, ?lql^J E4Ee ++4 :{Ll

l!srD, ot: JI
zlrs x r,ldA

: f" J;**-' , d, de -- f;" +(l * cos il2de

: +ff" [r + zcoso + ](r -r cos ze1)ao
: tlle * 2 sin e + Isin zo]f" :+
srTl- ¤H z: Oql +6ls_a 4*¤ g=+.

ff,as: IJ 0 dS
S: S:
0

flH s.E t+]fl+ D +lql +"1 9t. ¤H z: I + ,9 "J*E"l+. trI+^J +4 Elql

^) s(x,y)
: I + xE q6|l. +afEE E¤}6H^J +*g E=+.

JJ
Z ds :lJ(r +x) ,. (#)'. (#)' oo
,S: D

: ff" L' tr * rcoso) l+1*0rdrd9

: ,E fi" lJ (r -t rzcoso) dr d0 : f" G + j cos 0) d0
'E
: rr[*. #],: rin
l4 o-= +6ilrz} 6l-= H4Ee 'I+al- A+
ll,ot:ll, ds+ll,or+[!,as
,S SI .92 Sr

3rr I
o+ ,fin: (i * tli), I
2
 1s.7 E4E 1 031

r+:#E!
ElEltlE H4+g 4E6I7l +161] rB 4e-l F]Hl+^ trlzJts oJ6#g ¤ + H.= + \LP-.r'
H$ xllflu3 p9z[ 9l+. tE"J zla]Qzf ElHl+4(Augusr M6bius, 1790*l868)
E ol+3 q^l HHfl+.] zf, ltlzJ$9 {.ol ,rl$ zH sql^Je+ zJol qlg:zol-
ffi
E.
@
r¤ffi:ift::.':
\t,/'a
\Ytr//
/ Vr
:-{
\e/ ..r I

E^J444 RolH 4Hl ? r- iq= "JE + giri zflulzf d pql^l +g6H^J

^l BE
EEI ? trlE qr+ zl"lzl-8, I[lel 'r+e Hi+ HI4 %I6Jq fl*¤ z}4zlE gl4
=H 4
ElHl$,t. 6;
^
E E)ql EzloJ 4.o14. r r+¤-ql zflulzf +rJg oJ'Jssl 414 tlqrJ oll, E^J4
E H"lzl-xl sr ++g E pql 9EoI9 4o14. (EEl+4 qE +Eq^.1 qE
5=+$- flgE :.ol Exf.) r4 r,E_ EHI+4 q= ¤xlltr" EL H"J gt+

B L)
B C

A D I
U

=eJ
5 ElHl-f 't ttl UET;

olxll+el +6&"JH)+H"J 4Fzl-. *E s +lel E= d(A4l¤e xllel) (x, y, z)

n
ql^l dBHg *= +Ho_E y, z)ollal F z]]g ++lBdqq n,$ n,
: -rrol ExH*+(rH =ts++.(x,
6 +4).
nol S 9lql^l E+4ss H6l-E+ olfl E. d (x, y, e)ollal ++lBdulel n I I
g qg + 9lsE, SE-8=d*E!(oriented surface)oln+ 6Ir ng d4al^l sql EJ:d t
nr
(orientation)* xll="d+. 'JEE +++Eql 46J] + 7l-zl 7ls"El
"JoJol +zll6J+ 0

(rH 7 +4).
"t

n reJ 6
/ E

t/ /n,in

I I
I ,/ / I
I a
l1
{ v ,
n n #.,.
na
ll
\/
:leJ 7 +:BF+Efl F 7[xl HJ*

sel r?-lsE +"141 +H z: g(x,y).ll 4r]] Eg ol.$all,<J +Eg ++ +

^l
flulEIE +qxl= %I'J-g r*-+.
ilg
0a
j+k
6x dy
E n: ')
dg Eg
1+
dx )'.( dy

t<CBol oJ+ol.u_E ++lBdElElE ,J.Jg +He-l +l+ol+.

1032 159 utElaH4

s7I ElEl++ r(a, u)ofl el6.J ol]r}JH+%IC^l B4E +q+l "llz4+ +.J+H
olE, ol +Eg xffixrog ++ ++lHdEElel HJE.F5 Hlql %r-.J+ -n_o *r
E +qd+.

: rrXr,
6 rl -;--------------

lr, X r,l
qlE 15.6¤el qlz,ll 4"11^1 7E x, + y, + z, - or4l 4.J ol]zl]H+ E¤ol
=E
trIg4 +¤¤ g9i+.
r(+,0) : a sinf cos0i + a sin,f sin0 j + acosf k

rqE ls.6¤el qlxil lOql^-l ++ ^Idg eb+.

r+ X t0: a2sin2p cos0 i * azsin2@ sinOj I azsin,f cos,f k

lr* x.rl: azsins

q4^l r(d, 6)ql elBl] +Eg %r-'Jg trt+ ++lHdElElE 4qg+.

n:;*:f4Xf6
X 16l
. ,
sinf ^. + sin,f sin0A-j
cos0i
I
* cos+k: -r(+,0)
a
116

ng +lilElEle+ +eg ILloJ, + +q Hf4-4-s 7l-ErJrHr+ 8 +a). text6:

-rd X rrolI, -+ "HzllE#9 +^J= Hl+H, HlEil(.J+) ItI+g gg + ?l+(rH e
i}.a\
E+,r'

// I
I

+*- I .a

,v .v

.t .T
I
-ral rJo ohol
JE
Blot -ral o
rE v
ool Hl6h
C)-l dci
--l --

Bq Eel A4I+E"J =J=E!*E(closed surface)eJ Sel S*$ositive orientation)

"J^ll
g Eel
Et++oE 4.o.Ib HdEEI-e-l o}6}"ltr, oJ+oE oJ':.Its HdElElel "J6J
g +E ,JoJ"l4trH 84 e +4).

I trlE{$sl E4E; fiaJ

Sz| ++l$dflElzl ntl #o}*Hol_l_, ojE_zl p@, y, e)oltr +E6LoJ v(x, y, e)oJ
+417| SE E6l] _6E+r 6l-z}. (a+ql TlEeEl F"J "l"Jx-lH ^s- +^llsEg
ILI6}]o-IzI 9*t zta}4tl +E-oE ^J461-zl.) ol4 +flHol$ s.$E(*fl^l+'J
A=J)C pvolr{:r_H l0 +a).
 1s.7 E4E 1033

I F:pv
F:PY

s,)

t, 0

.r -)) -r I
ral 10 .f.= 11

sE rH llql^Je+ rJol Erg &7+

++H(rH 14 Hlf,),s,;E 4E ¤E sijtr_
olr Hd nsl uorale_e_ s,i= E"4dlb ++l^l+R +4lE d+g tr|+ "Jg_tr
=
^I^la + ?irl.
(pv ' n)A(su)

{zlrl p,v, n9 s, +lsl q¤ dql^l 414}g+(++lul4 n9 %r-6-}ql,! ulrl pv9

.
^d+g pv noJ+ ^J7l6l-z}). "ld "Jg
trlo}r ++-q +l6lfl del trql q-r+ s +l
ql^l 6J+ py . nel E4E-$ ++4 *E+,

7
II
:
o"' n d,s IJ p(x, y, z)v(x, y, z) 'r(x, y, z) ds
.s .s

"lA* Eq+4ee. s. E"461-b s+EE "H4E+

F: pv-E- u^8., F| ra3 R3ql^Jsl ElEltr-olr 4l Elql^Jel 4Ee 4*ol g+.

J.ir.nr/s
.9

Ftl pvzl olu a+qlE, "]fl E4E tr48* E.r.lqLql^l zl-+ +444 s gq1
^J
FE H4+(E: ++zi+)olP+ EI+.

8 flsl
F= B+l$dqrlz| n"J +,J+E sql^J Ae-lg S+.J ulel^Jol$,
s +l"ll^J FE E4+g ++4rJ"l 49e}'t.

IIr"as:JJr
ss
n dS

ol 4E+ sE Er+61-= nE 8aJ(flux)oJal._r.-E ..|+.

saql, 4E tre s +lql^l EEltIel H4Eol s +lql^l : Bd^d+el E4+

(*ql^l 4qg 4)4 eq-= ag "JEll
=+.
s7l- dlElEr-+ r(u, 4l
u)E_ +qzlH, n9 EleE +qzll 4E trr+ +4 trql
el"ll trl¤¤ e=+.
1 034 1s8 EEldH4

JI
s
, ds:iJ".nd,s:
s fl"ffi*
:ll ['"t'''))'ffi] 1., X r,l dA

fizlal ab,Hz]]E+el delEolr}. r4.o_8. +¤+ g-+.

E^l EPl. l5.zgo; Eel E]oil^l trlElg
sl d4E= 4ltafzl +l-d +^lEl E-drl
9 JI
. dS : jJF.(r, xr,)dA
Hlf,al| Hrf.
s D
I
Jc
p . a. : [" r'(.(r) . r'(r)
Jo
dr

+41 El. "J441 Eq^Ji.lH r, X r,E +Eq- sE E}+g zl-4++. Hlql %r-6J

e-l 4+q= -rg #qlq.

llolf{l 4|) ++l+4 *r+yr+22=L* E+6Ib EEI+ F(x, y, z)-- zi + y j + xk

E ++g +6I+.
ral E+l+E +lel tr=oil^1 qlEl 4
12ts Efll qtq 14- zJol tr].¤- tr1]r|E+ E.¤g olgalxf.
sl EBg FE Eq ++.
r(4,0): sinf cos0i + sinf sin0j * cosf k, 0<d<rr, 0<0 <2r
rflfl tr|¤¤ e=+.
F(r(d, e)) : cosf i * sinf sinO j + sinrf cos0 k
D
I 1s.6¤E {lxll tooE+El q+¤ g=+.
r :
il ) #I I -v
16 X 16: sin2d cosgi + sinz,f sing j * sinf cosf k
.T
r4 =e. ++g E=+.
fH 12
F(r(d,0)). (r+ X ro): cosf sin24 cosO f sin3f sin20 + sin2,f cos{ cosg

t4 Eql el6H +++'l-q=rl. #q.

JJ,
.ds : jlt. (r+ x rildA
s D

: ff" [, t sinzf cos f cos g + sin3f sin20) d+ de

: , l'sin2f cos f a+ ff" cos g d0 + J" rir'4 d+ [:" sin20 d0

: 0+
J"
sin'+ o+
ff' sin20 de (ff".* e d0 :o,tr=)
4rr
3

ol* 9lxll 1q^JE 4l4F+ A+ r-"1

 1s.7 E4E 1035

qlE Eq +illel E# ++r}]= +E+olH, B

qlzll 4E ulrlrJol ,,JE loJ
anl3* ++l^lrJB ¤%Lel ++lE ++l+Eg E"46IE EEE¤ ++,JtrI.
rqls z : s(x,y)E i941 +H sE 4+, ,4 yE "]|z]]Hf4 ^J4L6I-rI 4l tr
I "l*"ll^l ++r+ rJol *4.
F.(., x (P i+ ei+ ftk) - #i . u)
",,): f*r
q-+^J +4 E= ++!+ ,J4

ds:IJ (-" y-0y*n) ae

10
fl" dx -6y /

oldt{$ sE flE '.h* oJalg z|{a|E, ol{E 6#* ILIaJql qldl^]. -rg #
++. sz} y : h(x, e)b,r: k(y, z)E ioJ4l+E, +^l-+ 49 gg + gt+(¤+
E4l 1e +a).

(qq 5D f(r, !,2): yi + rj z:l -x2-y'4 ¤E e:

+ ekola S7l EE-E 0
eE $+la}.J "Jill¤E Eel 44lg 'ti lJ,F .ds. +6I+.

Efl s= EEEII +l +E s,4 fl"J "JH s,e. +¤g+(rH 13 +a). sz} Eel+E z

ol. +, ++ql q+ *(HI++o e)E "Jr#g ol+.J + gt+.

"l4g s,g +l+o _+ 6J I
6Ir Elg ol$-all.! DExy¤tsq 4fl s,E rl-¤_oe_ fl* r, +yrSl"JgFql l

^l s
l

+.s,q^J ffiol CB++. l

5, I

P(x,y,r): y,
I'
Q(x,y,r): *, R(r,y, ,): r: 1 - *'- y' I
v

r4r y:
0x -z*,9 - -Zyolo-+. +¤¤ e=+.
_f

ny rH 13

( -, *H - 0X* o) ,o
{Jr.r/s: IJ
: jJ l_y(-z*) - x(_zy) + I - x2 - y2)ctA
D

: ll fi + 4xy - x'- y')de

D

: * -
l;* L tr 4rzcoso sino rz)rdrdo

: f2tr fl
(, - r3 + 4r3cos0 sin0)drd|
J; J,
: ff" (f + coso sin e) ae : i{z,) * o :
+
fl* sr= ofzflff9-E o"t:op. trI+^J olaE +9lBdEqts r, : -poltr, s,ql^J z: 0
1 036 1s8 EEi6H4

olE
= aCLrI
LL t.

IJr.as:lJr (-k) ds :JJ t-a dA :JJ oaa :o

.sr s: DD

¤ss cEql E611 IJ, F . dsE ++4 zJol s9 + ++ s,4 sz +lql^l Fel H4E
E ofc_tr 4l4}.Jtri.

7f Tr

II..as:JJr as+JJ F'dS:-+0:- F

SS, S:
22

EEl6r-elE4+g +illq$E {E ol*a]].! $EEH,xl"J ol zl]HS ti= EEl4

tr-+ql^lE "Jqt+ q= Ezl flzlztolfl(rs.l¤el qlxil s +E), r|+ E4
=E
Eg +H sE zltl= nE dzldA(electric flux)olr+ 6J+

JJn.as
s

cdzl49 +,q Hzl +E 6l-Ll- 7l+4 H=l(Gauss's law)oJtrll, ol- +oJ+H s

-tr E+lrAt"J gfil flol(net charge)i-'l*4 ++g "J++.

11 Q, : eoJJ, dS
.9

4zlrJ eut.r1-*g ++l*11 E+6I= r.4<zlS*rJE +d¤"14 dE6Jtrt)ol+.

(Sr++l4loll^J - 8.8542 x l0-r2 C'lN.m'o14.) t4=.+ qlxll 4el 4rl* FzI
"o
dzl^J* L}{'1]H sql el6fl EeU^}.J d6I= I : *n"ool4r ¤Exl* + gtrl.
E4EE E g+ql
+- +¤+ gqWl. qH Eill +E d
']l.J fl+ql^l
(x, y, e)ollrl &szl- u(x, !, z)4r 6l-x}. oltrll EF(heat flow)t ++ ElEl+qg
4elg+
F: -KYu
4zlrl K. E4E EEE(conductivity;o1+ 6|q, dE4sE ACq= ^}fol4.
Ei]l q}E +H s= xl+- gE q#C ++ E4+sE +qdq.

JI
, . ds : -,<lJ Yu- ds
s s

(o{l4l 6D ++ +ql^JE 8E r.r5 +e.1 +Cse+q 4F-lel ,ll#ql HlEll++. +d

"l +I-el 6dolg HlxlE"l a"J 7H s= zl+= EE E++g +6l.+.
Efll +e +dg g¤sE q6IE ++g E*trI.
u(*,y, z) : C(x' + y2 + z2)

{zlrJ c= Hl4l^}fol4. :.48 gFts4+r} rJ+.

 15.7 E4E 1037

F(x, 1l, z) : -KYu : -KC(2xi + 2Y i + 2zk)

{zlrJ K= ++E dE+ol+. qlxll 4ql^Je+ rJol +EE ft1-4e ,l]zll{fffi ol$
6I= 44lql, d (x, y, e)"ll^J 7E x' + y' + z' : a'4 q+E .J=6..l-E tr+lHdqElz}
+sq rJ+g ++g + 9l+
n: !(ri
a
+ yj + ek)

4+^l q+g ts.+.

2KC
a

rel+ * z2: ozoltrE F .n

S +lql^J x2 + yz : -ZaKC 7I g+. :afl-o-tr SE E"+
6l-= Eel E+Ee q=q=r+ +Ll.

II , ds:ll".nds: -zaKCjjrt
s ss
: -ZaKCA(S)
: -2aKC(4na2): -\KCrra3

1s.7 | t++xil

1. SE TIE ,: tl, y: tl, e: f l-E EslAI-"J .<}zt S9 4 4. JJ, y dS, SE ulrluJd rl .l r(u, u) : (a cos a', a sin u, uJ ,

4l$ol4 o-IxI {lz} s9 4 Eg zl^lr+E Er+_1E ++l

A<u<1,01u1n'tl 4dH
,+ 4^I4Bg srj+ 6}I, E P,fE zl^l-4¤ suE + s. ff, xzyz ds, s= 4^t4¤ [0, 3] x [0, 2] +lql +.J Bts
^J
dqE q,J+" c9 EI.llrJs+ ,J"l E-]"J Elg ol$all,rJ z:l*2x+3y9] fg
ljrcos(.r + 2y + 3z) ds= 6. ffrxds, st q}|EoJ (1,0,0), (0, -2,0), (0,0,4)oJ d}
=^t^14+.
2. H= x2 + y2 * z2 :50, e > OoJ ++Eolr fY f G, 4, 5) zld
--lo

:7, f(3,-4,5): 8,.f(-3, 4, 5): 9, f (-3, -4,5): l2oJ ¤ 7.ff, zzdS,S= 0(x{1.J tr]1 gEE x:!2+e24 Yts
+EL++r 6}xf. HE ql a4e_E ++l^l JI, f G,y, z) ds 8, jj"xdS, SE y : xz + 42, 0 <x < 1, 0 1 zlloJ +ts
E {tg +4.}E.
3-ro ++ E4+g 4l+6t4.
B. IJr(r + y * z)dS, sE.uflzll Bdzl"l x:u+ u,y:il- u,
W
z: | _f 2u * a, 01u 12,0 < u < 1oJ ¤4iLEe y :f +4a

y
0
-
x

v I
g. jJ, (xzz * yzz)ds, sE x2 + y'+ z2 = 4, e 2 0"J Hi+E
r' J
x
0 10. lJ, xz dS, S* flzlf y'+ z2: 9s+ BH x:gs1 ¤E x + y
 1 038 158 EEI6H4

: 5 o-E E+lrAltl ¤gel A4rH T ts. fl+El '1]+4141=

szt:ryBE +lq +qI .uEE
ol.gall.<J

z:3 -Zxz -y2el +ts"J 4l lJ, *ryrrrds= +#d ot4

y2 + z?:9 I, llall xtfl4xl ¤+6trll +6I+.
19. Sz| y: h(x, e)E iolzlr dol g+g-_E 6J61"= ++lHd
ulrl n"il ql6l] +4 EtrrI +^I* lJ, F
. dsql qlb.J
^lg
+6I+.
5
20. E)Ezt "J4+ HI+E )c2 + y2 * z2 : a2, z > 0e.l e++
.t
r*y:5 cg +61+.
21. (a) "JEB+7\p"J trll +H sE Bfl'J S+ +E eqoll *
11-16 +q{ EEI+ +B}+E sql 46l] EZJE lJ,r .as
Fe+
+ +4EHIE 1.8 4+sE +4L}]+.
E +61+. trI^l gtll^l EA+EE .JE %r-frHlp+e-_eel %r- (b) "JEB+71 p@, z): l0 - zoJ trll gg+H
!,
6.})¤- olgrfial sE E" 116l+ Fel +%hg +614.
, : ,E' + y', l< z< 4E eEile Sg A4lzl9 zG
11. F(.r, y, z) :i - 3ze't i + xy k, S= +]+
ze'v %L6Jg + ql +6J +^dEHIE= +8].4.

=
¤++xll 3E Bq^fE¤ 22. r=JE 870 kg/m3ql +ill7l- 4g v : zi * y'j + x2 k.tr
12" F(x, !,2) : xyi -r yzj + zxk,,$E 4 I4¤ 0 (x( I, sE+. {zl,rJ x, y, z9 ++l: moltr ve-l ^J+E ++lb
0 5y < I +lql +q }iE itEH z= 4 - x2 -y29 -YtsoJ m/solu.1. flzlf x2 + y2 : 4, 0 I z I 1-$ +611 +l+ e-E
r +l+ %r-6J ¤44zlE E+E-g +614.
13. F(x, y,z) : -ri * yj + e'k, ,S= EJ4Eol lolj[ +Col zt. 4t1+.ol rl-e=$ rJg ,il 7I+^ B4g olS-oll,!, HI+ "J
+tde g ^11
*' + y'+ z' S a2, z > Oql E-Etqq glg d6l-= +6t
14, F(x, y,z):yj - ek, St: EEH y:x2 + 22, 0<y< 1 4.
r+ flS x'+ z' 5 1, y: l-E ol+qd +E E(x,y, z): xi + y j + Zzk
15. F(x, !, z) : -r i + ?4 J + 3e k, SE- 4elfiol (+1, +1, +1) 24. dEg K: 6.5oJ Etr "Jql +61= ¤ (r, y, e)ollrJ9 I
"J 4+Hxtl Eb a (x, y, z) : 2y2 + Ze2ol4. flzlFE y2 + z2 :6,
: x2 i + y'i + e'k, ,sk- uJflzlf "Jz,ll
16. F(x, !, z) 0 <x <48 E"4a.|]rJ ,ll+E dBEl= gel EEE¤ +

o<e s.f=,0< x<2E4Al 'I4.

25. FE. E^lr+{-ol+ 6l-zl. + .JelE r}f c"ll {a.}|
E tz. fl+q q+ill4lE olg-all,tJ stl z: x¤!,0 ( x ( l, F(r) : r/lrl'oll, q7l^J r : .ri + y j + zkoltrI. +
0 5 y < l-tr +q{ +E'J ,+l lJ, (*' + y' + z')dSE 4 dol fld.J +E s$ zlg4sb Fsl +*e s9 t}xlE
fd "t4 'Jlati xl4zlxl 4E6-|r]l 4l&614. ql +8fl9 eq4.

15.8 I ^e=^ Bal

^.E=.^.c"-l- rilg4.J rfl c4E ++.J + gl+ rfl a4zL ¤HsE D

+lq^19 .l#4Eol ol BqE EE 441+d ++lql^l d4+r+ *4lzl ?l¤¤
¤H6l] += HlH, AE=.^ Cn]= *E s +lql^Jel E4Eol ssl A4+d(olAe
 1 5.9 ^ Ff^ Eal 1 039

+++dol4) ++lql^l d4E4 +4171 9l¤¤ ¤HEL+. rB le ++lHdElq n

zI nt_l +.#+Eg +Elurl sE oJ'Jg rHql +Elu 441+d ce.l "Jsl *6#9 n

+E+rI "lag q n-lE nel ulal o _+ 6"i_r. c ++l= *q "J6JsE a¤. oil, +E n

ol .J^J g+ql il¤¤ 9"ltr}.

0 C

,r.e=t.\ sal
sE "JE %16J19 Tfzl= 4r+l-+ 4zq+ ++B6J e4l+d c ,)f

E E4iAl"J ar+l-+ 4lzq+ #6.J*Hol4 6}xt. F7I EEItI_e__tr olAE CE -1

JEI
al .l

E.ol sE EEtElE R3 "Jel gfl ¤qql^J E+"J ErEa-= r*=+r 6F.I. rel
fl ffiol dBEI+.
J r.dr:JJ.r'rF.ds

Jr-dr:Jr.rds, .
JJ.urrF ds
: JJ
curlF . nds
ss
olo+ 44- Fel dddBe] sq a4l+d ++lql^J c4Bol Fel 4
^F]4
de-l BdCEE E4+4 rJ+* Ag E,,l++.
.\E=,t*
,\E=l ¤el= glge,!- +alEal-Erl.
+.J+E se] *g %r-.JqI 44+dg e.6l as-e. 4"J+. q4^l CE ^E=,t(George Stokes, 1819*1903)
q-s=r+ z;-ol E¤E + gl+. ^-tr=r- ,Js.l 0l=0llAl B4:drl-. l.==.rb h
= E4 gg El+lel fll"JEalrlrH-+tzel
+--Jal -n*HoH, ";rl. +illq E=
tr lJ.r'rF.ds:,[,,F.dr ql rJ=J E+71. +lolHtrl". ,\+=r E
s alaE +e= tral= ¤rllEE eHJ a
o+ Ba1{.1 a_zsaj= Eel+rl.#
4-tr=^. CEl, rfl 44, ,l4Bq}q ,1ts.44 rfolql- +^l-^.iol gI+. *q^le+ (William Thomson, 1824*1907)01 HJ

,Jol *4 trel 41-H"1lE EEr-61+ ls(curl F= Fe.l "J+el Eq++"J¤. ai,[ri. ^E=^= 1850tr011 E+01 E"
=.gra5 L.! El^loll^j 0l 8al= H|1floq l8s4
,<jzlafzflol +Eg sel 441 +lql^i,J Fel <ig .lls6J+.
=zll6E, E fllgHalrlrtl+EE
s7I +l+ "Jolg zl4 xyBHql +"J E¤6J +HolE + 6]| +¤=oll4l 68g ^l-gErllE =
: *¤
^Idtr-$f6-j 4+E, =fi,tl.
E H BolLl : ExllE "H,J:*=rl
+lHdg kolr H4E+ ol#4Bol qq, ^_Ea^ 44= +¤-4 rJol 84. =
u O! -T-
L
A GlrL
H,r(LI.
=

.
J n dr
:lJ'r.rF' ds : lJ (curlF) . kdA
s.t
o14g 4q6l4l ls.s¤sl +^l @.il^J +qd zfl 44e.1 EEI 84"14. 4+^J
:afl 4q= ¤xll-q. ^'_tr-7-^- 4Elel -++ 4+gg "J + ?l+.
n
-A.E=.^ 4=]= Sd6l "JHlzlg.E +H6l-zl- q+ qEj+l^J g + Hxl"J s z : g(x, Y)

zl- :zullrrol_r] F, s, cql g"*- 4dol +qe qE +Hg Er + fl+.

C
E=,r Eelsl +Et rJ+0ll Ell:d se-l HJA4Io) z: s(x,y),(*,y) E D+
6lxl-. {zlrl s- ¤+qI 241 Er4+9=B tltlt-, D- cql 4s" 6}ts a4+d c,
-r v
g ,*- ++¤E¤qol+. s9 Bra-Jol gl4"lfl, cE "JE %L6Jg c,9 oJ9 u3l6J cl
q 4+g+(rfl 2+4). E*r':pi +gi +.Rkolr p,e, ft9 ¤saJfz|
-ral 2
1 040 158 EEj6ll4

fl*ol+ o.}zl-.

s7l EI+E :{uolpe F 4doll curl F-tr H}+l^J 1s.7EE +4 @g 4s"¤

+ gltrl. r a4- qg=4 +Ll
2
lJ.,'rF'ds
s

:lr
t (+ #)#-(* #) #.(* #)),^
{zJrJ P, Q, Rg ¤EEr-+= E (x, y, s(x, y))ql^l 4l+g+. C,el ullzflH+ s.E
ol rle= $ +Lla 6}xi.

x:x(t), y:y(t), a<t<b

fqH c9 oHzllH+ E¤* ++4 Aq.
x : x(t), ! : y(t), z : g(x(t),y(r)), a<t<b

ola4 E4ll H4g ol¤-alE ol44 rJol d4B¤. 414I.J + 9l+

" : ra/ dx dy dz
J., dr +8 +R
a dt
),\r; dt

:fl,#*0#..(# #.X#)1.
:r[("..#) #.(n..#) #)"
:L, ("..#) dx*(r. -#)*
[* (, . .#) - +(" . .#)f,^
:
IJ
ol+*+. relfl E4ll Hzlg r+^l ol$op.,
"|zl"J +41-:fl 4q-
olTl^l P,

Q, Rtl x, !, z4 traoll ztl x, y9 6Jffl9=- zlq+B tl++ g-q

J r dr :JJ [(* . #*.##.

D
# #X. .#)
dz afi oz dR dz dz
-\*/ ap- aP \l
art*a;* * ay*-Rara*))o^
azz

ol zl]9 e}g c4Elrui"lzl {C zll9 o}Eg Cel6}E 4l

"l==4Bql EE.JS 'll
trg +H4'Jxl++. relEe cfg.ol dgdJtri.
l: F dr:JJ.rnF'ds
.t
 1 5.9 ,t
= =,r flZl 1 041

ilq4! I l) r(*, !,2): -y'i + rj + z2kola C. ¤H y+ z:2elflzl5 I +y2:1

sl _ilddJ 4,J.F .drE +6i+. (+lql^l g
"I c= +^l4l
HJ6Jol+.)
C

Eil +t rH +++ ?l+. j.F'dr¤. 4d +ts +E itzl"J, )te-a

t!-z:')
c(Elg)= 3ql
r- 44E o1¤.6}= 4ol q fl+. Hzl ++ 4l4}g.J+.
x?+yz:1
ijk
add : (1 + D 0
curl F 2y)t<
dx dy dz -1',

-y2 x z2 ,t

-rzl 2
44ql^J +zl= 441+dol C.J .JEel (4r+].tr| ul]zEl+ +6J) +E¤" qb.J
JE L'

^E=4
+ 9l+. +*g r4oJ +H +ql^l ,lfl ¤il-l* dqe cE E4#.I'J ¤E ! * z: 2ql
+61"= 4gE Bqg s51 q6I= 4ol4.sel ula}ol +l+eE 6J:olE c= oJE HJ6J
ol +Eg+. ,y¤H +lql 4fl sE ,t,J-$ DE fl* x' + y' s I ol+. El-+^J z: s(x, y)
- 2 - yoJ 1s.7EE 4l Eg ol+o-lfl tl+g gE+

J r. dr: JJ c,'rF.ds : IJ (r + 2y) dA

: ff,,f' l, * zr sin o) r dr do

: ,i,r].* : f" G+?sin6) do

f"l+.zf
:L(zn)*o:a.

NorE 4.E=.r' 44= tr+61 A4l+d c glql^J Fel {l"J "JE H4Eg 414}B +
glrll qsE, +ee 44+dg +ts. s rlE +.#+Hol ?l+ls qrJg
"i]+4. "lql
H4E rtg g=+= aol+. "JHI4eE,s,+ srzl z;2 +6J 441+d cE r*. +
6J+Eolr E +
^.E3-,= Cn-le-l TIC¤- "J+6lH ri¤.ol ^JB6J+

tr II .*,F.ds:J r dr :JI cur F dS

Sr s,

olel+ qej++ += +Eql^l= 4E"l f+

^Ide + +Eql^JE 4$ol 4 f+61
,il ol+¤+.

x2+yz*27:4
ilqrfl 2D ls.=l ¤4= ol-$oll,tJ F(x,y, z): xzi * yzi + xy koll S= gTlE
x2+y2 - lel ,-}]+e+try ¤E +lql +q il= 7H x'+y'+22:44 +Eg q(zH
4 +1), zl$ .
IJ, curl F dSE 4l4i6l-4

EqE A4l+d cE +6171 +l6J] %1441 x2 + y2 * z2 :44 *'t y' :19. ++. + 4
)'
9 mflH z2:3* 4.a, z>golEF ,: r$ol4.trl+^J C= Bl{4lol x2+y2-1, x'+y':1
z : JloJ flo14. cE ElEl"JC^lg ++4 rJ+ -tEl
JE
A
Ll
1042 l sB EE1"-H4

r(r): cosri * sinrj + r6k, 0<r <2rr

r'(t): -sinri * cosrj

EEL +gg B=trI.

F(r(r)) : rF cosri + rE sintj * cosrsinrk

:a4 o _+ ^E7^. d?-lq1 q-+ q-s--a- E=+"

'rrrF'ds: J r dr: lr'".f"tOl

- .r'(t) dt
lJ
s

: ff" ?.6 cos/sin r + Ji sinrcos ,)dr: ,E ff" 0dt:0

Z
x'+y2*22:4
EqE:-H 5glal tr.]+=aaH s,9flz1F x2 +y2: I oJ49l +"J B4.r: rE
?J+ 441+C c$ zfzls-+
"JE +l+ol4r 6l-x}. srr+ s= ^E=4 ¤4ql "I4'I
*ol CB+trI.

lJ .*'rF' ds : IJ curlF' ds
S ,SI

v
x xz+yz:1 s,g +BHE "J+olF -+ flE .f"l+ HdElEl= koltrl" 4l+I6lH curl F : (x - y)i
-al
JE!r
tr
+ (x - y)iolo -+ +¤¤ g=+.

lJ.*'rF'ds:ll curlF'dS:JJ"rtrF'ndS
,S SI Sr

:JI [(, - y)i + (, - y)j] 'kds : IJ 0dS:0 t

Sr ,lr

olx{l r-5=^ 44E ol¤-6}l^J sldEEle.l 9"1=. gol.Ezl-. Cz} fo-; Bf,+d
oll., vzl-#zllg.Eql^J +Ez}g +{Ur+r 6l-zl-. tl+ C4Eg ^J461z'I.

[r'dr:t,v'rds
v.Ti.EflddEEl TE %Io}"il'll+yq C+"J$ zlq6lx|.ol}v9 uj-aj=ol T
e-l ,J,#ql zfzffi45. v . 19 #ol 44= ag EEIqI+. ("Jqt v4 Tzt
'Hq Ei
"J6#g tl+tlE v rb *+ol+.)
ql . trl+^l J. . tuz c= trl-nl s4"lb #
"
illE C6J {EE zJ-L=a-I= +Eoll, C= trl= vel +E(circulation)"14 oJ+(r
H 6 +E).
olxll po(xo, 1ls,zs)$ +ill tfl dol4 6F.7, S,E +Col P,olr. qlzlEol nql
zlg g+olr] afx[. rE]E curt F7] E+olzl oll$ql, E +lel E= d Pql ql6ll
(curl FXP) - (curl FXP0)ol dBE-Jtrl lq-=-E ^'-E=r- 4;-l.tl el6ll 44lg C,
qE 34dql Ell6J trl+- e-+.
= =*alg
 15.8 ,\E=.^ Eel 1043

\\\".-')r'+-/,/
Ylrt-,*r--L\\\\r

\\ \r'
-'+ C?

\ \\ { I I I t \ \ \ T \ I

/ // /(f.. \ \ Y\E / / /E

,1 ¤
v
T
{--\ ¤ ,r/ ¤

0 x
// / T E \* \ \\'s/// t

\ I
c1
\\ \ il I /tt\\\ \
raJG J ,'dr)o,gq+trJ
\\ \| -zt tr'-*'\l\\\ -+
\\ \ \r -*+ .r' ,/ ,f-r\I\\\\l ["'dr<0,Esl +EJ

tr,o' dr
:jJ r*,y . ds : JJ curl v . nds
s, s,

s,

ral T0ll^lq ,JOl +ill +sl -d E p0ll ts

q fl= 4tg L7l =JaJ H|.7]= d?_l6l.Il..
trlfl+o| curl ve[ E"J'J q 0l HlTl= 7l
4 curlv(Po).n(Po): lim+ [ v.ar
a-O TfA' JCa Er flule4l EIE-Ltrl..

+I-^l El= sld4 +s+ ^Iolel +41= xll^l++. oli.curl v . nol n+ql ++ +ill curl v
E 4dE49 +E"Jg Eq +q olde43 curt voll E4"J +ql ++ 4+"J
oll al4z| g+ (

ufzluJg_tr /,8=.-^- 4r-1= 15.5¤sl 4El E(Rr9 s= d.ll.^J curlF:0ol )

E F= _H_=4olr+)= +E6l-. trJl ol+g + ?l+. *"ll^J +E 4¤{rs.3¤E C
-tal 't
4 EFI [4-1tr+E1, EE Bql 4e. coll 4611 J.F.dr:oolg Fz] B+4"Jg. "J
JE'

+. +q+l cql 4611 4 4171 coJ +.J+H sE +E + 9l+r 6}zl. (olAg +E

+= glxl"J +H6IqE q43 olEol pea].+.) r4H ^_s=.^ 44q 44 +
o o
E = CFIL-rL
Eu'-l .

L F Or: II curl F dS :JJo.ds:o

.s
^9

++61-;(l g+e +d*H zllel sffidgE q¤ + 91.7, olg fttr{d¤- qE 4

eEg Ef 0olu-tr olE 4E¤. q6lE, "JEE Efl+d cql rll6ll j, F . dr : o
ge dstr}
L-r-
1 044 158 EE16H4

r s.B I E+=ril

1. ++ :H3 fl* n, Hl+E Hs+ egE r= 4el4-r. 9l 6. F(x, y, z): {-y*', xyz, e'vl, C= 6dol flflolf. H}xlE
+. FE 4 4tsol g+.J EEEL+E'*E m'qa1el EEI ol zol{ ,y¤H.ll +tl E
atol4l 7I¤61-zL. 4¤-ol CB6l+ ol,?E ¤E6t+. 7. F(x, y,r) : * r' j + e'tan-tz k, C= ul]2fl${a]ol
xzyi
ds : JJ'o'rF' ds : JJ"".rF.ds J : cos t, ! :sin/, z : sinr, 0 ( r < 2rrtl fl
JJ "*tF' P

Z
't
4 4
+l
C
P (-1,0,
H :
v
D

(1,0,0)
J
2 lx lx ") J

2-3 r'E7^. A4E olgall.<J JJ, curt F . dSE +614.

2. F(-r, y,z): zevi+ "rcosli + xzsinyk, S: ulrlol 8. (a) F(x,y, z): x'z i + xy2j + zzkoltr CE SE x * y
o3=

4 yl HJ6J"J HI+H x2 +y2 * z2:16, y > 0 * z: t4 flzlf * + y' : gel irC-o E, +lql^l E Eli
c= ql^lal %t.lol+ 6lzt. c4E- ol¤-511^l
3. F(x,!,2):xyzi* ryj + xzyzk, S= {+ldol (11, ^tr_=^
+ l, * l)"J {+EAlel flEq Lll gfl(:a44 "JE* ot I.F.drg. +6t+.
ffi (b) +d cs| (a)ollr.J +Eg B + ?lE+ 4elq
H)sE +ed=ll %r-6}ol HIB+'J +H ^Fs"6J
g ¤46H^l ¤ts$ flzlf9 rflE=:ael+.
4-7 /-E?^ 4ElE ol+"ll^J j.F.dr¤ *aI+. + a+ql ffi (c) c9 ,l]zl]H#*4^l¤. +6Ir ol$ ol$all^J cE -r.
r:1q. =l -I
+lql^l E trll c= Hl^l4l %I=JoltrI.
4. F(x, y,z): (* + y')i + (y * ,')i + (, + x2)k, e-10 +q4l EElfl Fe+ +E sql 46il lE=4 44zt ^dB

c= +4401 (1, o, o), (0, l, 0), (0, 0, l)"J +14¤ +g Eq4.

5. F(x, y,z):.ryi f yz j + zxk, CY tJE JL 9. F("x, !,2) - -yi + xj - 2k, S= HJEJ"I ol4+ql gg
4llg+++
Etsz-1-x'-v244Al *B e2:x2+y2,0<z<4
10. F(.r,y,r): yi + zi-t xk, S= t*olol "J9 y4 'JuJ"J
HI+E x2+Y2 lz2:1,Y20

C
I

I z:l-r'- y' 11. Ct]" F(x,y, z): z'i * +qd.q. "Jxl-

zxyi + 4y' k7I
I

I 7t fldql^J E (1, 0, 0), {1,2,1), (0, 2, l)zltl dE¤. tri

I

I
4 +zloltr, ol Ctl.el ErJs-tr oJzl-= 4^l flEs_E E
I

J^ of ++. oJufl rzl-.J gg +6I+.

_y 12. s7l +Eolr F7l +ez.l- Cr]el ?149=_ EI+B trll,

.f,
JJ, curl F . dS : O"Jg EIe+.
 1s.e gd' Eat 1045

ls.e I 'Jtt Eal

ls.s¤ql^J EqE ol¤-6H^J rfl cEl= +¤-r+ zjol Ezlfl+

J r . nds : lJ or" F(x,y) dA

D

EzlrJ c- ¤E¤q Del "JE oJ?'"Es ?*y 441+dolr}. ol c4E m,e.1 EEltr
og 6IE +++ +=-g- + ?lr+.
=+6r-ap.z}

1
lJ
. n d,s : IJJ div F(x, y, z) dv
s " E

"J7l^J s= "Jillgq E4 A4]+trolr}. 4BEL 7l¤ o}?ll al Eol aroJ"l +Hr4

olE g4I cEl4 =Jtr}. olag rfl 4El, r-Et^ 44e+ Hl+6Iq, Bq +l
=ql,
ql^.j +l+fl E.J+(ol {+ql div F)9 zl$g gqE A4j +lql^J g4 6J+ FE
4Eql +fl^l?J+.
ol *4lql^J 14.6¤ql L+s= e'-+4$g +E + 91. qH zlxl qE|]el ¤q-$
$a,qlq-. +E 1, z,3g +^lql "J+61-= ¤q Eql ql6l] g+ di]= ¤H6l-r +
H+r+. ralr old gqg E+fli{lB$(simple solid region)ol+ +=+(ql. E
E +gEsE EEIAj-.J ggol4 zl+Eill. ++"Jitl¤$ol4l . E4 A4l. BE1
+Eolr azl]E .JE oJ."tg ufp$.o_tr 6J*+-
15.7¤ql^-l ++g 4=tr1. rl
^l
rrJ6l]^J
++jBdqq n3 EE+E] ufpse_tr 6Jf,.+.

gtt EEI EE ++B4¤qolr ,s:. "Jel (Hfe+se. E.}:olE) HJ6#g 714. EE "J$ tral= qqE Egg +ltH-.J +-+
ff
441+Hol+ 6-lx}. F= r ^de*+Eol E=. _tr6J6-1+ gfl Bqql^l fl+"J EE
7|+A(Karl Friedrich Gauss, 1777-
r85-s;o1 0l== nl,'.J 71.+4 Ealatz=
EI+E ,*= Elqrlol={ a}z}. :.4fl ffiol cBq}+ -glrf. zf+,\ts trEzl:+g E+6|.= EoJ
ol Eel= ga-*r|.. E+EollAjts "J+t E
ffr.ds:lllor"Fdv
5E
alTl al/tlOl +qrrl- e.,\E+ra|"-^71
(Mikhail Ostrogradsky, I 801*l 862)01 0 J

nl,(l Q,AE+la|.E_471 Eale gq

==
r1 ?lrl r= l826Lloll 0l gs.-?[rl.
tr+.+^J *+ 44-, +q{
aAql^l EE 441+Eg zfe.xlE} rg #*9 E =rl.=
flql^J div F9 dL+4+4 A*g "J+tl.

F:P i+ Qj + ftkulalx|. relfl q-*g g-'I

=B
aP
: + aQ
dx 0y *
divF 'R
6z

"++^J +*ol ^JB+rl

lljo',Fdv:lji
E E
#ou. llJ
E
#ou.
-J llj #0,
E
1 046 1sg trlEldH4

nol sE Hl4+-q-E .r6F- tflHdolE, g4I calg 4-Hql il= E4+e ++

+++
JJ
r. ds : JI, . nds : JI
(Pi + oi +Rk) . nds
sss
: JI Pi . nds + II nj . nds + IJ^k' nds
sss
rqF-tr" ts& d4E +86l.71 E6l] r++ ^ll 4l"J +H6l-E +ts"}+.

2 llSE,i.nds: III #r,

3 JJaj'n ds: I$#*
4
JJ-k.n
sE
ds:lll #*
E]= +E6I7l gldl rz\ +s=4 rJg +E l¤Eql ^Ldg ole"*4.
^l
E : {(*,y, 4 l(*, y) ¤ D, ut(x,y) s, < ur(*,i}
q7l^l D* ryBH +lEel EE r+.0¤9 +4] Eql E6ll trh*g E=+.
^I¤ol+.

rEIFF "14E4"9 zlB4illql q+ ffiol dH++.

5
llj # dv : JJ [o(., !, Hz(x,y)) - R(r,], ut(x,illae
E D

a4l+E +^dE+. oJH s,, +l++E srq 09 4

s- ++r+ ,J"l r.ll +E!-E
Sr(r: uz@,y)) 4l+d gl"ll Fol= +zl+H s,"14. (re 1 ala, +Eel {+ilH s,EulEI+
/ zl 9+¤. +E il+.) s3ql^J k- +z.lol;. n* t¤ol7l ollEql k'n:O'Jql ++
s-. E
.T
I
6}xl. trl+^l rl-Sg g=+
I

(z : ulx, y)) iJ-k-nrts: IJ 0dS:0

Sr S:

v
D
J
r7ltr-tr +4+Eol ¤4]a}Szlel ol+q] ^J+flol 4¤-ol ^dB++.
-ral I
JEI

+
6
JJ-k.nds:
s
IJ^k.nds
5r
IJ-k.nd,s Sz

sr9 BC4* e - ur(x, y), (x, v) e nolr Hl?+ 'J'JE Bd "* +lE "f*r+-
tr14^l ls.7¤E 3+1 lroteE+El(Fql R k= qlilsJr+) trl--*g ts=+.
 1s.9 g{t Eat 1047

JI
- k . n d^! : otr, !, uz(x, yD ae
JJ
S:D

srql^J-z: ut@,y)tl!xl"J {zlrJ Hl-¤+ o}6}el Hd n* o}414"e ,f"J+.

q+^l -lg +6IE ri¤¤ E=+.

JJ
- k . n d,s : -JI *lr, !, ur(x, y)) dA
.!r D

:a4 o_tr. +{ Eq E611 qg.r1 ?Jq.

JJ
- k . n ds : JJ [ot., !,
uz(x,y)) - R(x, y, ur(x, il]ae
SD

+^l Elsl uJ:zafE +*¤ e=+.

JJ.k.nn:llj _dv aft

dz
SE

+4 ae+ tr+ E.il tr]],* s¤ol +B 2 E- +B 3ql gE.el 4+E ol+"H^J + g+J Ealq 5E ,JEE:rp! Ealol 6E
HJEII +/'l--st0ll T 6l.rl.
^I6J
%LHss +B$trl. I =

(qq lD ++l+H *'+y'+22 =t +lE ElEltl F(r,y, ,): ri + yj + xkE +=J

g +614.

Eil +d +q=r+ zJol Fg B4lg 41+If,+.

dy"' *(*):
divF: + e) + *Ol
Ex"
* I
02"
++l+H sE x2 + v',+ z', < LE- +qzl= ++l+ Bg 44lol+. ul+^J g4I ¤qE
ol+6IH +++ +g_r+ e+.
qlll lq ls.7trql qllll 4E 6i|ef
dv: Jll t dv : : Jtnl), o-HE HJ

lJ.-ds: fljo,, F y(B) \/ : + r EAI HIEali Erl.

B 3
s B

{qI{| 2D r(x, !, z) : xyi * (y' + **")j+ sin(.ry) koltr, ^S= E5-zI5l e: 1 - xz

4 ¤H e:0, y:0, y* z:2E- Eelr,+?l ¤q EE +H"J 41,ff F-dSE +6I+
(rH 2 +4\
(0,0, ,l
Eil +q4i E4Eg zld +{.= ae,l]+ olfl+. (sE ql ++ql
']]+6I=
ql zlxl )/-L z

E4Eg +6]]olEJ qI+.) rj+ol Fel ts4!+ trl.g=$ zJol F zi;lJ_H_r[ gd E +d;6]+.

divF: +(xy)
6x'"'
+ *(r' * ,*")
- t * $(sinxy):y + zy:3y
dy" dz' (1,0,0)
(0, 2,0)
"v
x
r4-=E B+I 44E "I*EI^J +qd H4+g ++zJ+eE Hl-#trI. ol ++4Eg
z:l_ xZ
+6I= TltL fl+ %LHe q-q=r+ rJol E. +B 3"J ¤qsE +qLil= doi4. -r
JA
al .,
E-
1048 158 EE16H4

E:{G,y,z)l -l < x11,0<z< 1- x2,0 Sy{ Z- r]|

rqB E=+.
jJ . . ds : IJJ
ot, E dv:
lll 3y dv
sEE
: , f , lJ-" f,-' , dy dz dx :, Il, IJ-"
(2
-
z)z
dz dx

:+Jl,
[
-+)ir" o.: -+l], tt" + 1)' - B)dx

ft + 3xa + 3x2 - dx: # tr

- -Jo (ru 1)

tr+"J4]¤qql qldl^J"J BtI Ct.l= 6ElHzlqL f'tzl]9 tr+'J4lgqe] R

dE.q] gqql ql6H^lE +HB + 9ir+ (ol 4Ag ls.4poll,<J rfl c4= +tr-

r B'I ol+i$,H 44 +^l-"]-ri.)

,, n.
ql= gfl+E s14 sz +.J ¤E E= ^J461-zI. {zlrl srg s2el "J
t', =E ^l-olql
i +.il +"1 ?t+. n,r] n2=. s'4 sr9 ufp$9tr 6J="}- BdElq+ 6}zl. f-3lE E
e-l 441+Eg S: S, u S2oJJ- olAE E^JElEl ng S,ql^l= tr : -rroll. Sroilrl
-t-
I -nr Sr

ts n: nrolr|(-r-{ 3 +4). sql B+ ¤48 zl+6IE ++g g=+.

7
:
iff div F dV IJF.d/s
: IJ, n dS
-ral
JE
2
L' E ss
: JJ, Ilr ) dS +
JI F.nzdS
.Sr S:

: -li. dS +
JI F dS
Sr S:

(qlll| 3|) rs.l¤el ql4l 5ql^l4,Jol 4* dzl^Jg ^I4++.

tO
E(x): .
l_f
¤zlrl d6l 0= EEql +lil6-fr. x: (r, y, zl= +lzlElqol+. g+I
44E ol$allal
gdg ql+l;Al-=
"JEE
g6J+ts sE zl+= EE dTld4ol q^s-r+ a+¤ tsq+.

IJr.ds:Anee
s

Efl s= gEg ql+lAl-= "Jele] Bf,+H"lEE sql ql.J H+qI "J44lg e=+=
ag qE+. s,+ +4ol fldoll EtxlEol aoJ zl-* 4g ++r 6ix}. {zlrl s,ol s
+6IE+ ++61 4.g aE q++. EE sr4 s ^l-olql +-J qEolil+]l
ql 6l-4. f+lE
+4 Eltr+q +*¤ e=q.
 1s.9 gc Eat 1049

I flJ o'" E dv: -lJ r ds+lJn.as

ESr .t

div E :OoJg -H-.J + 9].+(fl^"+zll 13 ela). rq.E-tr. +^l EE+q +*¤ g=+.

II, .ds : JJ n .as

.s Sr

ol 4l4lE sE+ s,ol 7gol7l trllggl sr +lql^J H4Eg 4l4lg + gl'I= 4"1'I.
xglal Hdulrlb */l* lol+. tr14^l s,9 *{al"l lx 1 : 4olFs +gg g=+.

E'n:#. (fi :
t
tQ
t^ '-
i.
l* l* "L:
tQ
l* l'
I
xQ
nZ

trI+^l trI+3 e=+.

,.ds:ll ,.nds:
llSS,S, #ll ds:4ott,):#4rra2:4nee

"14.9 fldg s+61+ "Je.lE Efl+E s. E9 dzld4"l 4zreQoJ$ _E- Eor+6.k

q ++. ["ldg +"J d6]ql q+ 7L+^ H4(15.7¤E +4 11 4+.o14.
aI e: Il(4neo)ol+.] =+rL I
+41=
" "o ^IolE

E4I 4qE E +E ¤+g +^ils$.iliJ .Jq*rl. v(;r, y, e)E "JE pz| fE

+ +4lel +Eer-ol{ 6}zl-. rBlH F : pr* ++lH"ltr g$$".|+. ps(xs, !o, zo)
zI +^lJ qlE + doll, B,Y +d"l P'olI Hlxlgol ,l+ 4tg roi roJ +"lE
div Fz| E4.olF-tr 8,, qlel E.E Eql rldl div F(P) : div F(Pn;o1r4 441+H
s, +lql^J ++g o_+ 4l4I6|H +*4 ,JLI.
=^l-4
or, F dv: divF(po) dv : divF(po)v(8,)
iJ
s. ".ds: IJI
Bo
IJJ
Bo

ol -4tr*g a + OoJ ul +a|ql 4 tl*41 5lr +¤¤ 4l^l+4.

I divF(Po): jJn.as
Iigo # s,

tt
\:

+4 E= div F(Ps)zf Poollrl ++l+irl* u|4.$s-_tr 6J:"}E +=JE +s=¤"J¤- ,// I t t t //

olE¤ E"J ol+olr+.) div F(p) > 0olE, +q# ,/,/ / I t tt/ ,/P,,r
"J6H ++. (olAol B4Iol4 ..o*
p ++.lliJ ul-¤+"s 6}6lr p. EEE(source)ol+ ++ div F(p) < OolH, + 2,--+

g.# +-ql^J ?l+.o E oj:ofa PE EgE(sink;oJn+ 6J.+

P
a++

:rH 4ollrl Eq+e. p, **qlal ¤B:"H ElqE+ p, **91^J E+. ulelEol

q 5t+ trln+^J +sE+ p, F*gl^J Hl-4-+_e-e.J6lr:74=E_ div F(p,) > 0 /+ ./, ., -,
a P,
.r' ,/ /- t lt/ ,/ ,r'
ol-n P1E Edol+. +--*¤ o E P' +=ql^'1, .qs= ffiol 4zl-b q+-H- // t I I ltt //
+ q ?Jq. {zlrJ +s$$ t}ao E_ oJ6}r, q+^l div F (p) < 0olr p2- g :lal 4 UlE.lAf F : .rr i +,\,r j
1 050 15S ulEl6H4

"Jdol4. Fql ql'J ^lg ol+E}]^J olfl L4¤. q"Jts + gl+. F : x2 i + y2 1o1
7l qlEql div F -?x + 2yolI.,y> -,rB oll oJol g+.q-+^l 4dy: -x gl4
dC E4oll, "lrll+ dg +"Jdol4.

ls.e I E+=xil
t-2 ¤q Eql^l EEIaI Fql ql6l] g4I 44zt *fl9 Bq4.
l. F(x, y, z):3.r i + ry j + Zxzk, E= ¤H. x: 0, x: 1, (0,0, c)
r] +-:
-+- I
y: O, y: l, z: A, e: lE E+]JAI"J {qflilloltrI. ab C

2. F(x, y, z): (2, y, *\, E= oJ4l+ x2 + y2 + z2 < 76 h

)r

3-e g4I c4= ol+EiliJ HzlE II,r .ds, + sE Eor+d.= (a,0,0)

Fel +%hg 4l4}6t+. .r

3. F(,r, !, z) : xye'i + ry'zt i- y"' k, S= 4IEBET+ ¤E 9. F: Itl.,r : "ri + y j + rk,S=HI* z= _xr_y,

"Je-l flSx' +y' ! 1-+.
x:3, y:2, z: lE- Eflr+ql tlztE -trH 4ry*lE ol+qd ¤41+E
4. F(x, !, z): 3*y'i * )cez j * z' k, S= flzlE f + ,': 1J+
10. F("r, !,2): zzxi + (*y' + tan-te) j + fu22 + y')kolr
¤Ex--1, x:28-EElr&t'J EillE 441+H
,SE x' + y' + zz : 14 ql, g+I ¤
^JHI+E"J
ol+"11
5. F(x, !, z):xdi+k- 4j -ryk, S=4+lE *+zyz
"-lE
sz]-$r;4EoI o]Hql +
* 322:4 ^l lJ,F.dSE +rp4. [E!=:
E6l^I. gxl s,at s, fl9lrJ zl+g 44 4l4l6J+. {zl
6. F("r, y, z): (2x' + y3) i + 93 + z3) i + 3yzz k, s= EEE ,rJ s,e] fl* ,'+y's l-ts oI4+ BFBlolr., s,:sU,s,

z: l - * - yr+ ry$Eq.tr. EElr+"J Eillel A4l+tr "l+.1

*zi + xz3 i +y ln(x + l) k, s= BS x + 2z
7. F(-r, y, z): 11. r+g rHg Eq1I rg Eq +7 9i+. olfl {oll.{ sr
:4, y:3, x:0, y : O, z.:Oql E6]] E*lJi]-e fl4E + g4}el 6149 ol-$aN,rJ pr4 p2ql^l *e.Jzl +oJ oJ

-tr8 zl ¤c6i+.
2
'1 \\ T I I \\ .\.*

a
,I I I \\
__ _pi

x-lZz:
I
t
4 -L 2
.$
y:3 -D-
,?

\\ \ \ \\
v
-2
_
.r
e,$

EE tz. EEI1L F(r, y): (,*y,x + y?]lg f41, div F > 0"J *4
div F < Otl *¤ ++6t4. :z4l div FE 4l+6ll^J +
8. F(x, y, x): zi + y j + r,r k, s= 4IEBET+ *lE
ql EEI Eqr+"J +g +116}+.
-Eg, {zJ.r.l
^IHzllE
:
JC

-+
fr, b, +. 13. dzlt} E(x) qlql div E:0oJg +H6I4.
#xql
14-16 sel EzI g+ 4Elel 4dg "J+6tr 4rJ4 ++e+ E
 15.I0 sT 1 051

Ei4;el dEEol E+.J z4l s=g-45 7}4l4r 7I4B trll, 17. se+ E= ts+l CE]E 4Ag nJgap /= E+"J SE+I
++ 6JF4.lg +H6l+. +E += EJ+4 E .I ++g +EE]_E}.
^rJ+
," a ' n ds : o, a* tr-+HlEl : fflvruv
{J ijr"
SE
ds

,t. JJ curlF.ds:0 EEIEL+9 E4E4 +I+zJEg 4 dEBJ+¤ 4E61l^j

s
gg EElol+. [-d=: F :/c"ll trt] ¤48 4soalEaJ
''u.
II (/vg) .n ds: Iil (fy's + vf -ys) dv
c* .J99 ++ElEloltrl.l
SE ^14}6l-4. 9zlrl

ls.lo I g.E

"lH +q fe pf=-e- E+ trl4EEE TlEcE-lE rzl-94 HEEoltrI. ola

E9 zlq6}- ql E+g #zl glaH {zl"ll 844"J +^}^d¤. g + glE+ EI-41
E"r +9ltri(64+ xJlel). ,+ 4+q^j 4IHg ¤q +lql^l 'EEI+'g 4Eg xll+L
6|r +HC ¤9ol zd4l +l.ll^J"J AE|] EI+E {tg _tr=Jq}4.
+-flEr e4l(EE)

"l4E+E zle4E I',

,'t-l dx : F(b) - F(a) il b

r(b)

:/('(e)) - f(r(a))
d4Bq 7lEc4 Lor. dr r(a)
C

+E!Et B4t

rfl 4El
II(# #) ,O: T, P dx -t Qdy

l n
I

l- E
--+J-o-=,e.
Zl =l
JJ
rurr.ds: J r dr 5
s
C

Eiilet Bfil
n
s
B4I 44 o'" F dv: F . ds
IJJ
E.s II .r L

n
1 052 158 EEI5H4

15 u/\
-t ld

]llH q?I

r. EEI+g #HqlzE E?-lzl 9"lE zlxlS,t.ll zlzl qE E+. (c) Fzl +4ls+ql^'l +E1I"J ull, curl F4 div FE E?-l

2. (a) o.s.l z3o1q1 *d "llz4+ +d cE IIl+ 4rJ4.J+ 4sE 6]]46|+

/q c4+E dq= 4+. 6. (a) ,llzfl$E* FH,.Jzl? rAE 4zI 4d* F*."Jzt?
&) rfl d4$g "l$4l +61+7I? (b) utlzllqBg -J"lql ql+ -EB¤- 4+.

(c) dd9 dpsgt+71 p@, y)olr +d ce+ rJg EoloJ (c) al z :+qd qE HolE +614.
s(x,y)E
ztLtrl-+ dd9 4F#4 ¤++Cq Ell,* trEg &+. 7. (a) +6#+H* FHq_lzl-? B16:#9 ¤ + fl= +Hel el=
(d) r, y, eoll +=J 4A+ 'EL+ /el *d c +lql^]E d4 c=L
=- "1.
rJ ol 'ci-1
il ol = tA=L
E--1 = --1 ' (b) ++lHdElEl ntl fr6J4H s 91q1,t1 EEI+ FE E4
(e) ola d4Bq alg q¤41 +61+71? HE= +eJ)E 49614
3. d4Esl 7lEc4E "J6|+. (c) sz}EEI'*+ r(u, u)E +qd u]lzJl$solE rfl ziB
g qBrll +r1-=7I?
4. ffl 448 "J6.t4.
(d) +6J+H sz1 4 z: g(x,y)E +qzlE qB4l q=
5, Fzl R3ql^JE ulrl^J"l=fz a121.
7p
(a) curlFE 4e]6}+
(b) div FE del6}+.
s. g+I 448 "J:"14,

i[E . -r]xl el:r

'lrl\ rl-

4¤- E4lz| at"Jzl 4lloJzl +tr6l-+. at"lH ol+= ¤H6l- +401+.

a_,A+lolE ol+E ¤H6l4't HlqlE 4. Fsl Gzt ElEl+lolr div F: div GolH F : Gol4.
=4.
1. F7I ulrl^J"lEl, div F= EEltlolr+. 5. F9+ Grl ElEltlolf curl(F + G) : curl F * curl Goltrt.

2. f7l R3ql^J EE 4l+E ¤+ql EEEL+= ztzlE, 6. Szl. +"lI F= ^J+ErlAt"lE, jjrF .dS : 0ol+.
div(curl Yf) :0ol+.
7. oJel %r-6}g 7l-zlq Er+IQ rllz.el+ ++EEl+d cE
3. F: P i + 0 j"lr gfl gq Dql^l P,: o,olE, F= .H-
A4+ds-e. TIzl= ¤qE Holts A : f. y dxoltr+.

E+ETII

1. EEI+I F, +C ce+ d P7I rflql xll^lEl"l ?l+.

{-+--+- \ \
v
\ \ \ A
\
(a) J. F - drzl "Jft_lzl-, ¤+oJ7I, o"Jzl? ¤86t4. +-* < rr t
\ 1 I
a/F t I
(b) div F(P)7t "Jf?lzL tfoJz}, o"JzI? ¤E6t+. C
rtl ,
/
/ /
/ l,/x
/ t lt\ *-zt,

I I \ \-+A--)
tp
I
t
I \ \ -----+---+
-
t t \ \\ \ "*
--Y---+----F
 t=^
1(I]
.JO
-H
1 053

2-s trl-+ d4+g +6]-+. 16. s7l-nyBE +lql +q flE EEH z: | -r'-y2el ? E
olr fl+ trll, ElEl+ F(x, y, z) : xz i + y, j
,JBlg 7IE
2. Iry cos x ds,

C};r : t, !: 3 cos t, z: 3 sin /, 0<t < r + z2koli ql6[ iE=.4 4ul7} dfl+g +E6l+.

3. J.y' dx * x2 dy, 17. j-Ea^ d4E ol*al]il J.F.drE 4l&614. {zlrl

C= (0, -l)ql^J (0, 1)zlzl s$d x: | - y2el s F(x, y, z) : xy i * yz j * zx kolrl C= q{dol (1, 0, 0),
(0, 1,0), (0,0, l)oJ +I{¤olq, +lql^J E trll HI^l4l
I"x! dx -f y2 d.y * yz dz,
%t-
4,
olol+.
c= (1, 0, -l)ql^l (3,4,2)zlxlel /gg
ls. E7l E+l+ xz + yz + zz a 1"J trll, EEI+F(x, y, z) : xi +
5. J.F. dr, {zlrJ j,z): e'i * xz j *
F(-r, (x + y) k,
y j + ekgl qlql g$ 44zl
Cbr(r): tzi+ t3i - rk,0<r<1 ^dBElg +EBt4.
19. F(x, !, z): (3xzyz - 3y) i * (xiz - lx)j + (x'y + 2z)k
6. F(.r,y): (l * xy)e*v i * (e] + xze*')j7f -H-+4 Eq+ 4 6lzt. C7l-_f.HqlrJq ,Jol (0, 0, z)s} ¤:d (0, 3, 0)
.Jg +8614. F : V/E 6J+ /E +6F4
^lE
"J+61"= tl +d'J 41, I.F .drE +614.
z. ffie.1 rzf -H34 EEI+"J$ +86}l, ol ,t[.p$ o]$-
dil,q +q41 +dg q+ i. F . drE +6l-+. (0,0, 2)

F(x,y) : (4x3!2 - Z*y,)i + (Zxay - 3*,y, + 4y,)j,

C: r(r) : (r * sinzrr) i + (2t * cos nt)i, 0 < r < 1 0
(0. 3, 0)

s. ctl (-1, l)ql^J (1, l)zfxlel sEd y : il+ (1, l)ql^J (1, r,0)
-y
(3,0,
(-1, tlzlziel d+"J trll, d4E Irxy'dx - "r'ydygl 4
J
f-fl c4z} dB,'Jg +86].t+.
6ll
20. F(x, y,z) : "ri + y j + ekoltr S7I reql^le} ,Jol ul
9. rfl ¤48 ol-$all,! lr*'y dx - xy2dyE 7ot4.
qzlal C= HI^l4l %l-'*e-l fl ,, * y, :4oltrl. a+eE 6J:"1ts f.a}*Hrs^l4q^J ++l zJolE z*E

"J%r-ill7t 4l4g EHJillq 441+H)"J 41, lJrF.nds=

10. curl G:Lxi * 3yzj - xz2koJ B]Ele] G7]
=zfl6]zl +6I+.
?*gg +B6t+.
11. C7l 4r+t+ El]zq+ ++Bfl BE+dola f 4 gzl
"ltszl-L" +
6J+g 4, J. f G) dx + s(y) dy
:0"J9 +H (0,2,2)
6I+. (2,0, z)

12. f 7l =s+Ei+, + Y,f : 09 trll d4E I f, a* - f. dy=- "J

elel E+gq Dql^-l AEql +B"Jg+H6Iq.

13. +]ldol (0, 0), (1, 0), (1, 2)oJ +48 +lql +q il= + s
.v

x (2,2,0)
H e: x2 + Zyfl HolE +61+.
14-1s 4+ HzlEg +6Ir+. 21. azl :
xi + y j * zk, s= ++61-r Eq
tl-+EEloltr r
la. ff, z ds, sE ¤H z:4 o}49l +q fl= EEH z: x',+ fl!.q qlz*l+ *E "J6&g Tttl 441+d c= zt4l trl]
.,2 ol tl H rzBl+ f,ffiflo]+ 6IzI. q+g +E6i+"
-y -- -r=a

15. j[F. ds, ¤zlr] F(r,y, z): xzi- }yj + 3-rtoltr, .s

ff,^.ds:J)r,* r).dr
Hl-A+ %l-+g z}4l +E xz + yz * z2 = 4
=
tl=
T=
Appendixes

A 4E+,
R
9 A}7}E{
E-iIJ

c E!¤Ert! EllEf

A1
 tl=
A2 l-

nI4E+
DIFFERENTIATION RULES
General Formulas

d
1. dx(c):0 ,. *[./(,)] : cf'(x)

,. *[/(x) + g(r)] : /'(x) + s'(x)

,. *[/(,)s(r)] : f(x)s'(*) + s(x)/(x) (Product Rule) ,. d*o ltttl

Lsl*) )
: s(x)f'(x)Ig(r)]'
- f(*)s'(*) (Quotient Rule)

nxn- I
d
,. *ykkD:y'bi))s'(x) (Chain Rule) 8. (*' (Power Rule)
d.r

Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

d :
9. dJc. (e'):e' ,0.
*(b')
br tnb

d1 d1
12. ,1lo96.17:-
11. lnlxl:- dx' xlnb
dxrrx

Trigonometric Functions
d :
,r. x) : cos.tr ,O. (cos x) : - sin x ,r. x) seczx
*(sin ,t* *(tan

,r. : -csc x cotx ,r. : sec x tanx ,*. : -csc'x

*(csc-x) *(secx) *(cotx)

lnverse Trigonometric Functions

d1(sin-'.t i d : - _ d1
19.
"' dx'""' 20. (cos 'v;
/l\ 1
21.-[tan-'x]:-
-" J"r
G -dx r/l - x' d,t'*" r*x2

d I d : I

ffi
j _t, /l\

22. \csc-"{/:- r; 23. (sec ',r.;

-dx xJxz - | -dt

Hyperbolic Functions

d
,t. h(sinh,r): coshx ,t. x) : sinh x ,r. : sech2r
*(cosh *(tanhr)

,r, ;
d
(csch x) : -csch x coth x ,t. -sechx tanhx ,o. x) : -cschz.r
*(sech,r): *(coth

lnverse Hyperbolic Functions

dl (sinh-'I-) : d .1 : ----7 dl (tanh-'x1 :-

31.
r.. \urru. nt 32. (cosh-',r) 33. dx''--
, l-xZ
df ,rGT -
dx lx2_l
dl
36. _(coth-'r): _-
u-I d
34.
-dr '-'
(csch-rx): ---L
lxl-J* i 35.
-dx
(sech-lx) : --L
x1/l _ az dx' l-x'
 A 4EE A3

TABLE OF INTEGRALS

Basic Forms

du: u -f C ,t.I cscudu: ln lcscu -

'J udu: uu - I udu 8.
J
seczu tan cotul + C

du.,
,.J un du:4n*l * ,, n# -l ,.
I csczu du: -cot u * C ,a.J -::sln-'L+c,
,faz-uz a
a)o

,.j ;:lnlul+c
du
,o.J secatanudu:secu*C ,. I a'*bt' du : Lu
-rafi-
a -a - C

-J e'du: l eu C ,'t. cscrJcotudu:-csca*C

J
,t.i - du
..-
u\fu.-aL
: I
-Sgc
a
.u
'- -r
a
C

'I bo
b,du:-lnb +c ,r.j tanudu:ln lsecul + C ,r. j a' -
du
Ltz 2a
ln
u
u-a
+ Lt
+C

.J sinudu:-cosu*C 'tr.
I cotudu:lnlsinal+C 20.
du
u2-a'
ln
LI

u*a
LI

+C
J 2a

,.T cosudu: sin u * C ,*.J sec u du: ln I sec u * tanal f C

Forms lnvolving 'a2+u2,a)0

. +ln(a + J*, +,t) + c ldu

,r.
I G +
",ru:tJm zr. | -#:
,t \/a't U'
ln(a + J", + ur) + c
F- I u2du Lu az
22 u'Jo, t uz du:
tfu' * zuz) Jaz + uz
26. I ::
J Joz*uz 2"^iiz
* u2 - :-ln(u + ,ia+ ur1 +c
) 2

- +rn(n + Ja' + ,*) + c du -l. Jaz+ur+a

,,, ur@ + u'
: --tn +C
T d u
t-laz*uz - lt+r/ar+t*
23.
)t - du:ia=*u:-rt, lt- +C
,t.I
It
du !'Ot t U! +C
uz 1Ez + uz azu

duu
,n.J (o' + u2)3/2 aEz +
-_tr
a2 uz

Forms lnvolving a 2-u2,a)0

,0.
P-
Jaz - 7 ou : LJ;I=T . L+c dul
,u.l ;ffi---tt ;
a+JF-uz +C
J +sin-, --1-
u

fu-a4
,r.
J
uzJaz - 112 ou:
t(zu' - a')Ja, - u, + ? sin-'aa + C ,t.J

32.
J
a+
,l
Ja'- tt' +C l
,,.
T
(o' - uz)3/z O" : -t (zuz - 5az) a 2-uz

3aa
* --sin-'- u
* C
Ea
I.---uzdu u azu
34. l_
a2-uz* * C
I Jaz-uz 2 Tsin-' ;

(continued)
 tl=
A4

TABLE OF INTEGRALS

Forms lnvolving J;{ -7, a } 0

: L J", - r, - +rn ldu

n. Il,* -*,
ou I
r+ rffi l+c 43. l-#:hlu+,@l*c
J Ju"-az
f
*O=* tt
a\1ffi I uzdu * ln + u
o": t(zu, - lu Ju' - *l * C
a2
40. 44. | -#: - az + I-^/uz
) J Juz-62 2" 2

- n4 - -
-*lnlu+ Ju'-azl+C 45. I
du : Ji': o' *,
J utjE4i a"u

41. J"r-.?-acos-'L+C fduu

J lul ot.J@_AfE:-#+c
or.l \/u'-
|-i
a"
du: -!*
/:.2
- u
.,2
+ hl
"' u "+ J"r-arl+C

Formslnvolvinga*bu

+ bu- arn la + *c uzdu 2

+ 3bzuz - abu)r/i+ u" + c
or.
I #: #(a bul) 56.
J @, l5b1
(8a2

t.I uJa
_t
I uzdu : 1
+2o' rola* bul]+ c -------:
du 1 Ja+bu-Jal +C, ifa>0
m.
ffi #lt.-+ uu)' - 4a(a + bu)
-f
1n :l
Ja+bu+Jal
J bu
-Ja
,du ,:l,nl
4s.tula+bu)
J a ' l*t
la+bul
::
J-a
2
tan -l
albu
-a
_rn
| \_, if a < 0

f du I b la+bul ,E+bu -
uo.Jfu+bd:-;*A,, I , l*. u'. : u du:Zr/a+bu*a
J J uJa
du
* bu

udu a ,Fbu ,E+bu b f

---F-Uu:- u -r);ffi
1 du
-T- r
''' I ", I
---------------- ru l.., I uttl r L.
(a + bu)'- b'(a * bu) b' '

la+bul r I
''I , l*t
-:-=
52.
I u(a *
du
bu)z a(a + bu) a2
ur.J u^Jo+bur":ffi| u"(al bu\3/z - "" )u"-tJa+bu du)
-
,,.
J #: #('*u. - # -zatnla+bur).t tr.l .J" +dub" un zu'Ji + bu
b(Zru + t\
2na
b(Zn +1) J Jaibu
u"-r du

r-) fdu
to. uJa + bu au : $bu - Za)(a * bu\3tz I g
ar.J du J"+b" b(zn - 3) l_
J fiy u'Ja -f bu a(n - l)v'-t 2a(n - l) J u"-r4[ a 6a

tt. t udu 2
(bu - 2a)11a * bu * C
J ffi: 3b,
-:
 A 4Eg A5

TABLE OF INTEGRALS
Trigonometric Forms

ur.J sinzudu:Lu-lsin}u+ c ,u. du: - Jt co(-'u du

I cotnu
n-7
-!cot'-ru
.o.l cosrudu:lu+]sinZu*C 1 n- 2
,,. secnudu-
n-I
tan a sec'-'u +
n-lJ
t sec'-'u du
T

Larfudu: tan u - u * ,,. ^ n-Z flcscn-'udu

cscnudu -1 cotacsc'-'u+n-
". I
C
7 n-l n-IJ
... cotzudu: -cot u -
,[
u * C ,,.
T
sinausin&u o* :
ffff _
";t.i#. .,
ur.J sin3udu: -+(2 + sin2a) cos u * *o.l - b)u * tin i' * t)u * c
sin(a
C cos aucos &a ou -
2(a - b) 2(a + b)

cos (a - b\u (a + b)u

u'. au: lQ * a * sin au cos bu ou - - -cos
I cos3a cosza) sin C
". I Z(a-b) - 21o*U7 -c
tr.
I tansudu:lt*'u + tn lcosul + C *r.
J
asinadu:sinu-ucosa*C

,O,T cot3u du : -+cot2r - ln I sin ul + C *r. ucos u du : cos u I usinzr * C

J

,r.
I sec3udu: Ir"r u tanu+ jh I sec u + tan ul + C ,0. j a'sinudu:-u"cosu*n i n"-1 cos u du

,,.
7
csc3udu : -+csc il cot " + +ln lcsc u - cotul + C tr.l ,{ncosudu:a"sinu-n I un-t sin u du
I n-l sin'-la cos-*l# n-l
,=.
1
sinnudu
nn
sinn-'tt cos z *
J
.
stn"--7'u du *..
J
sin'u cos"u du :
n*m
+-n*m sin"-zu cos*u du
J
I n--
,o.l cosnu du: -nncos'-'rz sin u * :
| sinn*ln cost-1A
+-m-1
J
cos"-zu du
n*m ntm i sir"u cos*-"u du

1f
,t.I tan"u du: n-l tann-Ilt - JI tan"-zu du

lnverse Trigonometric Forms

f u2 +I
87.
J
sin-ludtt: asin-ra + Jt -,* + C 92.
J
utan-tud.u:
2
tan tu
2
+C
f_

S8. cos-rudu: ucos-tu - Jt - u' + C f un*t du 1

J ,r.
I
un sin-tuou:
#[u'.'sin-ru - )6)'n*-l
89. I trn-tud,u: tttan-tu- ]rn1r +
I
u2) + C
.1du :
rtn cos- tu
f u"*t du 1
go.I usin-turu-2u2-l
J 4 sin-ut-trg
"Jt-"'
94.
i -"i
un*r cos-ttt I
)6),nr-)'
f -,
et.)ucos-'udu-2u2-l cos--r
, "*[-,* .1 :
un tan- tu du 1*-tU _
r u"+t du1
nr-L
+C
4 a
95.
J
"i
-
Un+l
J17l'
(continued)
A6+E
TABLE OF INTEGRALS
Exponential and Logarithmic Forms

1)e,, * lnudu:ulnu-u*C
,u.
I tte,u dtt: #@u - c 1oo.
J

ln : u"*t
,,, U"eoudU:-Ilneau-- Un-lrau 4U 101. un ln u du '.
T ila I J (n+lP[(n+1)rnu-1]+C
eou
,t. +-du:tnltnal+c
i eo'sinbudu: #
a"*b''
(asin bu - bcosbu) + C 102.
J ulnu
I

,r. j e'u cos bu du a'*b''

Pnu
(a cos bu * b sin ba) * C

Hyperbolic Forms

: u -f C 108. f udu:hltanhl*l+c
r 03.
I sinh a da cosh
J "r"t,

109. f ,*.h', du: -f C

104.
I coshada:sinhu*C I
tanhu

* 110. f .."h', du: _.coth -l

1 05.
I tanhudu:lncoshu C
I
u C

1 06. coth# du:ln lsinhal + C 111. sech u tanh a du: -sechu * C

J I
107. sechu du:tan-t lsinhal + C I12. [I *r*t u coth udu: -csch u * C
J

Forms lnvolving Zau-u2,a)0

1 13.
I
1 14. j +C

I I5.
J

1 16.
I
du
:cos' a-u +C
J --
117.
JLau - uz a

udu
1 18. (=) +C
J Jz"; - ,r
n1
u2 du (u + 3a) )il- a-u
1 19. Jz"u - ,* + COS
.
+C
J Jz.. - ,rl 2 2 a

20.
du ___tu
J2." - ,r'
1
I uJZau - u2 au
 B AF4E A7

s II A}7ltll
a E-tu

I4E
zJs) ztlE xl]E +'?lE=- "E(o)"e+ "+q.firJql6l rad_E -EzlT;"ol fl+. e.d
6l + El-Tl qdg F6]] B"lzli. zJs) atl= 360"01_r. ol= zn 44"Jl} rJtr}. trI
el^J rl+el +4 tr4 tr. E-rI

1 rrrad:180o

,ll
tr lrad: (#)" - 57.3", 1o : --rad :
180
0.017 rad

(qlq 1D

H qq $tlz}?
(a) 60"ts

G) srla* H E(')oJ7I?

Eq
(a)4 r.E EE+EI "J +
1 gt; E(')E 44q1.ge u1#zl +161 +qd ,+Eql
n/r80* 3,.6f8 g+ EI+^l
I T\ : rt
6oo: uo\
*/ , rad
ft) +qqlg E(")-e u}+zl 91t11 tso/z-¤ #alg E+ u1il+.rJ ffiol ^JBf,+
51 5rr /tgo\ :
4 rat: ?\; )
22s" r''l

+tr=J + ol4+qtql+J= +qq] ++lE ^l-+.Jtr|. gHI4sE

fl#"I S,= *
ol ol*9= 4Eql qlfl 4q+ #e
"I{sl EEe+ ?JL+.
E(") 00 30" 450 60' 90 120" I 35' 150" 180" 270" 360"

TT TI TT TI 2r 3n 5r 377
alrl?J 0
6 T ; J 2 J- 4 6
TT
2
2rr

:rB t* sq aol a"ll 4t 6c401 00lr *xlEol roJ flg + ++g +4 a

U+. s-el ,Jol= 4E rTlql ulellap ge] (dill)Eql= znrola ol gzll 2rrr r
ql q+ gE +CzJ$ ZrroJ +4lE trl+ F^lol I
^JHEJ+. I
r I

\ I

0a
2n 2rr \ ---
----
ol E^lg es} aoll ql6fl EE '++g e-q -ral
JEI
r
A8 +E

r
r
3 e:-ar a: r0

^l
trql^J 0E ++l= {q.J.Jg Ed6}x|.
q6l, Egl^l a- rolT]E l+qt}g EE z)oltl flq HlxlEel ,Jole+ rJ¤.
-ral D
^l
ull, :r gql ql+ g9 +dtJe) atlTl Eg E + ?l4t:zH 2 +4).
JE4

( o{lrll 2 l)
(a) flg qlzlgol z)oltl6 cmtl a.ql EI]EL 44
soJ trll,
=_tlY?
(b) ge-l HlxlE"l 3"J trll, 3r-ls44"J.J +C4ql 4+ s.eJ zlolgT

EI
(a) ll Eg ol+6IH, a:6 r4I. 1: Jolr:-E g: f : t.z+q"Jol 84.
(b) r: 3 cmoltr 0 :3n18+qq}"J 41, a"s-l z3o1

9n
a:r0:3 (+) : I
-Cm
7t ¤+. I

rH 3.o-tr+El "J + 9IF tl! azl- AtEd(standard position){ FAql EBl]

e4g+. .<la{ol EAg "Jts rlzizl ^l4l+ql uJ;r}e-E.H.g'll eqzl- 4
9 =zlts $f(posirive)zl-grl :.H 4oll.rJ;JH oltrql. ,r.lzll uli'jgE EHg
'll
gqxl= 4E a71Y E*(nesative)z[ g't
v v
,t.l=d

0 J
EA 0

,(lac E-A
o-d

0 x

feJS e>o =aJ40<0

st +"J"J tJs) zzlql ql'J EAg +4UtrI. ^lE +s 49 =-tl7l +*
:.H
E4g ,*=+- +el6l-x}. ql= EE 3rr14, -5rr14 rzla tlr-laY ?JE
^Idg
rlad4 EAg +=tt. r o1+= olellel E^lol CB6|71 rllE"l4.

v ) v v v
e:! a:ff
0:I 0
0 x 0 x n -r x -r
5r
0: -!, 0 4

=aJ
5 7+el a;loll rHil Ee
 B AF4E A9

3rr Z'Ti: 5rr 3l llrr

; TrZrr
4444
{zlrJ 2n44q}e ed6l + Hl-fl E= Ag eli,l++.

rgry*+
rH 6ql +"l+l 44+4¤E ql4 e(0 < 0 < eo)ql 4ull ol-4l9 6zl]9 +4.J+
k q+4 rJ"l 4elgrt. BIE -U-o'l
5t

0
opp hvo pl tX
slnrr:- csc 0 E rL
hvp opp
ral 6

E ^:
cos U
adi
------a sec0:
hvn
'u
hvp adj

opp adi
tan0: cot 0
adj opp

"l 4q= 4E a7l7l rrl2E4 aAL+ ++{tg *= 4+ 4+g fzt s.4. ;_ y

rll^l rH 7ql^Js+ rJol 9eI4s.E. ,+ 0ql clloJl p(x, y)E oel Eaql +lxl+ .JE P(x,y)

el ¤ ole| ap .g d+ I op E rJol4 6l-xl. rBl H g.E +r+EI+= r}¤-r+ rJ

I
r
ol 4elE+. 0

o J

sin0- Y
csc0 -' v fg7
r
x
5 cos 0
r
sec0 -' x
v *
tan 0
x
cot0 - v

oql E6ll++q4b Ag 499x1 t+* +41tr., x - 0"J 4l tan 0e| sec g= C trsl tr(4] E)0llA r:l-E FI.:g s

99xl f}i.tt r4I y - OoJ ufl, csc 0ef cot 0- {Eqzl *=4. 7l-gol .J9]fl= ralE 4 00il rHet r
9l rtE= (cos 0, sin 0)0lr[.
4l Ee+ E"l +q+l celt. zJfl ztlTl ql7+, + 0 < 0 *
^l T"J "ll ^.1E "J
il+g +el6}z|.
07I +ql EllBoJ 4+, sin 0t- zl! atltl eg 4l sin ,J*{tg e-lula}a 0E + P(cos 0, sin 0)

+l= +rloJ"l4. q= Eq, sin 3¤ 3+q"Jql 'ilE sin Sf6|g g"l$4. 4l+l
zlel r$-qE sin 3ql qlB6I= $Qlalazf B'll= 4l4}zlel e.=5, 4 1x
=^HIg
4tlge ¤46}qoh 6Lq r$rll 6lE__tr sin 3 - 0.l4trz$ Brll ¤trI.
*¤ 3'ql 4* sin 6J+#g "Jlxl- B A+ sin 3"8p. Ezlo|{ 4lt}zlE E(")
F-E-tr ¤c6l-E_tr sin 3o - 0.05234E- E4l gr+. -rEl
JE
a
LII

rH eql +q4l 44+48 E+q {}4ulE

o .J + ?Itrt. ql= Eq,
410 +=

r=
,[z 7r .rr 1
: ---==,
rt1 .
srn-:-
TT \/3
Sln
4 sln
32
2.
4 I
7f
3
- ,lz 62
4
t;
vJ rrl
cos-:-----:.
TJT
cosT: COS
7rl
-ral
JEV O
l, /.t
t Yt- Z ,
32
-

rT1
v
tanL:
4
I tan-: -----:.
6 ,/Z
tan-:
rt
J
fi
sin0>0 all ratios > 0

A rH lOql gzlg "Au Students Take Calculus" +zlg ol+6ll zJrJ4

s ^l-+Eql
0 v
'il+ +r-r+++q +sE TlqB + ?t'l
T c
tan0>0 coso)o (qlll 3l) 0 : Zrrl3q qle AIr+Hl=?
feJ 10
Eil :zH 1l-tr+El 0:Znl3ql 4.JEA +lql d p(-t, E)* a}ol-=+ 9l¤+'J
v
+ 9t+ r4^j x: -1, .I: ll , r:271Elrt}4Hlq Ce-lql E6l] ++g g=+
P(-1,.,8)
.2n
Sln-:-'
,B cos
2nl:
--,
2n
"fr
2.
32 - 32 J
.F
2rr 2nz
CSC-:----=) sgc
L,,
: -2, 2n1
cot-: -- E
1r
3
3
3 ,/3 -
4
1 3J3
0 x

ral 11 ol-4E -8. ql4l 3el 'JBql Edl] 4l4I¤ sin 0el cos 09 {tg +4t+.
7f 'il TT TT 3n 5n 3n
;J
Llt
2rr
0 0
6 T 2 3 4 6
TI
2

E I
1
J1 VJ 1

i
1
sin 0 0
, 1
- 0 -l 0
- 2 2

/;
,E I I 1 I vJ
cos 0 1
2
-'-'-=
i 0
2 E 2
-1 0 1

(o{ldl 4p
"os
0:? r?;7 0 < 0 < r/z"J trll, t"lxl s4lE Ooil ql6J +4++=
FHelzl-?

ppl cos e:?olr-+ :2fl l2ql^lilH HH9 ,Jolt s-a, oJHel 'ZJolE 2a¤ +
ll4. HolE 14 +E vlElr+4' 44q 9.ll ,' * 4:2solJ, x2 :21,1 x: {21
rJ+.
"l+. ,++^J +"lzl szflel dIr+Et+E +-94
5 J Jzr sin0: ^E ^E
, , tane:-ti-
0 csc0::1
5
sec0:
5
Z,
cot0:-:2 n
2 ,/zt ,/zt

f.al 12
 a
lJ
/\[7lr+l
E-i rr A1 1

(q4l 5D 4l4}zl. 0l+611 rH 139 19 *"t4. 16

=^t,ig
Eq AI4Hlel delql el61 ran 40o :f .l+"
x
l6
q4^l x:- - 19.07 tr
tan 40"

?tl qll4, + 0 < 0 < r/ZolB rH 14ql +q4l +4EE +ol h: b sin0z| f.al 13

g+. :a4 =E +r-4¤E HzJ "4}. ++r+ ,Jtr}.

A -Ifggg Aolx+ol) - + ab sin o

b

f-H 15ql^"1i14 ?tyE+ l rrl2< 0 < zrolH +ol ft : b sin(rr - 0) : b sin 0

ol+._f4=-e+ a+_E+, ae+e=+ HE 4oltr r*z + He] ,r-|olzJ0$ u
"l f,g 14
?*Z +?+Bq ts4
"4- trl+r} ?J:LI.

6 A : lab sinl
h h

(q4 6l) i Hg ,Jolz} o"J 4+4BE E4g?

_n_
u
zzl> Efr rrltal_z 4l H E+ ,Jg ,Jol a$ zlx\ytr c- rr -0
Eq ¤+4EE ^ll
zJ94
-ral rtr
4Bq E4e +g+
JE
rJtrI. lL,

, l -z^:-T 'E
^:Torsin5:to= r

rgfd+-d=.!
+I4r6J+ aJE4g AI4EL+. +4l4l"lr|. +4*+e.l dEE+El zld E
^;olel
g + glt zlzJ zlts4oJ Ass +¤¤ +g + il+.

csc0: tl1, soc0:-, cot0:-tan 0

sin 0 cos 0
7
sin 0 cos 0
tan 0 : cot 0 :
cos 0 sin 0
-, -
"ldel rH 7¤- +e6ll q+el E4l¤. e=q. q4a4l c4 ,, + y, - ,roll
EE]] trl-+"1 CB++.
+ cos2o :
*' : 4:
sin2g 4r' + +:
r' r'\" r'
,

olEal +E]- EE +4*+'JE^l + 7l* +++ alf;-4l + 6l-'l-= +H6IH.+.

I sin20+cos20:l
A12 +E

4l trE "JHg cos2 00E +b + Eg 4+6IE +¤+ E-+.

^l

9 tan20*1:sec'0

+^l-6F41
^l
EE "JHg sin2 0-E ++E ++g E-r+.

l0 1*cot20:csc'0

++el +^l* sine gl-4;- iad-I+olI cosine 6J+- 4t'J+"Jg -H.JtI.

11a sin(- 0) : -sin 0

11b cos(-o) : cos 0

olE E4l"l ¤BEI+ 4+Eq 0e+ _0E s^l6l] rEJ+

=-Er-+sl.
E-Br+ts L lEoilA1 rl"+41 Ea
^lad4 E4g "l+6J
0lrl. ss flrll +E6ll E"J + llrH{lxll 20 +z).
?+ 0e+ 0 + zrrY rJg 849 zlxlpe 4*ol
^dB+trI.
12 sin(0 + 2rr) : sin 0, cos(g + Zun) : cos 0

"lE E{sE+El sine$ cosine 6J+= +7171 Zral +7lq++"Jg g + 9I+.

4"lxl +I4$+ .JF{E$ triflBal(addition formulas)+ E4= ol4el + 7l
a4"J E4sE+El Eqd+.

13a sin(x* y) : sinx cosy * cosx siny

13b cos(x * y) : cos .r cos y - sin x sin y

"1. H.dd4ql {6J +Hg qxll 4s, 46ql ,qEElq 9iq.

ll3E|e+ h3b-l9 yE -ytr- rillel + 11a el lTiE-l= 4eo 5l-rr_E "I4el
^l ^l
E!tsEal(subtraction formulas)= gt.+.

14a sin(x- y) : sinx cosy - cos x siny

lt46l cos(x - y) : cos .x cos y * sin x sin y

.r,l
--1 lEa l= l13b-l-tr 4hl rt 14a Eil-i?E-|tr- ++EE, ol-4E tan(x t y)"ll 4
6J F4g E=+.
: tanxf tany
15a tan(x * y)
l-tanxtany

: tanx - tany
lsb tan(x - y)
I* tan xlany
 B Af4H 413

HCC4 13 oll y: x.g FE ++E E4g E=+

16a sin 2x : 2 sin.r cos -r

16b cos 2x : cos'.rr - sin2x

sin2x + cos2x - 19 ol+"H cos 2xoll trl]+ +*E E4lg e=+

17a 2x: 2 coszx - I

cos

17b cos2x:1- Zsinzx

,tl
--1 17a e+ lT?b-]= cos2 xef sin2 xoll cl]BJ] 4?-l6l-H tl*el HJ4 8ll(half-angle
formulas)g E-tl. ol +4lg 4Eq +s" 6l-41 "l+g+.

1 *cos2x
18a cos'x
2

18b .a
srn.x
1 - cos2x
2

ufxluJe-tr.'i+e_l 4l5e
^l
E4 ^l
EE+EI +EE + gl+.

19a sinx cosy: |[sin(", + y) + sin(-r

- y)]
19b cos-r cosy: f[cos(x + y) + cos(; - y)]

19c sin x siny: |[cos(x - y) - cos(r + y)]

"*g += ar4iE}+ alE4EoJ fzllalxlnJ xl!.zfxl 4lE-e. tl1i_ zl#

^z1]¤
"l+g- ^lEoltrl. +^l +f1 ^l E-EE qq'+lfl+H "lE E{Eol ^l 13a
e+ l]3b-]-E+q ssE + gl+g zl$afxf.

( qq 7 |) +rJ [0, zzr]qJ,q sin x: sin 2xE "J4rlzJE EE *#9 *o]4.

Eil 4l tldlE 0l+6[ +q41 {e
x: 2 sin -r cos r E"= sin,r(l - 2 cos x) : 0
sin
o] gtrl. rr]-4il sin x: 0 Ei- I - 2 cos -rr: 0014. I x:0, n, Zrr EY.or ,:
I
olE-E *: L.Eot+.
JJ
n 7
-
I I'

¤E4.oE +"ld ^lql {EIl sTflel oll 0, rrl3,rr,5rf3:a47 2tr7l +^ll6J+ r

414 +=

I AttlHElzt
=rtl'PIEEI
L
^l-.JBzlg
E9 ,J"l- 4+r+q ^l-"Jzlql Hlqlil4"olrf.
"d}7+¤ql^J ?+7+E A,
B, c7l +L4L¤el +41d4 ol= qlidE tJe) zzl= ++url-:Z o1-x1. a4a- r_
b {t
H 164 'Jol ol5 4ql qlq" 6L= H9 'Jol$ a, b, cE ETl6Izl-.

A ( B
20 ,tl'glflEl "JelE +t4E ABC
fal 16
sin A sin B sin C
a h L

:rH l6el '*48 ABC9I E4g ^l trlql elall fab sin col4. s.oJ +4e
=B
el H4g lac sin as]lbc sinA-tr-E r.,tlz|!.alQ.r4^-l

lbc sin A : fac sin B - lab sin C

olt ZlabcE #alEE e=+. r
^l-.JE4g

EitltlflEl(Law of Cosines)$ {r'ZJeel 'J Hel 'ZJolE +"lzl + He] 'ZJolel

ol F H rl-ol9 4ql 96ll ++Utr|.

21
=,tltlEEl "JEel +48 ABC

a2: bz + c2 - IbccosA

b2: a2 + cz - }accosB

c': fl'+ b2 - ZabcosC

a Hall ^lg +H6Izl. 4"lzl + {+ +^16}r| +Eg+ "JelE +qA

c(b c()s
"v

b sin A) =B
+48 ABIE.r.H 17+ zJol ++14 Atl +d (0,0)ql s4l atE¤E9l FzI.4
ltd Bel Cel 3l-s= 7+7+ (c,O)e+ (e cos 2, b sin A)71 El4l 6l-zl(olE dE 4IE.
b
a
i 4 Afl zzlzl qlz,r-"J A+E +g #g TIdg q.J6Lr H{zl-z}). :48 +
+ ^l"l cB6J+.
A(0, 0) L B(c, 0) ri

:1= 17
a': (bcos A- ,)'+ (bsinA - 0)'
: bz cos2A - Lbc cosA I cz + bz sinzA

: b'(cos2A + sin14) - LbccosA * cz

: b2 * cz - Zbc cos A (+^.1 8q 9611) I

a^LqlEzlg +t4Bq Eg zJol"Jg ol*dl E4g +61+ +^lg +E6IE

^ll
ql ol+E + ?l+.
 B A'48 A15

22 allE(Heron)sl E^l 'Jelel

:$r+B ABCE H4 /= ++4 e+
A-
-a -&Xs-c)
{zlal t:L@+b+.)o14.

*d a.<l.JEzlql el6l]
=g
1 + cosC: I * a2+b2-cz zab*a2+b2-c2
2ab 2ab

_(atb)2-cz _ (a+b+c)(a+b-c)
2ab 2ab

+^16l-41

l-cosc: k+a-b)(c-a+b)
?ab

rflE ^l
tr1"il elall

A, : iorb, sin20 : f,arbr(l - cos20)

: f,azbz(l + cos 0)(l - cos 0)

: ,(a + b + c)(a + b - c) (c t a - b)(, - a + b)

f,azb
2ab 2ab

_ (a + b + c) (a + b - c) (c + a - b) (c-a+b)
2.2 2 2

: s(s - c)(s - bX, - a)

.J Hql xll#g +l6H +EE:"]lEel +^lg E=+.

r g4-d+ol feIlE
rB 18(a)91 +qd 6Jf /(x): :r4u;. O(x( Zr4l QlaN sin x<ig
sinxe-l
EsE 4rol+!._tr E-+ rqr ^LtlB+= lzlzlZralfzlB4<4
12 )ql
^I
d¤ ol$El r?lls= Sd^lA + il+. x: nn, ng 4+.J ull sin.r:0zl 9i.
+E6IZF.
^}dg
x: nrr, n* $fE UJJ sin x: 0014.
E-Al
6 --i

cos -r : sin x*-

It

9.E+El("1 4l*
^l
13a
"llrl y: rrl29).4*"lrll i^l-oJaJ+el r4E= ^Iql
A16 +-E

3tr
, 1
2

0 r
-Tr
-l , TT 'ir 5n
2

(a) .f(x): sin -rr

-7r 3rr
0 7f "l_ -r
1-1 2 2
Lll

:
rg 18
(b) g(.x) cos -r

e++el rqsE rrlztrJZ g+s.E.

¤BolErlzluE(:.+ 18(b) +4) Erll Eq
z^IoJ + e++ E+ CE+qsE (-oo, oo)E ,*r zlqs-E ql++ [-1,
^l-.Jr+
tl$ zifl¤ ++-al-^l- r4 =-e EE x6foll qlog r1g-"1 CB=J+.

-l<sinx(1, -1 <cosx(1

4"lxl 471sl +4trr-+ql

'tl+ r4E= rg leql +ol#.+. rEr ol= .J+

v v

0
7r 'ff rT 3n TT
0 7t TT 3r
2 2 2 ? 2
2
-l

(a) v Ian x (b)y:cotx

) v

y:sin-r v cos _r

1 3r 3rr
2
0
2 -rr -1 2

.tr x
-l i
TT

-1 i

-ral
rE {O
tv (c) y: csc x (d) v SEC i
 B AI4E 417

el dq+E E,* 4\44 r4sql .E^lqq fl+. +c=oJ+e+ r+cE++E

xlq¤. (-oo, oo)ql HlB,
^lflEEt-+s+
i^lflE*+e] zlgS (-*, -ll u [], oo)
.Jg ++6lzl. -E-E 4zH9 EL+- +rlEL++. +d=Er-+e+ 7*d=E'+4 a4
b z-tl HIE z.,.1aEe+ ^lAtr6J+9 fzl5 2,-014.

B I E+Eril
--
1-3 E(')-=- +q$e--E d+l6}+. 1s-1e x_tr EilE Hel ,JolE a+d ola| szfzlzlxl 4l4I
1.210" 2. go
"I+.
3. 900' 18. 19.

10 cm
J
4-6 +qoJg E(.)e d**o}4. x
350
1-
4. 4n 5._5rr -5

T2
8cm
3r
8

20_21 ?+?+e) +B6l+.

7. fl9 HlzlEol 36 cmoJ ull ,+ nlt?4l ql+ fls-l Ee] zlo; =l4g
r_.)
20. (a) +{ tlEl 16) +4 IllE
EJ
21. (a) +4 lrfil (b) +4 heb-l
8. {lzl.gol l.s moJ fl"I #"1d.4. 1 m zJolg Eql ql+ (c) *4 19c
flel +d49 =zlb?
e-rl olqql +q4l 4$$ 4IEEgql ;..ladrt EBg ol$ t2-ze 6JF^lg +E6|+.
6l] s^l6l.+.
,r. ,,,(f * ,) : cos x
9. 3r5' to. -]n
Trad
11. 2 rad 23. sin 0 cot 0 : cos 0

24. secy - cosy: tany siny

12-14 ol?.Iql +qd tJ94 atlql qq} 4qEI +L4HIE {}g?
25. cotzl + sec20 : tan?o * csc20
,r. 3ro 13. _
9rr
2 tan 0
2
25. tan 20 :
5rr
I- tan2g
14.
6 27. sin x sinZx * cos -r cos 2x : cos ir

i- : fi + cot g
1s-17 44zl +lr+HlE +6L+.
2g. --ry
I - cos,f csc

15. sin 0 :
3rr < <: 29. sin 30 * sin 0 : 2 sin 20 cos 0
5' 0 0 2
=,
16.sec+:-1.5, 30-32 sin : l y : itqrl^-l .rsl y-3. Ot] rrlZ
+.fi<rr .tr
=41 sec ,<l
ol9 4ol4)g ,ll, 4g 49 4l{}6}+.
17. cot F:3, rr < B 12rr
30. sin(r + y) 31. cos(x - y)
A18 +E

32. sin 2y 41. i*48 ABCqJ^l lar 1

: 10 cm, lacl:3 cm, LB: 107"
oltrl. +4¤ ABCeI E4g 4l&6}tsk4ffl "lat 5zI4
33-36 +^lg el4rlzlb ++ [0, 2trl4l 9l= EE"rE {lg zfzl zJl{la}r};.
+61+. 42-44 rH :4=tr+El
18r+ I 3¤E
leel E++g
=B6Iq
33.2 cos-r - l:0 34.zsin2x:1 4+6Iq +qd EI+el rqEE rq4.
35, sin 2x : cos .r 36' sin r: tan x I TI
42, y:.Or(, -;) 43 J'
J
tan
2

37-38 +F^lg "J+^l7l= +rJ [0, 2r]91 ?IE E-= xel {} 44. y: I sin,r I

g +6t4.
37 stn *<! 38.-1 (tanx{1 4s. +qd :BB ol+?'l]
"t4el a^l"JEI+q Ed44E +
H6I+
39. +4¤ ABCqI^J LA : 50, LB: 68o r4r c: 2300]r cos(a - B): cos* cosB * sina sinB
ol*al] 4"lzl HE
'I" ^l.JHzlg 'J"le+ 4¤- Tat4tol [-dc: + 717] u}al1=r[oJ$4+ 44 +^]g ol$a1])e
trll a+d ol6i + xle,lzlxl 4l4i6t+). tr. c29 41416l-r. + 4¤. ullale].1
40. 4.9 EIg zt.tr.xls= 4 4 IAB l= +6t71 +16l] E c= a v
A (cos a, sin a)
Hql,qe+ zJ"l {ai{ tr]te=4 rJe ++ ¤+= Efl'}. L

Lc : 103o, lACl :820 m , lnc I :

I B(cos B, sin B)
910 m

44 IABIE a^t"Jgzlg olgu11 +614.

0 .r
A

46. a^l-ql-J+e-l H.d¤4e+ 6JF4

.",(;- r) : sino, ,',(;- r) : coso

C
ol+6i-ol gc4E I r4a lE +H6I+
B = ^l-.JEf+E
 C E+EI]I 6HB A19

c I E#=xtl dt|g

CHAPTER 1 20. (-co, -3) U (-3,3) U (3, m) 21. (-oc, co)

22, (-cn,O) U (5, m) 23. [0,4]

EXERCISES 1.1 I PAGE 18
24. l-2,21,10,2) 25. 11,0,2
l. Yes
2. (a) 2, -2, 1,2.5 (b) -4 (c) [-a, a] v r"

(d) [-4, 4],1-2,3) (e) [0, 2] 2

3. [-85, 115] 4. Yes 5. No 6. Yes 7. No
8. No 9. Yes, l-3,21,1-3, -2) u [- 1, 3]
10. (a) 13.8"C (b) 1990 (c) 1910, 2000 2

(d) [13.5, 14.4] -20 2 ,T

0 Y
11. r
26. -2. 0. -t 27
.ll

12. (a) 500 MW; 730 MW (b) 4 arra; noon; yes

2.

13. T-

0 x

28. _v
29 -'/'

midnight noon

f {. amount

-1
-l

0 -L
3

0
30. /(x):]* -f,t{x¤5 31./(r):1- J=
15. height 32. f(x): -x|-3
if 0<x<3
of grass 2x-6 if 3<"r-<5
33. A(r): lot - L2,o< L < l0
3a. AG) : ,fr*'/4,x ) 0 3s. S(x) : x2 + (B/x),x ) 0
36. y(x):4x3- 160x2 * 150x,0<x( 15
Wed. Wed. Wed. Wed. Wed. ,
15(60-x) if0<x<60
16. (a) (b) 23'C :
T (" F) 37. F(x) 0 if 60<-r<100
15(x - 100) if 100 (,r < 150

6,5

0 Z 4 6 8 tOlZl4 r(hours)

17. 12, 16,3az - a * 2,3a2 * a t 2,3a? * 5a * 4,

6az - Za * 4, l\az - Za * 2,3aa - a? + z,
9aa - 6a3 + l3a2 - 4a * 4,3a2 + 6ah * 3h2 - a - h * Z
0 150 x
-3 - /, 19. -t/(ax)
60 l(x)
18.
 tl=
420 l-

38. (a) (b) $400, $1900 5. Their graphs have slope - 1

R (Vo)

l5 + _1I
--
L-

r0

U 10,000 20,000 I (in dollars) L_L

c=l
(c) r (in dollars) c:0

6./(x) :2* - 12r + 18

2500

1000 7.f (x): -3x(x + 1Xx - 2)

0 10,000 20,000 :O,OO0 1(indollars)

S. (a) 8.34, change in mg for every I year change
(b) 8.34 mg
39. ,f is odd, g is even
(b) 9. (a) F
40. (a) }' v (100, 212)

r:!c+tz
0 "t 0 T

(-40, -40) L

41. Odd 42. Neither 43. Even

: 0 or g :
44. Even; odd; neither (unless-f 0) (b) ?, change in "F for every loC change; 32, Fahrenheit
temperature corresponding to 0"C

EXERCISES 1.2 r PAGE 33 10.(a) C:l3x +900

I. 3 (b) Trigonometric
(a) Polynomial, degree (c) Power
C
(d) Exponential (e) Algebraic (f) Logarithmic 5000
2. (a) h (b)/ (c) s 4000

3. {,lx + rr/2 -t Znn}, n an integer 3000

4. (a) y : 2x * b, where b is the y-intercept' 2000

1000
v
b:3 b:o
b=-1 0 300 x

(b) 13; cost (in dollars) of producing each additional chair

Y=2x+b (c) 900; daily fixed costs
11. (a) P :0.1d + 1.05 (b) 59.5 m
-lr
12. Four times brighter
13. (a) 8 (b) 4 (c) 605,000 W;2,042,0fr0 W; 9,454,000 W
la. (a) Cosine (b) Linear

(b) y : mx * |- Zm,where m is the slope' 15. (a) ,, A linear model is

appropriate.
y m:l
m: -l

N m:0
0 61,000

x
(b) y : -0.00010sx + 14.52r
1'-l:m(x-21 t5
(b)
(c)Y:2x-3
(c)

61,000
 C E+EI1I 6H'J A21

(c)1l: -0.00009979x * 13.951 5. .v

(d) About I1.5 per 100 population y:lx+21

2
(e) About 67o (f ) No

16. (a) See the graph in part (b).

(b) y : 1.88O74x + 82.64974 0 "{

180
7 )
,:L* z
rt: ?
U

bo
0)

x
150
35 55
Femur length (cm) 8. )
Y:sin4x
(c) 182.3 cm
17. (a) A linear model is appropriate. See the graph in parr (b)
(b) y : 1124.86x + 60,119.86
0 n x
1
95,000
0)
G
,.o
9 v
iicg
Yo y:2 +.6 + I
2

F
55,0fii
030 -l 0 x
Years since 1985

(c) In thousands of barrels per day: 79,242 and 96,115 10. )

18. (a) 2 (b) 334 m2

EXERCISES I.3 r PAGE 41

1. (a)y :/(x) + 3 (b)y :/(x) - 3 (c) y : f(x - 3) 4
x'-2x+5
(d)y : fG + 3) (e)1, : -f(x) (f)y : f(-*)
(e)y:3/(r) (h)y:itt.l 0 x
2. (a) 3 (b) 1 (c) 4 (d) s (e) 2
11. v
3. (a) (b)
-l l 2
y:2 - l*l
2 \l
--t--

t-tt 0 2 x

(c) (d)

v
,r 12. y:3sinlx+l
0 4

4.y:- -x2-5x-4-l
x
5. 'fr

-2

): I +;r2 13. v

0 x
y: lcos axl

0 t2
 il=
422 l-

14. r(/) : tz + , *(, - 8o)-l',l

rrrl
L36s' (c) v'

15. D(r) : 5 cos[(zr /6)(t - 6.75)) +1

240

:240H(t
16. (a) The portion of the graph of y : /(x) to the right of the V(t) - 5)

y-axis is reflected about the y-axis.

o
(b) ,1 y: (c) J

\ fu
sin lxl
y: Jt,l 33, Yes; mrm,
0 r 34. (a)/(ir) : *+ O ft)s(x):*+ x-r
0 x
35. Yes

36. (d) f(x\ :iz(*) + lolrl,where

17. (a) (/+ sxx) : lEs - xz + FT, [-l, s] E(x) :2* + 2-'+ (x - 3)2 + (x * 3)2 and
(b) (/ - s)(x) : Jzs - rz - ,fi, [-1,5] O(x) : 2' - 2-'+ (x - 3)' - (x + 3)2
(c) (,fsxr) : -x * 25x + 25, [-1,5] EXERCISES 1.4 r PAGE 47
)\-vz
(d) (.f/gxr) : T,(-1,5] 1. (a) '44.4, -38.8, -27.8, -22.2,-16.6
-x+ I (b) -33.3 (c) -33 I
tg. (a) (/" gxx) : r + 5, (-m, m) 2. (a) (i) 2 (ii) 1.111111 (iii) 1.010101 (iv) 1.001001

(b) (g..fXx) : ltr\

s, (-*, *)
(v) 0.666667 (vi) 0.909091 (vii) 0.990099
(viii) 0.999001 (b) I (c)y : x - 3
(c) (/'/Xx) : (x3 + 5)' * 5, (-m, m)
3. (a) (i) -40 m/s (ii) -39.4 m/s (iii) -39.3 m/s
(b) -39 m/s
tg. (a) (/" sxx) : +, (-1, *) 4. (a) (i) 8.9 m/s (ii) 9.9 m/s (iii) 13.9 m/s
Jx+I (iv) 14.9 m/s (b) 8.9 m/s
.1
(b) (g ""fXr) : i r l, (0, m) 9. (a) 0, 1.7321, - 1.0847, -23433,4.3301, -2.8173,0,
\/x -2.1651, -2.6061, -5,3.4202; no (c) -31.4
(c) (/"/X x\ : 18, (0, *)
r
(d) (g " gxx) : x * 2, (-m, m) EXERCISES 1.5 PAGE 57
1. Yes
20, (a) (f . g)(*) : :-,{* | , * nrr},n an integer z. (a) lim,--r,f(x) : m means that the values of /(x) can be
sln x made arbitrarily large (as large as we please) by taking x suffi-
/r\ ciently close to -3 (but not equal to -3).
(b) (s..fXx) : .'"[;/, {x | .r # o} :
(b) lim'-+. f (*) -oo means that the values of /(x) can be
(c) ("f ./Xx): x, {;r lx # 0} made arbitrarily large negative by taking x sufficiently close to 4
(d) (g. sxx) : sin(sinx), R through values larger than 4.
21. (f "g.h)(r) :3sin(*)-2 3. (a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 4 (d) Does not exist (e) 3

-f 4x +1 4. (a) 4 (b) s (c) 2,4 (d) 4

22.(f"g"h)(x1: 5. (a) -oo (b) * (c) * (d) -* (e) *
23. g(x) :2x * x?, 77x1 : *o (f)x : -'1, x - -3, x : 0, x : 6
2a. sG) : ;8, fG\ : x/(r + x)
25. g(t) : t2, f(t): sec t tant 7. (a) -l (b) I (c) Does not exist
:
26. h(x) ,E,gk): x l, ,E - f(i: 8. 9.
27. h(t): cos t, g(t): sin t, f (t) : tz
v -v

J 3
28. (a) 6 (b) s (c) 5 (d) 3 a a L

29. (a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 0 (d) Does not exist; /(6) : 6 is a

not in the domain of g. (e) a $) -2 0 -t 0 2x

:
_r

30. (a) r(t) : 60r (b) (A " rxr) 36}0rt 2;

the area of the
circle as a function of time
31. (a) s : + 36 (b) d: 30r Io. + 11.+ 12. 1.5 14. co 15. co
13. 1
(c) (,f " g)(t) : J9O0t'+ 36; the distance between
the lighthouse 16. -oo 17. -m 18. oc 19. x - -2 20. -cc; cc

and the ship as a function of the time elapsed since noon 21. (a) 0.998000, 0.638259, 0.358484, 0.158680, 0.038851,
0.008928, 0.001465; 0
32. (a) H (b) v
(b) 0.000572, -0.000614, -0.000907, -0.000978, -0.000993,
1,20
-0.001000; -0.001
22. x: +0.90, -t2.24:x : +sin-'(rl4), !(rr - sin-r(n/+))
0
0
23. m+cn
v(t): t20H(t)
 C E+Er1l 6}l'J 423

EXERCISES 1.6 r PAGE 67 4. .'t'

1. (a) -6 -8 (c) 2 (b) (d) -6 a

(e) Does not exist (f) 0
2. ]s 3. 88 4. s 5. -+ 5. -13
7. 6 8. Does not exist g, + 10. ;
rr. -6
12. tB. 14. I rs. # -+ 1 -2 2
I
-t

16.-+ 17. 3x? 18. (a), ft) I 19,7 20. I

8 I

21. -4 22. Does not exist I

23. (a) (b) (i) 1

.]-
5. .r
6. (a)
(ii) - 1

(iii) Does not exist

0 ,t
(iv) 1 7 H H

5 HH

J .r 0 7to 16l9 24 t
2a. (a) (i) s (ii) -5 (b) Does not exist
(c) "v
10. f (-2) is undefined.

(2,51 _v

I
' x*2
0 _r
-3
-j (2, -s)
0 .t

25. 7 J -2
26. (a) (i)
-2 (ii) Does not exist (iii) -3
(b) (i) n - 1 (ii) n (c) a is not an integer.
't r. lg /(x) does not exist. 12. (x) + f (0)
JT, f
3I. 8 34. 15; -l .!' ,y

EXERCISES 1.7
1. 0.1 (or any smaller positive
r PAGE 77
number) -1
q,. -7r -lr

2. 1.44 (or any smaller positive number) -{

3. 0.4269 (or any smaller positive number) .,

!- - \I _ _2
4. 0.0219 (or any smaller positive number);
0.011 (or any smaller positive number) 13. (b) Define/(3): +. 14. (-oo,m)
5. (a) 0.041 (or any smaller positive number) 15. (-m, -1) U (-1, l) U (1,m) 16. (-3,3)
x2+4 17. (-m, -11 U (0, *) f B. 8 te. n2/16
(b) lim -----: cc

"-+* Jx - 4 2O. x: I2 + Znr,nany integer

6. ,ftOO}/n cm (b) Within approximately
1a1 0.0445 cm
1
(c) Radius ; arca;'/tOm/, ; 1000; 5; -0.0445
7. (a) 0.02s (b) 0.002s f
18. (a) 0.093 (b) d: (Bztz - D)/$nttt1 - l, where
B :216 + 108e * 12 36+324s*81e2
21. Within 0.1 5rr 1-

? If 0 5r T
EXERCISES 1.8 I PAGE 88 2 T ?

1 . lim*-+ /(x) : /(+) 22. - I, right 23. 0, right; I. left

2. (a) -4, -2,2, 4; f (-4) is not defined and lim /(x) does not ]
exist for a : -2,2, and 4
x+tt
(1, 2)
(b) -4, neither; -2, lefU 2, right;4, right (0,

3. (a) 1 (b) l,3 (c) 3 (1, l)

(1, l) (0, -I
(- 1, l)

0
(- l, - r
 tl=
424 l-

(c) I
24.4 2s. 4 3

26. (a) g(x) : x3 + x'* x * l (b) g(x): x2 + x

30. (b) (0.86,0.87) 31. (b) 1.434 36. None
0 -l .t

CHAPTER 1 REVIEW T PAGE 9O

2a. [0, co) 26. 0
True-False Quiz
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5, True
6. True 7. False 8. True 9. True CHAPTER 2
I0. False 11. True 12. True 13. True 14. False
EXERCISES 2.T I PAGE 102

(b) lim f(x) - f(z)

Exercises f(x)
-": X - 3
f(3)
1. 2.7 (b) 2.3, 5.6 (c) [-6, 6] (d) [-4, 4] I. (a)
(a)
- t +5 x-3
(e) [-4, 4] (f) Odd; its graph is symmetric about the origin.
2.(a)1 (b)y:x-l (c)
2. 2a + h - 2 3. (-*,l) u (i, *), (-*,0) U (0, m) -4 2
4. (-*, cc), [0,2]
5. (a) Shift the graph 5 units upward.
(b) Shift the graph 5 units to the left.
(c) Stretch the graph vertically by a factor of 2, then shift it
I unit upward.
(d) Shift the graph 2 units to the right and 2 units downward.
3- Y:7x - 17 4.y:-5x*6
(e) Reflect the graph about the x-axis.
5. (a) 8a - 6az (b)y:2x+3,y: -8x+19
(f ) Reflect the graph about the x-axis, then shift 3 units upward.
(c) 10

6. 7
_) _v

Y:'lx+2
2
Y=x3+2
4
\
0 x
x
-L
-3
0
6. s (b) 24.5 m/s
(a) 2.5
8. ) 7, -2/a3 m/s; -Z */.; -* m/s; -fi m/s
y:l*cos2x
2 8. (a) Right: 0 < r { 1 and 4 < r( 6; left: 2 < r <3;
standing still: 1 <, < 2 and 3 < t < 4
(b) (m/s)

0 rr x 0 r (seconds)

9. Neither (b) Odd

(a) (c) Even
(d)Neither (e) Neither
10. (a) (/" gxr) : \Ain-r, 9. g'(0), 0, g'(4), g'(2), g'(-2)
{x I x E llnn, r* Znr),r an integer}
(b) (s.,fXr) : sin \8, 10, *; ro.? u.; 12.4a-5
(c) (/",fXr) : {;, [0, *)
.l^
13. -4la' -t l)" t4. y : -}x + 3 15.y:3x-l
(d) (g. gxx) : sin(sin x), R
11. y :0.2441x - 413.3960; about 82.1 years 16. (a) -3,y : -3* + f
12. (a) (i) 3 (ii) 0 (iii) Does not exist (iv) 2
(b) 4
(v) * (vi) -cc
(b),t : 0,/ : 2 (c) -3,0,2,4
13. 1 14. tr 15. 3 16. m 17. + 18. -
I
8

19.0 20. 1 -l 6

23. (a) (i) 3 (ii) 0 (iii) Does not exist I

(iv) 0 (v) 0 (vi) 0 (b) At 0 and 3 -2
17. f(z) : 3;f '(2) : 4
18. 32 m/s;32 m/s
 c E,- E^ll 6H=J 425

19. Temperature Greater (in magnitude) (c) 0.005 Yes;0

(in "F)
'72

38 -0.008 0.008

0 2 Time
-0.005
(in hours)

20. .\'
EXERCIsES 2.2 r PAGE 1I3
l. 0.5 (b) 0 (c) -1 (d) -1.s
(a)
(e) -1 (f) 0 (e) 1 (h) I
-r
I

f'
21. )
(5, 3)
234 67x
-1

5x 2. (a) II (b) IV (c) I (d) III

,t 5
3 _v

22, f(x):J;,a:g
23. /(x) : x6,a:2
0 .r
2a. fG):tanx,a:Tf4
25. (a) (i) $20.25lunit (ii) $20.05/unit (b) $2O/unit
25. (a) The rate at which the cost is changing per ounce of gold 4. .v

produced; dollars per ounce

+t
(b) When the 22nd kilogram of gold is produced, the cost of J

production is $17/kg
(c) Decrease in the short term; increase in the long term
0 -r
27. (a) The rate at which the oxygen solubility changes with
respect to the water temperature; (mg/L)/"C
(b) S'(16) - -O.25; as the temperature increases past 16"C,
the oxygen solubility is decreasing at a rate of 0.25 (mg/L)/"C.
28. (a) tn (e/dL)/h: (i) -0.01s (ii) -0.012 (iii) -0.012
5.
(iv) -0.011 (b) -0.0t2 (eldL)/h; After 2 hours, the BAC is v
decreasing at a rate of 0.012 (g/dL)/h.
29. Does not exist
30. (a) 4 Slope appears to be 1 0 x
H

a*

6. I
0
-4 x
(b)
f'
0.25 Yes

-0.4 0.4 7. (a) The instantaneous rate of change of percentage of full

capacity with respect to elapsed time in hours
(b) The rate of change of percentage of full capacity is
-0.?s decreasing and approaching 0.
426 +E

.v 20. -4 (corner); 0 (discontinuity)

40
21. I (not defined); 5 (vertical tangent)
22. 1

20 ): C'(0
Diff'erentiable at - l;
not differentiable at 0
0 z 4 6 8 lo tlt

8. .v When t: 5.25
-1

23,f'(l) 24. a:f,b:f ',c:f"

l0 y: f'(t) 25. a: acceleration, b: velocity c : position

81012 26. 6x + 2;6 1

f"
- lt)

9. (a) 0,1,2,4 (b) -1, -2, -4 (c)f '(x) : -4 4

2x
-l
t0. /'(x) : 3, [R, R ll. "f'(f) :5t + 6, R, R
12. A'(p): l2p2 + 3, R, R
'tx
27 3
f '(*) : 4x - 3x2,

13. /'(x) : - (-*, -2) U (-2,2) U (2, m), /\ f"(*):4 - 6x,

G: qr, 4 6
f"'(x) - -6,
(-*, -2) u (-2, 2) u (2, oo) I \

/(o)(r) : o
\
f'l \

r+. s'(u) : - g: ry,(-*, i) u (1,*), (-*, *)

u (}, f"'
1)
-7
15. /'(.r) : -#,(-1,*),(-1,*)
zs. (a) \a-trt
16. (a) (b), (d)
]' -T
29. f '(x) : -1 if x < 6 -v
,: f'(xl
I f' I if x)6 I +

x-6 0 6
.{

or Jf'(x):
\"/ t .
l,-6l -1
-3 -{
3 _r

(c) .f'(x) : -!,[-3, *), (-3, *) 30. (a) (b) AII x

2\/x * 3
_'tr

(c) f'(x) :2|;*l

17. (a) f'(x) :4x3 + 2
0
18. t t4 2t 28 35 A1 49
-L .t

H'(r) 0.57 0.43 0.33 0.29 0.14 0.5

v
32. (a) - 1, I (b) v
x:5
v : f(r)

0 4 .t-

0.5
y: H'(tl

(c) o, 5 (d) 0,4, 5

o I t42128354249t
33. (a) s (b) v y: dsldt
19. (a) The rate at which the percentage of electrical power
produced by solar panels is changing, in percentage points per H

year. (b) On January 1,2022, the percentage of electrical power

produced by solar panels was increasing at a rate of 3.5 percentage
0 3 810 15 19
0 3 810 15 19
points per year.
 C EAErll dt|H 427

EXERCISES 2.3 r PAGE 126

1, g'(x) : 4 2. f'(x) : 75x74 - | 3. W'(u) : -5.4a-a 35. /'(x) - 2 - t*''/0,f"(*):ft*-s/+
37. (a) a(t):3t? - 3,a(t):6t (b) t2 m/s2
4. f'(*\:]xt/, - 3x-a 5. s'(r) : -I - 1 (c)a(l):6m/sZ
tz t3 38. 4.198; at l2 years, the length of the fish is increasing at a rate
6. y' :2 + t/(lJi) t. s'(x): -Lx-zrz * f,y-tre of 4.198 cmfyear
8. ,f'(x) : 4x3 + 9f 9. f '(x) :3 + 2x
39. (a) V:5.3/P
(b) -0.00212; instantaneous rate of change of the volume with
10. G'(q) - -Zq-'- Zq-t lt, G'(r) :lr-trz *|rtlz respect to the pressure at 25oC; m3/kPa
12. P'(w) :3JA - iw-rrz - Zw*t/z a0. (a) -16 (b) -+ (c) 20 41. 16
13. dy/dx:Ztx * t3; dy/dt : xz + Stzx 3
a2. (a) (b) -f,
14. I - 2x + 6x2 - 8x3 15. /'(x) :12x3 -15x2 : g(x\- x'g-'(x)
a3. (a) y' xg'(x) + g(x) (b) y' -
16. y' :24x2 * 40x * 6 [g(r)]'
. 5 , xg'(x) - g(x)
'- - rv : -;:--
17.
(l +.r), 18. g $t: (5r * -17 It-t v
x'
+ t),
-tor3-5 3 -2.J6 44. (-3,37),(1,5) 46. y:3x - 3,! :3x - 7
\, -t-l)' *
19. .t' \t/: /_3 20. y
1st/' 47, y : -Zx * 3 48. (-r2,4) 49. a: -+,b:2
50. P(x):x2- x*3 51. y:t*' -ox+ 3
27. F'(x):4x* r*# 22. H'(u):2u-r
52. $359.6 million/year

23. J'(u) : - I
+
2
+ 24. -2t-3
f'lt): 3tu\t s3. 0.0021
u u'
.
*) _ 3y (0.01s + [s])''
the rate of change of the rate of an enzymatic reaction with respect
_ \//
25. G'{r''!
___ : -- 3AByz rf'(x\:
\/ , ?'* 26. to the concentration of a substrate S.
(Ay3 + n)z (xr*c)2 =

54. (c) 3(xa + 3x3 + t7x * 82)2@x3 + 9f + 17)

27. P'(x): nanxn-t + (n - l)an-yx"-Z + ... * Zazx * ar
56. No
28. 45xta - l5x2 2

29. (a) 50 (1, 2) +

-3
L \
5
y: f(x)

57, (a) Not differentiable at 3 or

t) ,r
v-- f'(x

-3
.t

2x if lxl > 3
f '(*) :
-t0
(c) 4x3 - 9xz - IZx -f 7 t00 -Zx if l.rl < 3
(b) -\' ,f

.f ,t'

30.y:i*+L
1

-40
/ 5

I
-30
\
J.r
/
_J
()
.t

31. y :i* + i,y: -3, + 3 58. m:4,b: -4 59. 3; I 60. 1000

32.y:-lr+*;y:3*-1 r
EXERCISES 2.4 PAGE 135
33.(a)y:lx+l (b) 1.5
2sin.r 2. y':Zx -
1. f'(*):3cosx* csc?x
3. h'(0) : e@ cos 0 + 2 sin 0)
,-r,o.rrl 4. y' : sec 0(sec2o + tan2o)

-4
J 4
5, f'@):0 cos0 - cos2g * sin0 + sin2g
1
6, H'(t) - -zsin, cos t 7, f'(e): *
1 cos0
o 2 - tanx *.rseczx
3a.f '(x):0.005xa - 0.O6x2, f"(x):OOrJ- 0.12x ' - tan x)z (2

?f+*',*=: Zsecwtanw (t'+ *

\n'' :- (1
r)cos r sin r
35.
rJ' Jf'(x)
Zx)z'J
f,,(x\:
\4'' (f + \--r: (l secu)' 10.
9. rf irri --- rv' (t + r)'?
= Zx), -
 tl=
428 l-

11. : I sin 20 + 0 cos20

/'(0) 21. y' : -12 cos3(sin3x) sin(sin3x) sin2x cos x
14.y:x+ I 15.y:2x-rr 22. f '(r) : -sec2(sec(cos r)) sec(cos r) tan(cos r) sin r
16. (a) y :2x (b) !z 23. g'(x): p(Zr sin rx + ruf-t(Zr 2cos rx)
rr cos(tan rrx) secZ(rrx) sin s1n (tan zr.r)
24.y':-
It
\i,It)
\
2v6irG;;,
25. y' - -3 cos 30 sin(sin 30);
y" : -9 cos2(30) cos(sin 30) + 9(sin 30) sin(sin 36)
0 T
tA -.! -sinx
:
I * coszx
-.tt
_.

17. (a) sec ,r tan x - 1

zJcosx" 4(cosx)3/2
-

0cos0 - sin 0 -02sing - 20cos0 * 2sing 27.y:18x*1 28.y:-x1'rr

18.
0' 03
29. (a) y:ntx-tr* 1 (b)
19. (a)/'(r): (1 * tan x)lsecx(b)/'(x): cosx * sinx
(1, l)
2O. (2n ! in, n an integer
+ 1)rr
21, (a) o(/):8 cos r, a(t): -8 sin r 0 1.4

$) 4rE, -4, -4^E; to the left

_?
22. 3 mf rad 23. + 24. 3 25. 0 26. Z

27. -1 zB.+ ze. -i to. -Ji

30. (a) f'(x):
2-Zxz
31. -cosx 32. A: -*a,B: -+ ,/Z _ xz
33. (a) sec2x :
# ft) sec -r tan r : #+
31. ((rrlZ) * Lnr,3),
- ((3r/2) * Znrr, -l), n an integer
32. 24 33. (a) 30 (b) 36
cot x - I
(c) cos .r - sin, - csc.r
34. I 3a. (a) i tul -z (c) -l ts. -+J,
36. 120 37. 96 38. 2ro3 sin 2x
EXERCISES 2.5 r PAGE 142 39. a(r) :stn cos(1Orrt) cm/s
1. dy/dx: -nx3$ - *o)' 2. dy/dx: -sin-r dB: 7rr Znt
cos(cosx) 40. (a)
a4 ft)
cos 0.16
. cos _r
" -
3. dvldx: --'- 41. da/dt is the rate of change of velocity with respect to time;
2Jsin x
du/ds is the rate of change of velocity with respect to
4. f'(x): lox(Zx3 - 5i + 4)4(3jr - 5) displacement
s-4
5. \--l: -
--r-f'(x) g'\t): (2t+l\3
6. !\' EXERCISES 2.6 r PAGE 149
Zrffi1
- t -: "--
2hin
7. A'(t): j'""'"
secz/)
ri -
8. .f'(0) : -?0 sin (02) 1.(a) y':# 10-r
Jy-
\v'
.
G) ty:6?=
vJ* 'tr v':-:-3(5x2-7)ztt
10x

(cost+tanr)'
5uz+3 2. (a) y' : -6/,8 - (r - Ji)',,!' : | - r/$
y:
9. \u/:
" "h'lu) --1-;-+ oz)'z
3({
G)
2x(2x2 + y')
10. F'(x):4(4x + 5)2(xz - Lr + 5)3(111 - 4x + 5) 3.y ,-2y-,
y-2x
!
"r y(Zx'+ 3y)
11. h'(t):?t, + t)-u3(zt'- t)2(20r2 + 18r - l) , x(x + 2y)
I .. . 48u2(u3 - 1)7
13. g'(Ul: .Il::-----ij-
5.y:w 6. y'
2 - cosx
3 - siny
'-'r r., :
12. -=:--
Z,EG+1\" (a3+l)e
cos (x * ) + sinx y sec2(xfy) - y'
2(r' - l)'(r'+ 3r + 5)
7. v (x + y) + siny
8. I': yz + x sec"(x/y)
cos

l-8r3.vG+y , axy,fxy - y
15. y' - -4 sin(sec 4x) sec 4xtan4x 9. v': sy'^f*+y -t
rv. v ---]
)c - 2x'1f -xy
16. Y' : -+ 1 * sinx
-2*oy+x3-6xyz
ar.]r_
. 16 sin 2x(l - cos 2x)3 rr. -Jf 12. x' 4*ty'- 3*'y * 2y'
13.y:x++
(l * cos 2x)5
1S. /'(x) : * 14. y: -#" + # 15. y: ix
2x sin"rsin(l - x') cosxcos(l - x')
16.y: g**+
1
17. y:1* - i
2o. y' : 4;r sin(x'+ t) cos(x2 + 1)

-
 C EAEX]I 6H-J A29

rB. (a) y:Z*-tr G) 5 <, < 1, 3 < t < 5,7 <, < 9, and soon (e) 6 m
(d) 0
(f) t:6 G) ?n'/a\ sin(nt/z);
(t,2) I:f - -n2/4m/sz
.s: l
2 t:3
s: -[
/: I
,r: I
2

t:0
cos2y cosx * sin2x sin)' s=0
Ig. - l/(ay) ,0. 21.0 (h) 3
cos"y

22. (a) 4 Eight; x : 0.42,1.58

0 6

-2 5
( =) u
-3

-3 (i) Speeding up when 1 < r < 2,3 < t < 4, and 5 < r < 6;
slowing down when 0 < r < 1,2 < r < 3, and 4 < t < 5
(b)y: -x* L;y:lx+2 (c) 1 +|.f 3. (a) Speeding up when 0 < r ( I and 2 < t < 3;
zs. (ti./3! ti) 24. (xsx/a') - boy/b'): r slowingdownwhenl<t<2
(b) Speeding up when 1 < r < 2 and3 < t < 4;
26. .v 27. _v
slowing down when 0 < r { 1 and 2 < t < 3
4. Traveling forward when 0 < t { 5; traveling backward when
7<t(8; notmoving
.r s. (a) 4.9 m/s; -14.7 m/s (b) After 2.5 s (c) 32f, m
-l
(d) :5.0a s
(e) --25.3 m/s
6. (a) 7.56 m/s (b) 6.24 mls; :-6.24 m/s
7, (a) 3O mmzf mm; the rate at which the area is increasing
with respect to side length as x reaches l5 mm
V3(nb - V\ (b) AA :2x Lx
29. (a)#
" PV' - n"aV * Zn'ab (b) - -4.04l7'atm
8. (a) (i) 5r (rl) 4.5rr (iii) 4.ln
(b) 4rr (c) AA - 2rrr h,r
so. (+-.,,6,0) 3I. (-1, -l), (1, 1)
9. (a) l6}n cmz f cm (b) 320rr cm2 f cm (c) 480n' cmz f cm
32.-v': x-t):: '"'-
/.v- v -5t+
I
t
The rate increases as the radius increases.
10. (a) 6 kg/m (b) 12 ke/m (c) 18 kg/m
33. 2 units
At the right end; at the left end
11. (a) 4.75 A (b) 5 A; t :4 s
EXERCISES 2.7 r PAGE 150 13. (a) dV/dP : -C/P2 g) At rhe beginning
1. (a) 3t2 - l$t + 24 (b) 9 m/s (c) t : 2, 4 14. (a) 16 million/year; 78.5 million/year
(d)0<t<2,t>4 (e)44m (b) P(r) : at3 + btz * ct * d, where a - -0.0002849,
(f) t:4 b - 0.5224331, c-6.395641, d : 1120.586
-
s: 16 t:6 (c) P'(r) :3at2 + zbr + c
s:36 (d) 14.16 million/year (smaller);71.72 millionf year (smaller)
(e) P'(85) :76.24 million/Year
t:o .t 15. (a) 0.926 cmf s;0.694 cm/s;0
s=0 s:20 (b) 0; -92.6 (cmls)/cm; -185.2 (cm/s)/cm
(g) 6r (c) At the center; at the edge
- 18; -l2mf s2
16. (a) C'(x):3 + 0.02x * 0.0006x2
(h) 40 (i) Speeding up when
(b) $l llpair; the rate at which the cost is changing as the l00th
.t
2<t(3andt>.4; pair of jeans is being produced; the cost of the 101st pair
slowing down when
(c) $l1.07
0<r12and3<t<4
0 6 I7. (a) l*p'(*) - p(x)7/x2; the average productivity increases as
u new workers are added.
-20 18. : -0.2436 R/min
2. (a) (rr/Z) cos(rrr/Z) (b) 0 m/s (a)0and0 (b)C:0
19.
(c) I : 2n -l L. ,? a nonnegative integer
(c) (0, 0), (500, 50); it is possible for the species to coexisr.
 td=
430 T-

EXERCISES 2.8 r PAGE 166 12. Ay : 1.25, dy : I -v

1. (a) dv/dr :3* dxldt (b) 2700 cm3/s 2. 48 cmzf s 0 ,I

3. L28rr cmzfmin a. 3lQ5n) m/min Y: x'- 4*
s. (a) -i 6) 3 6. -3.41 N/s T
lo,
7. (a) The plane's altitude is 2 km and its speed is 800 km/h. dy
L'
(b) The rate at which the distance from the plane to the station is dx: Ar'

increasing when the plane is 3 km from the station

(c) , (d)y':x2+4
2 (e) 8oo/3 Ji u*/n 13. AY : 0.34, dY : 0.4 y
-t

8. (a) The height of the pole (6 m), the height of the man (2 m),
and the speed of the man (1.5 m/s)
^,f*
(b) The rate at which the tip of the man's shadow is moving when it .5-t

he is 10 m from the pole

(c) 0
,-:J*-z
123 ,t
6
2

xy
14. Ay:0.1655, dy:0.15; Ay = 0.0306, dy:0.03; yes
I5. Ay : -0.0125; dy:
9. 78 km/h to.8o64/J8,334,400 :2.79mls -0.012539,
: -0.0025; yes
11. -1.6 cm/min 12. 9.8 m/s
A.y - -0.002502, dy
16. 15.968 17. 10.003 ls. n/90:0.0349
13. (10,000 + 800,000n/91 :2.89 X 10scm3/min
20. (a) 2J0 cm1, 0.01, lvo (b) 36 cm', 0.006 ,0.6To
14. + cmlmin E. a/Gn) : 0.42 m/min
21. (a) 84f n - 27 cmz;# : 0.0t2 : 1.27o
16. 150.6 cm2/min 17. -20.3m/s 18.-+ rad/s
$) n6a/nz - 179 cm3; xl - 0.018 : l.&Vo
19. 80 cm3fmin 20. e,0@: 0.132O/s 21. -87.2 km/h
22, (a) Zrrrh L,r (b) rr(A,r)zh
22. JTn/?l - 0.396 m/min 25. (a) 4"8,5.2 (b) Too large
23. (a) ms/s (b) : 0.107 rad/s
120

2a. f;nkm/min 25. I65O/,F. :296km/h CHAPTER 2 REVIEW I PAGE 176

26. l$s - 6.78 m/s True-False Quiz

1, False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. Trr-re
EXERCISES 2.9 r PAGE 173
6. False 7. True 8. False

1. l,(x) : l6x * 23 2. L(x):i*+t Exercises

1. (a) (i) 3 m/s (ii) 2.75 m/s (iii) 2.525 m/s
3.rtll-x:l-Lx; 3
(iv) 2.525 mls (b) 2.5 m/s
..fi9 - 0.95, \y: L- **
2.
\_
-.|l

,/0.99 - 0.995 (0, 1)

f'
v: Jl- x \-tt-
-3 3

0 -l

-l
4. -0.368(x(0.677
4x
5. -0.045 1x10.055 6.dy -1xz- ryax 3. The graphs off ,f', andf" ate a, c, and &, respectively.

-1 4. (a) The rate at which the cost changes with respect to the
7.dv interest rate; dollars/(percent per year)
0+Wd"
(b) As the interest rate increases past l}Va, the cost is increasing
3-Zx 1 * sinr
8. dv: ^ d),. 9. dy:- at a rate of $1z0O/(percent per year).
- Jx)'-
-;----- Tt/t - cos / (c) Always positive
5" (a) P'(t) is the rate at which the percentage of Americans
10. (a) dy : seczx dx (b) -0.2
-f,f under the age of l8 is changing with respect to time. lts units are
x percent per year (Vr/year).
11. (a) dy::dx
" (b) -0.0s
J3+x,
 C E*Eril 6lI'J A31

(b)
20. cos(tan + x'Nrec'JI
/\ a + f) '*'
t P'(t) ^fr ' z\fr+x3
1950 0.460
1960 0.145
21. -+ 22. -5f lytt 23. I
t970 -0.385 24. y:Zt5x + I - nrE/3
1 980 -0.415
1 990 -0.115
25.Y:2x* l,1l: -lx+l
2000 10-3x
-0.085 26. (a) G) y:1*+i,!: -xt B
2010 -0.170 2J5-x
(c)
(c) PU't - t0

37 )( (4,4)
(1,
35
-10 l0
.{t
51
t: P(tl //t
3l
,)o
,/ /t'-l
27

25
27.(rr/4, AX)to, -Ji) 28. y : -'t*' + t*
23 30. (a) 4 (b) 6 t.) 3 (d) l2 31. xzs'(x) + Zxs(x)

1950 1960 t970 1980 t990 2000 2010 t

32. Zg(x)g'(x) 33, g'(g(x))g'(r) 34. g'(sin.r) . cosx

aE f'G)ls(x))'z + s'(x)lf(x))2
v
"' y1*; 1 94x;f
0.5

o.4 36. (a) I

0.3
-v
: P'(r)
4.2

0.1

-0.1
t950 1910 1980 1990 20to t 0
Y
a
-z
8

-0.2
-0.3 (b) [2, 3] (c) x : 2
-0.4 37. (a) u(r) : 31
2
- 12; a(t\ : 6t (b)r> 2;0< t<2
-0.5
(c) 23 (d)
_y

(d) By obtaining data for the mid-decade years

6. f '(x) :3x? + 5
0 J

7. 4x7(x + l)3(3"r + 2)

3-
8'
;'/x 2\E ^F (e)r> ,,0i.,
9. x(nx cos ?z.r * 2 sin z';r)
38. 4 ke/* 39. + cmzf mrn
lo. (t" 8I'
* 7)'.
11. -'""'E
Zt/l - x
40. 1 r7/J666 m/s 41. 400 m/h
- 4.53

42. (a) L(x):1 * -r; :F+ Z.: 1 + *;{fW - 1.01

ta 1-va-Zxv .- 2sec20 (tan20 - 1)
4xv'*x'-3 (I + tan?O)z
(b)-0.235(x{0.401

'tr. 2x - / cgs(xY) 43. t2 + ]n - 16.1 cm}

14. -(x - l)-' x cos(.ry) + I la
44'ldx ilt-l : 1

cosJi - ,/i sinrfr l,:,u i

16. -6x csc2(3x2 + 51 ,r.
2Ji
18. 2 cos 0 tan(sin 0) sec2(sin 0)
45 I

4 46. t,'
rs. |(x tanx)-als(tanx * x seczx)
432 +=

CHAPTER 3 30. f(rr/6) :'irE, f1r/z) : 0

EXERCISES 3.1 I PAGE 187 la\aobb

Abbreviations.' abs, absolute; loc, local; max, maximum; rr. r\" +r ): 1";a;;
min, minimum
1. Abs min: smallest function value on the entire domain of the
32. (a) z.ts, t.8t ft) *4 + z, -SrF, + z
function; loc min at cr smallest function value when x is near c 33. (a) 0.32, 0.00 (b) ,oa./T,0 34. -3.9665"C
2. Abs max at s, abs min at r, loc max at c, loc min at b and r, 35. About 4.1 months after Jan. I
neither a max nor a min at a and d 36. (a) , :4ro (b) a : fitr3o
3. Abs maxf (4) : 5, loc max/(4) : 5 andf (6) : 4, (c) |
loc minl(z) : 2 and/(1) :/(s) : 3
**re
4. _.r,
5. ),

4
3
3
z
1
1

0
I tr,0 ,'0
0 lz345x
0 12345x
EXERCISES 3.2 r PAGE 194
6. (a) ) (b) -)r 1. 1,5
2. (a) g is continuous on [0, 8] and differentiable on (0, 8).
(b) 2.2,6.4 (c) 3.7, 5.5
0 2 .r 0 123 .r' 3. No 4. Yes; :1.3
-1
5.1 6.n
7. f is not differentiable on (- l, 1) 8. I

(c)
9. ,E/9 lo. 1;yes 3
"v

o1z .t
0 4
1

11. f is not continous at 3 15. 16 16. No 19. No

7. (a) .l'
(b) t: EXERCISES 3.3 r PAGE 202
Abbrevtatiorzs.' CD, concave downward; CU, concave upward;
dec, decreasing; inc, increasing; HA, horizontal asymptote;
IP, inflection point; VA, vertical asymptote
-l
0 0
1. (4,6) (b) (0, 1), (3,4)
(a) (1,3), (c) (0,2)
I -t
2
(d) (2, 4),(4,6) (e) (2, 3)
2. (a) I/D Test (b) Concavity Test
(c) Find points at which the concavity changes.
8. Abs max/(-1) :5 9. Abs max/(l) : I 3. (a) Inc on (0,1), (3,5); dec on (1,3), (5,6)
10. Abs min/(O):0 (b) Loc max atr: 1, x:5; loc min atx:3
1 1 . Abs max/ (, /2) : l; abs min/ (-n 12) - - I
4. (a) 3, 5 (b) 2, 4,6 (c) 1, 7
12. Abs min/(-1) : 1;loc min./(-l) : I 5. Inc on (-m,1), (4, *); dec on (1,4); loc max/(1) : 6;
loc min .f (4) : -21
13. Abs max.f (0) : I
6. Inc on (2, oo); dec on (-co,2); loc min/(2): -31
14. Abs min/(l) : -1;loc min/(O) :0 15. -t
7. Inc on (-co, 4), (6, m); dec on (4, 5), (5,6);
16. -4,0,2 17. None 18. 0, 2 19. -1,2 loc max/ (4) : 8; loc min/ (6) : 12
zo. o, t zt, o,tr,4 zz. o,+,4 8. CU on (1, oo); CD on (-co, l); IP (1, -7)
23. nrr (n an integer) 24. l0 9. CU on (0, T/4), (3rrl+, r); CU on (n/4,3rr/4;
zs..f (2): r6,f (5):t 26.f (-l) : 8,f (2): -le rP (n/4,1),(tn1+,1)
27. f (-2):33,f (2) - -3r 28. f (0.2): s.z,f (r):2 10. (a) Inc on (-1,0), (1, *); dec on (-m, -l), (0, 1)

: :
2s. f(4) 4 - ;8, tGE tt) -zJi 1t (b) Loc maxf (0) : 3; loc min/(*t) : Z
 C EAE^1| dHg A33

(c) cU on(-*, -JT/t),(Ji/t,*), (d)

CD on (-^/i/z, rlitz);tv (*,[t1t,l) l0

11. (a) Inc on (0, nl4), (5rr/4,2n); dec on (rf 4,5n/a)
(b) Loc maxf(n/4) : ,E,loc min f (5r/Q : -Ji 3)
(c) CU on(3rrf4,7rr/$; CD on (0,3r/4),(7n14,2n);
lP (3rr /4, 0), (7n /4, 0) .r"

12. Loc maxf (1) : 2;1oc min/(0) : 1 IP IP

13. (-3, cc)

14. (a)/has a local maximum at 2. (-2, -s) (2, -s)

(b)/has a horizontal tangent at 6.
22. (a) Inc on (2, n); dec on (-*, 2) v
15. (a) .v (b) J (b) Loc min g (2) : -4
(c) CU on (-m, 0), (-1, *);
(0, 12)
CD on (0, 1); IPs (0, 12), (1,#)
(d) See graph at right.
0 -t r

(2, -4)

16. .v 17. \' 23. (a) Inc on (-*, 0), (2, *); -y
dec on (0, 2)
(b) Loc max/ (0) : 0; loc min
f(2) : -320
(0,0)

0 1214 -{
(c) cu on (ffi *);
0 'r(a -l; cD on (-*,VT)' IP

18. y
IP (#, -T Ltr): (1.3e8, -20s.4)
(2,-320)
(d) See graph at right.

-6 -4 -z o 246 .I 24. (a) Inc on (-*,4); (t, t.1z)

dec on (4,6)
(b) Loc max F(4) : 4O
(c) CD on (-m, 6); No IP
(d) See graph at right.
19. (a) [nc on (0, 2), (4, 6), (8, *); -\'

dec on (2, 4), (6, 8)

0 4 6x
(b) Loc max at x : 2,6;
loc min at x 4,8 : 25. (- 1, *);
(a) Inc on )'
(c) CU on (3, 6), (6, rc); dec on (-*, - l) (2. a'Jz)
2468x (b) Loc min C(-l) : -3
0
CD on (0, 3) (d) 3
(e) See graph at right. (c) CU on (-m, 0), (2, *;;
20. (a) [nc on (-*, 0), (2, n); CD on (0, 2);
dec on (0, 2) IPs (0,0), (2, 6li) r
(b) Loc maxf (0) : 4; loc min (d) See graph at right.
(-1, -3)
f(2):o (t,2)
(c) CU on (1, oo); CD on (-m, 1;'
26. (a) Inc on (n,2rr); ..t'
IP (1,2)
(d) See graph at right. dec on (0, rr)
l? ,{ (b) Loc min/ (zr) : - 1 (f,+) (r", +)
(c) CU on(rrf3,5n/3);
CD on (0, r /3), (5rr 13, 2rr);
0 210
-l
(2, -l)
21, (a) Inc on *); dec on (-*, -2), (0,2)
(-2,0), (2, IPs (rr/3,J), $n1t,J)
(b) Loc maxf (0) : 3; loc min/(*Z) : -S (d) See graph at right.
27. f is CU on (-*, *) torall c ) 0. As c increases, the
(c) cuon(-*, -h),G*),.r""(-# i) minimum point gets farther away from the origin.
28. (a) Loc and abs max/(l) : min (b) i(: - Jfi)
213 ^fi,no
IPs
-6' 9
29. (b) CD on (0,0.85), (1.57, 2.29); CU on (0.85, 1.57),
(2.29, rr); IPs (0.85, 0.74), (1.57 , 0), (2.29, -0.74)
434 +=

30. CU on (-cc, -0.6), (0.0, *;' CD on (-0.6, 0.0) 30.

31. (a) The rate of increase is initially very small, increases to a -v:1
maximum at t == 8 h, then decreases toward 0.
(b) When, : I (c) CU on (0, 8), CD on (8, l8) -4 4x
(-2, -l) (2. -l)
(d) (8, 3s0)
32. If D(0 is the size of the deficit as a function of time, then at
31. ,i'
the time of the speech D'(t) > 0, but D"(r) < 0.
33. /((3) - K(2); cD
34. /(x) : i(z*' * 3xz
(1,0)
- l?x + 7) 0
2 .r

EXERCISES 3.4 r PA6E 215

1. (a) As x becomes large,/(x) approaches 5.
(b) As.r becomes large negative,/(x) approaches 3. 32. (a) 0 (b) An infinite number of times
2. -Z
(a) 2 (b) * (d) -*
(c)
(e)x: l,x:3,y: -2,)':2
3.0 4.? s.t E.o 7.-+ 8-1
t;
\/J
9. 1A. -2 11. -r 12. Does not exist -?5
V V
25
4
13. 0 14. +(a - b) -oc 16. I 15. -0.5

17. (a), (b) -+ : 4, x - -3

18. y
33. 4 34. .A/>15 35. N< *9,I/< -19
19. y:2;x- -2,*: 1 20.x:5 21. Y:3 96. (a) x > 100 38. (b) 0
22. 0 (b) -tcc
(a)
2-x r
23. -f(x) : ,'-, ^=r. 2a. (a) fUl S
EXERCISES 3.5 PAGE 223
x-tx - J) ^5 Abbreviartons: rnL, intercept; SA, slant asymptote
25. y: -1 26. y:0 1. A. R B. y-int 0; -r-int -3, 0
'!r
C. None D. None
-v
E. Inc on (-co,
-2), (0, *;;
0,+)
x=-7 dec on(-2,0) (-2,4\
F. Loc max f (-2) : 4;
-f,
0 -{
loc min : 0
(-,'-]) "f(0)
T- }: -l G. CU on (-1, co);CD on (-m, -1;' (0, 0) x
IP (- l, 2)
H. See graph at right.

27. -n, -¤ 28. -@, ffi 2. A.R B. y-int 0; x-int O, ifi .1r

.v _t'
C. None D. None
E. Inc on (1, m); dec on (-m, 1;
F. Loc min /(1) : -3
0
0 .l
G. CU on (-m, m) _t'

H. See graph at right.

(1, -3)
0 x
3. A. R B. y-int 0; x-int 0,4
C. None D. None
29. v
E. Inc on (1, m); dec on (-oo, 1;
4
F. Loc min /(1) : -27
2 G. CU on (-m, 2), (4, *1; 0 (4,0) x

CD on (2,4); (2, -16)

2 x IPs (2, - 16), (4, 0)

H. See graph at right. tr, -2'1)

-4
 C E*=rll d|.l'J 435

4. A. R B. y-int 0;.r-int 0 10. A. (-*, -1) U (-1,m) -v

0; x-int 0
.\
C. About (0, 0) D. None B. y-int C. None
E. Inc on (-m, m) /, 2l!\ D.VAx:-1;HAy:1
\-' l5 / E. Inc on (-m, - 1), (- 1, *);
F. None
L
(vrn, i)
G. CU on (-2,0), (2, *;; (0. 0) -\-
F. None
CD on (-*, -2), (0, 2); (-2,
256 G. CU on (-m, -f ), (0, i4); (0,0) .r
t5
ns (-2, -T), (o, o), (2, #) CD on (- 1,0), (4,*)t
H. See graph at right. rPs (0, o), (t[i ,t: -l
])
H. See graph at right.
5. A. (-*, -2) U (-2, oo) )
B. y-int 31; x-int -] 1 1. A. [0, *) B. y-int 0; "r-int 0, 3 .v

C. None D. VA x : -2, C. None D. None

HAY:2 E. Inc on (1, m); dec on (0, 1)
E. Inc on (-m, -Z), (-2, *1 l:2 F. Loc min /(1) : -2
F. None G. CU on (0, m; 0 3 .r

G. CU on (-m, -2;' H. See graph at right.

(1, -2)
CD on (-2, *)
H. See graph at right. |
12. A. (-*,-Z) U [1,co) .,t,

- -L

B. x-int -2, I C. None

6. A. (-*, 1) U (1,2) U (2, m) ,I', D. None
2
B. y-int 0; x-int 0 C. None
-r.-

E. Inc on (1, m); dec on (-m, -2;

D.VAx:Z;HAy:-l t,
F. None
E. Inc on (-oo, 1), (1,2),(2,a1
F. None
0
--F-- ---=r G. CD on (-oo, -2), (1, *;
}: -1 -2 _r

G. CU on (-co, l), (1, 2); H. See graph at right.

CD on (2,*)
H. See graph at right.
13. A. R B. y-int0;-r-int0 J'

C. About (0,0) }:l

7. A. (-*, -2) U (-2,2) U (2, m) B. y-int 0; -x-int 0 D. HAy: tl
C. About (0, 0) D. VA x : +2; HA y : g E. Inc on (-oo, co) F. None (0, 0) ,t

E. Decon (-co, -2),(-2,2),(2,a1 G. CU on (-m, g;'

}:-l
CD on (0, *);IP (0,0)
.1'

F. No local extremfr, x:-Z

G. CU on (-2,0), (2, m;; H. See graph at right.
CD on (-*, -2), (0,2); IP (0,0) 14. A. [-1,0) u (0, l] B. .r-int +1 C. About (0, 0)
H. See graph at right. (0,0) D. VAx:0 -)-

"r E. Dec on (- 1, 0), (0, 1)

F. None
.,-t G. CU on (- r, -\m),(0, Jz/l); -l
1x
cD on (- r/zJt, o), (.ffi, t);
0

8. A. R B. y-int 0; x-int 0 tvs(tJzlt, !t/rli)

C. About y-axis D. HA y :
-y H. See graph at right.
1

E. Inc on (0, m); dec on (-co, g) f 5. A. R B. y-inr 0;"r-inr *3Jt,0 C. About (0,0)
F. Loc min /(0) : 0 D. None E. Inc on (-oo, - 1), (1, oo); dec on (- l, l)
G. CU on (-1, 1); (-,,i (,,+) F. Loc max /(- lJ : 2', v
CD on (-*, -1), (1, m); IPs (.f ,1) (0,0) x
loc min f (I) : -Z (-r,2)
H. See graph at right. G. CU on (0, m); (:Jr, o)
(0,
CD on (-*,0); IP (0,0)
9. A. (-* 0) u (0 r) B. x-inr 1 _!
H. See graph at right. (-3,8,0)
0 .l

C. None D. VA-r:0;HAy:0 I ) (1, -2)

(z
I (r, n
E. Inc on (0,2); 16. A. R B. y-int -1;x-int +-l
0 r
dec on (-*,0), (2, *) C. About the y-axis D. None
.v

F. Loc max f(2) : I E. Inc on (0, co); dec on (-co, g;

G. CU on (3, *); F. Loc min /(0) : - I
CD on (-*,0), (0, 3); ff (:, fr) G. CU on (-1, 1);
H. See graph at right. CD on (-rc, - 1), (1, m); IPs (* 1, 0)
H. See graph at right. (-1,0) (1,0) x
(0, -1)
A36 +E

f 7. A. R B. y-int 0; x-int nn (n an integer) 23 il1

C. About (0, 0), period 2n D. None

E-G answersfor 0 (.r ( rr:
E. Incon(0, n/Z);decon (rl2,rr) F. Loc maxf(n/Z): I
G. Let a : sin-trf2/3; CU on (0, o), (rr - a, n);
CD on (o, n - a); IPs at x : 0, rr, d., T - a (0, ra6) l' ('

H. -)'

24.
4r .v

,t
0 Lx

25."v 1 26.y:Zx-3
18. A. (-rr/2,rr/2) B. y-int 0; x-int 0 C. About y-axis
D. VA x: tnlT 27. A. (-*, 1) U (1, m)

iuy
-\'
J

E. Inc on (0, r/?); B. y-int 0; x-int 0

dec on (-n/2,0) T
x:1fr
C. None F'y\r+r
F. Loc min /(0) : 0 D. VAx:1.; SAy:x* 1
I

G. CU on(-rr/2,rr/2) E. Inc on (-m,0), (2, *); -t

(0,0)
H. See graph at right. 0 -{ dec on (0, 1), (1,2)
F. Loc max /(0) : 0;
loc min f(2) : 4
19. A. l-2rr,Znf
G. CU on (1, m); CD on
B. y-int ^,8; x-int -4nf 3, -n/3,2nf 3,5n/3
C. Period 2rr D. None
(-*, 1)

E. Inc on (- ?n, - I h / 6), (- 5n / 6, rr / 6), (7 r / 6, 2n); H. See graph at right.

dec on (-lIrn/6, -5n/6), (n/6,7,n/6)

F. Loc max "f(- llr/6) : f (n/6\ : 2; 28. A. (-*, 0) U (0, m)
loc min f (-sr/6) : f(7r/6) : -2 B. x-int _ 14 C. None
)'

G. CU on(-4Tr/3, -T/3), D. VAn:0; SAy:x

(2rr/3,5r/3); +4: t,,) E. Inc on (-co, 0), (2, *;;
y:.r

CD on (-Zn, -4tr/3),
dec on (0, 2) -t
(- n / 3, 2rr / 3), (5r / 3, 2r);
F. Loc min /(2) : 3
T 5n 0 _r

lPs (- 4n / 3, 0), (- rr f 3, O), 3 3 3

(2rr/3,0), (5zr/3,0) -1
* 0 't* Y G. CU on (-oo,0), (0, *;
H. See graph at right. H. See graph at right.

(-r -4 -2 (7,-)
29. A. R B. y-int 1; x-int - I
20. A. All reals except (2n + l)rr(n an integer) C. None D. SA y:2x -f I y

B. y-int A; x-int2nrr C. About the origin, period 2rr E. Inc on (-m, m) F. None i.,6 * rl
D. VA x: (2n + l)tr E. Inc on((Zn - L)n,(Zn + I)n) G. CU on (-*, -rE),
F. None G. CU on (Znn, (2n + l)n); (0,.6)'
CD on ((2" - l)n,Znn); IPs (2rzr,0) cD on (-Ji,o), (16, *),
'l
H' x:-3rr x- -7f ) x: 7f -t 1T
m (t .fi, r J.6), io, r; t 0
Y:2x + I
-r

H. See graph at right. (-Jr, -i6*,

-1 0
-t

30. .v 32. VA r: 0, asymptotic to y : *t

JI
f
21. (a) (-*,'7f; (-*,3) U (3,7) (b) 3,5 2x / y:2* IO

: tr
-v

(c) - r/,8 - -0.58 (d) HAy (0, 3) .r'

0 .{
22. (a) R; (-*, 3) U (3,7) U (7, m) (b) 3, 5,7,9 (c) -2 0 2x
(d) HA):1,y:2 -t0
 C E+E^ll dt]B A37

EXERCISES 3.6 r PAGE 229

5. Inc o, J6r, -B + Jet),dec on (-*, -B - J6r),
(-s -
1. Inc on (-m, -1.50), (0.04, 2.62), (2.84, oc); dec on
: (-B + ,f6r,01, (0, *); cU on (-tz - J:r,B, -12 + vm),
(
- 1.50, 0.04),
(2.62, 2.84); loc max /( - 1.50) 36.4J,
: (0, *); CD on (-*, - 12 - JnB),(-n +
-
f(2.62) 56.83; loc min/(0.04) -0.04, f (2.54) - 55.73;
^/r:t,
O)

CU on (-0.89, 1.15), (2.74, oo); CD on (-oc, -0.89), (1.15, 2.74); 75

IPs (-0.89, 20.90), (1.15, 26.5'1), (2.74,56.78)
f
150 I f
f
-0.2
,/ 0.3 -100 1
-l
-3 -5 0.95 - 1t)

5. Loc max /(-5.6) - 0.018, f(0.82) : -281.5,

f (5.2) - 0.0145; loc min "f(3) : 0
-100 -l
60

-v

I
-6 - 3.5

55
2.3 3.3
-t'
\
-0.04
2. Inc on (-1.31, -0.84), (1.06,2.50), (2.75,*7;
dec on (-m, -1.31), (-0.84, 1.06), (2.50, 2.15);
t
500 0.03

loc max/(-0.84) :23.J1,f (2.5Oj - -11.02; loc min

lI
f (- t.z t) : 2O.12. /( 1.06) - -33.1?, f (2.7 s) - - 1 1.33; -l 2

CU on (-*,
- 1.10), (0.08, 1.72), (2.64, *1'
CD on (- 1.10, 0.08), (1..12,2.64;
IPs (-1.10,22.09), (0.08, -3.88), (1.12, -22.53),(2.64, -11.18)
2,-s 8
-r500 0
50

a \ x(x * l)'(r' * 18x2 - Mx - 16)

f l. i?tttxt: -
-z 4
(*+ lx.r6+ 36xs+6xa
",t \ ^ - 629x3 *694x2 *672x+64)
\x-z)-\x-41
_40
CU on (-35.3, -5.0), (- 1, -0.5), (-0.1,2), (2,4), (4, *;;
3. Inc on (-m, -1.47), (-1.47,0.66); dec on (0.66, .o;t CD on (-*,
-35.3), (-5.0, - l), (-0.5, -0.1);
loc max/(0.56) : 0.38; CU on (-co, -1.47), (-0.49,0), IPs (-35.3, -0.015), (-5.0, -0.005), (-1,0), (-0.5,0.00001),
(1.10, m); Cn on (-1.47, -A.49), (0, 1.10); (-0.1,0.0000066)
IPs (-0.49, -0.44), (1.10, 0.31), (0, 0) 8. Inc on (-9.41 , -1.29), (0, 1.05);
dec on (-*, -9.41), (- 1.29, 0), (1.05, *;;
loc max/ (-1.29) : 7.49,/ (1.05) : 2.35;
f loc min/ (-9.41) - -0.056,,f (0) : 0.5;
I
3 CU on (-13.81, -1.55), (-1.03,0.60), (1.48, *1;
CD on (-*, -13.81), (-1.55, -1.03), (0.60, 1.a8);
x: -1.41 |

IPs (-13.81, -0.05), (-1.55,5.64), (-1.03,5.39), (0.60, 1.52),

-3 (1.48, 1.93)
4. Inc on (- 1.40, -0.44), (0.44,1.40); dec on (-rr, - 1.40), I 1

(-0.44,0), (0, A.44), (1.40, rr); loc max/(-0.44) - -4.68,

f f
f (L40) - 6.09; loc min f (-t.40) : -6.09, f $.44) - 4.68;
CU on (-n, -0.77), (0, 0.17); CD on (-0.77,0), (0.71, rr\;
IPs (-0.77 , -5.22), @.71, 5"22)
-6 6
-15 0

f
\
"\ 9. Inc *
f -o.ir, -4.51), (0, 1.77), (4.g1,8.06), (10.79, ,o.iol,
(17.08, 20); dec on (-4.51, -4.10), (1.11,4.10), (8.06, 10.79),
\ (14.34, 17.08); loc max/(-4.51) 0.62,f(|.77) 2.58,/(8.06) : :
\- : :
3.60,/(14.34) 4.39;Loc min/(10.79) :2.43,f(17.08) 3.49; :
CU on (9.60, 12.25\, (15.81, 18.65);
438 +E

CD on (-4.91, -4.10), (0, 4.10), (4.91,9.60), (12.25,15.81), 12. For c ) 0, the maximum and minimum values are always
(18.65,20); * |, but the extreme points and IPs move closer to the y-axis as c
IPs(9.60, 2.95), (12.25,3.21), (15.81, 3.91), (18.65, 4.20) increases. c : 0 is a transitional value: when c is replaced by -c,
the curve is reflected in the x-axis.
0.6
0.2
0.5

lz
'.+
-5 J

-5 ()
20
-l
\zl

10. Max/(0.59) : l,.f (0.68) - l,f (t.l6i : 1'

min/(0.64) - 0.99996,f (1.46) : O.49,f (2.73) - -0.51; -0.6
IPs (0.61, 0.99998), (0.66, 0.99998), (1.11,0.72), (1.15,0.77),
(2.28,0.34) 13. For Ir I < 1, the graph has loc max and min values; for
lrl = I , it does not. The function increases for c 7 1 and
t.2
decreases for c s - 1. As c changes, the IPs move vertically but
not horizontally.
0 7i
l0 c=3 r=l
c: 0.5

.c:0
-1.2
-15 5

t.7

:
f f c' 0.5

-10 r:-3 c:-l

u\nl vh 14.c:0; c:-1.5
0.55
0.9997
0.73
-t.2
-, 3

8 20 3

11. For c { 0, there is a loc min that moves toward (-3, -9) as -5
I

I {
c increases. For 0 c 8, there is a loc min that moves toward
I

(-3, -q) and a loc max that moves toward the origin as c I

2.5
decreases. For all c )
0, there is a first-quadrant loc min that
moves toward the origin as c decreases. is a transitional c:0 t-

value that gives the graph of a parabola. For all nonzero c, the
y-axis is a VA and there is an IP that moves toward the origin -8
as lcl + 0.

c(0: c:-l EXERCISES 3.7 r PAGE 237

c: -10
^-_aa c:0 r=-1 1. (a) ll,12 (b) 11.5, 11.5 2. 10, l0 3. ?
c: -50 c: -10 4.25 mby25m 5. N: I
c: -32
r: -50 6. (a)
20 2,000 m2

100

4
-10
/-j -ql
40 2,000 m2
4it 1440 m2

-40 50

c70 c:I 30

c:8 (b)
c:20 I

40 c: 30 c:0 .l:

-t0
\ (-3, -e) V
r C:7
c:8
1 (c) A
(f) 2250 mz
: xy
v

: 300 (e) A(x) : 150x -'r*'

(d) 5x + 2y
- c:2O
- c':30
7. 100 m by 150 m, middle fence parallel to short side
- s. 20 m by 600 m I0. 4000 cm3 11. -$163.54
-40
 C E+Erll 6l.I=J 439

12, 45 cm by 45 cm by 90 cm. 16. f(x) :2x2 - fta7rt iCx * D

13. (-3, 3)
14. (-+, fJi) 15. square , side,fi r 17. f(t) :2t3 * cos t * Ctz + Dt + E
$ L/+
16. L/2, 17. Base 16r, height3r/Z t8./(x):x'-x3+4x+6
te. 4rrf/(3,8) 2o. nr,(r + ,6) 19. f(x) : 3x5/3 - 75
21. 24 cm by 36 cm
20. /(r) : tanr + sec t - 2 - ,1,
22. (a) Use all of the wire for the square
21. f(x): -x'-l 2x3 - xo + 12x * 4
@ 40Ji/(s + +.Ji) m for rhe square
22. f(0): -sinO - cos0 + 5e + 4
23. 30cm 24. V: z,nP/(9r5) 26. E2/(4r)
23. f(x) :Zxz + x3 + Zxa + Zx -f j
27. (a) ]s'csc 0 (csc 0 - Ji cot 0) (b) cos-r(l /Ji): 55o
: h{,' * cos/ + (# - cos t)r +
24. f(t) 1
(c) 6sfft +
'tQ,/i)1 25. I 26. lt
28. B
Row directly to 29. :4.85 km east of the refinery
27.
3A. rcfi/(t + +5) - 5.91m from the stronger source .v

I F
31, (az/3 + b2/3)3/2 32. 2.J6
33. (b) (i) $342,491; $342.49 /unit; $389.74/unit
(ii) 400 (iii) $320lunit 0 _\'

34. (a) p(x) :19 - 3soolx (b) $9.S0

35. (a) p(x):500 - f x G) $250 (c) $sto
38. 9.35 m 4O. x: 15 cm 41. n/6 42. +(L + W), 28. ,)
29. }
a3. (a) About 5.1 km from B (b) C is close to B; C is close \2.2) r
2
to D;W/L: JX + *1x, where x: lACl
(c) -1.07; no such value (q ,F/4 - 1.6 , r) (3, l)
_'t * 0 1* Y

0 1)?r
EXERCISES 3.8 r PAGE 244 -l
I. (a) xz - 7 .3, x3 : 6.8 (b) Yes
z, Z 3. a, b, c 4. l.5zt5 s. - 1.25
6. 2.94783096 7. (b) 2.630020 8. - 1 .9t40}t 30. s(r):2sin t - 4cost * 7
9. 1.934563 10. -0.549700,2.629658 11. 0.865474 :
31. s(r) *t' + it' - 2t + 3
12. - t.693t2029, -0.74466658, I .26587094
13. 0.16682519 14. (b) 31.622771 32. s(r): -sinr * cosr + 9r - t
nro,
17. (a) -1.293227, -0.441731,0.507854 (b) -2.0212
18. (1.5r985s, 2.306964) 19. (0.410245, 0.34781A) 33. (a) s(r) : 450 - 4.9t2 1*oU- 9.58 s
2O. 0.76286To @) -g.eJaso/a.g - -93.9 m/s (d) About 9.09 s
35. 81.6m 35. $742.08 37. f - 11.8 s
EXERCISES 3.9 r PAGE 251
38. 1.79 m/sz 89. 62,500 km/hz - .B}m/sz
1. (a) F(x):6x (b) G(r) : r3 40. (a) 101.0 km (b) 87.7 km (c) 2l min 50 s
2. (a) H(q) : sin q ft) r(x) : sec r (d) 172 km
3. F(x):Lxz *7x* C a. Fb):L*o -'q*t +s1x? + C
5. f(x) : 4x3 + 4xz + C 6. G(x) : lZxI/3 - ]xt/z + C CHAPTER 3 REVIEW T PAGE 253

7, rG) :2x3/2 - )xt/t + c True-False Quiz

1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. Tme
B. F(r) :tf/z - s.vE + T + c
6. True 7. False 8. True 9. True
9. F(.r) : -S/(+xB)+G if.r<0 10. Trr.re

t -s/(4x8) + Cz if _r > 0 Exercises

lO. f(0) : -2cos0 - 3sec0 * C 1. Abs max.f(2) : :
18, abs min .f(0): -2,
/(5)
11. ff(0) : -2cos0 - tan0 t C,on (nn - rfT,nr + tr/Z),
n an integer
loc max .f(2): 18, loc min /(4) : 14
2. Abs max f (2): l, abs and loc min /(-|) : -?
12. G(u):las/3 - Ztana * Cnon (nrr - T/2,nr * T/Z),
n an integer 3. Abs and loc max.f(n/6): n/6 + Jr,
13, F(x) : x5 - \*u + + abs min f(-rr): -n - 2,locmin.f(5n/6):Str/6 -6
H, f(x) :4x3 'f Cx * D 4.+ s.-1 6. i
15. /(x) : 1r, * 4x3 - i*, * Cx r D
 tl=
440 1-

7 --|'

.t 6
13. A. [-2, *)
B. y-int0; x-int -2,O
-tt) C. None D. None
917-r E. Inc on (-1,*), dec on (-2, -f )
F. Loc min /(-f) : -+rE ,t
G. CU on (-2, *; t4
tr:'- #l
8. ] H. See graph at right.

f 4. A. R B. y-int -2 C. Abouty-axis, period 2rr

.'
.t D. None E. Inc on(Znrr,(2n + l)r),naninteger;
- -,) dec on ((2n - I)n,}nrr)
F. Loc max f((Zn + 1)rr) : Z;loc min f (Znrr) - -z
G. CU on(Znrr - (n/3),2nn * (trl3));
9. A. R B. y-int 2 .v
CD on (?nr + (n/3),hnn t (5n/3));IP (bnr t (n/3), -t)
C. None D. None H.
E. Dec on (-m, m) F. None
.v

G. CU on (-m, g;' '\

_1- 2r
CD on (0, *); IP (0, 2)
\ 7r -r

H. See graph at right.

r0. A. R B. y-int 2 .v
15. Inc on (-.6, o),(0, JE ); 1.5

C. None D. None dec on (-*, -.5), (.6, *)t

f
E. Inc on (1, m);dec on (-m, 1) -5
loc max f (./i) : 'r'/i, -5
I
J
)
F. Loc min /(l) : 1 loc min /(-r5) : -"r8,
G. CU on (-m, O), (3, *); (3,#)
*);
-
(0, 2) cu on (-J-6,0), (.16-,
l, l) -1.-5
CD on (0,3); IPs (0, D,(3, #) cD on (-*, (0, .,6'),
-l 0 I 2x -Je),
H. See graph at right.
IPr (.,6', *'E),(-J6, -*,fr)
1r. A. (-*,0) U (0,3) U (3,m) 16. Inc on (-0.23, 0), (1.62, m); dec on (-m, -O.23), (0, 1.62);
l
B. None C. None loc max,f(0) : 2; loc min /(-0.23) : 1.96, /(1 .62) : -19.2;
D. HAy:0;VAx:0,x:3 CU on (-*, -0.12), (1.24,cn1;
E. Inc on (1, 3); t)
cD on ,-l;rr, r.24; IPs (-0.12, 1.eB), (1.24, -12.1)
*)
,ta

dec on (-*,0), (0, 1), (3,

F. Loc min /(1) : { f
G. CU on (0,3), (3, m);
.T
I
-t 2.1

CD on (-*,0)
H. See graph at right.
\/ -0.5 0.4
-20 r.5

12. A. (-*,0) U (0, cc) )

B. x-int 1 C. None 2
19. (a)0 (b) CU on R 2I. 3 ,E r'
,0)
D. VAx:0; SAy: x-3 a
22, 4/ficmfromD 23. L:C 24. $11.50
.+ -{

E. Inc on (-oo, -2), (0, *;' 2s. 1.291383 26. 1.16718557

dec on (-2,
v:x-3 -/ 4
0) 27. F(x): x3/z-zx3+3x*c
8

F. Loc max f(-2): -T ,'2\

/-/
3

if r <
H(t): I -Lr-'-5cost*C1
\ 0
G. CU on (1, oo); CD on (-co, 6), ' \-2,-t)\
/./, ^-,t
x:0
2s.
L -Lr-'-5cost+Cz if r > 0
(0, 1); IP (1,0)
H. See graph at right. 29. f(t):t2+ 3cosr*2
30. /(x) : |*'- x3 + 4xa + 2x * I
 C E+=r1l dllB 441

31. s(r) : tz +cosr *2 32. y 2. (a) 0.6345, undercstimate (b) 0.7595, overestimare

f -v

: tlx :llx
f (x)
F
-{

\ N \l
\:
33. No
34. (b) About 25.M cm by 5.96 cm (i ZJflA cm by 21fu0 cm

3s. ran-r(-a) + rso' - 147.5o

2x 1r

\ rr/
36. (a) l}"E - 14 m 3. (a) 8, 6.875 (b) 5, 5.375

(b)
dr -60ft(h - l) _t ..l, ,

A: ffi whereftistheconstant I I
I
of proportionality I t-
'/
\ ,/
2

I
CHAPTER 4

EXERCISES 4.1 r PAGE 267 0 ,t 0 .\: 0 ,{

L .1

1. (a) Lower : 12, upper - 22

v
(c) 5.75, 5.9375

4 r: f(x) :

I I
2 I
I
0 4
I
a ,i-

\
y

:,f(.r) +l 0 \
_[
tl
L
tr
I .l
4 -v

2 (d) Mo

.i
4. n:2: upper :z4,lower: 8
4 8

(b) Lower - 14.4, upper - 19.4

4

]+ 2

4
\ ) -ft-r )

2 \ -2 0 2.r

n : 4: upper : ZZ,lower : 14
4 8 -x

.)r

6
v

4 4

2
2

4 8 J -1 0 2.r
 tl=
442 l-

n : 8i upper : 20.5,lower : 16.5 EXERCISES 4.2 r PAGE 280

_\'
1. -10 _1f

6 The Riemann sum represents 3

the sum of the areas of the two

-6 -4 -21
4 rectangles above the *-axis minus (
2 4x
the sum of the areas of the three
1
rectangles below the x-axis; that is,
the net area of the rectangles with -5
-2 0 2r respect to the x-axis. .\

5. 10.55 m, 13.65 m 6. 63.2L,70L 7. 39 m ^49-

l'. 16 _y

The Riemann sum represents the 4

3
8. 7840 9. n-n
lim i t, *
i:l
sin?(rri/n)l.L
n
sum of the areas of the two
2
rectangles above the -r-axis minus I
0.5 1 1.5
4 the sum of the areas of the four
10. t1+i
lim 2I + qiln) l+4iln)3+8 n rectangles below the x-axis. -l
2.53 x

-z
I 1. The region under the graph of y : a+- from 0 to 2 -J f(r):-r2-4
I *x
12. The region under the graph of y : tan x from 0 to rl4 3. (a) 4 (b) 2 (c) 6
4. Lower : -64; upper : 16 5. 168
13. (a) L,,<A<R,,
6. 6.1820 7. 0.3186 8. 0.3181,0.3180
1 4. 0.2533, 0.21'lO, 0.2 101, 0.2050; 0.2 9.
n R,
The values of rR,, appear to be
15. (a) Left: 0.8100, 0.7937, 0.7904; 5 t.933766 approaching 2.
rightr 0.7600, 0 ;777 o, 0.7804 l0 t.983524
50 t.999342
o) 1.1 1.1
100 r q99836

sln x
,0. l, dx 11. I: (5x' - 4x) dx
1*x
n
2
12. -+ 13. Iim E '4+ (t + Lt/n) '
0 10 _ il.+" i:l n

14. 6 15. t+ 16. 2oB 17. -1

l.l l.t
18. (a) 4 (b) l0 (c) -3 (d) 0 (e) 6 (f) -4
t g. (a) 18

20. (a) -48 (b) "v

(c) -40
3

2468

m m
0 l0 0 -r

l.l 1.1

- l3

0 l0 21.T 22.T 23.3+Zn

64: n?(n * l)2 (znz + 2n - l) 26.0 27.3
16. (a) lim ]ll - )i:l i5 \o)T
n-x
28.225 2e. i1, fb)dx 30. 122
(c) ? 3T.B<E<A<D<C 32. 15

17. sin b, 1
3s.0=JJ*'dx< I 36.
TT
r* x dx 4
T2 Iii^ +, 'E
37.2=f, JT*r,d*<2,1i ,r. Ji ,E a*
 C E+Erll dH'J 443

42. jJ xo dx 43 I2 28. The function : x-o is not continuous on the interval

"f(.r)
[-2, l], so FTC2 cannot be applied.
44. rim E (/r,r
n'-i:l
4) ' : + 29. The function "f(0) : sec 0 tan 0 is not continuous on the
\ lx / n )
interval ln/3, zr], so FTCZ cannot be applied.

EXERCISES 4.3 r PAGE 290 -z(+xz - t\ 3(9xz - t)

4x'+ I 9x'+ 1
1. One process undoes what the other one does. See the
I
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.
2Jx
2. (a) 0,2,5,7,3 (d)
I
(b) (0, 3) 32.y:-;x*l
(c).r:3 s

33. (-4,0) 34. 29

35. (a) -Lfi, J4n - 2,n an integer ) 0

.r (b) (0, i,?J+" - t, -!r4n - 3), and ( - l, J4" + t),

3. (a) s(x) : 3x
n an integer ) 0 (c) 0.74

4. ,v (a), (b) x2 36. (a) Loc max at I and 5; -y

y--t' loc min at 3 and 7

(b) x: 9 24 6

t") (i, z), (q,6), (8, 9) 0 -t

(d) See graph at right. -l
-2
0 1-r

5. g'(*): J* + f 6. g'(w\:sin(l +ru3) 37. k al. f(x) : x3/2,a:9

7. F'(x) : - I * secx 8. h'(x\ : -sino(I/x)/x' 42. (b) Average expenditure over [0, r]; to minimize average
expenditure
3(3x + 2)
: -ttan,fi
10. y' 43. ln 3 n/3
" l+(3x+2)3 aa. 45. ez - |

11.3.75
EXERCISES 4.4 r PAGE 298
,t'

3. x3 + 2x2 * .r * C 4. l,*' * sin x -t C

.}:x3 s. **,' + zx3'5 + c 6. 5x +'n*' + ftxa + c

7.?ut +7r'* 4u * c g.zrE *,r * 2rx3/2 + c
9. 0 +tan0 * C f0. -3cott * C
0 2x 11. sin x + f,xz + C

20 lot)'
12. -2
.v

-10 t0

-6
TT

7f
2
.r
12. -+ 13. 50s.5 -2
14. ls. I
rG. 36 11. s/Ji 18. H ls. z\E
-L 20. 1 + n/4 21. 659,455/55

13. T 2 ls. ? 16. # 17. -r

14.
zz. + 23. -3.s 24. -1.36 zs. 1
26. The increase in the child's weight (in kilograms) between the
18. -? 1e.? 20.f 21.1 22.3 ages of5 and l0

23. 0 24. + zs.T 26.T zt. z 27. Number of liters of oil leaked in the first 2 hours (120 minutes)
444 +¤

28. Increase in revenue when production is increased from Exercises

1000 to 5000 units 1. (a) 8 (b) s.7
29. Total number of heart beats during the first 30 min of exercise
'\
I

30. Newton-meters(orjoules) 31. (a) -]* G) ?m

32. (a) u(t) : Lr' + 4t + 5 m/s &) 4163 m \ ) /("r) (x)

33. 46J kg 34. 2.3 km 35. 83,462,400 m3 \

36. I2.l m/s 37. 332.6 gigawatt-hours _\' 0 ? .t.

38. -cosx * cosh x * C 39. |x3 * -r * tan-rx * C

4O. rr/6

EXERCISES 4.5 r PAGE 306 z. | + n/+ 3. 3 4. / is c, f is b,!if!) dt is a.

1. }sin 2x * C 2,'q(*t + 1)3/2 +C s. 3,0 6. -f t. k B. -76 e. +
3.
I
- 4(x. - *c 4. 2sin tfr + c 10. Does not exist t 1. I sin I 12. 0
5)
13. ll/(}n)l * C 14. +Ji -
sin2zrr L,

t.-i(,-*z!t/za( 5. jsin(r') +c
- ts. -?(l - x)s/t + 3(t - x)*/' + c
t. -(3/rr\cos(rrt/3) + C 8. I sec 3t + C
g. I sin(l + 5/) + C 10. -l cosoo + C
16. ? 11.2 1*sinx*C 18. ? 1s.+
2O, (a) 2 (b) : x'/(l * ,')
6 21. F'("r)

11.
t2 (,'* ?)' ., lz.'1rlu*+t,'+c 22. g'(x\: 4x'cos(xt) 23. y'-
2 cos x - cos rE
2x
13. +(l -t z31ztt *, t+. -](cotx)t/z * , 24. 4 < Ii.,F+ 3 dx < 4,fi 26. o.28to
15.+sec3x* C rc. fiQx +5)'o -*(z* +5)e+ c 27, Number of barrels of oil consumed from Jan. 1, 2015,
through Jan. 1,2020
17. l(x'? - 1)4 +c ,rl;*sinax* c *
28. 72,400 29. 3 30. (1 + .r2)(.xcosx sinx\f x2

t
I
\ll rO
f
E

CHAPTER 5

EXERCISES 5.1 I PAGE 319

-l -0.35
-
1. (a) fr(z* x2)dx O) t
2.(a)JJ (6-y'+r)ay G)+
1e. ?/rr 20. # 21. zlJi - | ,r/ | l\
22. o 23. 3 z+. trQJi - 1)r' 2s. 3. 8 o.
J, (; - j)* 5. Ii
.1
(-x'+ 3x - 2)dx
]¤

26. |(sin4 - sin l) 27. ",8 -+ 28. 6n 6.T 7.2 B.i e.3 ro.72
s/ 2nt 4 9 +
29. -al l-cos, L 11. T 1?.. 13. 14, 1s. 6"tE
4r\
16. f v. (a/rr) -
5 ihl4x +tl+ c 35. +(h x)3 + c
L
30. 34.
18. (a) 3e (b) 15 ls. + 20. ;
*. 7O * 3e')5/z a g 37, |(arctan x)3 + c
15' zt. jrf, - t 22. 0,0.896;0.037
38. ran-rx + f tnlt + x2) + C 39. -ln(l + cos2,r) + C 23. - 1.11, 1.25, 2.86; 8.38 24. 7.80123 25, 0.2.5142
40. lnlsinxl + C 41.2 42. ln(e + 1) t3. n2/4 26. rz\/i - g 27. 36 m 28. 4232 cmz
zg. (a) Day l2(r * 11.26) (b) Day 18 (r - 17.18)
CHAPTER 4 REVIEW T PAGE 3O7 (c) 706 (cells/ml-) ' days
True-False Quiz f0. (a) Car A (b) The distance by which car A is ahead of
1. True 2. True 3. False 4. True 5. False car B after I minute (c) Car A (d) r : 2.2 min
6. True 7. False 8. True 9. False tl. TJi sz. 42/3 33. t6 s4. #
1O. False 35. 2 - 2ln2 36. ln 2
 C E*EEI dl'|'J 445

EXERCISES 5.2 r PAGE 330 9.8n13 ) .v

(2,4\
1. (a) r' 4

! :2x

y--*'

-t
0 ,,x 0 ,r

1O.5rl14 _v -}

I
r: J,
(b) Ii r(*o * t0x2 + 25) dx G) to6sn/5
y: 13
2. (a)
1v "r

11.1lrr/30 "v -v

):.r2 2
o .{

.v
-v:l

"'b - D'/' dy
(u) Ji (c) 96rr /5
0 _r 0 _{

l:"( 1-- r dx
1
3 4. Jo2
n(8y - yo) dy .t: .y'

s. l[ rrl(2 * sin x)z - 4) dx

12. zn(\n - fi)
6.261113 y )' :3
y:r+1 .) (-+,4 (+4 ,y

y:1*secx
-ti:2
I
x:0 .,
+__
-
1
I }:l
0
v:0 2 x -{ I