IPS ACADEMY, INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE- INDORE

IPS ACADEMY INDORE

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & SCIENCE
(An UGC AUTONOMOUS INSTITUTE, AFFILIATED To RGPV, BHOPAL)

LAB MANUAL
Subject: Basic Electrical Engineering
Subject Code: ESC-EE-01(P)

Name ……………………………………………...

Year …………… Semester …………………….

Class Roll No. ……. Enrollment No. ……………..

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CONTENTS
1. Vision Mission of the Institute
2. Vision Mission of the Department
3. PEOs
4. POs
5. COs
6. Content beyond Syllabus. ( if any)
7. Laboratory Regulations and Safety Rules
8. Index
9. Experiments

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Vision of the Institute

To be the fountainhead of novel ideas & innovations in science
& technology & persist to be a foundation of pride for all
Indians.

Mission of the Institute

• To provide value based broad Engineering, Technology and
Science where education in students is urged to develop their
professional skills.
• To inculcate dedication, hard work, sincerity, integrity and
ethics in building up overall professional personality of our
student and faculty.
• To inculcate a spirit of entrepreneurship and innovation in
passing out students.
• To instigate sponsored research and provide consultancy
services in technical, educational and industrial areas.

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Vision of the Department

The vision of the Electrical and Electronics Engineering is to prepare
students to compete globally in their profession, in order to reach the
highest level of intellectual attainment and making significant
contribution to society.

Mission of the Department

1. To become an internationally leading Electrical and Electronics
Engineering department for higher learning and be self reliant.
2. To build upon the culture and values of universal science and
contemporary education through understanding of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering.
3. To be a center of research and education generating knowledge and
technologies, this play groundwork in shaping the future in the
fields of Electrical and Electronics Engineering.
4. To develop partnership with industrial, R&D and government
agencies and actively participate in conferences, technical and
community activities.

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Program Outcomes
PO1: Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science,
engineering fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of
complex engineering problems.

PO2: Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and

analyze complex engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions
using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering
sciences.

PO3: Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex

engineering problems and design system components or processes that meet
the specified needs with appropriate consideration for the public health and
safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.

PO4: Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based

knowledge and research methods including design of experiments, analysis
and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information to provide valid
conclusions.

PO5: Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques,
resources, and modem engineering and IT tools including prediction and
modeling to complex engineering activities with an understanding of the
limitations.

PO6: The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual
knowledge to assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the
consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice.

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PO7: Environment and sustain ability: Understand the impact of the

professional engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and
demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.

PO8: Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and
responsibilities and norms of the engineering practice.

PO 9: Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a

member or leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.

PO10: Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering

activities with the engineering community and with society at large, such as,
being able to comprehend and write effective reports and design
documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive clear
instructions.

PO11: Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and

understanding of the engineering and management principles and apply these
to one's own work, as a member and leader in a team, to manage projects and
in multidisciplinary environments.

PO12: Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and
ability to engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context
of technological change.

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Laboratory Regulations and Safety Rules:

(1) Do not wear loose clothes, girls must tie up dupatta on back side.
(2) Always wear shoes while working on electrical equipment.
(3) Make circuit properly as per given in circuit diagram of experiment
and connection should be tight.
(4) Use proper range of instrument for measuring electrical quantity.
(5) Get circuit connection checked by staff members before switching
on the circuit
(6) Do not touch any open electric wire or open contacts when power
supply is on.
(7) Take instrument reading carefully.
(8) Always connect the switch in phase line.
(9) Get experiment reading checked by staff member after performing
experiments.
(10) Bring your practical journals for performing lab experiments.

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List of Experiment
Subject: Basic Electrical Engineering Subject Code: ESC-EE-01(P)

S.No. Experiment Name

1 To verify the Kirchhoff’s voltage and current law.

2 To determine the resistance and inductance of a choke coil using three voltmeter
method.

3 To study & analysis R-L-C series circuit.

4 To study & analysis of parallel R-L-C circuit.

5 Measurement of three phase AC power by Two-Wattmeter method.

6 To determine turn ratio & polarity test on a single phase transformer.

7 To perform the open circuit test and short circuit test of a single phase transformer.

8 To perform Load Test on single phase transformer for determining the efficiency &
voltage regulation.

9 Constructional study of rotating electrical machines.

10 Introduction and use of measuring instruments–voltmeter, ammeter & wattmeter.

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Index
S.No. Experiment Name COs Date Grade Sign

1. To verify the Kirchhoff’s voltage and CO1

current law.

2. To determine the resistance and

inductance of a choke coil using three
voltmeter method.

3. To study & analysis R-L-C series

circuit. CO2
4. To study & analysis of parallel R-L-C
circuit.

5. Measurement of three phase AC power

by Two-Wattmeter method.

6. To determine turn ratio & polarity test

on a single phase transformer.

7. To perform the open circuit test and

CO3
short circuit test of a single phase
transformer.

8. To perform Load Test on single phase

transformer for determining the
efficiency & voltage regulation.

9. Constructional study of rotating CO4

electrical machines.

10. Introduction and use of measuring CO5

instruments–voltmeter, ammeter &
wattmeter.

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EXPERIMENT NO. 1

Objective: To verify the Kirchhoff’s law for the given network.

Apparatus Required:

S. No. Apparatus name Specification Quantity

Theory:
Kirchhoffs Circuit Laws allow us to solve complex circuit problems by defining a set of basic
network laws and theorems for the voltages and currents around a circuit. Using Kirchhoffs
circuit law relating to the junction rule and his closed loop rule, we can calculate and find the
currents and voltages around any closed circuit providing we know the values of the electrical
components within it.

KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW (KVL): It states that “the algebraic sum of products of
currents and resistances in each of the conductors in any closed path in a network plus the
algebraic sum of the e.m.fs in that path is zero”.

In other words, ∑IR + ∑e.m.f. = 0

It should be noted that algebraic sum is the sum which takes into account the polarities of the
voltage drops. Following sign convention is suggested : Sign Conventions

a) Battery e.m.f.: A rise in voltage should be given a + ve sign and a fall in voltage
a –ve sign. Keeping this in mind, it is clear that as we move from negative
terminal of source to positive terminal, there is a rise in potential, hence this
voltage should be given a +ve sign. If, on the other hand, we move from +ve
terminal to –v terminal of voltage source, then there is a fall in potential, hence it
is to be considered as –ve.

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b) Sign of IR Drop: - Whenever we move in the direction of current there is a drop

in voltage, Since the current always flows from point at higher potential to the
point at lower potential. Hence Voltage drop in the current direction is taken as –
ve. However, if we go in a direction opposite to that of the current, then there is a
rise in voltage.

KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW (KCL): It states that “in any electrical network, algebraic
sum of the currents meeting a point is zero”. In another way, it simply means that the total
current leaving a unction is equal to the total current entering that junction. It is obviously true
because there is no accumulation or depletion of current at any junction of the network. Some
conductors have currents leading to node whereas some have currents leading away from node.
Assuming the incoming currents to be positive and the outgoing currents negative, applying KCL
at node we have,

I1 + I2 -I3 = 0

Procedure:
i. Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram.

ii. Keep all the rheostats at maximum position

iii. Switch on the DC voltage supply, Adjust the voltage to any suitable value

iv. Change the position of rheostats check that none of the ammeter reads excessive current.

v. Take the reading of all the ammeters.

vi. Measure the voltages across all the rheostats.

vii. Changed the voltage of power supply and repeat step (v) and (v1).

viii. Verify Kirchhoff’s laws.

Observation Table

Sl. No V1 V2 V3

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IPS ACADEMY, INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE- INDORE

Sl. No I1 I2 I3

Results:

Questions:
1. What do you mean by node and a mesh?

2. Can you apply Kirchhoff’s laws to a.c. circuit? If yes how the law will differ for a.c. circuits?

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EXPERIMENT NO. 2
Objective: To determine the resistance and inductance of a choke coil using three voltmeter
method.
Apparatus Required:

S. No. Apparatus name Specification Quantity

Theory:
Three Voltmeter Method:-The choke coils have inherent resistance in addition to their
inductance. Inductance and resistance of the choke coil are going to measure by the use of three-
voltmeter method. It also measures the quality factor and power absorbed by the given choke
coil.
A given choke coil is usually represented by a pure inductance (L) in series with equivalent
resistance (r). This equivalent resistance takes into effect the iron losses in the core of the choke
coil and the inherent resistance of the choke coil. Three-Voltmeter method and three-Ammeter
method are two of the best ways to measure these two parameters. Thusthe equivalent resistance
account for the copper loses in the choke coil and the iron loses in the iron core.

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The following figures represent the circuit diagram of 3-voltmeter, equivalent circuit of choke
coil.

In the above circuit,

Voltmeter reading across the resistance = IR
Voltmeter reading across the choke coil = 𝐼[√(𝑟 2 + 𝜔 2 𝐿2 )]
VL VL

O VR I
From the phasor diagram, we can write
Vs2 = VL2 + VR2 + 2VL VR Cosθ
( Vs2 − VL2 − VR2 )
Cosθ =
2VL VR
VR VL
We know that, I = and Z =
R I
Now, Coil resistance (r) = Z(Cos θ) and Coil Reactance (𝑋𝐿 ) = Z(Sin θ)
XL
Inductance (L) =
2πf
In R-L series circuit, the current lags behind the voltage by an angle ø which depends upon the
value of resistance and inductive reactance.

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IPS ACADEMY, INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE- INDORE

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. As per wiring diagram, connect all the apparatus with AC voltage source through the
Auto transformer.
2. Initially, set the knob zero position and switch on supply.
3. Apply different voltages in suitable steps and note down the readings of voltmeters.
4. Finally, observe the readings of the three voltmeters and ammeter.
5. Calculate coil resistance, inductance and Q-factor using the above mentioned formulae.
Observation Table:

S. No. I Vs VR VL

1.

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Calculation:

Results:

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Questions:

1. Define impedance of a coil.

2. How inductive reactance depends on the frequency?

3. What are measuring units of impedance and reactance?

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EXPERIMENT NO. 3
Objective: To study RLC series circuit.

Apparatus Required:

S. No. Apparatus name Specification Quantity

Theory: In this experiment, we are mainly interested in verification of Kirchhoff’s voltage law
for AC circuit. When an A.C. voltage (RMS) is applied to R-L-C series circuit as shown in
circuit diagram of series circuit, it establishes RMS current I given by equation

I = V/Z

Where, Z-is the overall impedance of series combination.

In the circuit diagram the RMS value of supply voltage is equal to the vector addition of the
voltage across inductor (VL), voltage across resistance (VR) & voltage across capacitor (Vc ).
The phasor diagram for the circuit can be drawn which shown the magnitude as well as the phase
relationship between the various voltages (VR, VL, Vc, Vs) & the total current I. The phasor
diagrams will be of different nature for the cases

XL >Xc (inductive circuit) & Xc > XL(Capacitive circuit) XL = Xc is said to be condition of

resonance & the circuit will be resistive only.

For the case when c XL > X , power factor of the circuit is lagging in nature, since the current I
lags behind V by an angle  .

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In an inductor, the copper losses take place due to the internal resistance of its coil. In capacitor,
the losses take place in the dielectric medium used for making it but usually it is ignored.

Circuit Diagram:

Conclusion:

Questions:
1. What do you understand by impedance of series AC circuit? What are its units?

2. What do you understand by series resonance? What is the condition?

3. What will be the power factor for a purely resistive load?

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EXPERIMENT NO. 4
Objective: To study and analyze RLC parallel circuit.
Apparatus Required:

S. No. Apparatus name Specification Quantity

Theory: In this experiment, we are mainly interested in verification of Kirchhoff’s voltage

law for AC circuit. The series combination of resistor & inductor is connected in parallel with
capacitor as shown in the circuit diagram. The a.c. voltage of r.m.s. value v is applied to this
parallel circuit. This applied voltage can be varied by the single phase dimmerstat. The source
current I will get divided into two branched as IRL & IC. But voltage across the two branches
will be same.
Let I1 be current passing through branches consisting of R & L in series while I2 be current
passing through the capacitance branch. I = I 1 + I2 (phasor sum) Also VR +VL = Vc = V
(applied voltage) Here we assume that our capacitance is pure, hence I2 passing through C will
lead V by 90, while the inductance is impure, therefore I1 passing through L will lag V by an
angle less than 90 Note that VR = I1R (drop across resistance) V L = I1XL (drop across
inductance) Vc = I2Xc (drop across capacitance) Depending upon the impedance of the two
branches the source current I will lag or lead the supply voltage by some angle which is called
as the phase angle.

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Circuit Diagram:

Conclusion:

Questions:
1. Define following terms with their units-
a) Admittance
b) Conductance
2. Draw the power triangle for inductive load and capacitive load.

3. What do you mean by parallel resonance? What is the condition?

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EXPERIMENT NO. 5
Objective: To the measurement of three-phase AC power by Two-Wattmeter method.
Apparatus Required:

S. No. Apparatus Name Specification Quantity

Theory:
Single phase power can be measured using single wattmeter, but for measurement of 3- phase
power can be done using following methods:
1. One wattmeter method. 2. Two wattmeter method. 3. Three wattmeter method.
Two wattmeter method:
This method is commonly used for the power measurement in the 3 phase circuits. Here as name
suggests, only two wattmeters are used. The current coils of the two wattmeters are connected in
series on any two lines. The corresponding pressure coils are connected between these lines and
the third line on which no wattmeter is connected. The two wattmeter method is used for the
power measurement in the 3-phase systems, irrespective of whether the load is balanced or
unbalanced, star or delta connected.

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Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:-
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Switch on A.C supply.
3. For balanced load condition measured the values of wattmeters, ammeters and Voltmeter.

Observation Table:

S.No. W1(watts) W2(watts) Total Power = (W1+W2) Load

Calculation:

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Results:

Questions:
1. What is multiplying factor?

2. What do you mean by M, L, C, and V in an analog wattmeter?

3. Define following powers-

a) Active power
b) Reactive power
c) Apparent power

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EXPERIMENT NO. 6
Object: To determine turn ratio & polarity test on a single phase transformer.

Apparatus Required:
S. No. Apparatus Name Specification Quantity

Theory:
(A)Name plate rating
Theoretically it may seem that transformers may be built to handle any voltage or current. But in
reality there are limits to both the voltage and the current. The name plate rating of a power
transformer usually contains
1. Volt-amperes -----------KVA
2. Voltage ratio------------
Rated primary voltage/secondary voltage
3. Frequency ------------Hz
4. Type ---------------
(B)Transformer Ratio
The induced e.m.f.(voltage) per phase in primary and secondary windings of a transformer is
given by,
E.m.f. in primary E1=4.44fN1Øm =V1
E.m.f. in secondary E2=4.44fN2Øm =V2
Hence transformation ratio K=N2/N1 =V2/V1
(C) Polarity Test
Each of the terminals of primary as well as secondary windings of a transformer is alternatively
positive negative with respect to each other. It is required to know the relative polarities at any

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instant of the primary and secondary terminals for making correct connections if transformers are
to be operated in parallel or to be used in three phase circuit.
Terminals on the primary winding are A1 & A2. Now terminals A1 is connected to one end
of secondary winding & a voltmeter is connected between A2 & other end of secondary winding.
Where, voltmeter reads the difference (V1 - V2). The transformer is said to possess a subtractive
polarity & when voltmeter reads (V1+V2) the transformer has additive polarity. Subtractive
polarity means that opposite polarity terminals are connected and additive polarity means
terminals of same polarity are connected.

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:

A) Ratio Test-
1) Connect apparatus as per circuit diagram fig.
2) Switch on A.C. supply and adjust the auto transformer till suitable (below rated) voltage, is
reached.
3) Record the voltage V1 across the primary & V2 across secondary.
4) Vary the autotransformer setting & repeat step 3, take at least 3 reading.
5) Switch off the supply.

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Observation Table:
A) Turn Ratio Test:

S .No V1 V2 K= V1/V2
1.

2.

3.

B) Additive Polarity Test:

1) Connect the circuit as per fig. for additive polarity test & set up autotransformer to zero
position.

2) Apply voltages to primary and take three readings of V1, V2, and V3 and tabulate as below.

Sr .No V1 V2 V3
1.
2.
3.

C) Subtractive Polarity Test:

1) Connect the circuit as shown in fig. & set up autotransformer to zero position

2) Apply voltages to primary and take three readings of V1, V2, and V3 and tabulate as below.

S .No V1 V2 V3
1.

2.

3.

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Calculation:

Result:

Questions:
1. Which type of transformer tasted by you?

2. If a transformer is connected to DC supply what will happen to the transformer?

3 Why ratio & polarity test is performed?

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EXPERIMENT NO. 7
Objective: To perform the open circuit and short circuit test of a single phase transformer.
Apparatus Required:

S. No. Apparatus name Specification Quantity

Theory:
Transformers have a primary winding and one or more secondary windings. The electromagnetic
coupling between the primary and secondary windings allows electrical energy to be transferred
from the primary winding to the secondary winding. Electrical current entering the primary
winding appears as an electromotive force (emf) at the secondary. Connecting the secondary
winding to a load allows the energy to be transferred to the load.

When a transformer is energized and loaded, AC current flowing in its windings creates an
alternating magnetic field in its iron core. A small portion of the current, called the magnetizing
current, is dedicated to the magnetic circuit in the creation of the magnetic field. Losses
associated with the magnetizing current are reactive power (VARs). In addition, there are real
power losses (Watts) in the transformer, associated with the inherent resistance in the two
windings (copper losses) and with eddy currents and hysteresis in the core (iron losses). For
these reasons, the total power delivered to the primary side of the transformer is always larger
than the total power available at the secondary side. Even so, it is still reasonable to say that
energy is conserved in the transformer and that the real, reactive and apparent power applied to
the primary of almost any transformer equals the real, reactive and apparent power available at
the secondary.

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When the voltage applied to the primary winding is raised above rated value, the iron core begins
to saturate, which leads to a rapid increase in the magnitude of the magnetizing current.
Saturation of the core also distorts the sinusoidal voltage and current waveforms. The resulting
harmonics can lead to mechanical resonances which, in large transformers, can be damaging.

Open Circuit Test: The main aim of this test is to determine the Iron losses & No- load current
of the transformer which are helpful in finding Ro & Xo. In this test generally supply will be
given to primary and secondary kept open. Since secondary is opened a small current
(magnetizing current will flow and it will be 5 to 10% of full load current. The wattmeter
connected in primary will give directly the Iron losses (core losses).

In the open-circuit test, a transformers secondary windings is open circuited, and its primary
windings is connected to a full-rated line voltage. Under the conditions described, all the input
current must be flowing through the excitation branch of the transformer. The series elements R P
and XP are too small in comparison to RC and XM to cause a significant voltage drop, so
essentially all the input voltage is dropped across the excitation branch.
• Calculate cosθ, the angle θ, Ic and Im using equations given below.
• Now that Ic and Im have been calculated, we can find the value for Core loss Resistance
and Magnetizing reactance Xm.
• Now we can draw a equivalent circuit for the transformer.

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Figure 8.1: Equivalent Circuit Diagram from O.C. test

Short Circuit Test: The main aim of this test is to determine the full load copper loss which is
helpful in finding the magnitude of the total effective winding resistance, leakage reactance,
efficiency and regulation of the Transformer. Generally low voltage side will be short circuited
and supply will be given to high voltage side & it will be of 5-10% of the rated voltage. The
wattmeter connected in primary will give directly the full load copper losses of the Transformer.
• Calculate X1 and R1 using equations given below.
• Now we can draw a more accurate equivalent circuit for the transformer

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Figure 8:2 Equivalent Circuit Diagram from S.C. test

Circuit Diagram:

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Procedure:

(b) Open Circuit Test:

1. Connect the circuit diagram as shown in the Figure 8.1.

2. Gradually increase the voltage using the auto-transformer till the voltmeter reads 220V.

3. Record the voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter readings. The ammeter indicates the no-
load current and wattmeter indicates the iron losses.

4. Switch off the supply and set the auto-transformer at zero position.

5. Find the values of the equivalent core loss resistance Rc and magnetizing reactance Xm.

6. Calculate cosθ, the angle θ, Ic and Im, from the test results recorded. Then construct the
phasor diagram.

7. Plot the no-load current Ioc, magnetizing current IM and core loss W0 and no-load
power factor cosθ, against the applied voltage Voc on the same graph paper.

(c) Short Circuit Test:

1. Connect the circuit diagram as shown in the Figure 8.2.
2. Gradually increase the voltage using the auto-transformer till the ammeter reads the rated
current of the transformer on HV side.
3. Record the voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter readings. The ammeter indicates Isc,
voltmeter indicates Vsc and wattmeter indicates Wsc copper losses of the transformer at
full load condition.
4. Switch off the supply and set the auto-transformer at zero position.
5. Short Circuit Test Readings Voc (Volt) Isc (Amp) Wsc (Watt).
6. Compute the equivalent circuit parameter Rs and Xs at the rated high voltage winding
current.
7. Draw the equivalent circuit of the transformer in the form having all impedances on the
primary side of the ideal transformer. Mark in the values calculated in this practical and
include all the calculated parameters.

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Observation Table:

Open Circuit Test Readings

S.No. V0(Volts) I0(Amp.) W0(Watts)

Short Circuit Test Readings

S.No. Isc (Amp.)) Vsc(Volts WSC(Watts)

Calculation:

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Results:

Questions:

Q.1 Why core losses remain almost constant at any load?

Q.2 Why S.C. test is generally performed with L.V. side short circuited?

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IPS ACADEMY, INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE- INDORE

EXPERIMENT No. 8
Objective: To perform Load Test on single phase transformer for determining the efficiency &
voltage regulation.

Apparatus Required:

Sl.No. Apparatus name Specification Quantity

Theory:
The transformer is said to be operating under load when the secondary winding is completed through
a load (any type) and the voltage V1 is supplied to the primary winding. As the secondary winding is
electromechanically linked with the primary winding, the current in the loaded secondary winding
will automatically change the current in the primary winding because the magneto-motive (mmf)
forces are always in equilibrium in any electromagnetic system.

N1I1=N2I2

The load is connected to the secondary side of the transformer. The voltage applied across the
primary winding remains practically constant or should be kept constant throughout the test.

Circuit Diagram:

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Procedure:
1. Connect apparatus as per circuit diagram.
2. Switch on the supply. Then vary the voltage up to rated voltage. Now to start the loading of
the given transformer, put on some of the load switches so that a suitable load current is
obtained.
3. Record the Voltmeters, Ammeters and Wattmeter readings.
4. Take different readings by changing the load and record the readings of voltmeter, ammeter
and Wattmeter and enter in observation table.
5. Switch off the supply.

Observation Table:

Sr. No. Primary Side Secondary Side open circuit

terminal voltage V0

Voltage Current Power Voltage Current Power

V1 I1 W1 V2 I2 W2

Calculations:

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IPS ACADEMY, INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE- INDORE

Result:

Efficiency = ______ %

Voltage Regulation = ______ %

Questions:

1. What is regulation and efficiency of a transformer?

2. What is the aim of performing a load test on a transformer?

3. Why wattmeter is not used to measure the secondary power or output power in direct loading
test?

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IPS ACADEMY, INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE- INDORE

EXPERIMENT NO. 9
Objective: Constructional study of Rotating Electrical Machines
(A): Induction machines
(B): Synchronous machines

Theory:
(A) INDUCTION MACHINES

Introduction: Induction motors are the ac motors which are employed as the prime movers in
most of the industries. Such motors are widely used in industrial applications from small
workshops to large industries. These motors are employed in applications such as centrifugal
pumps, conveyers, compressors crushers, and drilling machines etc.

Constructional Features:
Similar to DC machines an induction motor consists of a stationary member called stator and a
rotating member called rotor. However the induction motor differs from a dc machine in the
following aspects –
i. Laminated stator
ii. Absence of commutator
iii. Uniform and small air gap
iv. Practically almost constant speed
The AC induction motor comprises two electromagnetic parts –
1. Stationary part called the stator
2. Rotating part called the rotor

Stator:

The stator is the outer stationary part of the motor, which consists of –
• The outer cylindrical frame of the motor or yoke, which is made either of welded sheet steel,
cast iron or cast aluminum alloy.
• The magnetic path, which comprises a set of slotted steel laminations called stator core
pressed into the cylindrical space inside the outer frame. The magnetic path is laminated to
reduce eddy currents, reducing losses and heating.
• A set of insulated electrical windings, which are placed inside the slots of the laminated
stator. The cross-sectional area of these windings must be large enough for the power rating
of the motor. For a 3-phase motor, 3 sets of windings are required, one for each 2 phase
connected in either star or delta. Figure 10.2 shows the cross sectional view of an induction
motor.

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IPS ACADEMY, INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE- INDORE

Rotor:

Rotor is the rotating part of the induction motor. The rotor also consists of a set of slotted silicon
steel laminations pressed together to form of a cylindrical magnetic circuit and the electrical
circuit. The electrical circuit of the rotor is of the following nature –

Figure 10.2 : Stator and rotor laminations

Classification:

Squirrel cage three phase induction motor: The rotor of the squirrel cage three phase
induction motor is cylindrical in shape and have slots on its periphery. The slots are not made
parallel to each other but are bit skewed as the skewing prevents magnetic locking of stator and
rotor teeth and makes the working of motor more smooth and quieter. The squirrel cage rotor
consists of aluminum, brass or copper bars. The aluminum, brass or copper bars are called rotor
conductors and are placed in the slots on the periphery of the rotor. The rotor conductors are
permanently shorted by the copper or aluminum rings called the end rings. In order to provide
mechanical strength these rotor conductor are braced to the end ring and hence form a complete
closed circuit resembling like a cage and hence got its name as "squirrel cage induction motor".
The squirrel cage rotor winding is made symmetrical. As the bars are permanently shorted by
end rings, the rotor resistance is very small and it is not possible to add external resistance as the
bars are permanently shorted. The absence of slip ring and brushes make the construction of
Squirrel cage three phase induction motor very simple and robust and hence widely used three
phase induction motor. These motors have the advantage of adapting any number of pole pairs.
The below diagram shows squirrel cage induction rotor having aluminum bars short circuit by
aluminum end rings.

Figure 10.3: Squirrel Cage Induction Motor

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IPS ACADEMY, INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE- INDORE

Slip-ring or Wound three phase induction motor: In this type of three phase induction motor
the rotor is wound for the same number of poles as that of stator but it has less number of slots
and has less turns per phase of a heavier conductor. The rotor also carries star or delta winding
similar to that of stator winding. The rotor consists of numbers of slots and rotor winding are
placed inside these slots. The three end terminals are connected together to form star connection.
As its name indicates three phase slip ring induction motor consists of slip rings connected on
same shaft as that of rotor. The three ends of three phase windings are permanently connected to
these slip rings. The external resistance can be easily connected through the brushes and slip
rings and hence used for speed control and improving the starting torque of three phase induction
motor. The brushes are used to carry current to and from the rotor winding. These brushes are
further connected to three phase star connected resistances. At starting, the resistance is
connected in rotor circuit and is gradually cut out as the rotor pick up its speed. When the motor
is running the slip ring is shorted by connecting a metal collar, which connect all slip ring
together and the brushes are also removed. This reduces wear and tear of the brushes. Due to
presence of slip rings and brushes the rotor construction becomes somewhat complicated
therefore it is less used as compare to squirrel cage induction motor.

(B) SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES

Introduction: A synchronous electric motor is an AC motor in which, at steady state, the

rotation of the shaft is synchronized with the frequency of the supply current; the rotation period
is exactly equal to an integral number of AC cycles. Synchronous motors contain multiphase AC
electromagnets on the stator of the motor that create a magnetic field which rotates in time with
the oscillations of the line current. The rotor with permanent magnets or electromagnets turns in
step with the stator field at the same rate and as a result, provides the second synchronized
rotating magnet field of any AC motor. A synchronous motor is termed doubly fed if it is
supplied with independently excited multiphase AC electromagnets on both the rotor and stator.

Constructional Features: The rotating and stationary parts of an electrical machine can be
called as rotor and stator respectively. The rotor or stator of electrical machines acts as a power-
producing component and is called as an armature. The electromagnets or permanent magnets
mounted on the stator or rotor are used to provide of an electrical machine. The generator in
which permanent magnet is used instead of coil to provide excitation field is termed as
permanent magnet synchronous generator or also simply called as synchronous generator.

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IPS ACADEMY, INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE- INDORE

Figure 10.4 : Cut view of three phase synchronous machine

Questions:
1. Why field coils are provided in DC machine?

2. Why induction motor is called an asynchronous motor?

3. Which type of induction motor develops higher starting torque?

4. Why a synchronous machine is called a doubly feed machine?

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IPS ACADEMY, INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE- INDORE

EXPERIMENT NO. 10
Objective: Introduction and use of measuring instruments – voltmeter, ammeter & wattmeter.
Ammeter
Theory: An ammeter is a device for measuring the electric current through a wire or a circuit
element. The deflecting (moving) force on the coil is proportional to the current flowing through
the coil. This deflecting force tends to cause the coil to rotate against the restraining force of the
hairsprings. When the deflecting force and the restraining force are equal, the coil and the pointer
stop moving. As we have just stated, the deflecting force is proportional to the current in the coil,
the angle (amount) of rotation is proportional to the deflecting force; therefore, the angle of
rotation is proportional to the current through the coil. When current stops flowing through the
coil, the deflecting force stops, and the restoring force of the springs returns the pointer to the
zero position.

Figure 1.1 : Ammeter

Voltmeter
Definition: A voltmeter is an instrument used to measure voltage or electrical potential
difference between two points in basic electric circuits. Analog voltmeters move a pointer across
a scale in proportional to the voltage of the circuit.

Figure 1.2 : Voltmeter

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IPS ACADEMY, INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE- INDORE

Two common voltage measurements are direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC).
Although voltage measurements are the simplest of the different types of analog measurements,
they present unique challenges due to noise considerations. Analog voltmeters move a pointer
across a scale in proportion to the voltage of the circuit; digital voltmeters give a numerical
display of voltage by use of a converter. Different types of voltmeters are:

1. Analog Voltmeters –

Analog voltmeter includes deflecting type of indicating voltmeters. These are of like moving
coil, moving iron, electrostatic types of voltmeters. Moving coil instruments are of two types
namely permanent magnet and dynamo meter types. Moving-coil instruments with a permanent-
magnet field respond only to direct current.
A DC voltmeter is constructed by connecting the resistor in series this instrument and also a very
high resistor in parallel with the circuit where we want to measure the voltage. Dynamo meter
type Moving coil instrument consists of two coils one is fixed and other is rotating. The
interaction of the two fields produced by the pair of fixed coil and moving coil produce a
deflecting torque. These are used in DC measurement circuits only this makes this instrument to
less usage.

Figure 1.3 : Moving-Coil Voltmeter

Moving iron instruments are used in AC circuits. Electromagnetic instruments are divided into
simple moving iron, dynamo meter type and induction types of instruments. Again moving iron
classified as attraction and repulsion types of instruments. In this also consists of soft iron which
is of movable and fixed coils. Some of the disadvantages are non uniform scale, stray field
current effects on the instrument etc.

Figure 1.4 : Moving-Iron Ammeter

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Electrostatic Voltmeters operate on the electrostatic principle use the mutual repulsion between
two charged plates to deflect a pointer attached to a spring. These types of instruments are used
for high voltage AC measurements as well as DC. These are of electrostatic disc type capacitor
connected across the circuit which is to be measured. The electrostatic voltmeters can be
categorized into three types based on the mechanical configuration. Those are repulsion,
attraction, and symmetrical. Deflecting system consists of deflector which is suspended from a
torsion filament or It can be pivoted by the bearings. Arrangements the elements in this type of
instrument mad with some special elements like capacitive elements, including parallel plates,
concentric cylinders, hinged plates, etc Motion Damping torque is provided by air or liquid
damping vanes or by eddy current damping.

Figure 1.5 : Electrostatic Voltmeter

2. Digital Voltmeters –

Voltmeter accuracy is affected by many factors, including temperature and supply voltage
variations. DVMs display the measured voltage using LCDs or LEDs to display the result in a
floating point format. Obviously, if voltage measurements are taken and the results are displayed
digitally with LED or LCD displays, the instrument has to contain an A/D converter. Using a
programmed micro controller, ADC and LCD display, the following circuit is ready to provide
accurate digital display of analog values from 0 to 15 volts DC. These are used because of the
properties like accuracy, durability and extra features. These are completely eliminates the
parallax errors. It will convert the signal under test and then amplifies it.

Figure 1.6 : Digital Voltmeter

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IPS ACADEMY, INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE- INDORE

Wattmeter
The instrument whose working depends on the reaction between the magnetic field of moving
and fixed coils is known as the Electro-dynamo-meter Wattmeter. It uses for measuring the
power of both the AC and DC circuits. The following are the important parts of the
Electrodynamometer Wattmeter.
1. Fixed coil – The fixed coil connects in series with the load. It is considered as a current
coil because the load current flows through it. For making the construction easy the fixed coil
divide into two parts. And these two elements are parallel connected to each other. The fixed coil
produces the uniform electric field which is essentials for the working of the instruments. The
current coil of the instruments is designed to carry the current of approximately 20 amperes for
saving the power.
2. Moving Coil – The moving coil consider as the pressure coil of the instruments. It
connects in parallel with the supply voltage. The current flowing through them is directly
proportional to the supply voltage. The pointer mounts on the moving coil. The movement of the
pointer controls with the help of the spring. The current flows through the coil increases their
temperature. The flows of currents control with the help of resistor which connects in series with
the moving coil.
3. Control – The control system provides the controlling torque to the instruments. The
gravity control and the spring control are the two types of control system. Out of two, the
Electrodynamometer Wattmeter uses spring control system. The spring control system is used
for the movement of the pointer.
4. Damping – The damping is the effect which reduces the movement of the pointer. In this
Wattmeter the damping torque produces because of the air friction. The other types of damping
are not used in the system because they destroy the useful magnetic flux.
5. Scales and pointers – The instruments use a linear scale because their moving coil moves
linearly. The apparatus uses the knife edge pointer for removing the parallax error which causes
because of oversights.

Figure 1.7 : Electrodynamo-meter Wattmeter

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IPS ACADEMY, INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE- INDORE

Conclusion:

Questions:

1. How a galvanometer can be converted into a voltmeter and an ammeter?

2. How a practical analog wattmeter is connected to single phase load?

3. How overcome the error caused by the voltage coil is overcome in standard wattmeter’s?

4. What will happen if the current coil and potential coil of dynamometer type wattmeter are
interchanged?

Ist/IInd Sem. SUBJECT: BEE Lab 2024-25