5.

It is a process that answers what the

RESEARCH REVIEW finding in relation to the hypothesis is.
1. It is a systematic inquiry that describes, A. Drawing conclusion
explains, predicts, and controls the
C. Interpreting Data
observed phenomenon.
B. Data Analysis
A. Research
D. Formulating Hypothesis
B. Action Plan
6. It is a process that answers what
C. Thesis
information is already available.
D. Case Study
A. Review of Related Literature
2. It is a process of naturalistic inquiry that
C. Interpreting Data
seeks an in-depth understanding of social
phenomena within their natural setting. B. Sampling
A. Qualitative Research D. Data Analysis
C. Variables 7. It is a process that answers how to
identify or select your respondents.
B. Quantitative Research
A. Sampling
D. Hypothesis
C. Review of Related Literature
3. It is a structured way of collecting and
analyzing data obtained from different B. Data Analysis
sources.
D. Interpreting Data
A. Hypothesis
8. It is a characteristic of research that is
C. Variables based on direct experience or observation
by the researcher.
B. Quantitative Research
A. Objective
D. Qualitative Research
C. Controlled
4. It is a process that answers what is the
problem and why it should be studied. B. Systematic
A. Formulating Hypothesis D. Empirical
C. Identifying Problems 9. It is a characteristic of a research that
follows orderly and sequential procedures,
B. Review of Related Literature
based on valid procedure and principle.
D. Analyzing the Data
A. Systematic
C. Original Work 14. This type of research is a purely direct
application but expanding the nature of
B. Objective
understanding about the problem.
D. Analytical
A. Applied Research
10. It is a characteristic of research that is
C. Thesis
unbiased and logical.
B. Case Study
A. Objective
D. Basic Research
C. Analytical
15. It is a type of research that needs to
B. Original Work
answer a specific question. It teaches and
D. Empirical provides validation in order to apply to the
real setting.
11. It is a characteristic of research that
searches for facts, answers question and A. Applied Research
solves problems.
C. Thesis
A. Systematic
B. Case Study
C. Objective
D. Basic Research
B. Employs Hypothesis
1. It is a research method that refers to a
D. Empirical general set of orderly, disciplined
procedures to acquire evidence.
12. It is an ethics of research which keeps
promises and agreements. A. Quantitative

A. Honesty C. Case Study

C. Integrity B. Qualitative

B. Objectivity D. Thesis

D. Openness 2. It is a research method that refers to a

naturalistic method of inquiry of research
13. It is an ethics of research that gives
which deals with the issue of human
proper acknowledgment or credit to all
complexity by exploring it directly.
researchers.
A. Case Study
A. Intellectual Property
C. Thesis
C. Social Responsible
B. Quantitative
B. Responsible Mentoring
D. Qualitative
D. Confidentiality
3. It is an ethics of a research that gives B. Objective
proper acknowledgment or credit to all D. Analytical
researchers.
8.It is a characteristic of a research that is based
A. Intellectual Property on direct experience or observation by the
researcher.
C. Socially Responsible
A. Objective
B. Responsible Mentoring
C. Controlled
D. Confidentiality
B. Systematic
4. It is an ethics of research that means
keeping promises and agreements. D. Empirical

A. Honesty 9. It is a process that answers how to identify or

select your respondents.
C. Integrity
A. Sampling
B. Objectivity
C. Review of Related Literature
D. Openness B. Data Analysis
5. It is a characteristic of research that refers to
D. Interpreting Data
searching facts, answers to questions and
solutions to problems. 10. It is a process that answers what information
is already available.
A. Systematic
A. Review of Related Literature
C. Objective
C. Interpreting Data
B. Employs Hypothesis
B. Sampling
D. Empirical
D. Data Analysis
6. It is a characteristic of research that refers to
the unbiased and logical. 11. It is a process that answers how the findings
are in relation to the hypothesis
A. Objective
A. Drawing conclusion
C. Analytical
C. Interpreting Data
B. Original Work
B. Data Analysis
D. Empirical
D. Formulating Hypothesis
7. It is a characteristic of research that follows
orderly and sequential procedures, based on 12. It is a process that answers what is the
valid procedure and principle. problem and why it should be studied.

A. Systematic A. Formulating Hypothesis

C. Original Work C. Identifying Problems

B. Review of Related Literature B. strength of qualitative research.

D. Analyzing Data C. areas for improvement of qualitative

research.
13. It is a structured way of collecting and
analyzing data obtained from different sources. D. direction of qualitative research.

A. Hypothesis 3. This field of qualitative research is concerned

with the evaluation of students’ learning
C. Variables
outcomes.
B. Quantitative Research
A. Technical Communication C. Psychology
D. Qualitative Research
B. Education D. Advertising
14. It is a process of naturalistic inquiry that
4. It is believed to be one of the weaknesses of
seeks an in-depth understanding of social
qualitative research.
phenomena within their natural setting.
A. It can develop theories.
A. Qualitative Research
B. It has several avenues to understand
C. Variables
phenomena.
B. Quantitative
C. It is a way a researcher perceives things as he
D. Hypothesis is immersed in the study.

15. It is a systematic inquiry that describes, D. It answers certain phenomena- social,

explains, predicts, and controls the observed economic, political, and psychological.
phenomenon.
5. This is the field of qualitative research where
A. Research people’s traumatic experiences are studied.

B. Analysis A. Technical Communication C. Psychology

C. Thesis B. Education D. Social Work

D. Case Study 6. It is an investigation of a particular person,

group, or situation for a long period of time.
1. One characteristic below is not of qualitative
research. A. Grounded theory C. Content and Discourse
Analysis
A. It focuses on participants’ perceptions.
B. Historical Analysis D. Case study
C. Its method used is interactive.
7. One of the following is a weakness of
B. It takes place in a natural setting. qualitative research.
D. It analyzes data using statistical tools. A. Data are based on the human experience.
2. Research results require exhaustive analysis B. It includes a detailed examination of issues.
of the meaning of the data. This shows the:
C. It can be quickly revised as new information
A. weakness of qualitative research. emerges.
D. The confidentiality of the subject limits the D. give justice to the chosen participants of the
presentation of the findings. study by exposing them to different situations.

8. It is studying the past to understand the 13. Driven by curiosity, a researcher wants to
present time. analyze the lifestyle of the Manobo tribe of
Bukidnon. This study falls under ________
A. Grounded theory C. Content and Discourse
Analysis A. Case study C. Ethnography

B. Historical Analysis D. Case study B. Historical Analysis D. Grounded theory

9. This kind qualitative research requires the 14. Your teacher requires you to study the
examination or analysis of the substance or influence of Noli Me Tangere to the lives of the
content of the communication that takes place Filipinos during the Spanish regime. The
in different forms. research you are doing is _______.

A. Case study C. Content and Discourse Analysis A. Case study C. Ethnography

B. Historical Analysis D. Phenomenology B. Historical Analysis D. Grounded theory

10. It is a kind of qualitative research that 15. The researcher is analyzing the code-mixing
explains how people find meaning in their daily occurrences in the conversation between the
experiences. Cebuano teacher and Higaonon learners. This
kind of study is ________.
A. Case study C. Phenomenology
A. Content and Discourse Analysis
B. Historical Analysis D. Grounded theory
C. Ethnography
11. One way of collecting data about students’
attitudes toward math is through observation in B. Historical Analysis
the actual class. It is because, in qualitative
D. Grounded theory
research, data should be collected in a
______________ (emlpircai)____________ 1. Research is based
on direct experience or observation by the
A. difficult situation C. gathering of people
researcher.
B. natural setting D. closed area
(ogilcal)______________ 2. It is based on valid
12. In qualitative research, data are collected in procedures and principles.
different manners. The reason behind this (lcycical)_____________ 3. It starts with a
technique is to____________ problem and ends with a problem.
(aanlytical)___________ 4. It proves analytical
A. gather a comprehensive and rich description
procedures in gathering the data, whether
of the subject.
historical, descriptive, and case study.
B. give options to the researcher which data are (lmethodica)___________ 5. It is conducted in a
the best. methodical manner without bias using
systematic methods and procedures.
C. keep the researcher busy for the entire (repliablec)___________ 6. Its design and
period of the study. procedures are replicated or repeated to enable
the researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive C. helps pharmaceutical companies explore safe
results. and effective medicines

(acriticl)______________ 7. It exhibits carefully D. helps understand victims of domestic

studied judgment. violence perception of satisfaction

(eqalitativu eserarch) 8. It is a 2. Which of the following statements is NOT a

process of naturalistic inquiry that seeks indepth characteristic of quantitative research?
understanding of social phenomena within their
A. The results taken from a sample can be
natural setting.
generalized to the population.
(Yintgrite) 9. It is an ethics of a
B. It provides an in-depth understanding of the
research which to keep promises and
problem or study.
agreements.
C. It provides a more credible and reliable
(nteillecutal proerpty) 10. It is an
result.
ethics of a research that gives proper
acknowledgment or credit for all researchers. D. Statistical analysis of numerical data.
(pplaied eserarch) 11. This 3. In an experiment, which group does not
type of research that is purely direct application receive intervention?
but expanding the nature of understanding
about the problem. A. The treatment group C. The control group

(evriew of elarted uiterlatre) 12. B. The participant group D. The experimental

It is a process that answers what information is group
already available. 4. Which of the following research questions
(ampsling) 13. It is a process that could be answered by using quantitative
answers how to identify or select your research methods?
respondents. A. What is the most popular social media
(oynfidecntialit) 14. An ethic of platform used by Senior High School students?
research which guarantees unpublished identity B. How has the Covid-19 pandemic affects
of the subjects. career choices among college students?

(umhan rotepction) 15. It is an C. What are the factors affecting depressive

ethic of research that ascertains the safety of behavior?
the people involved in the process. D. None of the above.
1. Which of the following statements is NOT 5. Which of the following is NOT a strength of
true about the importance of Quantitative quantitative research?
Research?
A. Speedy data analysis B. Less expensive
A. helps educators identify ways to improve
learning C. Replicable D. Objective

B. helps improve crop production using safe 6. Which statement below illustrates a
organic fertilizers weakness of quantitative research?
A. The responses of the participants are limited D. Ex Post Facto
to what has been asked and the choices given.
2. What research design is often conducted in a
B. The researcher's perspective can influence controlled setting with corresponding research
interpretation of results. treatment?

C. Data gathering takes too much time. A. Correlational C. Survey Research

D. There is low degree of subjectivity. B. Ex post facto D. Experimental

For items 7 and 8, identify whether the given 3. What is the suited research design for this
research topic is: research title, “The Effects of Twitter on the
Communication Etiquette of Students”?
A. Correlational C. Descriptive
A. Correlational C. Experimental
B. Quasi- experimental D. Experimental
B. Ex post facto D. Descriptive
7. Determination of the degree of satisfaction of
parents, teachers, ant students on th online and 4. Mr. Canuc would like to know further the type
modular blended learning. of social media used between the male and
female SHS students of East Pagat National High
8. The effects of non-renewal of the ABS-CBN
School. What is the appropriate research design
franchise to the average daily time watching
to be used in his study?
television of housewives.
A. Quasi-Experimental C. Experimental
9. Which type of quantitative research seeks to
determine relationship of one characteristic to B. Correlational D. Descriptive
the other characteristic?
5. What is the difference between quasi-
A. Correlational C. Ex-post facto experimental research and experimental
research?
B. Experimental D. Descriptive
A. Only one dependent variable is used in quasi-
For items 10 to 12, determine if the statement
experimental research, while multiple
is:
dependent variables can be used in quasi-
A. Always true C. Never true experimental research.

B. Sometimes true D. Cannot be identified B. Intact groups are used in experimental, while
quasi-experimental randomly assigned
10 Dependent variables can be manipulated. individuals into groups.
11. The independent and dependent variables C. The researcher controls the intervention in
are applicable to ALL quantitative studies. the experimental group, but not quasi-
1. What research design aims to determine a experimental research.
cause from already existing effects? D. Participants for groups are randomly selected
A. Descriptive Research Design in experimental, but not quasi-experimental
research.
C. Quasi-Experimental Research
6. What sampling technique is used when the
B. Correlational Research Design researcher would like to consider giving an
equal chance to the member of the accessible 10. What is the type of validity when an
population being selected as part of the study? instrument produces results similar to those of
A. Simple Random Sampling another instrument that will be employed in the
future?
C. Systematic Sampling
A. Predictive Validity C. Content Validity
B. Stratified Sampling
B. Criterion Validity D. Face Validity
D. Cluster Sampling
11. What is the type of reliability when
7. When can we consider a research sample as
measured by administering two tests identical in
the “best”?
all aspects except the actual wording of items?
A. representative of the population A. Internal Consistency Reliability

C. conveniently represented C. Equivalent Forms Reliability

B. systematically chosen B. Test-retest reliability

D. purposely selected D. Inter-rater Reliability

8. What is the main objective of using stratified 12. The Ability Test has been proven to predict
random sampling? the writing skills of Senior High School students.
What type of test validity is shown in the
A. sample was chosen proportionately drawn example?
from the different categories of the population
B. sample is taken from an accessible population A. Construct Validity
than the target population
C. Content Validity
C. every individual will be given an equal chance
B. Criterion Validity
to be selected
D. Face Validity
D. those who will possibly respond to treatment
are chosen 13. What common scaling technique consists of
several declarative statements that express
9. What is the sampling method used in the
viewpoint on a topic?
given situation? Teacher Joan wants to know if
the new learning modalities of the school A. Semantic Differential Scale
effects on the academic performance of
C. Observation Checklist
students in the science curriculum. He took the
list of students and selected every 8th name in B. Completion Type
each class list as participant.
D. Likert Scale
A. Stratified Random Sampling
14. What statistical technique purposes to test
C. Systematic Random Sampling the relationship between two continuous
variables?
B. Simple Random Sampling
A. T-Test for two dependent samples
D. Cluster Sampling
C. Chi Square Test
B. T-Test for independent samples recordings, short message services, online
messages, emails, audio-visual materials, Etc.
D. Pearson’s r
CONTENT DISCOURSE AND ANALYSIS
15. What statistical technique should be used
This is the study of primary documents to
for this research question, “Is there a significant
explain the connection of past events to the
difference between the pretest and posttest
present time. An example of this is explaining
scores of learners in reading comprehension
the happenings during the Marcos regime.
test?”
HISTORICAL ANALYSIS
A. T-Test for two dependent samples
Strengths of Qualitative
C. Chi Square Test
Research
B. T-Test for independent samples
1. Issues can be analyzed through detailed and
D. Pearson’s r
deep examination.
2. Interviews are not being delimited to specific
UNDERSTADNING questions and can be guided/redirected by the

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH researcher along the process.

3. The research framework and direction can be
It is the study of how people give meaning to easily revised as new information emerges.
their experiences, like the death of loved ones, 4. The obtained data from human experience is
care for the people, and friendliness of the powerful and sometimes more interesting than
people. PHENOMENOLOGY quantitative data.
5. Data usually are collected from a few cases or
It is understanding of how a particular cultural individuals so findings cannot be generalized to
group goes about their daily lives which a larger population. Findings can however be
includes their organizational set-up, internal transferable to another setting
operations, and lifestyle. ETHNOGRAPHY Weaknesses of Qualitative Research
This occurs when a researcher discovers a new 1. Research quality is heavily dependent on the
theory based on the data collected. It is a researcher’s skills and may be influenced by the
research methodology for discovering theory in researcher's outlooks.
2. The volume of data makes analysis and
a substantive area. GROUNDED THEORY
interpretation time-consuming.
This study involves an investigation of a person, 3. It is sometimes hard to prove.
group, organization, or situation for a long 4. The researcher's presence during data
period of time to explain why such things occur gathering, which is often unavoidable in
to the subject under study. Some examples of qualitative research, can affect the subjects'
this type of study are the fields of social care, attitudes towards the process.
nursing, psychology, rehabilitation centers, 5. Issues of anonymity and confidentiality can
education, etc. CASE STUDY bring/result in problems when presenting
findings.
This method requires the examination or 6. Findings can be more difficult and take time
analysis of the substance or content of the to visualize
communication that takes place through
letters, books, journals, photos, video
major characteristics of research: Non- Discrimination avoid discrimination
1. EMPIRICAL - is based on observations and against colleagues or students on the basis of
experiments of theories. sex, races, ethnicity, and or others.
2. SYSTEMATIC - follows orderly and Legality Be informed and obey relevant laws
sequential procedures, based on valid and institutional governmental policies.
procedures and principles.
Respect of Intellectual
3. CONTROLLED - In research, all variables,
except those that are tested/ experimented on, Property Give proper acknowledgment or
are kept constant. credits to all researchers.
4. EMPLOYS HYPOTHESIS - refers to a search
Human Subject Minimize risks that involve
for facts, answers to questions and solutions to
human lives, dignity, and privacy
problems.
5. ANALYTICAL - shows analytical procedures
in gathering the data, whether historical,
Quantitative research
descriptive, and or case study. uses scientifically collected and statistically
6. OBJECTIVE - it is unbiased and logical. All analyzed data to investigate observable
findings are logically based on real-life phenomena.
situations.
7. ORIGINAL WORK - it requires its own Numerical data are generally easier to collect
examination and produces the data needed to than descriptions or phrases used in qualitative
complete the study research.
Honesty Maintain all communication. Data 1. Large Sample Size. To obtain more
should not be faked. meaningful statistical result, the data must
Objectivity Avoid biases in experimental come from a large sample size.
designs, data analysis, interpretation, expert 2. Objectivity. Data gathering and analysis of
testimony, and other aspects of research. results are done accurately, objectively, and are
Integrity Keep your promises and agreements. unaffected by the researcher’s intuition and
Carefulness Avoid careless errors and personal guesses.
negligence.
3. Concise Visual Presentation. Data is
Openness Share data, results, ideas and tools. numerical which makes presentation through
Be open to criticism and new ideas. graphs, charts, and tables possible and with
Confidentiality Protect confidential better conveyance and interpretation.
communication.
4. Faster Data Analysis. The use of a statistical
Responsible Publication Avoid duplicating tools gives way for a less time-consuming data
publications. analysis.
Responsible Mentoring Help to educate, 5. Generalized Data. Data taken from a sample
mentor, and advise others. can be applied to the population if sampling is
Respect Colleagues Treat all peers fairly. done accordingly, i.e., sufficient size and random
samples were taken.
Social Responsibility Strive to promote social
good. Avoid social harm.
6. Fast and Easy Data Collection. Depending on 7. A large sample size makes data collection
the type of data needed, collection can be quick more costly.
and easy. Quantitative research uses A quasi-experimental design is used to
standardized research instruments that allow establish the cause-and-effect relationship of
the researcher to collect data from a large variables.
sample size efficiently.
Experimental design like quasi- experimental
7. Reliable Data. Data is taken and analyzed is used to establish the cause-and-effect
objectively from a sample as a representative of relationship of two or more variables
the population, making it more credible and
reliable for policymaking and decision making. Ex post facto design is used to investigate a
possible relationship between previous events
8. High Replicability. The Quantitative method and present conditions.
can be repeated to verify findings enhancing its
validity, free from false or immature Descriptive design is used to describe a
conclusions. particular phenomenon by observing it as it
occurs in nature.
STRENGTH OF QUANTITATIVE
The correlational design identifies the
1.Very objective relationship between variables.
2. Numerical and quantifiable data can be used
Research design is defined as the rational and
to predict outcomes.
coherent overall strategy that the researcher
3. Findings are generalizable to the population.
uses to incorporate all the vital components of
4. There is conclusive establishment of cause
the research study.
and effect
5. Fast and easy data analysis using statistical RESEARCH STATISTICS
software.
6. Fast and easy data gathering Descriptive statistics are brief informational
7. Quantitative research can be replicated or coefficients that summarize a given data set,
repeated. which can be either a representation of the
8. Validity and reliability can be established entire population or a sample of a population.

A measure of central tendency is a single

WEAKNESS OF QUANTITATIVE
value that attempts to describe a set of data by
1.It lacks the necessary data to explore a
identifying the central position within that set of
problem or concept in depth.
data.
2. It does not provide comprehensive
explanation of human experiences. Arithmetic Mean or Simple Mean or
3. Some information cannot be described by Average The mean (or average) is equal to the
numerical data such as feelings, and beliefs. sum of all the values in the data set divided by
4. The research design is rigid and not very the number of values in the data set.
flexible.
5. The participants are limited to choose only Weighted Mean is an average computed by
from the given responses. giving different weights to some of the
6. The respondents may tend to provide individual values.
inaccurate responses.
Median is the middle score for a set of data
that has been arranged in order of magnitude.

Mode is the most frequent score in our data

set.

Measures of variability define how far away

the data points tend to fall from the center.

Range is simply the highest value minus the

lowest value.

Mean Deviation is defined as a statistical

measure that is used to calculate the average
deviation from the mean value of the given data
set.

Variance is a measure of dispersion that takes

into account the spread of all data points in a
data set.

Coefficient of Variation (CV) is the ratio of

the standard deviation to the mean.

Coefficient of Skewness measures the

skewness of a distribution.

Hypothesis Testing It is a formal procedure for

investigating our ideas about the world using
statistics.

Non-directional hypothesis is tested using two-

tailed significance; equal or not equal.

Directional hypothesis is tested using one-tailed

significance, either right tailed or left tailed.