UNIT 3.

ACCOUNTING FOR MERCHANDISING BUSINESSES

Contents
3.0. Aims & Objectives
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Nature of a Merchandising Business
3.2.1 What is a Merchandising Business
3.2.2 Comparison of Financial Statements for Merchandising and Service
Businesses
3.3 The Periodic and the Perpetual Inventory Systems
3.3.1 The Periodic Inventory System
3.3.2 Perpetual Inventory Systems
3.4 Recording Purchase and Sales Transactions
3.4.1 Recording Sales
3.4.2 Recording Purchases
3.5 Completing the Worksheet for a Merchandising Business
3.6 Preparing Financial Statements for Merchandising Businesses
3.7 Summary
3.8 Answers to Check Your Progress Questions
3.9 Model Examination Questions
3.10 Glossary of Terms

3.0 AIMS & OBJECTIVES

After reading this unit, you will be able to:

- describe what a merchandising business is and compare it to a service giving business.
- describe the difference between the two alternative systems of recording inventory
(periodic and the perpetual inventory systems)
- record journal entries for merchandising transactions such as the purchase and sale of
merchandise
- complete the worksheet of a merchandising business and record adjustment journal
entries related to the Merchandise Inventory account
- prepare financial statements for a merchandising business

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3.1 INTRODUCTION

In the previous chapters, you saw how to record transactions of a service business. The steps
that we go through to prepare the financial statements of other types of businesses (such as a
merchandising business) are basically the same. Transactions are first journalized, and then
posted to the ledger; a worksheet is prepared and completed…. But, there are some
transactions in merchandising companies that you don’t find in a service giving business, like
the purchase of goods for sale and the sale of those goods. The first section of this chapter,
therefore, discusses the nature of a merchandising business and how to record merchandising
transactions. The next section discusses about the preparation of financial statements for
merchandising companies.

SECTION-ONE: RECORDING MERCHANDISING TRANSACTIONS

3.2 NATURE OF A MERCHANDISING BUSINESS

3.2.1What is a Merchandising Business?

A merchandising business buys goods in finished form for resale to customers.

A merchandising business sells tangible goods to its customers. When we say goods it can be
anything that has physical characteristics that you can see and touch (i.e., tangible). These
can be goods ranging from television sets, cars, office table and chair (furniture), to chewing
gums, toothbrushes and various stationery. These goods that a merchandising company sells
to its customers are called merchandise inventory.
inventory. (A customer is an individual or a firm to
whom a business sells its products.)

One final thing that you should know about a merchandising business is that a merchandising
company does not produce the goods that it sells. Instead, it buys these goods from
manufacturers,
manufacturers, which produce the goods using raw materials.

The following diagram can help you to better visualize the flow of goods from a manufacturer
to the final consumer:

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 Sells Merchandising companies

Manufacturers Wholesaler Sell Retailer Final consumer

s
Goods goods

A wholesaler is a trader, which buys goods from manufacturers and sells them to a retailer or
another wholesaler. It is the retailer who sells the goods to the final consumer by buying
them from wholesalers (or sometimes from a manufacturer).

When you want to buy a soap to wash your clothes, where do you buy it? Who is the
manufacturer of the soap? Are there any wholesalers of that soap in your area? Can the
wholesaler be taken as the customer of the manufacturer? And finally, can we say the shop
from which you buy the soap is a merchandising business?

3.2.2 Comparison of Financial Statements for Merchandising and Service

Businesses

Income Statement
A model income statement for a merchandising business and another one for a service
business are shown below. Compare them carefully.

ABC service company XYZ merchandising

Income statement Income statement
For the year ended Dec.31, 200x For the year ended Dec.31, 200x
Revenue: Revenue:
Service fee………………….Birr 23,200 Net Sales…………………Birr 360,000
Cost of goods sold…………….(256,000
sold…………….(256,000))
Gross Profit …………………….104,000
Expenses: Various Operating
Various Operating Expenses (7120
(7120)) Expenses……………………….(79,400
Expenses……………………….(79,400))
Net Income 16080 Net Income ……………………..24,600
……………………..24,600

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As you can see from the above Income Statements, merchandising companies have to pay to
buy the goods that they sell. Therefore, they have to deduct this cost of goods sold in addition
to other operating expenses from their sales revenue to determine their net income.

The difference between sales revenue and cost of goods sold is referred to as gross profit.
Why ‘gross’? Because other expenses have yet to be deducted to arrive at the net profit or net
income of the business.

Balance Sheet
The Balance Sheet of a service business and that of a merchandising business are similar in
every aspect except one thing. The current assets section of the Balance Sheet of a
merchandising business includes one asset that service companies do not have. That is
merchandise inventory. Merchandise inventory refers to goods bought by a merchandising
business for resale to customers. So, if a merchandising business has some unsold goods
(merchandise) on hand at the end of the year this would be reported as one asset on the
Balance Sheet.

3.3 THE PERIODIC AND THE PERPETUAL INVENTORY SYSTEMS

The value of goods (merchandise) on hand at the end of the year for resale would be reported
on the Balance Sheet as one asset as described above. This means that we need to open a
separate ledger account in which to record merchandise inventory information.

The two alternatives in dealing with this account are:

1. To up date this account every time goods are bought and sold (continuously =
perpetually) or
2. To up date this account only at the end of the period (periodically).

3. 3.1 The Periodic Inventory System

Under this system, as the name periodic suggests, the inventory account is updated only
periodically i.e., only at the end of a period.

When goods are bought, a temporary purchases account is debited instead of the inventory
account itself. Likewise, when goods are sold revenue is recorded, but the fact that there is a

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reduction in merchandise inventory is not recognized. This is because the Merchandise
Inventory account is not credited every time goods are sold.

Therefore, if one wants to know the cost of goods on hand, it is a must that a physical
inventory be conducted first. The account doesn’t reflect the value of goods on hand because
it was not up dated when merchandise was bought and sold. Physical inventory means
counting the quantity of goods on hand. Once the quantity of goods on hand has been
determined, it is multiplied by the unit price of those goods to determine the cost of goods on
hand.

In conclusion, under the periodic system, since the merchandise inventory account is not
continually updated, the cost of merchandise on hand is determined only at the end of the
period after carrying out a physical inventory.

Companies such as department stores or ‘super markets’, which sell small items, use periodic
systems.

3.3.2 Perpetual Inventory Systems

A perpetual inventory system continuously records the amount of inventory on hand
(perpetual =continuous). Under this system, the merchandise inventory account is debited or
credited every time (goods) are bought or sold. When an item is sold, its cost is recorded in a
separate cost of goods sold account in addition to recording sales.

The cost of merchandise on hand can be looked up from the merchandise Inventory account
any time, without conducting a physical inventory.

Check Your Progress Exercise-1

If you have a supermarket business, would you use the perpetual or periodic system? What if
your system is computerized? Explain.

3.4 RECORDING PURCHASES AND SALES TRANSACTIONS

The following discussions in the remainder of this chapter all assume the use of a periodic
inventory system. The perpetual system will be discussed in part two of this course.

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3.4.1 Recording Sales
When a merchandising company transfers goods to the buyer, in exchange for cash or a
promise top at a later date, revenue is produced to the company. This revenue is recorded in a
Sales account. However, the sales revenue, which is reported on the Income Statement, is
Net Sales.
Sales. That is,

Net Sales = Gross Sales – Sales Discounts- Sales Returns and Allowances

Recording Gross Sales

The gross sales amount is obtained from sales invoices. An invoice is a document, prepared
by the seller of merchandise to notify to the buyer the details of the sale. These details can
include number of items sold, unit price of items, total price, terms of sale and manner of
shipment. When goods are delivered to the customer, the Sales account is credited because
revenues are increased by credits.

A company can sell goods either for cash or on account.

Recording Cash Sales

When merchandise is sold on cash, the Cash account is debited and the revenue account Sales
is credited.
Example – Z Company based in Bahir Dar, buys and sells used commodities. On January 14.
2001. Z sold goods for Birr 20,000. Record the transaction.

Answer:
January 14, Dr. Cash………………………………..20,000.00
Cr. Sales……………………………………20,000.00
Recording Credit Sales
The Accounts Receivable account is debited when goods are sold on account (for credit).

Example -
Ika sold goods worth Birr 35,000 on account on January 15, 2001. Record the transaction.
Solution

January 15. Accounts Receivable…………………..35,000.00

Sales…………………………………………35,000.00

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Determining Gross Sales when there are trade discounts

A trade discount is a percentage deduction from the specified list price or catalogue price of
merchandise.

Trade discounts allow us:

- To avoid publishing a new catalogues every time prices change.
- To grant quantity discounts
- Quotation of different prices to different types of customers.

Trade discounts are not recorded in the seller’s accounting records; they are only used to
calculate the gross selling price.

Example:
Example: Z sold 500 T.V. sets, each with a list price of Birr 80, on January 17, 2001 for cash.
It gave the customer a 30% trade discount, as the customer was a very loyal one. Record the
sale.

Answer:
List price of goods ( 80 X 500) Birr 40,000
Less: Trade discount (30 % of 40,000) (12,000)
(12,000)
Invoice price 28,000

Journal entry:

Cash……………………..28,000
Sale………………………28,000

Check Your Progress Exercise –2

1. Record the journal entry if IKa Company above sold goods with a list price of Birr
52,000 to a customer on account. Ika offered the customer a trade discount of 20% for
purchases above Birr 40,000 as it usually does.

Recording Deductions from Gross Sales

Go back to illustration 1- and have a look at the model Income Statement of a merchandising
company. You will see that the sales reported on the income statement is net sales,
sales, i.e., after
deduction of sales discounts and sales returns and allowances.

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 Gross sales (from invoice)…………………..XXX
Less: Sales discounts…………………………….(XX)
Sales returns and allowances ………….…..(XX)
………….…..(XX)
Net sales……………………………….XX
sales……………………………….XX

Sales Discounts
Sales Discounts are deductions from invoice price to customers who pay early when goods
are sold on credit.

As a seller, you would usually want to be paid as soon as possible. This is because, as you
can imagine, you can use the money for various purposes once you have been paid. If you
want your customers to pay you early the customary practice is to offer them a (deduction)
discount from the invoice price if they pay early.

How much discount is given usually depends on the credit terms.

terms. These terms (agreements)
are usually stated on the invoice. The most frequently used terms are stated below:

- “n/30” or “Net 30” – means there is no discount even if the customer pays before the
payment date.
- 2/10, n/30 –means the due date of the payment is after 30 days of the sale. But if the
customer pays with in 10 days she will get a 2% discount.
- 2/EOM, n/60- means the normal due date is with in 60 days of the sale but the
customer will get a 2% discount if she pays before the end of month of sale.

Check Your Progress Exercise -3

1. What do the credit terms 1/15,n/60; 2/10, n/EOM; and n/60 mean?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
Sales discounts are purchase discounts from the side of the buyer. Sales discounts and
purchase discounts are the same thing seen from different sides. They are generally called
cash discounts together. A cash discount is, therefore, deduction from original invoice price
for early payment when goods are sold on credit (on account).

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Example:
On January 21, 2001 Z Company sold merchandise for birr 20,000 on account. The credit
terms are 2/30, n/30. The customer paid on January 31, (10 days after invoice date).
A. How much would Z Company collect from this sale?
B. Record the necessary journal entries on January 21 and January 31.

Solution:

A- Since the customer paid with in the discount period, i.e., with in 10 days, she will get a
2% discount. Therefore,

Invoice price……………………..20,000
Less: Sales Discount (2% X 20,000)………(400)
20,000)………(400)
Cash collected …………. 19,600

B- Journal Entries:
January 21 A/R…………………..20,000
Sales……………………..20,000

January 31, Cash………………….19600

Sales Discounts ………...400
A/R………………..20,000

You might initially have thought of debiting the Sales account for Birr 400 on January 31,
since the actual cash collected from the sales of those goods is birr 400 less than what was
recorded as Sales on January 21. But it is better to record the reduction in sales in a separate
contra Sales account. A contra account reduces another account. In this case, the amount in
the Sales Discount account will be deducted from (Gross) Sales on the income statement. That
way, we can disclose how much sales discount was offered and taken during the year on the
income statement, separately.

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Check Your Progress Exercise - 4
IKA Company sold goods worth Birr 120,000 on account to Gizu company terms 1/10, n/60
on January 18, 2001. Gizu Company paid on January 28, 2001.

A- How much would IKA Company collect from this sale?

B- Record the necessary journal entries on January 18 and on January 28.

Sales Returns and Allowances

Customers can return merchandise they have bought if they find it to be defective or of the
wrong model, or unsatisfactory for a variety of reasons. A sales return is merchandise
returned by a buyer. The buyer would be paid back her money if she has already paid.

A sales allowance is a deduction from the original invoice price when the customer keeps the
merchandise but is dissatisfied. If, for example, a customer buys an item worth birr 100 and
finds it to be of the wrong color after receiving it, she may still want to retain the item even if
she is dissatisfied with its color. In that case the seller may let her pay only, say, Birr 95 by
giving her an allowance of Birr 5.

Example:
Z Company sold merchandise worth Birr 15, 000 on February 3, 2001 on account terms 2/10,
n/30. On February 5, the buyer returned a portion of the goods worth Birr 5,000 as they were
found to be of the wrong model. The buyer then paid on February 13, 2001.

Record the necessary journal entries on February 3, 5 and 13.

Solution:
February 3 A/R…………………….15,000
Sales …………………….15,000

February 5 Sales Returns and Allowances ………5,000

A/R………………………………….5,000

February 13 Cash…………………………………..9800
Sales Discount ……………………….. 200

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 A/R…………………………10,000

Here, the buyer paid with in the discount period. Therefore, the amount that would be
collected is:

15,000 – 5,000 = 10,000

Deduct:
Deduct: 2% Cash discount (200)
Cash collected 9800

Check Your Progress Exercise -5

Assume the customer in the above example returned the goods on February 15 instead of
February 5, after paying with in the discount period on February 13. Record the relevant
Journal entries on February 3, 13 and 15.

Go back to illustration (1) once again on page and you will see that we have so far been
dealing with what net sales is composed of. You should by now be able to figure out how the
net sales figure on the income statement is arrived at.

In the following section, we will see how to record purchase transactions. Keep in mind that a
merchandising company both buys and sells goods.

3.4.2 Recording Purchases

Under the periodic inventory system a merchandising company uses the Purchases account to
record the cost of goods bought for resale to customers.

Example:
Z Company bought goods worth Birr 43,000 from Saba Co., which is based in Addis Ababa,
on account on January 4, 2001, terms 20/10, n/30. Record the transaction.

Solution:

January 4 – Purchases …………………..43,000

Accounts payable………………………..43,000

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Check Your Progress Exercise - 6
Record the same transaction for IKA Company if the merchandise were bought for cash.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Deductions from Purchases
Purchase Discounts
A merchandising company can buy goods under credit terms that permit it to get a discount if
it pays with in a specified period of time. The deduction from the original purchase price is
recorded in a separate contra Purchase account called Purchase Discounts.

Example:
Z Company bought goods worth Birr 50,000 from Y Company on account on January 14,
2001, terms 1/10, n/60. Z Company paid on January 24, 2001. Record the transactions on
both dates.

Solution:

Jan. 14. Purchases………………..50,000

A/P………………………50,000
Jan. 24. A/P…………………… …50,000
Purchase Discounts …….......500
Cash…………………….. 49,500

Check your Progress Exercise -7

1. What would Gibir Company record on January 14, and January 24?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

Purchase Returns and allowances

A purchase return occurs when a buyer returns merchandise to a seller.

A purchase allowance is a reduction on the price of goods bought for dissatisfaction on the
side of the buyer.

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Both purchase returns and purchase allowances are recorded in a contra purchase account
called Purchase Returns and Allowances.
Example:
In the previous example for Z Company, a portion of the goods worth birr 5,000 bought on
January 14 from Y Company were of the wrong size. Y Company acknowledged this and
gave Z Company a 5% price allowance on January 17.

What should Z Company record on January 17?

Solution:
January 17 A/P…………………………………250
Purchase Returnes and Allowance…………250

Check your Progress Exercise - 8

1. What would Y Co. record on January 17?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

When both purchase discounts and purchase returns and allowances are deducted from
purchases what is obtained is called Net purchase. That is,

Gross Purchase…………………………XX
Less:
Less: Purchase discounts…………………….(XX)
Purchase returns and allowances………(XX)
allowances………(XX)
Net Purchases…………………….XX
Purchases…………………….XX

Transportation costs
Once merchandise has been bought it has to be moved from the seller’s place to the buyer’s
place. A third party comes in to the scene here: the transportation company who moves the
goods between the two places.

That is:

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 Seller Goods goods goods Buyer
Freighter

So, the question is, who is going to pay to the freighter (transportation) company. Who covers
the transportation costs depends, as you might have guessed, on the agreement between the
buyer and seller. The agreements are usually stated in the either of these two terms:

- FOB Destination – means “free on board at destination “. That is, since the
destination of the goods is the buyer’s place, it is free at destination means
transportation cost is paid when the goods are loaded. It simply means the seller pays
transportation cost. FOB Destination means goods are shipped to their destination (to
the buyer) with out transportation charge to the buyer.

- FOB shipping Point –means

–means “free on board at shipping point”. That is, goods are
loaded (on a truck or train) or shipped free of charge. It is, therefore, the buyer, which
pays to the transportation company when the goods reach the buyer (their destination)
Briefly, when the terms are FOB Shipping Point the buyer pays transportation costs.

Transportation costs paid by a buyer of merchandise increase the cost of merchandise. They
are recorded in a separate Transportation-In account that is used to record freight costs
incurred in the acquisition of merchandise.

Example
Z Company bought goods worth Birr 85,000 on account, terms 2/10,n/60 FOB shipping point
on March 2, 2001.Transportoin cost of Birr 1,500 was paid on March 2. Z Company paid on
March 31, 2001. Record the necessary journal entries

Solution:
Here, since the terms are FOB Shipping Point, the buyer (Z) pays transportation.

March 2 -Purchase…………………..85,000
A/P………………………..85,000
-Transportation In……….....1500
Cash………………………1500

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March 31 A/P…………………………85,000
Cash………………………..85,000

Check Your Progress Exercise -9

1. What would have been recorded by Z, if it paid on March 12, 2001? What if the terms
were FOB destination?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

Example:
Z Company sold goods worth Birr 135,000 terms 1/16, n/EOM on February 1, 2001. FOB
Destination. It also paid transportation costs of Birr 800 on Feb. 1. The customer paid Z on
February 16, 2001. Record the relevant Journal entries.

Answers:
Feb 1 A/R…………………………..135,000
Sales…………………………..135,000
Delivery Expense…………………800
Cash……………………………800

Feb 16 Sales discount ………………….1,350

Cash………………………….133,650
A/R…………………………135,000

The Delivery Expense account shows how much was incurred to deliver goods sold to
customers. It is, therefore, shown on the income statement as a selling expense.

Check Your Progress Exercise -10

1. What would the customer (buyer) recorded, in the above example, on February 1, and
13, 2001?

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…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

Sometimes, the seller prepays the freight as a convenience to the buyer and later collects it on
the due date of the invoice even though the terms are FOB shipping Point.

Example
Raey Co. sold goods worth Birr 40,000 on April 1, 2001 to IKA company terms 2/10, n/30
FOB Shipping Point. It also paid Birr 2,500 to Ergib Movers for transporting the goods and
added the amount to the invoice. What would each of these companies record assuming IKA
paid on April 31, 2001

Raey Co. (seller) IKa Co (Buyer)

April 1- A/R…………….40,000 April 1-Purchases …………40,000
Sales………………40,000 A/P………………….40,000
A/R…………….2500 Transport-in ………2500
Cash…………….2500 A/P………………2500
April 31-Cash……………42,500 April 31- A/P…………………42,500
A/R………………42500 Cash…………………42,500

Check Your Progress Exercise – 11

1. What would have been recorded on the above dates if IKa Co. Paid on April 11, 2001?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

If the buyer pays the transportation costs for the seller (when the terms are FOB Destination)
the buyer simply deducts the freight paid from the amount to be paid to the seller.

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Example:

X Company bought merchandise worth Birr 14,000 terms FOB destination from Y Co. on
account. It paid Birr 350 transportation costs. What would be recorded on the books of the
buyer and seller on the date of the sale?

Buyer (X Co) Seller Y Co.

-Purchase……….14,000 -. A/R……………….14,000
-A/P………………14,000 Sales………………….14,000

-A/P……………350 -Delivery exp……….350

Cash………..350 A/R………………350

Transfer of Title
Shipping terms determine not only determine who pays for transportation. They also
determine at what point ownership title of the goods sold transfers to the buyer. Put briefly,
whose property is it when merchandise is in transit?

1. When terms are FOB Destination we have seen that the seller covers transportation costs.
By implication the seller takes the responsibility of safely moving and delivering the goods to
the buyer. The buyer is not responsible for any damage that can happen to these goods in
transit. Therefore, the goods become the buyer’s property only when they are delivered to
him /her.

Conclusion: Ownership title of the goods transfers to the buyer at destination when the terms
are FOB destination.

2. When the terms are FOB shipping point the buyer pays freight costs. The buyer takes the
responsibility of safely moving these goods to his /her own place. The merchandise,
therefore, becomes his/her property as soon as they are loaded on a truck or a train.

Conclusion:
Conclusion: Ownership title of goods transfers to the buyer at shipping point when terms are
FOB shipping point.

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The following table summarizes it all.

Sipping terms Transportation paid by Title Transfers

When goods are
Delivered to
FOB Destination Seller Buyer
FOB shipping point Buyer Freighter
(transportation
company)

Summary of Section One

Lets once again present the model Income Statement that we saw at the beginning of this
chapter. This time around, however, it is a bit detailed. Please study the relationship between
each item on the Income Statement carefully. Also try to remember how each item was
recorded in journal entry form when the transactions affecting these accounts happened.

XYZ Merchandising Co.

Income statement
For the year ended Dec. 31,2001

Gross Sales ………………………………………………… 400,000

Less: Sales Discounts (15,000)
Sales Ret &All (25,000)……… ……………………. (40,000
(40,000))
Net sales………………………………………………………….360,000

Cost of goods sold:

Beginning merchandise inventory (January 1, 2001)…10,000
Add: Purchases…………………..210,000
Less: Purchase Disc………..(5,000)
Purchase Ret & All…(5,000)
All…(5,000)
Net purchase…………………………..200,000
Add: Transportation –In……………………….66,000
–In……………………….66,000

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 Total cost of goods Available for sale………………...276,000
Less: Ending M.I (Dec. 31,2001)………………………(20.000)
31,2001)………………………(20.000)
Cost of goods sold……………………………………………… (256,000)
(256,000)
Gross profit……………………………………………………………… 104,000
Less: Various Selling and Administrative Expenses ………………………(79,400)
………………………(79,400)
Net Income………………………………………………… 24,600

Note:
Under a periodic inventory system, the cost of goods sold during a period is determined only
indirectly after comparing what was on hand at the beginning of the period, and the cost of
goods purchased during the period with what is left on hand at the end of the period. That is,
Beg inventory + Total cost of purchase –Ending inventory=Cost of Goods Sold.
Under periodic inventory procedures no attempt is made to determine the cost of goods sold at
the time of each sale. Instead, the cost of all the goods sold during the accounting period is
determined at the end of the period.

Summary of Important Relationships on the Income Statement

1. Net sales = Gross sales- (Sales Discounts + Sales Returns and allowances)
2. Net purchases = Purchases – (Purchase Disc. + Purchase Ret. & allowance)
3. Total cost of Purchase = Net purchase + Transportation –In
4. Cost of goods sold = Beg inventory + Total cost of purchase –Ending inventory
5. Gross profit = Net sales – Cost of goods sold
6. Net Income = Gross Profit – operating (i.e., selling & administrative) expenses.

SECTION TWO: REPORTING MERCHANDISING TRANSACTIONS

In the previous section, we saw how purchase and sales transactions are recorded.

In this section, we will see how those transactions are summarized and reported on the
financial statements.

3.5 COMPLETING THE WORKSHEET FOR A MERCHANDISING COMPANY

The use of a worksheet, as you remember, assists in preparing adjusting and closing entries.
In addition it contains all of the information needed for the preparation of the financial

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statements. Except for the merchandise – related accounts, the work sheet for a merchandising
Co. is the same as for a service company.

The following illustration, therefore, assumes that all selling and administrative expenses have
been adjusted. That accomplished, the only account, which remains to be adjusted, is the
Merchandise Inventory account.

Illustration
The following is the trial balance of Hard Works, a merchandising business owned by
Yibeltal. All accounts have been adjusted except the Merchandise Inventory account.

Hard Works
Trial Balance
December 31, 2002

Account title Dr CR
Cash 19,663
Account Receivable 1,880
Merchandise Inventory 7,000
Accounts Payable 700
Yibeltal, Capital 25,000
Yibeltal,Drawings 2,000
Sales 14,600
Sales Discounts 44
Sales Returns and Allowances 20
Purchases 6,000
Purchase discounts 82
Purchase Returns and allowances 100
Transportation –In 75
Selling expenses 2,650
Administrative expenses 1,150 ________
40,482 40,482

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 A physical inventory of merchandise carried out on December 31, 2002 showed Birr
10,000 of goods on hand.

Required:

A- Prepare a worksheet for Hard Works.

B- Prepare financial statements from the worksheet
C- Record the necessary adjustment journal entry in relation to merchandise
inventory
D- Record closing entries

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 Hard Works Co.
Worksheet for the year ended December 31,2002
Trial Balance Adjustment Adjusted Trial balance Income statement Balance sheet
Account title Dr. Cr. Dr. Cr. Dr. Cr. Dr. Cr. Dr. Cr.
Cash 19,663 19,663 19,663
Account 1,880 1,880 1,880
Receivable
Merchandise 7,000 10,000 7,000 10,000 10,000
Inventory
Accounts Payable 700 700 700
Yibeltal, Capital 25,000 25,000 2,5000
Yibeltal, Drawings 2,000 2,000 2,000
Income summery 7,000 10,000 7,000 10,000 7,000 10000
Sales 14,600 14,600 14600
Sales Discounts 44 44 44
Sales Returns and 20 20 20
Allowances
Purchases 6,000 6,000 6,000
Purchase discounts 82 82 82
Purchase Returns 100 100 100
and allowances
Transportation –In 75 75 75
Selling expenses 2,650 2,650 2,650
Administrative 1,150 1,150 1,150
expenses
40,482 40,482 17,000 17,000 50,482 50,482 16,939 24782 33,543 25,700
7,843 78,43
24,782 24782 33,543 33,543

Note:
The merchandise inventory account before adjustment shows the inventory on hand at the
beginning of the period. This is because, since purchases and sales of merchandise have not
been debited or credited to the merchandise inventory account, this account would still show
the beginning inventory amount at the end of the period.

Therefore, an adjustment journal entry is needed to update this account. At the end of the
period, a physical inventory would be conducted to determine the amount of inventory on
hand.

The adjustment journal entry removes beginning inventory amount from the merchandise
inventory account and replaces it with the (ending) actual value of merchandise inventory on
hand as determined by the physical inventory.

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The adjustment is:

 Income summary (beginning inventory)…………..XXX

Merchandise amount inventory……………………XXX

 Merchandise Inventory…………………………….XXX
Income Summary…………………………………..XXX

An adjustment journal entry for Hard Works is presented latter in (c).

3.6 PREPARING FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR MERCHANDISING

BUSINESSES

We will discuss financial statements as we work on requirement (b) of our illustration.

Once the worksheet has been completed, the financial statements are prepared. Next, any
adjusting and closing entries are entered in the journal and posted to the ledger.

Income Statement
There are two widely used formats of the income statement. These are:

The single – Step Income Statement

This format is shown below for Hard Works Co. It shows cost of goods sold and operating
expense but has only one subtotal for total expenses.

Hard Works Co.

Income statement
For the year ended December 31, 2002

Net sales…………………………………………………..Br.14536
Expenses:
Cost of goods sold………………………2893
Operating Expenses …………………….3800
…………………….3800 (6693)
Net Income……………………………………….7843
Income……………………………………….7843

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The Multiple –Step Income Statement

Hard Works Co.

Income statement
For the year ended December 31, 2002

Revenue:
Gross Sales……………………………………………… Br. 14600
Less: Sales Discounts ………..44
Sales Returns &All……20……………… (64)
Net Sales 14536

Less:
Less: Cost of goods sold:
Beg. Inventory (Jan 1)…………………..7,000
Add: Purchase………………………6,000
Less: Purchase.……………….(82)
Purchase Ret & all…….(100)
all…….(100)
Net Purchases……………..5818
Add: Transportation –In ……………75
……………75
Total cost of purchase……..5893
purchase……..5893

Total cost of Goods Available for sale……………..12,893

Less:
Less: ending Inventory (Dec.31)…………………………(10,000)
(Dec.31)…………………………(10,000)
Cost of Goods sold…………………………………………..(2893)
sold…………………………………………..(2893)
Gross Profit……………………………………………11,643

Operating Expenses:

Selling Expenses……………….2,650
Admin. Exp…………………….1,150
Exp…………………….1,150
Total operating expenses……………….. (3800)
(3800)
Net Income……………………………… 7,843

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Hard Works Co.
Statement of Owner’s Equity
For the year Ended December 31, 2002

Yibeltal Capital Jan1,2002………………………Br..25,000

Add: Net Income for the year…………………………7843
Deduct: Owner’s withdrawal during the year………....2,000
year………....2,000
Yibeltal Capital December 31, 2002…………………30843
2002…………………30843

Hard Works Co.

Balance sheet
For the year Ended December 31, 2002

Assets: Liabilities & capital

Liabilities:
Cash…………………..19663 A/P……………………700
A/R…………………… 1880 Owner’s Equity:
Merch. Inventory…….10,000
Inventory…….10,000 Yibeltal Capital …
30843
Total Assets………….31,843
Assets………….31,843 Total Liab. & O/E……31,843
O/E……31,843

C. Adjustment Journal entry

-Income summary…………………..7,000
Merchandise Inventory………………7,000
-Merchandise Inventory…………….10,000
Income Summary…………………….10,000

D. Closing entries
-Sales………………………………..14,600
Income summary……………………..14,600
-Income summary………………………66
Sales discount………………………………44
Sales Returns and Allowances…………… 20

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 -Income summary………………………………6,075
Purchases…………………………………………….6,000
Transportation-In………………………………………..75

- Purchase Discounts………………………………..82
Purchase Ret. &All……………………………...100
Income Summary……………………………………….182

- Income summary……………………………….3,800
Selling Expenses…………………………………2650
Administrative expense…………………………..1150

- Income summary………………………………….7,843
Yibeltal Capital……………………………………7,843
- Yibeltal Captal……………………………………..2,000
Yibeltal Drawings……………………………………2,000

3.7 SUMMARY

Even though the steps and procedures that we go through to prepare the financial statements
of merchandising companies are the same with that of service businesses, there are
transactions peculiar to merchandising companies. These include the purchase and sale of
merchandise. You should be able to record these transactions by now. Go back and study the
relationships between financial statement items summarized at the end of section one of this
unit.

3.8 ANSWERS TO CHECK YOUR PROGRESS EXERCISE

Check Your Progress Exercise - 1

List price of goods……………………………….52,000

Less: Trade discount (20% X [52,000-40,000]) ……… (2400)
Invoice Price……………………..49,600

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Journal entry:
- A/R……………………49,600
Sales…………………………49,600

Check Your Progress Exercise - 2

- 1/15, n/60 – 1% discount if customer pays with in 15 days, otherwise amount is due
with in 60 days with out any discount.
- 2/10, n/EOM – 2% discount if paid with in 10 days, otherwise the whole amount due
at the end of the month of sale
- n/60 – No discount – amount is due in 60 days

Check Your Progress Exercise - 3

A – since the customer paid with in the discount period, i.e., with in 10 days, amount
collected would be:

120,000 – 1% (120,000) = 118,800

B– Jan. 18 A/R………………………..120,000
Sales………………………….120,000
Jan. 28 Cash……………………….118800
Sales Discount……………….1200
A/R…………………………….120,000

Check Your Progress Exercise - 4

Feb 3 - A/R …………………………….15,000

Sales …………………………….15,000

Feb 13- Cash……………………………..14,700

Sales Discount……………………...300
A/R……………………………….15,000

Feb 15- Sales Returns &Allowances……5,000

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 Cash……………………………….4900
Sales Discount………………………100

Check Your Progress Exercise - 5

January 4 Purchase ………………………….43,000

Cash……………………………….43,000

Check Your Progress Exercise - 6

Jan 14. A/R……………………………….50,000

Sales………………………………50,000

Jan 24. Cash………………………………49,500

Sales Discounts……………………… 500
A/R………………………………..50,000

Check Your Progress Exercise - 7

Jan 17. Sales Returns & Allowances………250

A/R…………………………………..250

Check Your Progress Exercise - 8

FOB shipping point

March 12. A/P……………………………………85,300

Cash……………………………………..83,300
Purchase Discounts……………………. 1,700

FOB Destination
March 2 - Purchase……………………………….85,000
A/P……………………………………..85,000

March 31- A/P…………………………………….85,000

Cash……………………………………85,000

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Check Your Progress Exercise - 9
Feb 1- Purchase………………………………..135,000
A/P……………………………………….135,000

Feb 13- A/P……………………………………..135,000

Cash………………………………………133,650
Purchase Discounts………………………… 1,350

Check Your Progress Exercise - 10

Seller Buyer

April 1-A/R……………40,000 Purchase……………40,000

Sales…………………40,000 A/P……………………40,000
A/R………………2,500 Transportation-In……..2,500
Cash…………………..2,500 A/P……………2,500

April 11- Cash (39200 + 2500)…41,700 April 11-A/P…………42,500

Sales Discount…………...800 Cash…………….41,700
A/R (40,000 +2500)…….42,500 Purchase Discounts...800

3.9 MODEL EXAMINATION QUESTIONS

1. You are provided with the following data from the records of three merchandising
companies:(a), (b) and (c). Determine each of the missing numbers for each company.

a b c
Invoice cost of merchandise purchase Br.90, 000 Br.40, 000 Br.30, 500
Purchase discounts 4000 ? 650
Purchase returns and allowances 3,000 1,500 1,100
Transportatiln-In ? 3,500 4,000
Merchandise inventory (beginning of period) 7,000 ? 9,000

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Total cost of merchandise purchases 89,400 39,500 ?
Merchandise inventory (end of period) 4,400 7,500 ?
Cost of goods sold ? 41,600 34,130

2. Prepare journal entries to record the following merchandising transactions of Shiach

Company. The company uses the periodic inventory system.

July 1 Purchased merchandise form Gizhy Company for $6,000 under credit terms of
1/15, n/30, FOB shipping point.
2 Sold merchandise to Terra Co. for $800 under credit terms of 2/10, n/60, FOB
shipping point.
3 Paid $100 for freight (transportation) charges on the purchase of July 1.
8 Sold merchandise for $1,600 cash.
9 Purchased merchandise from Chilalo Co. for $2,300 under credit terms of 2/15,
n/60, FOB destination.
12 Received a $200 credit memorandum acknowledging the return of merchandise
purchased on July 9.

Received the balance due from Terra Co. for the credit sale dated
July 2, net of the discount.
16 Paid the balance due to Gizhy Company within the discount period.
19 Sold merchandise to Urban Co. for $1,250 under credit terms of 2/15, n/60, FOB
shipping point.
21 Issued a $150 credit memorandum to Urban Co. for an allowance on goods sold on
July 19.
22 Received a debit memorandum from Urban Co. for an error that overstated the
total sales invoice by $50.
24 Paid Chilalo Co. the balance due after deducting the discount.
30 Received the balance due from Urban Co. for the credit sale dated July 19, net of
the discount.
31 Sold merchandise to Terra Co. for $5,000 under credit terms of 2/10, n/60, FOB
shipping point.

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3. The following unadjusted trial balance was prepared at the end of the fiscal year for
Tenkir Company:

TENKIR COMPANY
Unadjusted Trail Balance
July 31, 2000
Cash……………………………………………….. $ 4,200
Merchandise Inventory…………………………… 11,500
Store supplies…………………………………….. 4,800
Prepaid Insurance………………………………… 2,300
Store equipment………………………………….. 41,900
Accumulated deprecation-Store Equipment… $ 15,000
Accounts payable…………………………………. 9,000
Gidey Tinker, capital…………………………….. 35,200
Gidey Tenkir, withdrawals ………………………. 3,200
Sales……………………………………………….. 104,000
Sales discounts…………………………………… 1,000
Sales returns and allowances…………………… 2,000
Cost of goods sold………………………………... 37,400
Depreciation expense – Store equipment…….. -
Salaries expense………………………………… 31,000
Insurance expense………………………………. -
Rent expense…………………………………….. 14,000
Store supplies expense…………………………. -
Advertising expense…………………………….. 9,900
.
Totals……………………………………………...$163,200
Totals……………………………………………...$163,200 $163,200

Rent and salaries expense are equally divided between the selling and the general and
administrative functions. Tenkir Company uses the periodic inventory system.

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Required:
1. Prepare adjusting journal entries for the following:
a. Store supplies on hand at year-end amount to $1,650.
b. Expired insurance, an administrative expense, for the year is $1,500.
c. Depreciation expense, a selling expense, for the year is $1,400.
d. A physical count of the ending merchandise inventory shows $11,100 of
goods on hand.

2. Prepare a multiple-step income statement.

3. Prepare a single-step income statement.
4. Prepare all the necessary closing entries.

3.10 GLOSSARY OF TERMS

A Merchandising Business-
Business- a business that buys and sells goods at a profit.

Merchandise-
Merchandise- anything that a merchandising company buys in order to resale it to its
customers.

Periodic Inventory System-

System- a system of recording inventories that updates inventory records
only once in an accounting period.

Perpetual Inventory System-

System- a system of recording inventories that continuously shows the
balance of inventory on hand as the records about inventory are continuously updated.

Physical Inventory-
Inventory- the act of counting (measuring, weighing, etc) merchandise in order to
determine the quantity of goods on hand on a particular date.

Trade Discount-
Discount- deduction from the normal selling price (list price) to determine the invoice
price of goods.

Cash Discount-
Discount- deduction from the invoice price of goods for early payment when goods are
sold on credit. Cash discounts are called sales discounts for the seller whereas they are
referred to as purchase discounts by the buyer.

Purchase (or Sales) Returns-

Returns- merchandise returned to the seller after it has already been sold
or bought.

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Purchase (or Sales) Allowance-
Allowance- a deduction from the invoice price of goods when the goods
bought or sold are agreed to be of defective or unsatisfactory for any reason.

Contra Account-
Account- if an account is a contra account; its balance would be deducted from
another account when it is presented in the financial statements.

FOB Destination-
Destination- an agreement that requires the seller of the goods to cover transportation
costs. It is read as free on board at destination.

FOB Shipping Point-

Point- an agreement that requires the buyer of merchandise to cover
transportation costs. It is read as free on board at shipping point.

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