Scribd
Upload
8 views

21EEE01 Utilization & Conservation of Electrical Energy

Uploaded by

Wizard
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
8 views

21EEE01 Utilization & Conservation of Electrical Energy

Uploaded by

Wizard
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 26

21EEE01

Utilization & Conservation of Electrical Energy

Module 1
1.1 Electric Traction: Merits of electric traction , Requirements of
electric traction system, Supply systems
1.2 Mechanics of train movement, Traction motors and control
1.3 Braking, Recent trends in electric traction
1.4 Illumination: Importance of lighting, Laws of illumination, Properties of
good lighting scheme
1.5 Photometry , Basic design of illumination schemes for residential,
commercial, street lighting, factory lighting and flood lighting
1.6 Types of lamps, Lighting calculations, LED lighting and energy saving
lamps.
COURSE OUTCOMES ADDRESSED

• CO 2 : DESIGN EFFECTIVE LIGHTING SYSTEMS FOR


VARIOUS APPLICATIONS. [AP]

SKCT / EEE / 21EEE01 / MODULE 1 3


ILLUMINATION
• When light falls on a surface, the surface is illuminated and the
phenomenon is known as illumination. Mathematically, the
illumination is defined as the luminous flux falling on a surface
per unit area, i.e.,

When light falls on a surface, it becomes visible, the


phenomenon is called as illumination.
PLANE ANGLE
The angle subtended at a point by two
converging lines lying in the same
plane is called plane angle. It is
measured in radians and equal to the
ratio of the length of the arc too its
radius,

θ = arc/ radius = l/ r radians

13/02/2020
SOLID ANGLE
The angle subtended by the partial
surface area of a sphere at its centre
is called as solid angle. It is
measured in steradians and equal to
the ratio of area of the surface to the
square of radius of sphere,
ω = area of surface/ square of
radius = A/ r2 steradians

13/02/2020
•Light: That part of radiant energy from a hot
body which produced the visual sensation
on human eye is called light.

•Radiant Efficiency : Ratio of Energy radiated


in the form of light to Total energy radiated
by the body when heated.

13/02/2020
Luminous Flux
•The total quantity of radiant energy per second
responsible for visual sensation from a
luminous body is called Luminous Flux.

•It is represented as F of Ø and measured in


lumens.

13/02/2020
Luminous Intensity
•Luminous intensity in any particular direction is
the luminous flux emitted by the source per unit
solid angle in that direction.

•It is denoted by I and its unit is candela or


candle power (CP) .

•Luminous intensity of source in a particular


direction, I = φ / ω

13/02/2020
Lumen
•It is the unit of luminous flux. One lumen is
defined as the luminous flux emitted per unit
solid angle from a point source of one candle
power.

13/02/2020
Candle Power
•The light radiating capacity of a source is called its
candle power. The number of lumens given out by
a source per unit solid angle in a given direction is
called its candle power. It is denoted by C.P.

Total flux emitted = CP X solid angle


= 1 X 4π = 4π lumens
= 4π lumens

13/02/2020
Lux
One meter candle or lux is defined as the
illumination produced by a uniform souce of one CP
on the inner surface of a sphere of radius one
meter.

13/02/2020
Glare
In the human eye, the opening of pupil is controlled by its iris
which depends upon the intensity of light received by the
eye. If the eye is exposed to a very bright source of light,
the pupil of the eye contracts automatically in order to
reduce the amount of light admitted and prevent damage to
the retina. This effect is called glare.

Glare is defined as the brightness within the field of vision of


such a character so as to cause discomfort and interference
in vision.

13/02/2020
LAWS OF ILLUMINATION

The illumination on a surface depends upon the luminous


intensity, distance between the source and surface and the
direction of rays of light. It is governed by following laws :

1. Inverse square law


2. Lambert’s cosine law

13/02/2020
THE INVERSE SQUARE LAW

• The light received by any surface depends upon the distance of


that surface from the source of light. The inverse square law
gives the relation between the distance of the surface and the
illumination of the surface.

Statement of Inverse Square Law


• The inverse square law states that "the illumination of a surface
is inversely proportional to the square of distance of the surface
from a point source of light."
• Let us consider a point source of light 'S' having luminous intensity 'I'
lumens per steradian. If two surfaces having areas A1 and A2 are
placed at distances 'r' and 'R' meters away respectively from the point
source. Let these surfaces be enclosed in the same solid angle 'ω'.
This expression is known as
the inverse square law of
illumination. From this
expression, it can be seen that
the illumination varies inversely
as square of the distance
between the source and the
surface. This relation can be
applied to all light sources.
LAMBERT'S COSINE LAW

The light received by any surface depends upon the angle made by the
normal to the surface, to the light flux. The Lambert's cosine law of
illumination explains the relation between the illumination of the surface and
the cosine of the angle.

Statement
The Lambert's cosine law of illumination states that
"The illumination of a surface is directly proportional to the cosine of the
angle between the normal to the surface and the direction of incident light".
ADVANTAGES OF ELECTRIC LAMPS

•Cleanliness
•Convenience
•Steady Light Output
•Reliability
GOOD ILLUMINATION SCHEME
• A good illumination scheme is the one under the influence of
which the eyes of a person, using the light, do not feel any
strain.

• For example, if the light is too dim, then one cannot observe the
objects properly. On the other hand, if the light is too bright,
then eyes start watering and are made to open forcibly.

• Thus, the good illumination scheme does not have the above
mentioned effects, but we find comfort while working under it.
FEATURES OF GOOD ILLUMINATION SCHEME
• It should provide adequate illumination.

• The illumination scheme adopted should avoid hard shadows and


glare on the eyes.

• It should have suitable shades and reflectors.

• It should provide light of suitable color.

• A good illumination scheme requires the installation of the light


source at such a place so as to give uniform light over the working
plane.
ADVANTAGES OF GOOD ILLUMINATION SCHEME
• Allows the persons to see easily and accurately to work at an efficient
speed.
• Prevents fatigue and strain on eyes.
• Helps to create a pleasant atmosphere.
• Provides light in economical manner.
• Provides a perfect lux value that is not less, not more for the respective
purpose.
• Provides good lighting maintenance.
• Utilizes day light and blend it properly with the light produced by the
artificial source.
• Avoids excessive brightness, contrast, glare and hard shadows.
• Provides the light of correct color.
• Provides safety, security, and increases productivity.

You might also like