A

Abbreviation - is a shortened form of a word or

phrase, typically using letters or a combination of
letters, to represent the full term.
Example: PAGASA for Philippine
Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical
Services Administration.

Academic Text - a formally structured written

material which critically discusses a concept with the
use of extensive knowledge and research.
Example: Book reviews, critique papers,
essays, movie analysis, reports, research
papers.

Academic writing - is a formal style of writing used

in universities and scholarly publications.
Example: Research proposals, dissertations,
abstracts, and academic articles.

Accuracy - the quality or state of being correct or

precise.

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 Example: "The measurements taken by the
scientist were known for their high accuracy,
ensuring precise results."

Adverbs - a word or phrase that modifies or qualifies

an adjective, verb, or other adverb or a word group,
expressing a relation of place, time, circumstance,
manner, cause, degree, etc.
Examples: Highly, unusually, extremely,
remarkably, daily, frequently etc.

Analyze - examine methodically and in detail the

constitution or structure of (something, especially
information), typically for purposes of explanation and
interpretation.
Example: "A student analyzes the text in order
to understand it."

Analytical text - the author is trying to persuade the

reader and has therefore selected relevant facts to
support their argument.
Example: Movie analysis or how a writer uses
a literary device in a poem.

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Argument - reason or set of reasons given with the
aim of persuading others that an action or idea is right
or wrong.
Example: "There's a strong argument for
lowering the price."

Articles - published in scholarly journals which offer

results and development.
Example: Review article, Original Article,
Book chapter, Book review.

Audience - a group of people who gather to listen or

watch something.
Example: "The audience clapped and
cheered."

Author - a writer of a book, article, or report.

Example: The author of the book series "The
Chronicles of Narnia" is C.S. Lewis.

Auxiliary verbs - a verb used in forming the tenses,

moods, and voices of other verbs.
Examples: Be, do, have, will, shall, would,
should, can, could, may, might, must, ought
etc.
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 B
Background - refers to the information, context, or
circumstances that surround and provide a setting or
context for a particular event, situation, or subject.
Example: "She provided some background
information about the company before starting
her presentation."

Body - in academic text structures it is the heart of the

essay because it expounds the specific ideas for the
readers to have a better understanding of the topic.
Example: "The body of her essay was detailed
and well-constructed."

C
Causal Analysis - a process for identifying and
addressing the causes and effects of a challenge or
problem and answers the questions “why” and “how”.
Example: "Many college students in the
United States become victims of unhealthy
eating for three reasons."

Cause - It's the reason behind an event or action.

Example: “The cause of the tsunami is due to
the earthquake"
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Caution - care taken to avoid danger or mistakes.
Example: “The roads are slippery: drive with
extreme caution."

Citation - is a reference to a source of information,

which allows others to locate and verify the original
material, including details like the author's name, title,
and where the information was published.
Example: Lewis, C. S. (1950). The lion, the
witch, and the wardrobe. HarperCollins.

Coherence - refers to the quality of being logical,

consistent, and easy to understand due to the effective
arrangement and connection of ideas or elements.
Example: "John decided to go for a run. He
laced up his sneakers and headed out the door,
feeling the fresh air on his face."

Coherent - means clear, logical, and easy to

understand because all the parts work well together.
Example: "Jei yen loves to read books. She
visits the library every week to pick out new
ones."

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Compare - examine (two or more objects, ideas,
people, etc.) to note similarities and differences.
Example: “The cat is smaller than the dog."

Concept - A general idea about a thing or a group of

things derived from specific instances or occurrences.
Example: Idea, topic, focus, theme, etc.

Concept Paper - An academic paper that is written

with a primary purpose of identifying and explaining
an idea or a concept related to a particular scholarly
field or discipline before conducting research.
Example: Typically, a two- to three-page
paper that concisely explains a proposed
research project.

Conclusion - summarizes the main points of an

argument or demonstrates an opinion about a topic.
Example: "Though there has been much
debate on the subject, it is clear that
democratic leadership is the best form of
management for the modern workplace."

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Conference papers - are often presented at academic
conferences and may later be revised and expanded for
possible publication as articles in scholarly journals.
Example: The text of a paper or presentation
given at a conference, seminars, symposiums
or similar which has been organized by a
society or an organization.

Content - refers to how clear and focused the main

idea is, if the supporting points are related to the main
idea, and how well the author understands the topic.
Example: "The book's content covers a wide
range of topics, from history to science."

Contrast - the difference or degree of difference

between things having similar or comparable natures.
Example: “We compared and contrasted the
two characters of the story."

Copyright - the exclusive legal right to reproduce,

publish, sell, or distribute the matter and form of
something (such as a literary, musical, or artistic work)
Example: The copyright to copy 10% of a
work without permission.

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Creative - refers to the ability to generate original and
imaginative ideas, often in artistic ways.
Example: “She’s a very creative person."

Critique - a detailed analysis and assessment of

something, especially a literary, philosophical, or
political theory.
Example: "After reading the article, she
provided a thoughtful critique, pointing out
both its strengths and areas that could be
improved."

D
Data - is the sources, and measurement scale taken
from data collection.
Example: Information, results, answers.

Date - refers to a specific day or combination of day,

month, and year on the calendar, it represents a point
in time.
Example: November 1, 2022

Definition - is a method of identifying a term and

making its meaning clearer.

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 Example: "The definition of a 'dictionary' is a
book that provides the meanings, spellings,
and pronunciations of words."

Describing - is a detailed meaning of a concept.

Example: "The ball is round, red and bouncy"

Direct Quoting -means using the exact words of a

source in your own work and placing them within
quotation marks to indicate they are not your own
words.
Example: "United we stand, divided we fall"
by Aesop

Discussion - states the summary of the key findings or

the results of your study.
Example: "After reading the book, they sat
down for a lively discussion about their
favorite characters and plot twists."

Dissertation - is a long and detailed piece of academic

writing on a specific topic, often required for the
completion of a doctoral degree.

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 Example: "Samantha spent months conducting
research and writing her dissertation on
environmental sustainability."

E
Essay - a short piece of writing on a particular subject,
often expressing personal views.
Example: “She wrote an essay about her
opinion on same sex marriage"

Evaluate - to judge or calculate the quality,

importance, amount, or value of something: to assess
something.
Example: "The teacher asked the students to
evaluate their own performance on the project
and identify areas for improvement."

Evidence - refers to facts, information, or data that

support or prove a statement, hypothesis, or argument.
Example: "The fingerprints found at the crime
scene were crucial evidence in solving the
case."

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Explain - make (an idea, situation, or problem) clear
to someone by describing it in more detail or revealing
relevant facts or ideas.
Example: "Could you please explain how to
tie this knot?"

Explicit - stated clearly and in detail, leaving no room

for confusion or doubt.
Example: "The warning label on the medicine
bottle provided explicit instructions on dosage
and usage."

Expository - intended to explain or describe

something.
Example: An essay that explains what
accounting is.

Extend definition - provides a detailed explanation or

description of a term, concept, or idea, often including
additional information, examples, and context to offer
a comprehensive understanding.
Example: An essay.

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 F
Facts - a thing that is known or proved to be true.
Example: "Water is a liquid”

Flow - refers to the smooth and continuous movement

or progression of something, such as a liquid, a
process, or ideas in writing or conversation.
Example: "The story moved seamlessly from
one scene to the next, keeping the reader
engaged and eager to find out what happens
next."

Formal - means following established rules or

conventions, often associated with official or serious
occasions.
Example: Wearing formal attires in a formal
setting.

G
Graphic organizer - is a visual tool or diagram that
helps organize information, concepts, or ideas to aid in
understanding and learning.
Example: Venn diagram, tree diagram, flow
chart, line chart, bar graph, pie chart.

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 H
Heading - a title at the head of a page or section of a
book.
Example: "Introduction to Gardening
Techniques"

I
Idea - a formulated thought or opinion.
Example: "She had many creative ideas for
redesigning the living room, including
rearranging the furniture and adding some
colorful artwork."

Illustrate - explain or make (something) clear by

using examples, charts, pictures, etc.
Example:" She further illustrated her concept
with a video"

Implicit - in which a meaning is implied or hinted at

rather than being expressed directly.
Example: "Though it was never directly
stated, the implicit message of the painting
conveyed a sense of longing and solitude."

Indirect - not straight to the point, an indirect reply.

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 Example: "Instead of directly asking for help,
she used an indirect approach by mentioning
her busy schedule, hoping someone would
offer assistance."

Informal - refers to a relaxed, casual, and friendly

style of communication or behavior, often without
strict adherence to established rules or formalities.
Example: "At the casual dinner with friends,
we sat around the coffee table, laughing and
enjoying each other's company."

Information - facts provided or learned about

something or someone.
Example: Organized and structured data.

In-text citation - an acknowledgement you include in

your text whenever you quote or paraphrase a source.
Example: “According to William (2023) the.
…."

Introduction - is the opening part of a text or speech

that provides an initial overview or context for what
follows.
Example: The first paragraph of an essay.
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Introductory phrases - are groups of words at the
beginning of a sentence that provide additional context
or information, often setting the stage for the main
clause that follows.
Example: however, indeed, therefore; phrases
like “on the one hand,” “in particular,” “for
example,” and “in the meantime”

K
Key points - are the most important or essential pieces
of information or ideas within a larger context.
Example: "In his presentation, John
highlighted three key points: the importance of
time management, effective communication,
and setting achievable goals."

L
Lexical verbs - the main verbs (or action words) in a
sentence.
Example: Walk, sing, ride, etc.

List - a simple series of words or numerals (such as

the names of persons or objects).
Example: Attendance list, grocery list
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Literary analysis - is the examination and evaluation
of a piece of literature, focusing on elements like
themes, characters, plot, and writing style to gain a
deeper understanding of its meaning and artistic
techniques used by the author.
Example: An analysis of novels, short stories,
plays, poems, or any other form of literary
writing.

Literary text - refers to any written work that is

considered to have artistic or literary merit.
Example: Novels, short stories, and poetry.

Literature - written works, especially those

considered of superior or lasting artistic merit.
Example: Manuscripts, poetry, contributions
to collective works, compilations of data or
other literary subject matter, dissertations,
theses.

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 M
Main Points - the most important aspect, the central
idea (of a debate).
Example: "The main point of the discussion is
climate change"

Mechanics - refers to the rules and conventions that

govern the correct use of language.
Example: "Proper mechanics in writing
include using correct punctuation,
capitalization, and spelling to ensure clarity
and readability."

Methodology - is a set of methods and procedures

used in a particular field of study or research to gather
data, analyze information, and draw conclusions.
Example: Methodology of a research paper.

Modal auxiliary verbs - often just called a modal

verb, is a type of auxiliary verb that is used to express
necessity, possibility, permission, ability, or other
related concepts in a sentence.
Example: can, could, may, might, must,
ought, shall, should, will, and would.

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Mode - a way something occurs or is experienced,
expressed, or done.
Example: "Her mode of communication with
her international friends is through video calls
and messaging apps."
N
Narration - the act of telling a story or recounting a
series of events, often from a specific point of view or
perspective.
Example: Storytelling, reading a book for
children, telling a previous situation.

Non-academic writing - refers to any form of writing

that is not primarily intended for scholarly or academic
purposes.
Example: Magazine articles, personal or
business letters, novels, websites, text
messages.

Nouns - a word (other than a pronoun) used to identify

any of a class of people, places, or things (common
noun), or to name a particular one of these (proper
noun).

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 Example: Names (Sarah, Nicole,Nikky), book,
ball, pen.
O
Objective - something that one's efforts or actions are
intended to attain or accomplish; purpose; goal; target.
Example: "The objective is to retrieve the flag
of the other team."

Opinion - a view, judgement, or appraisal formed in

the mind about a particular matter.
Example: "I think it's better to go this way."

Organization - refers to the arrangement or

structuring of elements, resources, or tasks in a
systematic and coordinated manner to achieve specific
goals or objectives efficiently.
Example: "In her neatly arranged workspace,
all the files were labeled, and supplies were
stored in designated drawers, showcasing her
excellent organizational skills."

Outline - to describe something in a general way

without giving too many details.

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 Example: "We first made an outline of our
concept paper to arrange our ideas"

P
Paraphrase - a restatement of a text, passage, or work
by giving the meaning in another form.
Example: "Rose paraphrased the sentence in
order to avoid plagiarism"

Persuade - means to convince or influence someone

to believe or do something.
Example: "Mia persuaded her mom to allow
her to go to the sleepover"

Plagiarism - the practice of taking someone else's

work or ideas and passing them off as one's own.
Example: "If you do not cite your sources, you
are committing plagiarism"

Precision - refers to the quality of being exact,

accurate, and careful in detail or measurement.
Example: "Using a ruler, she measured the
length of the table to be exactly 1.5 meters."

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Probability adjectives - is a word used to describe the
likelihood or chance of something happening.
Example: probable, likely, possible and
certain.

Purpose - the reason for which something is done or

created or for which something exists.
Example: "The purpose of the study is to …."

Q
Quoting - is to speak or write (a passage) from
another usually with credit acknowledgment.
Example: "Life is what happens when you're
busy making other plans." - John Lennon

R
Reference - a source of information (such as a book or
passage) to which a reader or consulter is referred.
Example: Article, Research paper, etc.

Restate - state (something) again or differently,

especially in order to correct or to make it more clear
or convincing.

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 Example: "Grey restated his Thesis Statement
the correct way this time"

Result - outcome of something.

Example: "The pregnancy test results showed
that Lily is pregnant"

Review - a formal assessment or examination of

something with the possibility or intention of
instituting change if necessary.
Example: "Changes to the building had to be
made after the review by the safety
inspectors."

Reword - put (something) into different words.

Example: "Silvia reworded her paragraph to
make it simpler"

Rewrite - write (something) again so as to alter or

improve it.
Example: Original Sentence: "The cat chased
the mouse."
Rewritten Sentence: "The mouse
was chased by the cat."

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 S
Sentence - a set of words that is complete, typically
containing a subject and predicate, conveying a
statement, question, exclamation, or command, and
consisting of a main clause and sometimes one or
more subordinate clauses.
Example: "Miriam picked up the ball."

Source - a place, person, or thing from which

something comes or can be obtained.
Example: Biography, Dictionary, Review of
Related Literature

Statement - a definite or clear expression of

something in speech or writing.
Example: "Mark Twain's Huckleberry Finn is
a great American novel."

Structure - the arrangement of and relations between

the parts or elements of something complex.
Example: Three-act structure (Introduction,
Body, Conclusion), IMRAD (Introduction,
Methodology, Results and Discussion)

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Style - the literary element that describes the ways that
the author uses words.
Example: expository, descriptive, persuasive,
and narrative.

Summary - a brief statement or account of the main

points of something.
Example: "After a long and perilous journey,
the hero ultimately defeats the evil sorcerer,
rescues the princess, and restores peace to the
kingdom."

Supporting details - provide information to clarify,

prove, or explain the main idea.
Example: "Alicia decided to present an
example as her supporting detail"

T
Thesis Statement - is a concise and clear sentence or
paragraph in an essay or research paper that outlines
the main point or argument of the work.
Example: "The rise of online shopping in the
wake of COVID-19 might lead to the
permanent closure of millions of brick-and-

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 mortar outlets." is John’s thesis statement for
his subject, EAPP.

Tone - style or manner of expression in speaking or

writing.
Example: For instance, you could show your
characters attending a party and have the tone
be excited, depressed, sarcastic, frightened, or
hopeful.

Topic - is the subject or theme of a discussion,

conversation, piece of writing, or any form of
communication.
Example: "Teen pregnancy may be
prevented."
Topic Sentence - is a sentence that introduces the
main idea or point of a paragraph.
Example: The paragraph's topic sentence is
"Teen pregnancy may be prevented by
improved education."

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