Ratio–A comparison of two numbers or quantities.

They are measured in the same

or similar units. It indicates how many of the first number is included in the second
number
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RQ2nYUBVvqI

Example: If the ratio of adults to children is 2 to 5, then there are two adults for every
5 children. So, if there are 50 children in attendance, then there are 20 adults. Ratios
can be written in three ways:

2 to 5 2:5 2/5

Example: An adult scolopendromorph centipede has 46 legs and 8 eyes. In a group

of 100 centipedes of the same species, what is the ratio of legs to eyes?

Solution: Note that it doesn't matter if there are 100 or 10,000 centipedes; the ratio of
legs to eyes will remain the same. Writing the ratio using a colon, we get 46:8 .
Divide both numbers by 2. In simplest form, the ratio of legs to eyes is 23:4.

Example: A punch recipe calls for 6 ounces of lime juice, 21 ounces of apricot juice,
and 21 ounces of pineapple juice. What is the ratio of lime juice to apricot juice?

Solution: Writing the ratio using a colon, we get 6:21 or 2: 7

Example: In the recipe above, what is the ratio of apricot juice to the total amount of
punch?

Solution: To find the total amount of punch, add 6+21+21=48. The ratio of apricot juice
to the total amount of punch is 21:48. But this ratio is probably more clearly written as
a fraction, since the apricot juice makes up a fraction of the whole.

21/48 or 7/16.

Example: In a certain room, there are 28 women and 21 men. What is the ratio of men
to women? What is the ratio of women to the total number of people?

Solution: Men : women = 21 : 28 = 3:4

Women : total number of people = 28 : 49 = 4 : 7

Example: Two numbers are in the ratio 3 : 4. If the sum of numbers is 63, find the
numbers.

Solution: Sum of the terms of the ratio = 3 + 4 = 7

Sum of numbers = 63

Therefore, first number = 3/7 × 63 = 27

Second number = 4/7 × 63 = 36

Therefore, the two numbers are 27 and 36.

Example: Ammar and Yasir run a stall at car boot sale and took a total of 90Rs. They
share the money in the ratio 4:5. How much money does each receive?

4+5=9 so 9 parts are needed

Now divide total by 9: 90/9=10 parts each
Ammar gets 4 parts at Rs. 10, giving 4X10=40
Yasir gets 5 parts at Rs. 10, giving 5X10=50.

Example: If x : y = 1 : 2, find the value of (2x + 3y) : (x + 4y)

Solution: x : y = 1 : 2 means x/y = 1/2

Now, (2x + 3y) : (x + 4y) = (2x + 3y)/(x + 4y) [Divide numerator and
denominator by y.]

= [(2x + 3y)/y]/[(x + 4y)/2] = [2(x/y) + 3]/[(x/y) + 4], put x/y = 1/2

We get = [2 (1/2) + 3)/(1/2 + 4) = (1 + 3)/[(1 + 8)/2] = 4/(9/2) = 4/1 ×

2/9 = 8/9

Therefore the value of (2x + 3y) : (x + 4y) = 8 : 9

Example: If 2A = 3B = 4C, find A : B : C

Solution: Let 2A = 3B = 4C = x

So, A = x/2 B = x/3 C = x/4

The L.C.M of 2, 3 and 4 is 12

Therefore, A : B : C = x/2 × 12 : x/3 × 12 : x/4 × 12

= 6x : 4x : 3x

=6:4:3

Therefore, A : B : C = 6 : 4 : 3
Example: What must be added to each term of the ratio 2 : 3, so that it
may become equal to 4 : 5?

Solution: Let the number to be added be x, then (2 + x) : (3 + x) = 4 : 5

⇒ (2 + x)/(5 + x) = 4/5

5(2 + x) = 4(3 + x)

10 + 5x = 12 + 4x

5x - 4x = 12 - 10

x=2
Example:

Example:

Example:

Example:
Red, blue and yellow marbles in a bag have a ratio of 5 to 2 to 6. After removing the
red marbles, there are 32 marbles left in the bag. How many red marbles were in the
bag?
Solution: blue + yellow = marbles left
2x + 6x = 32
8x = 32, so x = 4.
You can use x = 4 and the original 5 : 2 : 6 ratio to find the number of red marbles.
5x = 5 × 4 = 20
There were 20 red marbles in the bag.
Rate–A special ratio that compares two quantities measured in different types of units.

Rate refers to the speed or frequency at which something occurs or changes over time.
It is the measurement of how much of one quantity is happening per unit of another
quantity.

1. Speed: The rate at which a car is traveling can be measured in miles per hour or
kilometers per hour. For example, if a car is driving at a rate of 60 miles per hour,
it means it is traveling 60 miles in one hour.

2. Interest Rates: In finance, interest rates represent the rate at which money grows
over time. For example, if you have a savings account with an interest rate of
5%, it means that your balance will increase by 5% each year.

3. Flow Rate: In fluid dynamics, flow rate measures the amount of fluid that passes
through a given area per unit of time. For instance, the rate at which water flows
through a pipe can be measured in gallons per minute.

4. Birth and Death Rates: Demographers use birth and death rates to analyze
population growth and mortality. Birth rate measures the number of births per
1,000 individuals in a population over a specific period, while death rate
measures the number of deaths per 1,000 individuals in the same population.

5. Reaction Rate: In chemistry, reaction rate denotes how quickly reactants are
consumed or how quickly products are formed. It is typically measured in moles
per liter per second. Reaction rates influence how fast medications or drugs are
metabolized in the body.

6. Disease Spread Rate: Epidemiologists use the concept of rate to measure the
spread of diseases. The rate at which a disease spreads, called the transmission
rate, determines how quickly it can affect a certain population.
 7. Internet Data Transfer Rate: The rate at which data is transferred over the
internet is essential in determining the speed of internet connections. This rate is
commonly expressed in megabits per second (Mbps) or gigabits per second
(Gbps).

8. Crime rates: Crime rates measure the occurrence of different types of crimes in
a given area over a specific period. This information is used by law enforcement
agencies and policymakers to determine resource allocation and implement
crime prevention strategies.

Example: The water dripped at a rate of 2 litres every 3 hours → 


unit rate–a rate with a denominator of 1.

You probably see this sign everyday! The speed limit is 65 mph (miles per hour). This
is also called unit rates.

proportion–A mathematical comparison of two numbers is called proportion. If two

sets of supplied numbers increase or decrease in the same ratio, the ratios are also
directly proportional to one another,

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=USmit5zUGas

Example: For instance, the time it takes a train to travel 50 kilometres per hour is the
same as the time it takes to travel 250 kilometres in 5 hours.
Examples:
 Marks scored is directly proportional to the performance in the test.
 Temperature is directly proportional to heat.
 Energy is directly proportional to work.
 Speed is directly proportional to distance.
 Earning is directly proportional to the amount of work done.
 The amount of food we consume is directly proportional to how hungry we are.
1. Food Preparation at Home
One of the best examples of direct proportion in real life is food preparation at home.
Let us take an example of a family that consists of 4 members. The number of chapatis
required for a one-time meal of the four family members is equal to 20. This roughly
indicates that there are a total of five chapatis for each member. Suppose, one day two
guests join the family for lunch. This means that the total number of people consuming
the food increases from four to six, hence the number of chapatis required also increase
from 20 to 30. Here, one can easily observe the application of direct proportion because
the change in the number of people causes a proportionate change in the number of
chapatis required.

2. Cost of an Object vs the Number of Objects Purchased

The relationship between the cost and quantity of an article is a prominent example of
direct proportion. Let us assume that a child goes to a stationary shop and buys 3 pencils.
The cost of one pencil is equal to 5 rupees; therefore, he pays 15 rupees for 3 pencils.
One week later, the child goes to the same shop and buys 5 pencils and pays 75 rupees
to the shopkeeper. If you observe the relationship between the money spent on the
pencils and the number of pencils brought, you can easily observe that with an increase
in the number of pencils the amount spent increases and similarly with a decrease in the
number of pencils, the amount of money spent reduces proportionately.

3. Earning of a Worker per Day

Suppose, a worker is paid 500 rupees for one day work. This means that the wages
earned in two days are equal to 1000 rupees. Similarly, the worker tends to earn 2000
rupees for four days of work and so on. One can easily observe the pattern and
relationship between the number of days and the amount of money earned. With an
increase in the number of days, the amount of money earned increases. This verifies the
application of direct proportion in real life.
4. Food Requirement at a Hostel
Suppose that a college has two hostels. One of the hostels provides residence to 100
students, while the other hostel has a total strength of 250 students. The hostel with
student strength equal to 100 tends to use 50 packets of milk every day to prepare tea
and coffee. This means that the number of packets required by the second hostel daily
for the preparation of tea and coffee should be equal to 125. This is because the
requirement of the milk packets is directly proportional to the number of students
residing in the hostel. It must be observed that the ratio of the number of milk packets
with respect to the number of students, in this case, is equal to 1/2 and remains constant
for both the hostels irrespective of any variation in the number of students.

5. Petrol Consumption and Distance Travelled

Let us say that a vehicle requires 2 litres of petrol to cover a distance equal to 30 km.
Now, one can easily employ the unitary method to estimate the amount of petrol
required for the vehicle to cover a distance of 60 km. Similarly, one can also calculate
the distance that the vehicle can cover with 8 litres of fuel. If you analyse the
relationship between the quantity of petrol and the distance travelled by the vehicle, you
can easily observe that they are directly proportional to each other. Also, the ratio of
both entities with respect to each other gives out a constant value.
6. Shadow and Height of Objects
At any particular time of the day, the height of an object is directly proportional to the
length of the shadow cast by it on the ground. For instance, suppose that two poles stand
across the opposite corners of a playground. One of the poles is 3m high, while the
height of the second pole is unknown. The pole with a height equal to 3m casts a shadow
that is 6.3m long. At the same time, the other pole casts a shadow that is 8.4m long.
Now, with the help of the unitary method, the height of the second pole can be calculated
easily. The height of the second pole comes out to be 4m. If you compare the heights of
the poles and the lengths of the shadow cast by them, you can easily observe that they
are directly proportional to each other. This means that with an increase in the height of
the pole, the length of the shadow increases accordingly.

7. Age and Height of a Person

The age and height of a person tend to maintain a direct proportionality for the first
few years of his/her life. With an increase in age, a significant and proportionate
increase in the height of a person can be observed easily; however, the reverse is not
possible as the age or height of a person cannot be reversed.
8. Time taken and Distance covered by a Vehicle
Travelling is yet another daily life activity that demonstrates and verifies the concept of
direct proportion in real life. This is because while travelling in a vehicle, the time and
distance entities tend to vary directly. For instance, a car takes 1 hour to cover a distance
of 20 km at a particular speed. It can be estimated that after two hours the car would be
able to cover a distance equal to 40 km, provided the vehicle maintains a constant speed.
This means that with an increase in time, the value of distance covered increases
proportionally. The ratio of distance and time is known as speed, which in this case
remains constant throughout the journey.

9. Temperature and Flame

A gas stove generally has a knob to vary the flame of the burner. When the knob is
rotated in a clockwise direction, the intensity of the flame increases. This causes a
proportionate increase in heat and temperature. Similarly, on rotating the knob in a
counter-clockwise direction, the intensity of the flame reduces, thereby reducing the
temperature. This clearly demonstrates that the two entities are directly proportional to
each other.
10. Farming and Land Available
Farming is yet another real-life activity that makes use of the concept of direct
proportionality. Here, the area of the field and the production of crops vary directly.
This means that if you increase the area of the field, the amount of crop harvested
increases proportionally. Similarly, the lower area of the field corresponds to less
production of the crop.

11. Number of Visitors and Earnings of a Restaurant

The total money earned by a particular restaurant tends to vary directly with respect to
the number of customers or visitors. If the number of customers visiting a restaurant
increases, the sales of the restaurant tend to shoot, thereby increasing the money earned
by it. Similarly, when the customer count at the same restaurant reduces, the sales drop
low and comparatively less money is earned. The ratio between the two entities remains
constant as the change in values of the number of visitors and the money earned is
proportional to each other.

12. Goods Manufactured at a Factory per Hour

Let us say that a goods manufacturing industry produces 25 articles in an hour, then the
number of goods that can be manufactured in 2 hours is definitely equal to 50. Similarly,
100 articles are produced in 4 hours and so on. This example clearly establishes a
directly proportional relationship between the number of articles manufactured and the
time taken by the industry for production.
13. Scaling on Map and Distance between two Cities
Construction of the map of a city is a prominent application of direct proportionality in
real life. The scaling on a map is done at a significantly high rate of precision. This
means that the distance between the cities located on the map and the distance between
the actual cities is finely defined and is proportional to each other. For instance, suppose
the scale of the map is given as 1:20000000 and the distance measured between two
cities located on the map with the help of a ruler is equal to 4 cm. Now, with the help
of a directly proportional relationship of distance between the cities on the map and in
real life, the actual distance between the cities can be calculated easily. By equating the
scale of the map to the ratio of the distance between the cities on the map and in reality,
the actual distance between the two cities comes out to be equal to 800km.

14. Number of Points Scored and Goals Made

The number of points scored and the number of goals made by a particular soccer
team, both entities are directly proportional to each other. If a player scores two goals,
his/her team earns two points. Similarly, if the players score four goals, the points
earned by their team increases by two, and so on.

15. Work and Energy

Work and energy are two physical quantities that usually vary in direct proportion to
each other. Energy is the capacity to do a particular work. This means that the more be
energy, the more will be the amount of work done. Similarly lower be energy, the
lesser will be the amount of work done.

16. Weight and Cost of Fruits

Fruits and vegetables are generally sold according to their weight. For instance, the
cost of 1 kg of apples is equal to 80 rupees. Now, if you intend to buy 4 kg of apples,
you are required to pay 320 rupees to the vendor. Similarly, the total cost to buy 2 kg
of apples is equal to 160 rupees. This means that on increasing the weight of the fruits,
the cost increases and on decreasing the weight of the fruits, the amount to be paid
reduces proportionally. A constant ratio between the weight and price of the fruit is
maintained throughout the process.

17. Temperature and the Melting Rate of an Ice cream

The rate at which ice cream melts is directly proportional to the temperature of the
surrounding in which it is placed. If the temperature of the place is low, then the ice
cream will melt at a lower rate. Similarly, if the temperature of the place is
significantly high, then the ice cream tends to melt at a comparatively faster rate. This
means that an increase or decrease in the value of one entity tends to cause a
proportionate increase or decrease in the value of another entity.
18. Ingredients of a Recipe and the Number of Consumers
Suppose a recipe book is drafted in such a way that the dish cooked with its reference
can be consumed by two people. The ingredients required to cook the same dish for
more or fewer people can be transformed according to the concept of direct
proportionality. For instance, one of the recipes to cook scrambled eggs published in
the book requires 2 eggs, 4gm butter, and 40 ml of milk. Now, if you need to prepare
scrambled eggs for four people, then you are required to calculate the value of the
ingredients with the help of direct proportionality. Here, in this case, the value of
ingredients gets doubled, when the number of consumers double. This means that the
amount of ingredients used in a recipe is directly proportional to the number of people
consuming it.

19. Key Powered Toys

There are a number of key powered toys available in the market. The basis of the
working of such toys is the spring action. When you twist the key attached to one end
of the spring present in the internal structure of the toy in a particular direction for
some time, the spring gets tight. When the user releases the key, the spring tends to
unwind and regain its original shape. At the same time, the mechanism attached to the
other end of the spring tends to move and the toy begins to exhibit motion. Here, the
number of turns provided to the spring is directly proportional to the time duration for
which the toy operates. This means that the more be the number of turns, the longer
will be the time of operation and vice versa.
20. Inflating a Balloon
The force required to inflate a balloon is directly proportional to the number of
molecules of air pushed into the balloon as well as to the size of the balloon. This
means that with an increase in the magnitude of applied force, the number of air
molecules inside the balloon increase, which further causes the balloon to expand and
change shape proportionally.

21. Fan Speed

The speed of most of the fans is adjustable and can be controlled with the help of a
regulator. Generally, the ceiling fans installed in homes can operate on 4-5 speed
modes. The speed changes gradually on rotating the knob of the fan regulator. Here,
the rotation of the regulator knob is directly proportional to the variation in the speed
of the motor or the rotation speed of the fan.
22. Cycling Speed and Force Applied
The relationship between the magnitude of mechanical force applied by a cyclist and
the speed with which the cycle moves is a prominent example of direct
proportionality. This is because on increasing the magnitude of applied force, the
speed of the cycle increases proportionally. Similarly, when the rider slows down the
pedalling speed, the overall speed of the cycle reduces proportionally.

23. Number of Students and Number of Benches in a Class

The number of benches installed in a classroom is always maintained proportional to
the strength of the class. Let us say that a class consists of 40 students, then the
number of two-seater benches required to accommodate all of the students of the class
is equal to 20. If you increase the number of students, then the number of benches
required should also increase accordingly.

24. Number of Visitors on a Site and Chances of Crash

The number of visitors on a particular site is directly proportional to the chances of a
website crash. This is because as the number of people browsing a particular site
increases, a proportional amount of load tends to build on the servers, thereby
increasing the chances of a site crash. Similarly, less traffic on the site corresponds to
less traffic and fewer chances of a server crash.
The other formulas related to proportion are:
 The product of means = the product of extremes. This can be written as
ad = bc
 There are two other proportional formulas based on direct or indirect
variation. If two quantities x and y are in direct proportion, then y = kx
and when two quantities x and y are in indirect proportion, then y = k/x,
where k is the constant of proportionality.
Example: What is the value of x in 12 : x :: 4 : 5?
Solution: Using the proportion formula, a : b :: c : d = a/b = c/d
12/x = 4/5, x = 15

Example : Samar runs 6 miles in 30 minutes. At this rate, how far could he run in
45 minutes?
Solution: Let us assume the unknown quantity here to be x.
Using the proportion formula, 6 : 30 :: x : 45 = 6/30 = x/45
x = 9 miles
Example : Ramish walked 4 miles in 30 minutes. At this rate, how far could she
walk in 60 minutes?
Solution: Let us assume the unknown quantity here to be x.
Using the proportion formula, 4 : 30 :: x : 60
4/30 = x/60 x=8
Direct and Inverse Proportions :
The proportion is said to be a direct proportion between two values when one is a
multiple of the other while The value is said to be inversely proportional when one
value increases, and the other decreases.
Its help us to understand how quantities are dependent on each other.
Let’s say if you drive faster you will reach your destination in less time, Here we see
that speed and time are in opposite relation, hence are in inverse proportion.
similarly, if a labour works for more hours he will earn more thus wage and working
hours are in direct proportion.
Example: you are paid $20 an hour
How much you earn is directly proportional to how many hours you work
Work more hours, get more pay; in direct proportion.
This could be written:
Earnings ∝ Hours worked
If you work 2 hours you get paid $40
If you work 3 hours you get paid $60
etc ...
Example: A vertical pole of 10 m height casts a 20 m long shadow. Find the height of another pole
that casts an 80m long shadow under similar conditions.
Solution: Height Shadow
10 20
x 80

𝑥 80
= → 20𝑥 = 800 → 𝑥 = 40𝑚
10 20
Example:If the cost of 50m of cloth is Rs. 1500, then what will be the cost of 10m of that cloth?
Solution: Cost Rs
50 1500
10 x

10 𝑥
= → 50𝑥 = 15000 → 𝑥 = 300𝑚
50 1500

Example: Following are the vehicle parking charges near a Bus Station.

Number of Hours Parking Charges

(x) (y)

up-to 4 hours Rs.40

up-to 8 hours Rs.80

up-to 12 hours Rs.120

up-to 24 hours Rs.240

Check if the parking charges and parking hours are in direct proportion.
Solutions:
We can observe that the parking charges (y) increase with the increase in the number
of hours (x). Let’s calculate the value of (x / y). If it is a constant, then they are in
direct proportion. Otherwise, they are not in direct proportion.
x /y = 4/40 = 8/80 = 12/120 = 24/240 = 1/10
Here, (1/10) is constant and is called the constant of proportion. You can easily
observe that all these ratios are equal. So they are in Direct Proportion.
Example: If the cost of 35 rice bags of the same size is Rs. 28,000. What is the cost of
100 rice bags of the same kind?
Solution: Bags Rs
35 28,000
100 x
100 𝑥
= → 35𝑥 = 280,000 → 𝑥 = 80,000
35 28,000
Example: If 36 workers can build a wall in 12 days, how many days will 16 workers
take to build the same wall? (assuming the number of working hours per day is
constant)
Solution: Workers Days
36 12
16 x

= → 16𝑥 = (36)(12) → 𝑥 = 27 days

Example: A car takes 4 hours to reach the destination by traveling at a speed of 60 km/h.
How long will it take if the car travels at a speed of 80 Km/h?
Solution: Hours Speed
4 60
x 80

= → 80𝑥 = (60)(4) → 𝑥 = 3 hours

Example: 6 pumps are required to fill a tank in 1 hour 40 minutes. How long will it take if
only 10 pumps of the same type are used?
Solution: Pumps Time
6 1 hr 40 minutes =100 minutes
10 x

= → 10𝑥 = (6)(100) → 𝑥 = 60 minutes