STD IX-2Yrs Lecture 3 M.

Prakash Institute
Classwork: Consider 4ABC.
1. A, B and C are called the vertices of 4ABC.
2. BC, CA and AB are called the sides of 4ABC.
3. (i)BC is said to be the side opposite to vertex A.
Its length will be denoted by BC or a.
(ii)CA is said to be the side opposite to vertex B. Its length will
be denoted by CA or b.
(iii)AB is said to be the side opposite to vertex C. Its length will
be denoted by AB or c.
4. ∠BAC, ∠CBA and ∠ACB are the interior angles of 4ABC.
We will also denote them by ∠A, ∠B and ∠C respectively.
5. (i)∠A is called the included angle between CA and AB while
AB is called the included side between ∠A and ∠B. Similarly,
(ii) ∠B is called the included angle between AB and BC while BC
is called the included side between ∠B and ∠C and
(iii) ∠C is called the included angle between BC and CA while CA
is called the included side between ∠C and ∠A.
6. Lengths of three sides and measures of three angles, will be re-
ferred to as the six elements of the given triangle.
Notation for Congruence:
Recall that two line segments, say AB and P Q are congruent if and
only if they have the same lengths. We denote this by AB ∼= P Q.
Also, two angles, say ∠IJK and ∠XY Z are congruent if and only if
they have the same measures. We denote this by ∠IJK ∼ = ∠XY Z.
Now, we are interested in comparing two triangles. Can two dis-
tinct triangles be exactly identical? When do we say that given two
triangles are exactly identical? What is the technical term used for
identical triangles?
To compare two triangles, we need to compare their vertices, an-
gles and sides. Note that it is enough to associate each vertex of
first triangle with a unique vertex of the second triangle. Technical
word for setting up such association is called choosing a corre-
spondence between their vertices.
If 4ABC and 4P QR are given triangles, then altogether six cor-
respondences exist between them. A given correspondence can be
expressed in complete detail or briefly as shown in the following
table.
Correspondence Correspondence
between Vertices written briefly
1. A ↔ P , B ↔ Q, C ↔ R ABC ↔ P QR
2. A ↔ P , B ↔ R, C ↔ Q ABC ↔ P RQ
3. A ↔ Q, B ↔ P , C ↔ R ABC ↔ QP R
4. A ↔ Q, B ↔ R, C ↔ P ABC ↔ QRP
5. A ↔ R, B ↔ P , C ↔ Q ABC ↔ RP Q
6. A ↔ R, B ↔ Q, C ↔ P ABC ↔ RQP
Consider the correspondence No. 5, namely ABC ↔ RP Q. Under
this correspondence, we get the following pairs of corresponding
angles and sides.
Pairs of Corresponding Angles:
1. ∠A ↔ ∠R 2. ∠B ↔ ∠P 3. ∠C ↔ ∠Q.
Pairs of Corresponding Sides:
1. AB ↔ RP 2. BC ↔ P Q 3. CA ↔ QR.
We are now equipped to compare two triangles and define their
congruence.
Definition: Two triangles with a given correspondence are said
to be congruent if and only if their corresponding angles are con-
gruent and their corresponding sides are congruent.
Consider 4LM N and 4DEF in correspondence LM N ↔ DEF .
We say that these two triangles are congruent and denote it by
4LM N ∼ = 4DEF if and only if
1. ∠L ∼
= ∠D 2. ∠M ∼= ∠E 3. ∠N ∼= ∠F .
∼
4. LM = DE ∼
5. M N = EF ∼
6. N L = F D
Remark:
Carefully note that the phrase if and only if in the above definition
is used to indicate:
(i) If two triangles are given to be congruent, then by the above def-
inition we can say that all the six pairs of corresponding elements
are congruent.
(ii) If six elements of one triangle are congruent to corresponding
elements of another triangle then by the above definition, we can
say that the two triangles are congruent.
Do we always need to check all these six quantities to ensure that
two triangles are congruent? Are there any efficient ways? How
many efficient ways are there? Let us try to find out how efficiently
can we construct a triangle congruent to a given triangle.
Let us play the following game.
Let me give you step-by-step information about the triangle in my
notebook.
1.Length of one of its sides is 6 cm. Is it possible to get identical
copy?
2.Let us denote the above side by QR. In addition, let me tell
you that m∠Q = 65. Is it now possible to construct the required
triangle?
3.Another side P Q is 7 cm. Is it possible to get congruent triangle
now?
We observe that a triangle congruent to given triangle can be con-
structed by knowing these three of the six elements.
Above discussion leads us to the following congruence criterion.
Side-Angle-Side (SAS) Congruence Criterion:
A Correspondence between two triangles is given. If two sides and
included angle of a triangle are congruent with corresponding two
sides and included angle of another triangle, then we say that the
triangles are congruent by SAS Congruence Criterion.

Given ABC ↔ P QR:

(i) BA ∼
= QP ,
(ii) Included ∠BAC ∼
= included ∠QP R and
(iii) AC ∼= P R.
∴ ∆ABC ∼ = ∆P QR by SAS Congruence Criterion.
Once two triangles are shown to be congruent we can deduce that:
(i) BC ∼
= QR by C.S.C.T.
(ii) ∠ABC ∼
= ∠P QR by C.A.C.T.
(iii) ∠BCA ∼
= ∠QRP by C.A.C.T.
Note:
(i) C.S.C.T. means Corresponding Sides of Congruent Triangles.
(ii) C.A.C.T. means Corresponding Angles of Congruent Triangles.

2. Angle-Side-Angle (ASA) Congruence Criterion:

A Correspondence between two triangles is given. If two angles
and included side of a triangle are congruent with corresponding
two angles and included side of another triangle, then the triangles
are congruent. We will refer to this as ASA Congruence Criterion.

Restatement: Consider the correspondence ABC ↔ P QR. If

(i) ∠ABC ∼
= ∠P QR,
(ii) included side BC ∼
= included side QR and
(iii) ∠BCA ∼ = ∠QRP .
Then ∆ABC ∼ = ∆P QR by ASA Congruence Criterion.
Hence by definition of congruent triangles we deduce that:
(i) AB ∼
= P Q by C.S.C.T.
(ii) CA ∼
= RP by C.S.C.T.
(iii) ∠CAB ∼
= ∠RP Q by C.A.C.T.
3. Side-Angle-Angle (SAA) Congruence Criterion:
A Correspondence between two triangles is given. If two angles and
a side not common to these angles of the first triangle are congru-
ent with corresponding elements of the second triangle, then the
triangles are congruent. We will refer to this as SAA Congruence
Criterion.
Restatement: Consider the correspondence ABC ↔ P QR. If
(i) AB ∼
= P Q,
(ii) ∠ABC ∼
= ∠P QR and
(iii) ∠BCA ∼
= ∠QRP .
Then ∆ABC ∼ = ∆P QR by SAA Congruence Criterion.
Hence by definition of congruent triangles we deduce that:
(i) BC ∼
= QR by C.S.C.T.
(ii) CA ∼
= RP by C.S.C.T.
(iii) ∠CAB ∼
= ∠RP Q by C.A.C.T.
4. Side-Side-Side (SSS) Congruence Criterion:
A Correspondence between two triangles is given. If all the three
sides of a triangle are congruent with corresponding three sides of
another triangle, then triangles are congruent. We will refer to this
as SSS Congruence Criterion.

Restatement: Consider the correspondence ABC ↔ P QR. If

(i) AB ∼
= P Q.
(ii)BC ∼= QR and
(iii) CA ∼
= RP .
Then ∆ABC ∼
= ∆P QR by SSS Congruence Criterion.
Hence by definition of congruent triangles we deduce that:
(i) ∠ABC ∼= ∠P QR by C.A.C.T.
(ii) ∠BCA ∼
= ∠QRP by C.A.C.T.
(iii) ∠CAB ∼
= ∠RP Q by C.A.C.T.
5. Right angle-Hypotenuse-Side (RHS) Congruence Cri-
terion:
This criteria is applicable in case of only right angled trian-
gles.
A Correspondence between two triangles is given. If hypotenuse
and one of the remaining sides of a right angled triangle are con-
gruent with hypotenuse and corresponding side of another right
angled triangle, then the triangles are congruent. We will refer to
this as RHS Congruence Criterion.

Restatement: Consider the correspondence ABC ↔ P QR. If

(i) m∠ABC = 90 =m∠P QR,
(ii) hypt CA ∼
= hypt RP and
(iii) BC ∼
= QR.
Then ∆ABC ∼ = ∆P QR by RHS Congruence Criterion.
Hence by definition of congruent triangles we deduce that:
(i) AB ∼
= P Q by C.S.C.T., (ii) ∠BCA ∼ = ∠QRP by C.A.C.T.
(iii) ∠CAB ∼
= ∠RP Q by C.A.C.T.
Application of the Congruence Criteria:
P1: Consider a square ABCD. E is a point in the interior of
2ABCD such that 4EAB is equilateral.
Prove that EC ∼
= ED.
Solution:
As 4EAB is equilateral, m∠EAB = 60.
As 2ABCD is a square, m∠DAB = 90.
As E is in the interior of 2ABCD, m∠DAB = m∠DAE+m∠EAB.
Hence we deduce that m∠DAE = 30.
Similarly we can prove that m∠CBE = 30.
Thus we conclude that ∠DAE ∼ = ∠CBE. · · · (1)
As 2ABCD is a square and 4EAB is equilateral with common
side AB, we deduce that
AB ∼ = BC ∼
= CD ∼= DA ∼ = EA ∼
= EB. · · · (2)
Consider the correspondence DAE ↔ CBE. We note that
(i) DA ∼
= CB· · · by (2).
(ii) included ∠DAE ∼ = included ∠CBE· · · by (1).
∼
(iii)EA = EB· · · by (2).
Hence by (i), (ii), (iii) and SAS Congruence criterion,
we conclude that
4DAE ∼ = 4CBE.
Hence by C.S.C.T., we deduce that ED ∼
= EC.
Hurray! We have successfully solved the given problem.
Should we leave this problem here and move on to the next?
No. It would be a mistake to do so.
Every problem offers number of learning opportunities.
In the context of this problem one could compute:
(i) measures of various angles occurring in the figure.
(ii) areas of various triangles occurring in the figure.
A good student will always use every problem to go beyond the
given assignment and let his/her creativity blossom.
Homework:

H1: In 2ABCD, diagonals AC and BD inter-

sect at P , such that P A = P B and P D = P C.
Prove that 4AP D ∼ = 4BP C.

H2: P is any point on the diagonal AC of the

square ABCD.
Prove that P B = P D,
m∠ ADP = m∠ ABP.

H3 In the given figure, l(AE) = l(CF ), m∠B = m∠D = 90

m∠BCA = m∠DEF.
Show that l(AB) = l(DF ).

H4: As shown in the figure,

m∠ABD = m∠CBE,
m∠ACB = m∠DEB
l(AC) = l(DE).
Show that BC ∼
= BE.
H5: In 4ABC, BA = BC. Point P and Q are
on AB and BC
respectively such that BP = BQ.
Prove that AQ = P C and m∠ AP C = m∠ CQA.

H6: In rectangle ABCD, M and N are midpoint of AD and BC

as shown.
P is any point on M N .
Prove that 4AP B ∼ = 4DP C.

H7: 4ABC is isosceles.

AB = AC. P, Q, X, , Y
←
−−
→
are points on BC such that
P X = Y Q, BX = CY .
Show that 4AP X ∼
= 4AQY.

H8: Complete meaning of

Congruence
Given: 4ABC ∼
= 4P QR
Show that
(i) median AM ∼ = median P L
(ii) altitude AD ∼
= altitude P S
(iii) If bisectors of angles A and P meet the opposite sides at X
and Y respectively, AX ∼ = PY .
H9: In 4ABC, AB = AC. Then show that
(i) median BE ∼
= median CF
(ii) altitude BM ∼ = altitude CN
(iii) If bisectors of ∠B and ∠C meet the opposite sides at X and
Y respectively, BX ∼ = CY .