SOCIAL STUDIES by Ulyssa Salunga

GEOGRAPHY
- It is the broad division of human knowledge which is concerned with the study of the
surface of the Earth and its relation to the activities of man. It is the study of patterns
Geography
and processes.
1. Survival
2. They had to prevail against natural elements.
3. Food and water scarcity – shortage and they hunt for food.
4. Migrations to more hospitable and forgiving places – they move to another place
that has more resources.
Basic needs of the
5. Crafting tools and weapons – they invent weapons using rocks, wood and etc.
Earliest Humans
6. Cultivate the land – planting crops.
7. Learn to live together – building relationships with others.
1. Responding to challenges
2. Stone tools - food, shelter, clothing
Man has actively 3. Canals and dams - irrigation
engaged with his 4. Roads and bridges
Environment 5. Cities and empires - Pyramids, Ziggurats, Colloseum, Acropolis
6. Climate change - mining, water pollution, burning of fossil fuel
BRANCHES OF GEOGRAPHY
1. Cultural/Human
- It deals with human culture and its impact on Earth. Human interaction through the
Geography
environment.
2. Physical - Studies the natural features of the Earth. Landforms and topography; water, flora
Geography and fauna, atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere.
Five Themes of
- Location, Place, Human Environment Interaction, Movement and Regions. (MR HELP)
Geography
FIVE THEMES OF GEOGRAPHY
1. Location - Absolute: exact address.
- Relative: it mentions other places.
- Human Characteristics: main language, customs, and beliefs.
2. Place
- Physical Characteristics: landforms, climate, vegetation, wildlife, soil and etc.
3. Human - How human adopt to their environment.
Environmental - We depend on it by using it for our own benefits.
Interaction - We modify it by heating and cooling buildings for comfort.
- How people, ideas, and animals move from one place to another.
- People: trucks, trains, planes, and etc.
4. Movement
- Information: phones, computers, mails, and etc.
- Idea: televisions, radios, magazines, and etc.
- It is anchored on the grouping of places based on common characteristics.
- Formal Regions: defined by governmental or administrative boundaries (states,
countries, cities); defined by similar characteristics (Corn Belt, Rocky Mountain,
5. Regions
Chinatown).
- Functional Regions: defined by a function (newspaper, service area, cellphone
coverage area).
Physical
1. Landforms – the features of the Earth that are part of a terrain.
Characteristics of
2. Waterforms – the features of the Earth that are bodies of water
the Earth
CLIMATE AND WEATHER
- The condition of the air or atmosphere, on our planet regarding whether it is hot or
Weather cold, rainy or sunny, and dry or wet.
- One atmosphere but different weather all around the world.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF WEATHER
- When the sun shines bright above you, the sky is clear and the warm atmosphere
1. Sunny
gives off chill vibes.
2. Rain - A form of precipitation; water that falls from the sky.
3. Snow - Ice crystals that do not melt into liquid as they fall.
4. Thunderstorms - A storm with thunder and lightning that produces heavy rain and strong winds.
 - The overall weather patterns from a certain region of the world and how the
Climate weather change for a long period of time.
- Long term condition of the atmosphere that changes over 30 years.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF CLIMATE
1. Tropical - The average temperatures are greater than 18oC.
- Zones are so dry because moisture is rapidly evaporated from the air and there is
2. Dry
very little precipitation.
3. Temperature - There are typically warm and humid summers with thunderstorms and mild winters.
4. Continental - These regions have warm to cool summers and very cold winters.
5. Polar - Extremely cols and even in summer, the temperature never goes higher than 10 oC.
- Happens when changes in the Earth’s climate system led to different weather
patterns. Human activities also affect climate changes, and is driving it through global
Climate Change
warming.
- Fossil Fuels
Cause of Climate
- Deforestation
Change
- Intensive Agriculture
CULTURAL FEATURES
- It is often associated with physical characteristics and has been used historically to
create hierarchies and systems of power, whereas ethnic groups are defined by
Race
cultural traits and historical experiences.
- Races were conceptualized as geographical races, whose defining characteristics
were seen as the byproduct of adaptation through natural selection based on
Multi-regional environmental factors.
Theory - These suggest that people are differentiated not biologically, but how humans dealt
with the natural environment.
Sociological
- Race is primarily, though not exclusively, a socially constructed category.
Perspective
Ethnic groups are people who share a common culture.
Ethnic groups are distinguished by their common history, language, customs, norms,
Ethnic Groups and traditions.
Ethnic groups have the consciousness of the common cultural bond.
1. Material – physical and tangible aspects of human culture that can be observed and
studied.
Two types of
2. Non-material – these are intangible cultural heritage, refer to aspects of culture that are not
Cultural Features physical or tangible but are transmitted such as beliefs and practices.
1. Communication PART OF NON-MATERIAL CULTURE
Component - Languages and symbols.
2. Behavioral - Rituals, norms, laws, and mores (morals).
3. Cognitive - Ideas, knowledge, beliefs, and values.

MAJOR CHALLENGES AND CAUSES OF PHILIPPINE CULTURE

- Refers to the global migration and dispersal of Filipinos from the Philippines to other
1. Filipino Diaspora
parts of the world.
- A complex narrative that has deeply shaped the
Philippines' identity, politics, and society. It continues to influence discussions about
2. Colonization
national heritage, social justice, and foreign relations.
3. Media / - Foreign cultures, especially Western, continue to influence Filipinos through media
Technology and advanced technology.
4. Import
- We depend on foreign products.
Dependence
PREHISTORIC CULTURES
ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE
- Big Bang Theory: 1965 - radio astronomers picked up what seemed to be a radio noise that
came from all directions.
1. Big Bang Theory - According to Princeton University, that radio noise was a distant echo of cosmos radiation.
- Cosmos radiation: remnants of particles created after the Big Bang
- Albert Einstein: "The Big Bang did not just create matter but space-time as well.
- The birth of the planets.
2. Continental Drift - "One huge landmass called Pangaea which broke apart. – Alfred Wegener.
Theory - Continent - a large landmass on the surface of the earth.

BEGINNING OF LIFE
1. Theory of
- God created everything.
Creation
- "The Bible is the textbook on the science of Creationism." (Henry Morris)
- Darwin's exploration of the Galapagos Islands in 1835. Often cited were the
2. Theory of
Galapagos finches that manifested subtle differences in features from those in the
Evolution
mainland.

HUMAN ORIGIN
- 1871: Descent of Man by Charles Darwin "Man evolved from ape-like creatures."
1. Australopithecus - 1974: Donald Johanson & Tom Gray discovered the Australopithecus afarensis
(southern ape from the Afar) which was named Lucy.
- 1959: Louis & Mary Leakey found the Zinjanthropus, a cranium from Tanzania.
- Also know as “Handyman”. (Java & Peking man).
2. Homo Habilis - Generally believed to have been the first true human. Its fossils are 2.4 million years
old, the same time period when stone tools were invented.
- Also known as “Erect man”.
3. Homo Erectus
- Its fossils are 1.6 million years old, with the brain size of 800 to 900 ml.
- Also known “Thinking man”.
4. Homo Sapiens - Its fossils are 400,000 years old, with the brain size larger with a taller braincase and
an expanded parietal region than the Homo Erectus.
5. Homo Sapiens –
- Stocky in built and developed a simple stone-tool culture
Neanderthal man
6. Homo Sapiens
- Known as the early modern people who were the most advanced.
Sapiens
Homo Sapiens
- Annealing: heating up flint to make it more workable.
Specialized Tools
Homo Sapiens
- Stone Blade, Bow and Arrow, & Spear Thrower.
Composite Tools
Homo Sapiens
Rudimentary - Camps.
Annual Timetable
CULTURAL EVOLUTION
- Paleo = old; Lithus = stone.
- 5 million years ago to 10,00 BCE.
1. Paleolithic Age
- Foraging and food gathering.
- Harness and fire.
- Painting found in Lascaux, France
- Neo = new; Lithus = stone.
- 7,250 to 6,500 BCE.
2. Neolithic Age - Agricultural revolution.
- Religious beliefs.
- Mesolithic age as transition.
- Tools and weapons.
- Larger populations.
- More complex communities.
- Revolutionized warfare.
- Smelting: extraction of metal from ore.
- Transition from Stone metalworking advances were made, as bronze, copper and tin alloy,
was discovered used for weapons and tools.
3. Metal Age
- Advancements in architecture and art.
- Government and religion.
- Ways to heat and forge iron (1,300 to 900 BC).
- Iron was more precious than gold.
- Mass production of tools and weapons.
- Architecture.
- Agriculture, art, religion, and writing systems.
 ANCIENT EGYPT
- Nile River: “Egypt is the gift of the Nile” -Herodotus
Geographic Setting : Longest river in the world means of transportation source of irrigation
: Deserts surround Egypt and became natural barriers against invaders.
- Polytheistic: consists of numerous deities.
- Amon-Re: chief god and of righteousness
- Osiris: ruler of the Nile and spirits of the dead
- Seth: killed Osiris, his brother
- Isis: goddess of creation and love; wife of Osiris whose life she brought back
- Horus: son of Isis; rival of Seth; Falcon God
- Anubis: jackal-headed god of the graveyard
- Ka: soul
- LIFE IN PARADISE: “In order to live there, your heart must weigh lighter than a feather.
If not, will be fed to the crocodile-headed god.
Religion - Mummification: belief of happy life after death preservation of body for the soul to
inhabit in the afterlife.
: Ut - process of embalming organs are placed in canopic jars body is
soaked in natron for 40 days, then washed, purified, and dried wrapped in pads of
linen and packages of natron fill the body incantations are recited.
- Pyramids: symbol of gandeur of Ancient Egypt.
: tomb - place of ascent of deceased royals through their journey to
eternity.
: are abandoned due to costs and were replaced with:
Valley of the Kings - in the desert necropolis; two branches are: a) West and
b) East, where most number of tombs were discovered.
- Theocracy: a system of government in which priests rule in the name of God or a
god.
Government
- Pharaoh: ruler and worshipped as the
god Horus having absolute powers.
- Hieroglyphics - system of writing that used pictures/symbols standing for sounds.
Government - Scribes: specially educated people who master hieroglyphics.
(System of Writing) - Rosetta stone: 3 feet high stone inscribed with three types of writing: Greek, Demotic
Egyptian, and Hieroglyphics.
SPREAD OF CULTURE
- Upper Egypt: in the South near Sudan, centered in Thebes.
- Lower Egypt: in the North near the Mediterranean Sea, centered in Memphis; first
1. Archaic Period
dynasty.
- Papyrus writing and Calendar – present.
- Rise of Pharaohs.
- Age of Pyramids.
- Limestone blocks were used in construction which weigh 2.5 tons each.
2. Old Kingdom
- Step Pyramid in Saqqara - designed by Imhotep (father of Architecture in Stone).
- First Intermediate Period - time of civil wars due to the fall of central authority.
- Central Authority reestablished in Thebes.
- Marked by irrigation projects in Faiyum, town of Sobek.
3. Middle Kingdom - Military campaigns - Nubia, Libya, Sinai, Palestine, and Syria.
- Mummification - ordinary people were allowed.
- Invasion of Hyksos.
- Ahmose I - defeated the Hyksos, reestablishing authority.
- Territory - expanded through military conquest.
- Age of Empire.
- Thutmose III - ruled and captured Nubia and North Sudan.
- Hatshepsut - proclaimed herself as pharaoh, later on forced out throne and records
4. New Kingdom
erased.
- Zenith of Egyptian Rule - Amenhotep III.
- Babylonia sent gifts to Egypt.
- Akhenaton - son of Amenhotep III, heretic pharaoh.
- King Tutankhamen (9-11 yrs. old) succeeded.
 - Rameses II reclaimed Palestine and engaged with Hittites.
- Hebrews were set free to go to their promised land.
- Persians - conquered Egypt.
- Alexander the Great - conquered Egypt.
- Romans - turned Egypt as a province.
- Arab conquest - removed Roman control.

Goodluck:)