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International Journal of Offshore and Coastal Engineering

Vol. 4 | No. 4 | pp. 136-141 | May 2021
e-ISSN: 2580-0914
© 2021 Department of Ocean Engineering – ITS

Submitted: January 10, 2021 | Revised: February 12, 2021 | Accepted: April 21, 2021

Risk Based Inspection using API RP 580 and DNV RP F116 Towards Free
Spanning Pipelines
Yoyok Setyo Hadiwidodoa, Iftinaniffah Qonitahb,* and Daniel M Rosyidc
a) Senior Lecturer, Department of Ocean Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia
b) Undergraduate Student, Department of Ocean Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia
c) Professor, Department of Ocean Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT span of subsea pipes can cause underwater pipe failure,

The free span that occurs in the subsea pipeline can cause fatigue among others is fatigue due to VIV and local buckling
due to vortex induced vibration and local buckling. From the risk occurrence. Therefore, it is necessary to do risk based
of failure that may occur, a risk-based inspection scheduling inspection to control the free expanse that occurs in the
required. The 14" Underwater pipe belongs to PT. The X located subsea pipeline.
in the Madura Strait is used to transmit gas from the CPP to ORF Scheduling inspections consist of two words, schedule
with a length of 65 km which has 554 free spans. In scheduling
inspections, the commonly used codes are API RP 580 and DNV
and inspection. Schedule is an activity plan that is done with
RP F116. This journal will discuss the difference between these the distribution of detailed implementation time. While the
two codes. Reliability calculations use Monte Carlo simulation inspection is a direct and detailed examination according to
with VIV failure mode and local buckling failure mode. The the prevailing regulations [5]. So, it can be said that the
consequences of failure are reviewed on safety, environmental and inspection scheduling is a time planning of direct and
asset aspects. API RP 580, shows the environmental aspect and the detailed test activities according to the prevailing
safety aspect of both modes of failure has the next inspection in 6 regulations. There are some commonly used codes for
years, while the asset aspect is 3 years. At DNV RP F116, scheduling risk based inspection, such as API RP 580 and
scheduling inspection of safety aspect on both modes is 3 years and DNV RP F116.
environmental aspects is a year later, while the asset aspect would
be better to change the pipe
This journal will discuss the comparison of risk-based
inspection scheduling using API codes RP 580 with DNV
RP F116. In risk analysis, calculation of the probability of
Keywords: free span, RBI, risk, VIV, local buckling.
failure is reviewed against the two failure modes, namely
fatigue due to VIV and also local buckling. Meanwhile, in
the analysis of the consequences will be reviewed in three
1. INTRODUCTION aspects, the safety aspect, environment, and also assets.

The undersea pipes play an important role in the offshore oil 2. BASIC THEORY
and gas development process. The underwater pipe is used 2.1 Pipeline data
as a transport pipeline for export, pipe-producing production The pipe that is reviewed is a pipe owned by PT. X operating
from a platform to export pipes, production conveying pipes in Madura Strait. This pipe has a length of 65 km to connect
between platforms, subsea doing and satellite wells [1]. Like the central processing platform (CPP) to the onshore
the underwater pipe of PT. X which is located in the Madura receiving facilities (ORF). The fluid that is flowed by this
Strait. This 14 "Subsea pipe delivers gas from the central pipe is gas.
processing platform (CPP) to onshore receiving facilities
(ORF). However, when the use of subsea pipes enters the Table 1. Pipeline Data
deep sea, the unruled underwater topographical state is more Process Data
widely encountered [2]. Parameter Unit Value
Design pressure Mpa 9.3
Uneven topographical conditions can cause the presence Operating pressure Mpa 4.9
of subsea pipes that do not have a buffer, thus forming a free Design temperature ᴼC 75
span [3]. The free span has a significant impact on the safety Operating temperature ᴼC 65
and integrity aspects of the subsea pipeline [4]. The free Content density kg/m3 29.3

Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (URL: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

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 International Journal of Offshore and Coastal Engineering Vol. 4 No. 4 pp. 136-141 May 2021

Pipeline Property Soil parameter

Parameter Unit Value Parameter Unit Value
Outer diameter mm 355.6 Soil type Very soft clay
Undrained Shear
Material CS kPa 4
Strength
Seam SMLS
Submerged soil density kN/m3 15.69
SMYS Mpa (psi) 360
SMTS Mpa (psi) 400
Steel density kg/m3 7850
2.2 Free span
Free span occurs when the pipe part loses buffer or loses
Young Modulus Mpa 207000
interaction with the ground. When the fluid passes through
Expansion thermal
1/ ᴼC 0.0000117 the expanse of the subsea pipeline, a vortex is formed behind
coefficient
Poisson Ratio 0.3 the pipe that can make the pipe oscillating. When the pipe
Wall thickness mm 14.3 resonates with the other frequency, the pipe will undergo a
Internal corrosion failure due to fatigue [6]. Besides, a free span can cause local
mm 3 buckling. Local buckling is the condition where the
allowance
underwater pipe exceeds the boundary of the ultimate
Table 2. Coating data pipeline due to the burden of various conditions [7]. The
Coating Properties natural frequency of underwater pipes can be seen in the
Parameter Unit Value following equation
Asphalt Enamel thickness mm 6
Asphalt Enamel density kg/m3 1280 𝐸𝐼 𝑆𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝛿 2
𝑓𝑛 ≈ 𝐶1 √1 + 𝐶𝑆𝐹√ (1 + + 𝐶3 ( ) ) (1)
𝑚𝑒 𝐿4𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑃𝑐𝑟 𝐷
Cutback- Asphalt Enamel mm 200
Concrete coating thickness mm 50.8
Concrete coating density kg/m3 2242.59 The values of C1 and C3 are boundary conditions. While
Leff is an effective span length or long span that has a focus
Table 3. Environment Data pinned-pinned.
Current Data
Percent of Depth 2.3 Monte Carlo simulation
Parameter The basic principle of Monte Carlo simulation is to take
100 0
1 year (m/s) 1.07 0.24 some random samples and variables related to the system
100 years (m/s) 1.37 0.5 reviewed [8]. Thus, in the use of this Monte Carlo
simulation it takes a random number generator (RNG) and a
Wave Data random variable to the corresponding failure mode on the
Return Period system being reviewed. The failure mode used in this
Parameter simulation is the fatigue failure mode due to VIV in both in-
1 year 100 years
Hs (m) 2.78 4.92 line and cross-flow directions as well as the local buckling
Ts (s) 5.4 7.5
failure mode. The second failure mode is a screening
equation in DNV RP F105.
Hmax (m) 5.18 9.14
VIV failure mode
Tmax (s) 7.2 10
• In-line direction
Depth and tides 𝑓𝑛,𝐼𝐿 𝑈𝑐,100 𝑡ℎ
𝐿
1
Parameter Unit Value 𝐹𝑘 (𝑥) = − 𝐼𝐿 (1 − 𝐷𝑡
) 𝛼̅ ≥ 0 (2)
𝛾𝐼𝐿 𝑉𝑅, 𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑡 250

Pipelines depth m 56.693

MSL m 1.11 • Crossflow direction
Storm Tide (Surge) m 0.09
𝑓𝑛,𝐶𝐹 𝑈𝑐,100 𝑡ℎ +𝑈𝑤,1𝑡ℎ
High Astronomical Tide m 2.44 𝐹𝑘 (𝑥) = − 𝐶𝐹 ≥0 (3)
𝛾𝐶𝐹 𝑉𝑅, 𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝐷𝑡
MSL + Surge + 1/2 HAT m 62.42

Seawater properties Local buckling failure mode

Parameter Unit Value • Pi >Pe
Density kg/m3 1025 2 2
|𝑀𝑆𝑑 | 𝑌𝑚 𝑌𝑆𝐶 𝑆𝑠𝑑 (𝑝𝑖 ) 𝑝𝑖 −𝑝𝑒 2
Seabed temperature ᴼC 28.88 𝐹𝑘 (𝑥) = 1 − (𝑌𝑚 𝑌𝑆𝐶
𝑎𝑒 𝑀𝑝 (𝑡2 )
+(
𝑎𝑒 𝑆𝑝 (𝑡2 )
) ) + (𝑎𝑝 ) ≥0
𝑎𝑒 𝑝𝑏 (𝑡2 )
(4)
Kinematic viscosity m2/s 0.0000113

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 Rosyid, et al.: Risk Based Inspection … Spanning Pipelines

• Pi < Pe Table 6. CoF of API RP 580

Categor
Description Safety Environment Economic
|𝑀𝑆𝑑 |
2 2 2 y
𝑌𝑚 𝑌𝑆𝐶 𝑆𝑠𝑑 (𝑝𝑖 ) 𝑝𝑒 −𝑝𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐹𝑘 (𝑥) = 1 − (𝑌𝑚 𝑌𝑆𝐶
𝑎𝑒 𝑀𝑝 (𝑡2 )
+(
𝑎𝑒 𝑆𝑝 (𝑡2 )
) ) + (𝑌𝑚 𝑌𝑆𝐶
𝑝𝑒 (𝑡2 )
) ≥0 (5) Large
major long-
number
Catastrophi term ≥$100,000,00
I of
Determination of the distribution of random variables to c environmenta 0
fatalitie
l impact
perform this simulation is assisted by EasyFit software. s
Table 4 shows the distribution and parameters of a random major short-
A few ≥$10,000,000
term
variable. II Major fatalitie
environmenta
<
s $100,000,000
l impact
Table 4. Random Variable Distribution Significant ≥$1,000,000
Serious
Random var. Distribution Parameter III Serious environmenta <
injuries
Gap Weibull α = 1.353 l impact $10,000,000
β = 0.092 Short-term
Minor ≥$100,000 <
γ = 0.047 IV Significant environmenta
injuries $1,000,000
Span length Gen. Extreme k = 0.028 l impact
μ = 9.349 First aid Minimal
≥ $10,000 <
σ = 4.912 V Minor injuries environmenta
$100,000
Modulus young Log-Normal μ = 2.1 x 1011 only l impact
C.O.V = 0.05 Insignifican No significant
VI < $10,000
Uw,1th Frechet α = 1237 t consequence
β = 0.00117
Uw,100th Frechet α = 1237 Table 7. Inspection Interval Range
β = 0.00117
Fy Normal μ = 4.48 x 108 Risk category Inspection interval range
C.O.V = 0.1 High 3 years to 5 years
Fu Normal μ = 5.4 x 108 Medium 6 years to 10 years
C.O.V = 0.1 Low 11 years or greater

2.4 Risk 2.7 RBI DNV RP F116

Risk analysis is done to determine the vulnerability and In DNV RP F116, there are five categories of PoF and five
consequences of a system against risk and to ensure that the categories of CoF. So, if presented in the form of a risk
system complies with the applicable rules [4]. Risk is the matrix, it will be a 5x5 matrix. In determining the scheduling
result of multiplication between probability failures with of inspections can be seen in the following equation
failure consequences. Risks are usually presented in the
form of a risk matrix. 𝐼 = 𝐼𝑅 𝐶 𝐷 (6)
2.5 Risk based inspection
Risk-Based Inspection is a design and optimization method With IR is a base inspection interval, C is the confidence
of an inspection scheme based on risk assessment. Risk factor of POF and D is the possible development of PoF.
assessment here relies on previous data, analytical methods,
and assessments of people who are experienced in the field Table 8. CoF of DNV RP F116
[4]. In other words, the RBI uses qualitative and quantitative
Cost
assessments to prioritize analysis and inspection planning Severity Safety Environment
(million Euro)
activities [9]. No or Slightly effect on
A superficial the environment (<1 < 0.01
2.6 RBI API RP 580 injuries BBL)
Slightly
In API of RP 580, there are six categories of PoF and six Minor effect
injury, a
categories of CoF. It will obtain a 6x6 risk matrix. CoF B No-compliance (<5 0.01 – 0.1
few lost
BBL)
which is reviewed in API RP 580 is aspects of safety, workdays
environment, and assets. Major
Localized effect
injury,
C Spill response (<50 0.1 – 1
long term
Table 5. PoF of API RP 580 absence
BBL)
Possible qualitative rank PoF Single Major effect
Remote < 0.00001 fatality or Significant spill
Very low 0.00001 to 0.0001 D 1 – 10
permanent response (<100
Low 0.0001 to 0.001 disability BBL)
Moderate 0.001 to 0.01 Massive effect
High 0.01 to 0.1 Multiple
E large damage area > 10
fatalities
Very high >0.1 (>100 BBL)

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 International Journal of Offshore and Coastal Engineering Vol. 4 No. 4 pp. 136-141 May 2021

Table 9. PoF of DNV RP F116 From the simulation that has been done, the value of PoF in
Severity Description PoF fatigue-induced mode due to VIV is 0.9988 and for local
1 Failure is not expected < 10-5 buckling failure mode is 0.999. At API RP 580.
2 Never heard of in the industry 10-5 - 10-4
An accident has occurred in the
PoF fatigue due to VIV and local buckling are included
3 10-4 - 10-3 in very high category. Meanwhile, in DNV RP F116 second
industry
Has been experienced by most PoF is included in severity 5.
4 10-3 - 10-2
operators
5 Occurs several times per year 10-2 - 10-1
3.2 Consequences analysis

3.2.1 Safety
Based on the location of the pipeline under the sea, possible
failures, both due to fatigue and local buckling, have a small
safety impact. The failure of the free span had a small impact
on safety when it was reviewed based on the failure of a free
span due to buckling [10].
So, it can be said that in the API of RP 580, the safety
aspect is included in category VI (insignificant). Meanwhile,
in DNV RP F116 the aspect of safety is included in category
A.

3.2.2 Environment
Figure 1. Base Inspection Interval DNV RP F116 The fluid flowing by the subsea pipeline affects the
consequences posed for the environment. In this reviewed
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION subsea pipeline, the fluid that is flowing is gas. When the
gas is flowing into the leaking pipe, the environmental
3.1 Monte carlo simulation damage will be very small.
This simulation was performed to calculate the reliability of So, it can be said that in the API of RP 580,
the subsea pipeline due to a free span that was considered environmental aspects are included in category VI
critical, the largest span has a length of 183 m and a gap of (insignificant). Meanwhile, in DNV RP F116 environmental
0.2 m. In the local buckling failure mode Equation (4) is aspects are included in category A.
used, because the internal pipe pressure is greater than the
external pipe pressure. The monte carlo reliability 3.2.3 Asset
simulation was carried out as many as 10,000 times the With the failure of the subsea pipeline, production will
simulation. PoF in the 10,000th simulation is used as the cease. This led the company to a loss. It is known that the
PoF value in the risk calculation. gas flow rate of the pipe is 70,000 MMBTU and there are
227.94 MMBTU in the subsea pipeline. Production losses
Table 10. Simulation’s Result ranged from 70,227.94 MMBTU.
VIV Local buckling If multiplied by the current price of gas per MMBTU,
Number Number the total loss of $137646.77 or the equivalent of EUR
No. of Reliabili of Reliabili
simulati ty
PoF
simulati ty
PoF 127209.25 is obtained. In API RP 580, the amount of this
ons ons loss is categorized in category IV (significant). Meanwhile,
1 1000 0.002 0.998 1000 0 1 in DNV RP F116 This loss is included in category C.
2 2000 0.0015 0.9985 2000 0 1
3 3000 0.001 0.999 3000 0 1 3.3 Risk matrix
4 4000 0.0015 0.9985 4000 0 1 From determining the probability of failure and
5 5000 0.0016 0.9984 5000 0 1
consequences of failure, it can be known the level of risk of
each aspect. It is known that the value of PoF against two
6 6000 0.0015 0.9985 6000 0 1
failure modes has the same category.
7 7000 0.0013 0.9987 7000 0 1
Both in API RP 580 and DNV RP F116, then the risk
8 8000 0.0013 0.9987 8000 0 1
matrix displayed already represents the level of risk of both
9 9000 0.0012 0.9988 9000 0 1 the failure modes against all three aspects of the
10 10000 0.0012 0.9988 10000 0.0001 0.9999 consequences reviewed.

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 Rosyid, et al.: Risk Based Inspection … Spanning Pipelines

Table 12. Inspection Schedule using DNV RP F116

Aspect PoF CoF Risk Schedule
Safety 5 A Medium 3 years
Environment 5 B High 1 year
Asset 5 C Very High -

The inspection methods that can be used for checking

VIV and local buckling on an undersea pipeline are
intelligent pigging and ROV. Intelligent pigging is useful for
cleaning pipes and also checking outside and inside
diameters of underwater pipes, cracks, and also a dent.
Whereas inspection with ROV can collect information
regarding visual subsea pipelines and external conditions of
the subsea pipelines, cathodic protection, and the possibility
Figure 2. API RP 580 Risk Matrix of other external disturbances, such as anchors [12].

6. CONCLUSIONS

From the previous calculations and analyses, it can be

concluded that based on API RP 580, scheduling inspection
from the aspect of safety and environmental must be
inspected every 6 years, while from the ascpect of asset must
be inspected in 3 years. Scheduling inspection based on
DNV RP F116 must be conducted once in 3 years from the
safety aspects, once a year from the environmental aspects.
While, it would be better to change the pipe considering the
aspect assets. The inspection methods suitable for the free
spanning pipeline are intelligent pigging and ROV.

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 International Journal of Offshore and Coastal Engineering Vol. 4 No. 4 pp. 136-141 May 2021

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