Handbook RS521

Issue 7 | December 2024

Signals, Handsignals,
Indicators and Signs

Published by
Rail Safety and Standards Board Ltd
Published by
RSSB
The authoritative version of this document is available at
www.rssb.co.uk

Contents approved by Traffic Operation and Management

Standards Committee.

Enquiries on this document can be forwarded to:

https://customer-portal.rssb.co.uk/

Signals, Handsignals,
Indicators and Signs
Handbook RS521

First issued December 2013

Issue 7, September 2024

©Copyright 2024
Rail Safety and Standards Board Limited
You will need this handbook if you
need to understand the meaning of
signals, handsignals, indicators and
signs.

1
 Contents

1 Definitions and identification of signals

1.1 Definitions
1.2 Signal types - identification

2 Colour light signals

2.1 Three-aspect signalling - normal sequence

2.2 Four-aspect signalling - normal sequence
2.3 Junction indicators
2.4 Route indicators
2.5 Flashing yellow aspects
2.6 Splitting distant signals
2.7 Position-light signals
2.8 Colour light signals not in use

3 Semaphore signals

3.1 Distant signals

3.2 Stop signals
3.3 Route indications
3.4 Semaphore subsidiary signals
3.5 Semaphore shunting signals that display a red aspect
3.6 Semaphore shunting signals that display a yellow
aspect
3.7 Route indications by shunting signals
3.8 Semaphore signals not in use

2
 Contents

4 ERTMS boards

4.1 Block markers

4.2 ERTMS lines where lineside signals are provided
4.3 Cab signalling boards
4.4 Shunt entry boards

5 Other signals and indicators

5.1 Limit of shunt signals or indicators

5.2 Stop boards
5.3 Possession limit boards (PLB)
5.4 Work-site marker boards
5.5 Signal passed at danger (SPAD) indicator
5.6 Points indicators
5.7 Banner repeating and co-acting signals
5.8 ‘Off’ indicators
5.9 ‘Close-doors’ indicator
5.10 ‘Right-away’ indicators
5.11 Rear clear marker
5.12 Mid-platform train berth marker
5.13 Whistle boards
5.14 Preliminary route indicators
5.15 Automatic warning system (AWS) cancelling indicators
5.16 AWS gap indicators
5.17 AWS on a bi-directional line

6 Level crossing signs and indicators

6.1 Level crossing signs

6.2 Level crossing indicators

3
 Contents

7 Speed indicators

7.1 Permissible speed indicators

7.2 Warning indicators
7.3 Permissible speed indicators at diverging junctions
7.4 Differential permissible speed indicators
7.5 Permissible speed indicators with letters
7.6 Enhanced permissible speed (EPS) indicators

8 Speed restriction signs

8.1 Temporary speed restriction signs

8.2 Emergency indicator

9 AC Electrified lines signs

9.1 Neutral section signs

9.2 Coasting signs

10 Radio signs

11 Telephone signs

11.1 Telephones
11.2 Limited clearance telephones
11.3 Signals without telephones

4
 Contents

12 Other lineside signs

12.1 Low adhesion hazard signs

12.2 Sandite markers
12.3 Signal reminder signs
12.4 Countdown markers
12.5 Coasting boards
12.6 Car stop markers
12.7 Mile posts
12.8 Gradient signs
12.9 Spring catch points sign
12.10 Bridge identity plates
12.11 Safety signs
12.12 End of emergency special working sign
12.13 Flexible train arrival point signs

13 Lineside handsignals

5
 1 Definitions and identification
of signals

1.1 Definitions
Stop signal
A stop signal is a signal that can show a stop aspect or indication.
It also includes:
• position-light signals
• shunting signals
• limit of shunt signals or indicators
• stop boards
• buffer stop indications
• possession limit boards
• work-site marker boards.
Distant signal
A distant signal is a signal which cannot show a stop aspect or
indication.
Some colour light distant signals are identified by a white triangle
or the letters ‘R’ or ‘RR’ on the signal identification plate.
Automatic signal
A signal operated by the passage of trains. The signaller or a
person operating a signal post replacement switch can place
some automatic signals to danger.
Controlled signal
A signal operated by the signaller, some of which may be set by
the signaller to work automatically.
Semi-automatic signal
A signal normally operated by the passage of trains, but can also
be controlled from a signal box or a ground frame, or by a person
operating a signal post replacement switch.
Intermediate block home signal
A stop signal that controls the exit from an intermediate block
section, and the entrance to an absolute block section or another
intermediate block section.

6
1 Definitions and identification
of signals

1.2 Signal types - identification

The meanings of signal identification plates are as follows:

7
 2 Colour light signals

2.1 Three-aspect signalling - normal

sequence
The normal sequence of three-aspect signalling is:

8
2 Colour light signals

2.2 Four-aspect signalling - normal

sequence
The normal sequence of four-aspect signalling is:

9
 2 Colour light signals

2.3 Junction indicators

Junction indicators are provided to show that a train is being
signalled to a route to the left or right of the straight route.
A junction indicator is normally
located above the signal, and
will display a line of white lights
when a proceed aspect is
displayed.

When the straight route is obvious, there is normally no junction

indicator provided for this route.
Where there is no obvious straight route, a junction indicator will
be provided for all signalled routes.
Where the straight route is not the highest-speed route, the
junction indicator will normally apply to the lower-speed route.
Where the diverging routes ahead are both of equal speed, a
junction indicator will be provided for each route.

10
2 Colour light signals

2.4 Route indicators

At some locations a route
indicator is provided at the
signal. The indicator will display
either a letter or a number to
show the route onto which the
movement is being signalled.
Route indicators may also be
associated with a junction
indicator.

11
 2 Colour light signals

2.5 Flashing yellow aspects

A flashing yellow aspect means facing points at a junction ahead
are set for a diverging route with a lower speed than that for the
straight route.
The normal sequence of three-aspect flashing yellow signalling is:

Three--aspect flashing yellow signalling

When a single steady yellow aspect is displayed together with a
junction indicator at signal 4, this has the normal meaning of a
yellow aspect, be prepared to stop at the next signal (number 5).
This applies even though a flashing aspect may have been
displayed at signal 3.

12
2 Colour light signals

The normal sequence of four-aspect flashing yellow signalling is:

Four--aspect flashing yellow signalling

If the train is between signals 2 and 3 when signal 4 is cleared for
the diverging route, signal 3 may then display one flashing yellow
aspect. This applies even though a steady aspect has been
displayed at signal 2.
When a single steady yellow aspect is displayed together with a
junction indicator at signal 4, this has the normal meaning of a
single yellow aspect, be prepared to stop at the next signal
(number 5). This applies even though a flashing aspect may have
been displayed at signal 3.

13
 2 Colour light signals

Flashing yellow signalling in ERTMS areas

For trains on which ERTMS is operating the ability of approaching
signals to display flashing aspects will be disabled. Only standard
aspect sequences will be displayed to these trains. Route or
junction indicators will continue to operate.

2.6 Splitting distant signals

Splitting distant signals are used to show which route is set at a
diverging junction.
Splitting distant signals may be provided with three or four aspect
signalling.
Examples of a four aspect primary head with left-hand off-set
head, and a three aspect primary head with right-hand off-set
head are shown below.

14
2 Colour light signals

Splitting distant signals with junction signal at danger where

there is a left--hand diverging route
The junction signals are at danger so no aspect is shown in the
off-set heads.

15
 2 Colour light signals

Splitting distant signals with junction signal at danger where

there is a right--hand diverging route
The junction signals are at danger so no aspect is shown in the
primary heads.

16
2 Colour light signals

Splitting distant signals with junction signal cleared for the

straight route where there is a left--hand diverging route
The aspects displayed in the primary heads indicate what aspect
is shown at the first signal after the junction. The off-set heads on
the approach to the junction signal display aspects appropriate for
the junction signal being at danger.

17
 2 Colour light signals

Splitting distant signals with junction signal cleared for the

straight route where there is a right--hand diverging route

The aspects displayed in the primary heads indicate what aspect

is shown at the first signal after the junction. The off-set heads on
the approach to the junction signal display aspects appropriate for
the junction signal being at danger.

18
2 Colour light signals

Splitting distant signals with junction signal cleared for the

left--hand diverging route
The junction signal is cleared for the left-hand diverging route and
is not approach released so the aspects displayed in the off-set
heads indicate what aspect is shown at the first signal after the
junction. The primary heads on the approach to the junction
display aspects that are appropriate for the junction signal being at
danger.

19
 2 Colour light signals

Splitting distant signals with junction signal cleared for the

right--hand diverging route
The junction signal is cleared for the right-hand diverging route
and is not approach released so the aspects displayed on the
off-set heads indicate what aspect is shown at the first signal after
the junction. The primary heads on the approach to the junction
signal display aspects appropriate for the junction signal being at
danger.

20
2 Colour light signals

2.7 Position-light signals

Position-light signals that display a red aspect
These position-light signals are normally positioned at ground
level independent of a main aspect.
When proceeding on the authority of a main aspect, any
position-light signals along the route between main running
signals will show a proceed aspect.
The signal identification plate may also have a direction arrow
showing the line to which the signal applies.

These indicate stop.

21
 2 Colour light signals

Position-light signals that display a yellow aspect

Position-light shunting signals that display a yellow aspect are
stop signals applying only to movements in the direction to which
the signal can be cleared. Other movements can pass the signal
without it being cleared.

The signal identification plate

may also have a direction
arrow showing the line to which
the signal applies.
These indicate stop.

The signal can be passed in the ‘stop’ position when a movement

is being made towards the shunt neck or siding and not the
running line.
The route may be obstructed, including by a train or vehicle.

Yellow position--light signal

22
2 Colour light signals

Position-light signals that display a proceed aspect

If a position-light signal
displays two white lights at 45°,
this authorises the driver to
proceed at caution towards the
next train, signal or buffer stop,
and be prepared to stop short
of any obstruction.

Position-light signals associated with a main aspect

These are normally positioned

below the main aspect they are
associated with, and often on
the same signal post.
The normal aspect for a
position-light signal is unlit.
This means ‘obey the main
signal’.

When the position-light signal

shows two white lights at 45° it
authorises the driver to
proceed at caution towards the
next train, signal or buffer stop,
and be prepared to stop short
of any obstruction.

23
 2 Colour light signals

Position light signal that has an associated route

indicator

Route indicators associated

with position-light signals are of
miniature design, and display a
letter or a number that shows
the route onto which the train is
being signalled.

2.8 Colour light signals not in use

When not in use, main and
position-light signals are
covered up.
Main aspects may also have a
large ‘X’ displayed over the
cover.

24
3 Semaphore signals

3.1 Distant signals

These signals show the following indications.
Caution
Indication by day: arm
horizontal.
Indication by night: yellow light
or reflectorised indication.
Meaning: be prepared to stop
at the next stop signal, or other
specified place to which the
distant signal applies.

Clear
Indication by day: arm raised or lowered 45°.
Indication by night: green light.
Meaning: all associated stop
signals worked from the same
signal box are clear.

If there is only one distant signal provided for a diverging junction,

this signal applies to all trains that approach it.

25
 3 Semaphore signals

3.2 Stop signals

These signals show the following indications.
Danger
Indication by day: arm
horizontal.
Indication by night: red light.
Meaning: stop.

Clear
Indication by day: arm raised or
lowered 45°.
Indication by night: green light.
Meaning: proceed.

If there is a distant signal on

the same post as a stop signal:
• the stop signal is worked by
the signal box at that
location, and
• the distant signal is
normally worked by the
signal box ahead.
The stop signal that controls
movements into a loop, siding
or no-block line may be a
miniature semaphore arm.
Meaning when cleared:
proceed at caution and be
prepared to stop short of any
train, vehicle or any
obstruction.

26
3 Semaphore signals

3.3 Route indications

Indications of route within semaphore-signalled areas may be
given by one of the following methods.
• ‘Stepping’.
• ‘Stacking’.
• A route indicator.
The diagram below shows the ‘stepping’ arrangement of signals.
This arrangement is the normal method of route indication on
running lines in semaphore areas.
Signal 1 applies to the route on the extreme left. Signals 2 and 3
apply to successive routes to the right.

Stepping

27
 3 Semaphore signals

The diagram below shows the ‘stacking’ arrangement. This

arrangement is the normal method of route indication for shunting
signals in yards and sidings, and also on running lines where
there is little gantry space.
Signal 1 applies to the route on the extreme left. Signals 2 and 3
apply to successive routes to the right.

Stacking
At some locations a route indicator is provided at the signal. The
indicator will display a figure or letter to show the route onto which
the movement is being signalled.

Route Indicator

28
3 Semaphore signals

3.4 Semaphore subsidiary signals

Semaphore subsidiary signals are always associated with the
main arm of a semaphore stop signal.
The subsidiary signal will
always be positioned below the
main semaphore arm with
which it is associated, and on
the same signal post.
When the subsidiary signal is in
the ‘normal’ position this means
‘obey the main arm’.
The ‘normal’ indication is:
• the arm in the horizontal
position
• a red, white or no light
displayed.
The proceed indication is:
• the arm raised or lowered
45°
• a green light displayed.
When the signal is cleared, it
authorises the driver to:
• pass the main arm at
danger
• proceed at caution towards
the next train, signal or
buffer stop, and be
prepared to stop short of
any obstruction.
At some locations, clearing the
subsidiary signal will also show
an indicator displaying either
the letter ‘C’ or ‘S’.

29
 3 Semaphore signals

Calling-on
When this signal is cleared with
the letter ‘C’ showing, it
authorises the driver to
proceed at caution towards the
next train, signal or buffer stop,
and be prepared to stop short
of any obstruction.

Shunt-ahead
When this signal is cleared with
the letter ‘S’ showing, it
authorises the driver to
proceed for shunting purposes
only.

30
3 Semaphore signals

3.5 Semaphore shunting signals that

display a red aspect
Semaphore shunting signals that display a red aspect are stop
signals.
Shunting signals have a:
• white disc with a red horizontal bar, or
• miniature semaphore arm with a vertical white stripe.
These signals show the following indications.
Danger
Indication by day: arm or bar
horizontal.
Indication by night: red light.
Meaning: stop.

Proceed
Indication by day: disc turned
45° or arm raised or lowered
45°.
Indication by night: green light.
Meaning: proceed at caution as
far as the line is clear.

31
 3 Semaphore signals

3.6 Semaphore shunting signals that

display a yellow aspect
Semaphore shunting signals that display a yellow aspect are stop
signals applying only to movements in the direction to which the
signal can be cleared. Other movements can pass the signal
without it being cleared.
Shunting signals have a:
• white disc with a yellow bar
• black disc with a yellow bar
• miniature semaphore arm with a vertical black stripe.
These signals show the following indications.
Stop
Indication by day: bar or arm
horizontal.
Indication by night: yellow light.
Meaning: stop. The driver may
pass the signal in the ‘stop’
position when the movement is
being made towards the shunt
neck or siding and not the
running line.

Proceed
Indication by day: disc turned
45° or arm raised or lowered
45°.
Indication by night: green light.
Meaning: proceed at caution as
far as the line is clear.

32
3 Semaphore signals

Yellow shunt signal

33
 3 Semaphore signals

3.7 Route indications by shunting signals

These signals show the following indications. Signal 1 applies to
the route on the extreme left. Signals 2 and 3 apply to successive
routes to the right.

34
3 Semaphore signals

3.8 Semaphore signals not in use

When semaphore signals are
not in use, they have:
• a large X fixed on the signal
arm, or
• the disc covered over.

35
 4 ERTMS boards

4.1 Block markers

A block marker consists of a reflective square sign showing a

yellow arrow on a blue background. The arrow shows which line
the marker applies to.
Each block marker is provided with a unique identification plate, of
white characters on a black background.

36
4 ERTMS boards

4.2 ERTMS lines where lineside signals

are provided

A train on which ERTMS is operating can be issued with a

movement authority (MA) to any intermediate block marker. In this
case signal GB1 will display a yellow aspect.
If a train is not fitted with ERTMS or a train on which ERTMS is
operating in other than full supervision (FS) or on sight (OS), then
even if the route is set to block marker BM2 signal GB1 will
display a red aspect.

37
 4 ERTMS boards

4.3 Cab signalling boards

Warning of start of cab signalling board

This board indicates that

ERTMS signalling is about to
start.

Start of cab signalling board

This board indicates that

ERTMS signalling is about to
start.

End of cab signalling board

This board indicates the end of

ERTMS signalling.

38
4 ERTMS boards

4.4 Shunt entry boards

Shunt entry boards consist of a
reflective board showing a
white chevron on a violet
background. The chevron
points toward the line to which
the shunt entry board applies.
Shunt entry boards mark the
entry of a shunt route on
ERTMS cab signalled lines
where lineside signals are not
provided.
The identity of a shunt entry
board is shown on an
identification plate in white
characters on a black
background.

39
 5 Other signals and indicators

5.1 Limit of shunt signals or indicators

Limit of shunt signals or indicators are either:
• instructions on illuminated signs, or
• two red lights horizontally displayed.
No part of the train may pass a limit of shunt signal or indicator
unless authorised by the signaller.

If a limit of shunt signal or indicator is passed without authority, it is

a signal passed at danger.

5.2 Stop boards

A stop board shows the word
‘Stop’ and may also:
• show other instructions
• be illuminated.
The driver or person controlling
the movement may only
proceed past the stop board
when:
• the instructions on the stop
board have been carried
out, or
• permission to do so has
been given by the
authorised person.
If a stop board is passed
without authority, it is a signal
passed at danger.
40
5 Other signals and indicators

5.3 Possession limit boards (PLB)

A PLB identifies the boundary of a possession. They may also be
used as part of the protection for a line blockage.
The board is red, double-sided and is visible along the line in both
directions.
It will also have a steady or flashing red light visible along the line
in both directions.

If a PLB is passed without authority, it is a signal passed at

danger.

41
 5 Other signals and indicators

5.4 Work-site marker boards

Work-site marker boards may be provided within a possession of
a running line.
The board is yellow, double-sided and is visible along the line in
both directions.
It has two red flashing lights which indicate an entrance to a work
site. The authority of the Engineering Supervisor or Safe Work
Leader is needed to pass it.
It has two yellow flashing lights which indicate an exit from a work
site. The authority of the PICOP is needed to pass it.
Both indications are treated as a stop signal.

If a work-site marker board is passed without authority, it is a

signal passed at danger.

42
5 Other signals and indicators

5.5 Signal passed at danger (SPAD)

indicator
Where provided, SPAD indicators are normally positioned about
50 metres (55 yards) beyond certain signals.
The indicator has a three-aspect signal head which is fitted with a
blue backplate.
Indications and meanings

The indicator is not normally lit.

If a signal is passed at danger,
the indicator will be activated. It
will then display:
• a flashing red light in the
top and bottom aspect
• a steady red light with the
word STOP in the centre
aspect.

If the indicator is activated, any movement on the line to which the

signal applies or any other line, is to be brought to a stand
immediately and the signaller contacted.

43
 5 Other signals and indicators

5.6 Points indicators

A points indicator is associated with hydro-pneumatic and certain
other types of points and is identified by a sign showing the words
‘Points indicator’.
They display the following indications.
Indication: A red light that may
be steady or flashing or no light
is showing.
Meaning: Stop at the points
indicator and contact the
signaller unless otherwise
authorised.

Indication: A steady yellow

light.
Meaning: The points to which it
applies are fitting correctly.

If a points indicator is passed without authority, it is a signal

passed at danger.

44
5 Other signals and indicators

5.7 Banner repeating and co-acting

signals
Banner repeating signals
Banner repeating signals are provided on the approach to certain
signals which have restricted sighting (for example because of
curvature of the line, buildings or tunnels), to give advance
information of the signal aspect.
Position: On
Meaning: distant signal to
which it applies is at caution.

Position: Off
Meaning: distant signal to
which it applies is showing
clear.
Position: On
Meaning: the signal to which it
applies is at danger.

Position: Off
Meaning: the signal to which it
applies is displaying a proceed
aspect.
Position: Off
Meaning: the signal to which it
applies is displaying a green
aspect.
Position: On for the Straight
Route
Off for the Diverging Route
Meaning: the signal to which it
applies is displaying a proceed
aspect for the diverging line
and danger for the straight
route.

45
 5 Other signals and indicators

Co-acting signals
Co-acting signals are provided to give both short and long
distance sighting of the signal. A co-acting signal repeats the
exact aspect or indication of the main signal. Co-acting signals are
always the same type (colour light or semaphore) as the main
signal.

46
5 Other signals and indicators

5.8 ‘Off’ indicators

If an ‘OFF’ indicator is provided at a platform, it will:

• show the word ‘OFF’ when the signal to which it applies shows
a proceed aspect
• on an ERTMS line without lineside signals, show the word
'OFF' when a route has been set
• allow a guard or platform staff to check the signal is clear, or a
route has been set, before commencing the train dispatch
procedure
• show no indication when the signal to which it applies is at
danger, or a route has not been set.
On a bi-directional platform line, the ‘OFF’ indication may be
accompanied by an ‘UP’ or ‘DN’ or other indication to show which
route has been set.
An ‘OFF’ indication does not always mean the line ahead is clear
as the signal to which it applies may have been cleared for
another train standing ahead in the same platform.
On an ERTMS line without lineside signals, an 'OFF' indication
does not always mean that the line ahead is clear as a route may
have been set for another train standing ahead in the same
platform.
‘OFF’ indicators may be provided at locations other than platforms
to show the driver that the signal to which they apply is displaying
a proceed aspect, or that a route has been set to which they apply.

47
 5 Other signals and indicators

5.9 ‘Close-doors’ indicator

Close-doors indicators display
the letters ‘CD’ when
illuminated, and let the driver
know that it is safe to close the
power-operated doors on the
train.

5.10 ‘Right-away’ indicators

Right-away indicators display
the letters ‘R’ or ‘RA’.

If this indicator is illuminated, it

tells the driver that station
duties are complete, the train is
secure and that it is safe to
proceed.

5.11 Rear clear marker

This sign informs the driver that
the train has cleared a defined
location to the rear.

48
5 Other signals and indicators

5.12 Mid-platform train berth marker

This sign informs the driver of
the sub-divisions along a
station platform to permit its
use by more than one train.

5.13 Whistle boards

A whistle board may be
provided on the approach to
some level crossings.
The whistle board can be a
retro-reflective round sign or a
cut out.

49
 5 Other signals and indicators

5.14 Preliminary route indicators

A preliminary route indicator is provided where it is necessary for
a driver to receive advance information about the route that has
been set beyond a junction signal ahead of the train.
A preliminary route indicator displays an arrow pointing in the
same direction as any junction indicator displayed at the junction
signal that the preliminary route indicator applies to. If the junction
signal is displaying a proceed aspect without a junction indicator,
the associated preliminary route indicator will display an arrow
pointing straight up.
If the junction signal is at danger, the preliminary route indicator is
not illuminated.
The table below gives examples of the preliminary route indicator
display which depends on what is displayed on the junction signal
concerned.

50
5 Other signals and indicators

5.15 Automatic warning system (AWS)

cancelling indicators
On single and bi-directional lines, the AWS magnet will normally
be suppressed for movements for which it does not apply, this
means the AWS will not operate.
However, there are some locations where the AWS magnet is not
suppressed.
In these cases a cancelling indicator is provided to tell the driver
that the AWS warning indication does not apply to trains travelling
in that direction.
Where the AWS magnet is
permanently installed. The
indicators look like this.

Where the AWS magnet is

provided in connection with a
temporary or emergency speed
restriction on a single or
bi-directional line. The
indicators look like this.

The cancelling indicator is normally positioned 180 metres

(approximately 200 yards) after passing over the AWS magnet.

51
 5 Other signals and indicators

5.16 AWS gap indicators

In some AWS fitted areas AWS equipment is not provided
throughout. These areas are identified with the following signs.
Where AWS is not provided at a station on a line
equipped with AWS.

End of AWS gap

Start of AWS gap

52
5 Other signals and indicators

5.17 AWS on a bi-directional line

On some bi-directional lines, AWS equipment is not provided in
the opposite direction. These portions of line are identified with the
following signs.
However, for a temporary or emergency speed restriction, AWS
will be provided in both directions.
Where AWS is not provided in the opposite direction
on a bi-directional line.

Start of the relevant section of

line concerned End of the section normal
arrangements resume

53
 6 Level crossing signs and
indicators

6.1 Level crossing signs

Automatic barrier crossing locally monitored,
automatic open crossing locally monitored crossings
and open crossings
The warning board means that there is an automatic barrier
crossing locally monitored, automatic open crossing locally
monitored or an open crossing ahead.

Warning board

The speed restriction board shows the permissible speed from the
board to the level crossing.
If differential speeds are shown on the speed restriction board,
they have the meanings shown in section 7.4.
At open level crossings the speed restriction or stop board is
combined with a whistle board.

Speed restriction board Combined speed and whistle

board
On ERTMS lines a speed restriction board is not provided but the
speed restriction approaching the crossing will be shown on the
driver machine interface (DMI).

54
6 Level crossing signs and
indicators

Wrong-direction boards

Wrong-direction speed
restriction boards are
positioned on the approach to
level crossings that have
wrong-direction controls.

The numerals show the permissible speed from the board to the
level crossing. Black numerals on a white background denote mph
and white numerals on a black background denote km/h.
Sighting board on ERTMS lines

This sign indicates the point at

which the driver is required to
ensure that the level crossing is
clear and to observe the
driver’s level crossing indicator.

55
 6 Level crossing signs and
indicators

6.2 Level crossing indicators

A level crossing indicator is associated with locally monitored level
crossings.
They display the following indications.
Indication: A red light that may
be steady or flashing or no light
is showing.
Meaning: Stop before reaching
the level crossing and ensure it
is safe before passing over it.

Indication: A flashing white

light.
Meaning: The level crossing is
working correctly, and providing
the level crossing is clear, it is
safe to proceed over it.

56
7 Speed indicators

7.1 Permissible speed indicators

Permissible speed indicators show the start of the permissible

speed.
Black text on a white background and cut-out signs show the
speed in mph. White text on black background shows the speed
in km/h.

In limited clearance areas the indicators

are sometimes oval-shaped.

Acceleration indicators are only provided

in conjunction with a permissible speed
indicator.
They allow acceleration of the train to the
new permissible speed when the front of
the train is at the position of the sign.

57
 7 Speed indicators

7.2 Warning indicators

Warning indicators are
provided on the approach to
certain speed indicators and
give a warning of a reduction in
permissible speed ahead.
Black text on a white
background shows the speed
in mph. White text on black
background shows the speed
in km/h.

There may also be a fixed AWS magnet on the approach to the

indicator.

58
7 Speed indicators

7.3 Permissible speed indicators at

diverging junctions
These show the speed to the
left or right of the straight route
at a diverging junction.

If there are diverging junctions

to both the left and right and
the permissible speed is the
same, there is only one
indicator.

59
 7 Speed indicators

7.4 Differential permissible speed

indicators
The bottom figure always shows the higher speed. It applies to:
• passenger trains (loaded or empty)
• parcels and postal trains (loaded or empty)
• light locomotives.
The top figure applies to all other trains.

60
7 Speed indicators

7.5 Permissible speed indicators with

letters
These show the permissible speed and apply only to the trains
shown by the letters.

This is what the letters mean.

HST High speed trains.
MU Multiple-unit trains.
DMU Diesel multiple-unit trains.
EMU Electric multiple-unit trains.
SP Sprinter multiple-unit trains
CS Class 67 locomotives.
The classes of train that can travel at these speeds are shown in
the Sectional Appendix.

61
 7 Speed indicators

7.6 Enhanced permissible speed (EPS)

indicators
These show the enhanced permissible speed in mph and apply to
tilting trains in tilting mode.

Where differential signs are provided, the bottom figure always

shows the higher speed and applies to class 390 trains in tilting
mode. The top figure applies to class 221 trains in tilting mode.

Warning indicators are

provided on the approach to
certain EPS speed indicators
and give a warning of a
reduction in the enhanced
permissible speed ahead.

62
8 Speed restriction signs

8.1 Temporary speed restriction signs

Warning boards
A warning board is placed on the approach to a temporary speed
restriction ahead.
An AWS magnet is provided on the approach to a warning board.
There will be no AWS in AWS gap areas.

Speed indicator

A speed indicator shows the start of the speed

restriction and the permitted speed over the
restriction.
On ERTMS lines where lineside signals are
provided, if the speed restriction starts within an
ERTMS area but ends outside the ERTMS area,
an additional speed indicator will be placed at
the end of cab signalling board.

63
 8 Speed restriction signs

Directional indicators
A directional indicator on a warning board or speed indicator
shows that there is a speed restriction ahead on a portion of line
that goes off to the left or right of the straight route at a diverging
junction.

Differential temporary speed restrictions

A temporary speed restriction can show different speeds which
apply to different types of trains.

The bottom figure always indicates the

higher speed. It applies to:
• passenger trains (loaded or empty)
• parcels or postal trains (loaded or
empty)
• light locomotives.
The top figure applies to all other trains.

Termination indicator

The termination indicator shows the end of the

speed restriction and requires the whole train to
pass the position of the sign before accelerating
back to the permissible speed.

64
8 Speed restriction signs

Acceleration indicator

The acceleration indicator shows the end of the

speed restriction and allows acceleration up to
the permissible speed when the front of the train
is at the position of the sign.

SPATE indicator

The SPATE indicator shows the speed

restriction has been withdrawn or will not be
imposed.
SPATE is an abbreviation of ‘Speed Previously
Advised Terminated Early’.

Repeating warning board

A repeating warning board is placed on

the end of a platform or a connection
from a siding or dead-end platform line
to remind the driver there is a
temporary speed restriction ahead.
The board will also have the associated
speed indicator or a spate indicator
below the board.

65
 8 Speed restriction signs

8.2 Emergency indicator

When an emergency speed restriction
is to be imposed an emergency
indicator will also be used.
The indicator has flashing white lights
which will be working at all times.
An AWS magnet is provided on the
approach to an emergency indicator
for an emergency speed restriction
ahead.
There will be no AWS in AWS gap
areas.

66
9 AC Electrified lines signs

9.1 Neutral section signs

Neutral section warning board

This sign provides advance warning of a neutral

section.

Neutral section indication board

This sign identifies the commencement of a

neutral section.

67
 9 AC Electrified lines signs

9.2 Coasting signs

This ‘advance lower
pantograph’ sign provides
warning of a lower pantograph
sign ahead.
The sign also has flashing
white lights.

This sign means ‘lower

pantograph’.

This sign means ‘raise

pantograph’.

This sign means ‘do not raise

pantograph’.

68
10 Radio signs

GSM-R radio area

This sign indicates the start of

a GSM-R radio section

Areas where GSM-R radio is not provided

This sign indicates the end of a

GSM-R radio section.

GSM-R alias plate

In places where there is no

signal or where there may be
confusion over the number to
enter when registering the cab
radio, an alias plate may be
provided.

69
 10 Radio signs

GSM-R signalbox phone number plate

At certain signals the GSM-R

network may not be able to
automatically route calls from
the driver to the signaller who
controls the area. This sign is a
reminder to drivers of the
signaller’s GSM-R phone
number.

GSM-R signalbox short code plate

An alternative method has

been developed to avoid a
driver having to dial the long
8-digit number. This is
achieved by dialling a short
code number. This sign
displays the correct signaller’s
GSM-R short code number.

70
11 Telephone signs

11.1 Telephones
Signal post telephones

Telephones associated with a

signal are similar to these. If
the telephone has a number on
the cabinet the number states
the maximum amount of
minutes that can elapse before
the signaller is contacted by the
driver.

Lineside telephones

These telephones are provided

to contact the signaller.

71
 11 Telephone signs

11.2 Limited clearance telephones

Telephones with yellow or white diamonds with the
letter X or a yellow roundel.
If any of these signs are displayed it means that the signal post
telephone is not in a position of safety. It may only be used to
contact the signaller:
• in an emergency
• if told that the adjacent line has been blocked.

Telephone with limited clearance warning signs

These signs mean that a train

driver may use the signal post
telephone because it is in a
position of safety in relation to
the adjacent line and protection
is provided by the presence of
the train.

The telephone may only be used by other staff to contact the

signaller:
• in an emergency
• if told that the line to which it applies has been blocked.

72
11 Telephone signs

11.3 Signals without telephones

White diamond sign

This sign means that a telephone is not provided but the presence
of the train or shunting movement is indicated to the signaller.
White diamond sign with a telephone number
displayed

This sign means that a

telephone is not provided but
the presence of the train or
shunting movement is indicated
to the signaller. If GSM-R or
CSR is not available the
signaller may be contacted
using the telephone number on
the plate.

A driver may only leave the cab in order to use a lineside

telephone to contact the signaller:
• in an emergency
• if told that the adjacent line(s) has been blocked.

73
 12 Other lineside signs

12.1 Low adhesion hazard signs

Entrance to a low adhesion area

This sign informs the driver of

the entrance to a low adhesion
area.

Exit from a low adhesion area

This sign informs the driver of

the exit from a low adhesion
area.

12.2 Sandite markers

These signs informs the driver of sites where Sandite should be

applied. There are three signs.
• Three marks - advance warning of Sandite application site.
• Two marks - start applying Sandite.
• One mark - stop applying Sandite.

74
12 Other lineside signs

12.3 Signal reminder signs

This sign informs the driver of a
particular signal ahead.

12.4 Countdown markers

These signs inform the driver of the distance between the sign
and the signal concerned.

There are three signs.

• Three marks - distance to
signal normally 300m.
• Two marks - distance to
signal normally 200m.
• One mark - distance to
signal normally 100m.

12.5 Coasting boards

This board advises that the
driver may coast to a stopping
point or significant speed
reduction beyond the board.

75
 12 Other lineside signs

12.6 Car stop markers

These signs inform the driver of
the correct stopping point for
the train. Various different types
are in use of which these are
examples.

12.7 Mile posts

These signs are situated on the
lineside and used to identify
locations. The number denotes
the mileage and each mark
under the number denotes
quarter of a mile.

12.8 Gradient signs

These signs are situated on the lineside and used to identify the
change in gradient at that particular location. Gradients are
expressed as a ratio. e.g ‘1 in 460’ means the track rises (or falls)
one unit in every 460 units. The angles of the gradient signs
indicate the direction of the slope.

76
12 Other lineside signs

12.9 Spring catch points sign

These signs are placed on the
approach to spring catch
points.

12.10 Bridge identity plates

These signs identify the
location of bridge structures.

12.11 Safety signs

Limited clearance sign

This sign means there is no

position of safety on this side of
the railway for the length of the
structure. It is not safe to enter
or stand at that location when a
train is approaching.

77
 12 Other lineside signs

No refuges warning sign

This sign means there is no

position of safety on this side of
the railway for the length of the
structure. However, there are
positions of safety, or refuges,
on the opposite side of the
railway line.

Prohibition sign

This sign means that staff must

not pass beyond this sign while
trains are running unless
carrying out emergency
protection. This is because it
would not be possible to reach
a position of safety or refuge
safely. Extreme care is
necessary if carrying out
emergency protection.

12.12 End of emergency special working

sign
This sign indicates the end of
an emergency special working
section.

78
12 Other lineside signs

12.13 Flexible train arrival point signs

When an engineering train or on-track machine is to stop at a
flexible train arrival point (FTAP) location before working in a
possession or a protection zone, signs will be provided to guide
the driver.
These signs have no significance for any other train.
Three countdown markers in succession will be provided on the
approach to the FTAP.

An FTAP sign will be provided at the location where the train is to

stop.

79
 13 Lineside handsignals

Red handsignal

A red flag during daylight or a

red light during darkness or
poor visibility means ‘STOP’.

Yellow handsignal

A yellow flag during daylight or

a yellow light during darkness
or poor visibility is used when
giving authority to pass a signal
at danger.

Green handsignal

A green flag during daylight or

a green light during darkness
or poor visibility is used to give
authority to pass over a level
crossing.

80
13 Lineside handsignals

Lookout handsignal

A blue and white chequered

flag is used between lookouts
to inform of an approaching
train. Drivers can ignore this
handsignal.

81
Notes
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