Mr.

Mahmoud Abdel Aziz ACT-EST Biology

01090990500

Taxonomy

 Taxonomy is the branch of biology that classifies all living things.

 It was developed by the Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus, who lived during the
18th Century, and his system of classification is still used today.
 Linnaeus invented binomial nomenclature
ex: Human is Homo sapiens and lion is Panthera leo.
 Linnaeus classified every organism into a hierarchy of taxa, or levels of
organization. These taxa are kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and
species.

Quiz:
Someone gives you two black beetles: Eleodes carbonaria and Eleodes armata. They are both in the same
……………………….

 Our system of classification is the three-domain system, which is based on DNA

analysis: bacteria, archea, and eukarya
Mr. Mahmoud Abdel Aziz ACT-EST Biology
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Note:

Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotes

Quiz:
1. The scientific name for an organism includes which taxa?

a. class and family b. genus and species

c. domain and kingdom d. kingdom and phylum
2. Which of the following organisms are LEAST closely related?
a. organisms that share a domain
b. organisms that share a family
c. organisms that share a genus
d. organisms that share a species
 Mr. Mahmoud Abdel Aziz ACT-EST Biology
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 All are single-celled prokaryotes with no internal membranes (no nucleus,

mitochondria, or chloroplasts).
 Some are anaerobes; some are aerobes.
 Bacteria are considered as decomposers that recycle dead organic matter.
 Many are pathogens, disease causing.
 They are used in genetic engineering
Ex: The bacteria from the human intestine, Escherichia coli, are used to
manufacture human insulin.
 Some bacteria carry out conjugation, a primitive form of sexual reproduction
where individuals exchange genetic material.
 Bacteria have a cell wall made of peptidoglycan.
 Some carry out photosynthesis, but others do not.
 Has no introns (noncoding regions within the DNA).
 ranging from free-living soil organisms to deadly parasites.
 This domain corresponds to the kingdom Eubacteria

2-Domain Archaea

 Unicellular
 The domain Archaea corresponds to the kingdom Archaebacteria.
 Prokaryotic—no internal membranes such as a nucleus
 Includes extremophiles, organisms that live in extreme environments, like:
1. Methanogens. Obtain energy in a unique way by producing methane from
 Mr. Mahmoud Abdel Aziz ACT-EST Biology
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hydrogen
2. Halophiles. Thrive in environments with high salt concentrations
3. Thermophiles. Thrive in very high temperatures
 Introns are present in some genes

3-Domain Eukarya

 All organisms have a nucleus and internal organelles.

 Eukarya includes the four remaining kingdoms: Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and
Animalia.

Kingdom Protista

 Most are single-celled, but many are primitive multicelled organisms.

 Includes heterotrophs (amoeba and paramecium) and autotrophs like
euglenas and diatoms)
 movement: amoeba uses pseudopods; paramecium uses cilia; euglena uses a
flagellum
 Sexual reproduction: by conjugation
 Some can cause serious diseases as malaria and amoebic dysentery
Do you know?
Diatoms capture solar energy and produce a quarter of our planet’s
oxygen

Kingdom fungi

 All are heterotrophic eukaryotes.

 Mr. Mahmoud Abdel Aziz ACT-EST Biology
01090990500

 Unicellular or multicellular.
 They are important in the ecosystem as decomposers
 Their cell walls are composed of chitin
 They may combine with algae in a mutualistic, symbiotic relationship
forming lichens
 Lichens are often the pioneer organisms, the first to colonize a barren
environment in an ecological succession.
 They reproduce asexually by budding (yeast), spore formation (bread mold)
 They also reproduce sexually

Quiz:

Kingdom Plantae
 multicellular, nonmotile, autotrophic eukaryotes
 Their cell walls are made of cellulose.
 store their carbohydrates as starch
 They reproduce sexually by alternating between gametophyte (n) and
sporophyte (2n) generations (known as alternation of generations).

Note: Plants are nonmotile

 Mr. Mahmoud Abdel Aziz ACT-EST Biology
01090990500

Kingdom Animalia

 heterotrophic, multicellular eukaryotes

 Most are motile (can move)
 Most animals reproduce sexually
 In most species, a small flagellated sperm fertilizes a larger, nonmotile egg
 They are grouped in 35 phyla, but we commonly discuss 9: porifera,
cnidarians, platyhelminthes, nematodes, annelids, mollusks, arthropods,
echinoderms, and chordates.

Specialized Cells, Tissues, and Organs:

Cells tissue organ system body
 Sponges (porifera) consist of a loose federation of cells, which are not
considered tissue because the cells are relatively unspecialized
 Cnidarians like the hydra and jellyfish possess only the most primitive and
simplest forms of tissue.
 Flatworms have organs but no organ systems.
 More complex animals, like annelids (earthworms) and arthropods
(grasshoppers) have organ systems

Germ Layers
Germ layers are the main layers that form various tissues and organs of the
body. They are formed early in embryonic development and include the
ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm.

Note:

Some animals with only two cell layers as porifera and cnidarians.
Their bodies consist of ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoglea (middle glue),
which holds the two layers together. The more complex animal phyla are
triploblastic, having three true cell layers.
 Mr. Mahmoud Abdel Aziz ACT-EST Biology
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1- The ectoderm, or outermost layer, becomes the skin and nervous system,
including the nerve cord and brain.
2- The endoderm, the innermost layer, becomes the viscera (guts) or the
digestive system.
3- The mesoderm, middle layer, becomes the blood, muscles, and bones

Body Symmetry:

Animals can be classified by three types of body plan symmetry: radial symmetry,
bilateral symmetry, and asymmetry.

 Only sponges (phylum Porifera) have asymmetrical body plans.

 Some animals start life with one type of body symmetry, but develop a different
type as adults; for example, sea stars are classified as bilaterally symmetrical
even though their adult forms are radially symmetrical.
 Animals with radial symmetry have no right or left sides, only a top or bottom;
these species are usually marine organisms like jellyfish and corals.
 Most animals are bilaterally symmetrical with a line of symmetry dividing their
body into left and right sides along with a “head” and “tail” in addition to a top
and bottom.
Development of a Head (Cephalization):
Simple animals—sponges and cnidarians—do not have a head end. More
sophisticated animals, beginning with flatworms and ending with chordates, all
show cephalization.
 Mr. Mahmoud Abdel Aziz ACT-EST Biology
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Body Cavity Formation:

 The coelom is a fluid-filled body cavity that is completely surrounded by
mesoderm tissue.
 Primitive animals, the flatworms, do not have a coelom and are known as
acoelomates.
 Mr. Mahmoud Abdel Aziz ACT-EST Biology
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 Nematodes or roundworms are called pseudocoelomates; they have a fluid

filled tube between the endoderm and the mesoderm. (A pseudocoelom is not
completely lined by mesoderm.)
 Coelomates are animals with a coelom and are the most complex in the
kingdom. These include the following phyla: Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda,
and Chordata.

Quiz:
1- Organisms in the Kingdom Animalia are:
a. mutlicellular and heterotrophic
b. multicellular and autotrophic
c. unicellular and autotrophic
d. unicellular and autotrophic

2- Protostomous animals are those in which the _____.

Mr. Mahmoud Abdel Aziz ACT-EST Biology
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a. blastopore forms the mouth

b. ectoderm forms the muscles
c. digestive tract is incomplete
d. blastophore forms the anus.

CHARACTERISTICS OF ANIMALS:
1- Porifera—Sponges
• No symmetry
• Have no nerve or muscle tissue, are
sessile—do not move
• Filter nutrients from water drawn into a
central cavity
• Consist of two cell layers only: ectoderm
and endoderm connected by
noncellular mesoglea
• Have specialized cells but no true tissues or organs; each cell carries out
many functions.
• Reproduce asexually by fragmentation
• Also reproduce sexually, are hermaphrodites
2- Cnidarians—Hydra and Jellyfish
• Radial symmetry
• Body plan is the polyp (vase shaped), which is mostly sessile, or medusa
(upside-down bowl shaped), which is mostly motile
• Life cycle—some go through a planula larva (free-swimming) stage then go
through two reproductive stages: asexually reproducing (polyp) and sexually
reproducing (medusa)
• Two cell layers only: ectoderm and endoderm connected by noncellular
mesoglea
Mr. Mahmoud Abdel Aziz ACT-EST Biology
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• Have a gastrovascular cavity where extracellular digestion occurs

• Carry out intracellular digestion inside body cells in lysosomes
• Have no transport system because every cell is in direct contact with the
environment
• All members have stinging cells—cnidocytes—containing stingers, which
are called nematocysts
3- Platyhelminthes—Flatworms
 bilateral symmetry
 three distinct cell layers: ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm
 The body is so flat and thin that many body cells can exchange
nutrients and wastes by diffusion with the environment.

4- Nematodes—Roundworms
 unsegmented worms with bilateral symmetry
 Many are parasitic
 bilaterally symmetrical
 ex: Ascaris

5- Annelids—Segmented Worms
Mr. Mahmoud Abdel Aziz ACT-EST Biology
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 Bilateral symmetry
 Digestive tract is a tube-within-a-tube consisting of crop, gizzard, and
intestine
 Nephridia for excretion of the nitrogen waste, urea
 Closed circulatory system
 Hermaphrodites
 Ex: Earthworms, Leeches

6-Mollusks
 Have soft body often protected by a hard calcium-containing shell
 Open circulatory system with blood-filled spaces called hemocoels or
sinuses
 Have bilateral symmetry with three distinct body zones:
1. Head-foot, which contains both sensory and motor organs
2. Visceral mass, which contains the organs of digestion, excretion, and
reproduction
3. Mantle, a specialized tissue that surrounds the visceral mass and
secretes the shell
• Radula, a movable, tooth-bearing structure, acts like a tongue
• Most have gills and nephridia
 Ex: Squids, Octopuses, Slugs, Clams, and Snails

7- Arthropods
 Jointed appendages
 Segmented into head, thorax, abdomen
 Chitinous exoskeleton protects the animal and aids in movement
 Open circulatory system with a tubular heart and hemocoels,
sinuses
 Malpighian tubules for removal of nitrogenous wastes, uric acid
Mr. Mahmoud Abdel Aziz ACT-EST Biology
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8-Echinoderms—Sea Stars (Starfish) and Sea Urchins

• Most are sessile or slow moving.
• They have bilateral symmetry as an embryo but revert to the primitive
radial symmetry as an adult.
• Echinoderms reproduce by sexual reproduction with external fertilization.
• They can also reproduce by fragmentation and regeneration. Any piece of a
sea star that contains part of the central canal will form a completely new
organism.
• Sea stars have an endoskeleton consisting of calcium plates. An
endoskeleton grows with the body. In contrast, an exoskeleton does not and
must be shed periodically

9- Chordates—Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds,

Mammals
• Chordates have a notochord, a rod that extends the length of the body
and serves as a flexible axis.
• They have a dorsal, hollow nerve cord.
• The tail aids in movement and balance. The coccyx bone in humans is
a vestige of a tail.

• Fish have a single loop circulatory system

• Birds and mammals are homeotherms—they maintain a consistent

body temperature. All other chordates—fish, amphibians, and reptiles—
are coldblooded although some reptiles are endotherms (heat from
within) and are able to raise their body temperature.

Characteristics of mammals
• Mammals belong to the phylum Chordata.
• Mothers nourish their babies with milk from mammary glands.
• They have hair or fur.
Mr. Mahmoud Abdel Aziz ACT-EST Biology
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• Mammals are endotherms (warm-blooded).

• Most are placental mammals (eutherians)—the embryo develops
internally in a uterus connected to the mother by a placenta, where
nutrients diffuse from mother to embryo.
• Some, the marsupials, including kangaroos, are born very early in
embryonic development. The “joey” completes its development while
nursing in the mother’s pouch attached to a teat.

• Monotremes, egg-laying mammals, like the duck-billed platypus and

the spiny anteater, derive nutrients from a shelled egg

CHARACTERISTICS OF PRIMATES
 Humans are primates
 Primates have dexterous hands and opposable thumbs, which make it
possible to do fine-motor tasks.
 Nails have replaced claws.
 Hands and fingers contain many nerve endings and are sensitive.
Mr. Mahmoud Abdel Aziz ACT-EST Biology
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 The eyes of a primate are forward facing and set close together. Front-
facing eyes foster face-to-face communication. Close-set eyes are
responsible for overlapping fields of vision, which enhance depth
perception and hand-eye coordination.
 Although mammals devote much energy to the parenting of young,
primates engage in the most intense parenting of any mammal.
 Primates usually have single births and nurture their young for a long
time.
 Primates include humans, gorillas, chimpanzees, orangutans, gibbons,
and the old world and new world monkeys

Quiz:

1- Amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals are all examples of what?

a. Mollusks b. Arthropods
c. Chordates d. protista

2- I have hair or fur, give birth to live young, feed my babies milk, breathe
with lungs and am endothermic (warm-blooded). What am I?

a. Fish b. Reptile
c. Bird d. Mammal