1D Ext- es Gx x is city i (ttxakhand D= 89: dis a student in EU A= $x: xen, xE52 “Type. of _Seks 3- @__Null Sek s- Sek Ai called a aul 2 oid / emply sek if it hag no alement in jt 9rr a aid fo if tae have ayn them ent: Ext- Ae S$i23% , B=51,3,2% A=B x _osdex does} atte, ase Bi aid to be a Subset £ A if aM clemends'-'of Base in get K St is denoted ag BSA * Every set is a Subset of itself. ib i called _impsopex subset. Empty sek is a Subsel of every act d K_A_pyoper subset of A i. is when B has —j— ablest one element less ~ athan Pwire ae [Piraly —cerilaiined ing) Ta4, 848 P(A) = fe}, 88, fab’ fad, bre! —— | K Talal mo, of elements in ap — | | 4etal mo. of 51 is a ae is 4h of _dlemenls in the i = | i a | Qy| 6: 48, £487 then echat is Ps) | Qu! Deewmime true os false nib nes col eet ple)= {b. she, Sse. 9d.5d929 | iy ded True Eveuy- Seb | 1 iksel £ | Gin __ deh False -Emply | set ha! | +i) he $42 True | T ae | S| (iv) $b? € 45 False | fv) San? e Sabie, gabice? TaeDate \ = LA Gp gab? ef abe, sabe?th Falae = i e- ti) gabed = fab.cfube? Tue i @_uUnion of sets t= —— Umion of tudo Ses AR ig |__fesmned__hy _combiiminag the eltimensts_of bath he Sek denoted a AUB. ow = Gus Syroballicaliy L AUB= $x: xe and/os reBE far A= $123,432, B= $4.3,3 AUB= 3 152.3408 @_Tatessection of sets 2 54 Tndessection of tp Sets ——___ A.B contains the olevnewds eiahiicls axe commmn in both’ seks, denoted as ang ANB = $x ixeA ang xeBy Lt * if Anp-d : ; el “then and_B Said Ju be at ANB = g1,02 if pes: Stee a Ab, & 12, ©.ae eens of Batten mB + = A-p= fzizeh ond xX Be el if $ 2-23, 4.4 4b a-B = 49.3.4 | B: $a,b.c.2 B-A> $b.¢ | : —_|_ ou! bel Sad sh2h = cee | | a gan fad 6498 = $b Quy) A= Sab, sa.ct, 45 then Find [Tw ae gag= Sb fachid | [| &) ae $83 = fab doe woman | (3) 8- Sfans}= A ss | ! (@)__ A- 84.33 = Sabi d [se = bores si ix teDate / i a d - |_ _—— ned tnd Cod) SN — [ge “4o be equal if _asc__and = geen! a find x.y if | (223, 34-1) = (5) — el ey P| _Caxtesian Product of hop =? | els and B contains all the exdexed pag it 1 eal PxB= §txy): Vea, yoo? BxAs $ (4) 2 WyeR, cea?AxB is mm_. where rn __and__a_ase rno,_of elements in sek A and__Sek B spectively A= $12,435 | pe $25.13 , 2 43,78 id ti (gnc) __¢li>_(axe).n (Axe) __ ee) ; | | is_(i) and ii) ae __equa] _0 not | 1 — 2 | =| x(Bne) ng} (end = $7 a : ; ale | pAxtanc) = $c), Can), (4.93 axg= § (22), (45), (277), (2.2) 5), (22), (42),(45) (a0) ¢ Axc= § (mt), (43), (1:7) (2,3) (2,8) (2.0) (4a), (4.3) (4.7) (Pxé)n Caxc) = 22.9), (29) (4) hence Ax@no) = (AxB) 0 (axe) ‘Sisallanly Aalguc) = (Axe)u (Axc)Date / 4 Py tall A functim f Prenn 18eb A to $ et A to Gome element of seb 8 joa tule which associates each a . L f= oy): Wxefl these is some Yes n\n fan " a 7 2+ ie y= £0) ] ftays 92043 T | Me Sek f_is_called _damain Sel and_gehg i alled _co- domain 7 =F | [te 2 | | \g el fr (domain) 2, dermal.) 3% “The element ef _dimain set thos _a__unigu image ie any element of Sek A Car not have Ext - a £ ma ? 2 Pees el : Ea =e lq. olare | FI =F ~~ —1€- Beoge-i ge i= oa 5h japscaaas elements = of -domain B ee T SE ee “Bind that the _givaa function Te ho aioe ama Fe $002) ,(26), (3.9), (9) —> lot possibl Yee R of _q function’ is image =aek thich arse __ismage of elements of A if. = $1,2,3,43-',- B= $1,215,965 Ff B canbe possible Ee 4a) (2s). (3.5) (6). (ua) 2 = Not possible Ld | (hine=$ (1.4), (2.2), Gs), (998 Possible (ho_E= $.0n5),(a.¢). (4.8) (2.6)8 —> Possible a) F= § (v5), (3.3) (4.5) —? Nat Possibl (F Types of _func-Hons, @__one= ome Function $= f s A__ome- ome function defined ag each element ¥ of samge set is neh ] = 1 Tt mig ene element of doom as® Mamy--ene Function 2= Fa u _ _ —bilta—onare—then_eng | elermerel of aman. —Sel__haye he same imag ein _co = demain. aa | — Ee sche seach boot it Th im a function AiR2>R alt the ¢lements of B/-axe imag eof omy —_lement of demain. + fl ther it a: & onto __fusicfion? wothexddise “id is om’ Tato fun chion the a 0" 4o_fahelion i Sn__othex words. ange G Co-demain [Into furction) @__Bijective function 3-St if f:fp, 9: R78 wheve A= $0,-22 and Date / } Be $o,1,2.3.4 defined a. Fix). -2x and g(a): <2 fx) _and__§(a) axe equal function @_Sdentity function s- A function £:A-A is said te be identity fumeHon ushen fisj=x Yor eA Q__ Constant Linction $= Ao function FAB i salled conselant fimction VF fo) =a s yr eA, eshexe @)__ Inverse” functiem $= {map FAB! is he _imvexsible if it is a bijective map {one-one} onto _£") £ f_twafunchbn £038 and |__dome as as faifleg tg gas) tis pug aE Silly (fog)og =F [gea) (eax [NTO 38 BES . A B c Gus Te |_R&co-domnain’ of £ texks aa demain of J function 9 iff: Bp amd. 428: fo}__can? snot be —defithed = le ah_if_f:Rof andi g:n—of' the foy amd of both axe passible Ak \n_genexal Sof foq oO . d Beis jf £R2R ond J: R2R defined a + ftxy= ¢x-1 and A= att then, fogta) =f (gta)= F (sie 194Date / / a al | -_ a ue Fox. fy - set _X2:$1,2,33, “boo functions £ anal 4 | = 2 LX=2% 9 92 X—2x such Phat | a) |B $0.2), (2.3) 5 (3,98 $2201) .(2.2) (3,293 as fog = § (2,2), (2.3), (3,9) ae Gof_= § (2.2) (214), (3,328 Qy. | find given Lunctions axe one-one ouk if the (1) Fee -22 PrRoR || Th check one- ane function = | 1 ng 5 Ftxy=ftay 7 ToGER (domain) pa, = Ax2 m= Fo hence ft ig one-one firmeciona ——j—— (bh) “Ty check _ onto fume tion = Se ie fi) cohexe. ye (co=damaisa) | f = 2% f ots od =Date / / 2 1 @ dm: <1 g:rok L by gtx) = Jtx) MER ; : eet = reid = = i= EX hen “sonny onze Lnction 5 : (iy Yo 3 =x), ger * B= x4 a= Sy-a sage = (od) 3 .co-domain hence Tinto fimetHon bats CS) fexy = 044 fino (fey = £5) 21% el xa ote Ss hence ik is an eme one Pm Hon f, _— ty y= Fox) Yen geCH => x= SF Bayge= $9.5, fo, 17, 96..- wPay Co-domairy hence net onto fimetionDate / / Ai_Relation R defined on +A aes 4o Set Riis __a_subsel_ of AxB eee Le. REAXR ai “MK if R: AB then aR, if a is elated to be | tohexe a Sa3yigi2? | hea Seki tend Reg xeladiom__em_A__as__2Ry__if aly cent a —sigsaph__-fox_R. Sols Pe, ny Re 3G), (2,6), (22) | (21) (3,3), /.0), 2), tu) uss (6.6), (62). (42,12) 2 SZ Dis sagh = 3 pa = Ay ‘ x AR 5 (3)_PMatsix Method :- R38 2 $2 5 FF aiRaj COS Wark; if A= Sabied% and B: Sry 27 then Ree Masa bo cd Me: 1/114 © 06 | 2loi 10 IT 3)1 ei aa | tleoo fs. 14 | 2.3 uséy tay pa sage gh So Aa Lind Relation seb all 3] 9 1 o4 2 | u\ io 6 © O12 | rs ° oo Sls R= § (2.2) (aun (2,6), (2.12), (9,3), (36), (a2), Ju), (a2) I (6.6),6.15) (2.12) 2 £ Relation 2- dennted Sse Sek A to —j}——_Ext- Lek f= abcd? 1 Be x,y 2% ) C= $1,232 and 2B he Tu. 9 oR (if possible) MM camel SralalR memeas Date / R RS laa), (ad), (ae); (ba), Leb), (ea), (40, (4.0) defined 2 and @ (ee) Sabie. dy Lek A | | a ee Out —! ere | ay find Re A\ ele oad O° a dio oo eo 1 on ° Ma-Me. do] ul ole o| of 0 a 0] 4] eo] oe ‘ al 4] of elo 5 | ae ee a [eee Wal of a} of | 4 i 4 el al oof a) o apa | | TO eo} 6 . ola Wey of Oo}. e |} af ° “ } L 4 “ ¥ RK“Types oF __Reletion _2— = Me 5 a). f4 + Pogmal ss Jet “RB be a lati defined em a Set then Ri a bo eFlexive if WxreA . (2. DER ie every clement af set Ais weleted 4. ikself Ee selatio’ R.* \\\\ Tf A=Sabcd? and Ro a: R=$ (aa), (an. (4) nb), [adhled), Coa), (dad) Ais 9 et Ais gy R_ sis ot eflexive because (OC) &R Ex.-" lek A be the gel of 6 matuyal yumbe: iS umd 8 te |the tzcation afl divisibilidy th Ris seflexive 3) fvexy Unbox Uivide ited é fe. (ax) ER Vxen “Tf * A be a set and Robe a elation defined am seh Qs then Bis gaid te Syme tate if, tohenever | (ayer (Yaar f= Re Sfos) thy) ta)? if gs —4 NG) Bai= Symmebric. t Qe] SN a | (a) Transidiviy t=" i = Date / / “if Ris ia “xelation defined cn _| a Set then Ri aid to be amnti-gymnmetxic | if (x.y) amd (His) eR acy g (coy) and (9zZ)ER? (xz) eR Xho ul lation (q) eo AxA Exi- Az $2,3,4,6,12? and « R he the elation ivisibilily defined as Set Ate, a1Ry f Jd od As §abied? and R , a xelatin, Set A is given ___a R= § aa), Cab), (asc), (b.a) , (fd), Ce,0, (eae), Lbrb), (dia)?of above —xelations is _seflexive. Sync Sa = Se eisic | Teems ive Suyemetyi Bak & x Spr a) ci) Pat ere x oa X =Date / ay (1) Reflesiv ay @ Avi Ss Oak | | (3) Fiansitive rmmebyic| Ext- Tf. A=$2.3,.47 and R be a ola. defimed on a aRy if «<4 on A x R_@ equivalence \ chen Bok : pnrnetric R= & ea), (a3), (8.4), (2,2) , (83), (3-4), (2.7), (4.4) (47), (7)Date / 7 (2) Su tay te fh) 3 aye Lo fos ary mage 1 bay : fe nay gig by 5. oO ie ae Coe, any mel ——— ys 5 hil is also divisible by 9 pe 7 yRe = Ris Suommetati Fa e (3) ransitivity + ee My Zeer xfy 2 yRx Bs oO 7 xy is divisible by 5 and jazi i divisiie by 5 ci > (g)+) is alge divisiute dy & 7 = (222) is also divisibh by s 7 i BE Ret oi Bin Ry & yRe sy Re hence’ Ris | sransitiv, $o__R ig an _ equivaley, Belation nn Set of rnclegeng. iu _|+—Dater6/ 0% /o3 SS ea ST Se a 2 Fostial Oxdex welahion t- Set A__i8__said to be pantia) onder elation | if id igre i | iy__ Reflexive a | lt Budi = syemmeksi C ki) _ Transitive * A set Which a paxtial order elation ig defined i called" a poset ow pa: Bally oxdesed __ set # (A, <) is a _posek if < is +the pavtial oxde: elation’ ens Sek A Ll eye pe § 2's, ueuzas? a R be a xelatian defined on Set f as aRn if Ap Ui, -xeflexive .~ Gi enki 3ypenedsic aiid. Txamdtive ~~ Paxtial oxdes «elation4 : | 0 ik is__a—pesill_oxdex —sieladiana —__Y then _(A,.4) is_a___posek — Ex3- (pip, 2) fs $2.32 es Plmd= $ 4. Sete $52, Suaz, dos?, $132, $112,339 Vhen (Pla), < 5 q _ 3 = : _———_ (a._1) i ee Du sek of | alle positive - clividews of 42 AP Q 423% S12 ¢ Hasse -diagsom fe 12. -—_Qun. Az $u232 ; (ptel.c\ is a posed So. dau the Hesse di ; fes__((A), ) wie Mle Sel| __p(a)= 2 4, $32, $2, $99, el | HH | (iiipbeast Element :- tet (Ps) be a _posek * then a element _aep i. aid __-to be least el dist ace N-xep seat ele ete tora tty ays _Umique. | kya DoS 29.4,612,26,342 5 welation is_of dlivisibilty. | > te Least element = —| Ween “Une) tual fess then ~egual de a 7 ‘ = i st eleventh mo eis 5 the lea | ¢x2- (pias) = a => is the ) east element — «| a_posel_, it is possible that _it hes = ma jeast element —__typ_laxeates+ Element $= _+ : = ie Scloda tek (ps) be a pose the an element _ AEP. i Said _-+o_ be atest glemert if xx Lub=X f 0. i inimand# 0.2.6, hil WOAIwA: | whaximal = £4, 1.0.8 n J a ZN —__ & call @ ¢ ——__} hf BaLeabc — ft) ms UB bi o Slb=x dub 74 Lm = ™ a r me. | een At < : ae ey then. ‘in element XEéP i pete bat of Suhel LE Za Vac = ‘ Ese (We) is a pose} Ne $12,530. = B= §3.4,5,67 EN Lowes bound = 4, 2,3 z_(Pl.2) g. an, 4128 is Lewes bound = 6, $4 cet- (as. ]) Dag 721.2, 3,4, 6, 8) 12/16, 24, #8 @ Be §3,u62 + # es $293 lewey bound = 1 L.B.= 4,2 GmVppex bound t- let (Ps) be a poset and Ret the on sleme vt meP is aid to be L~ upp. hound of whsek Qf qex, yeep a Ett uppex bound = S6..-- 228 5 a in ee i | Bete U.B.= 8 12%, §1,2,37 : p—_ . > ane Bek C4 Date / lneatest Lewe Leas upp. bound = 3 bound = 6 gtb= $2 Aub = 32.2% Set B g- A. b(B)= 2 dou. (8) = 12 Set ¢ glibc) =2 AUb (l= +Dater#/ og / (iat K_\abtice pot al TB poset (Lig) is Said doe a I~ attice if» | ever ubset Sab? of Aus, ie ve 3 leva end: of 1 has its Upsermums an, Fe infinasen’ iti the! ipeseh 0. up stad | _inf Sab} €< VY abel L f Yaa fare a Lub Sab3= Supfab? = avb join b(t) Cos 1 tsb §ab9 = inf $ab3= anb oO recat bl) i _ { Sol oe —Exi- i o (eu 2) fiz $1,253) Qvb= Ub + anb-anb PA)= § d, $13, $23, $52, $1123, $2,33.-94.32 412,32 dnb: de pla) BNA= Be pia) , dub: be pia) BuA> fe Pia) Ss ([email protected]) ip a Jaldice Ext. (Dea. |) DB: $ 1.2.3.4, 68,1904, 92 @ aR, if _alb fos siety pair ovb & anh Dy Qvb= Ju-b(ab) = Lem (ab) an = g.t-b (ab)= g.c.d (ab) | avbs dcm(ab) = be Dag | inb> gcd (= te DieLew (12.16) = 98 € Dag Jed (1216) = 46 Das ar fox all g and b wh & ante Ds thence (aus. |) sg Jodi ~, s. Az §2:3.4,1, 40,24 (a, <) is aRp if act a= SlD> : i Z (pz) is a labtic a 2 St yg ik oR, i pasable sith Sup fab? = avb=b inf fab} = anb= a== =e lotbice Nol Sadi be. fos (ab) these _i AWb and 4 Lb}_dind gueatest espectivelsy i * Every FiniteDate / 7 ; a A No [pletnd” “devisgaid to “hove. “a Centhasesd ( bel if Ovb= + a Qnb=0 K if a’=b > bea Ovb=bx ave=cx avdedue and=au aab-av ancs au aa g=d = dea Se Least clement and zt atest Clement of a loi, ase Abusay Compleynent of h other, bvd=dU bveed UDate ¢ = dca bec crb dad disc Ap Ye ¢=9 ebCom plemented laltice 2- A__Lattice (ti) i aid __-fo__be complemented if ovexy _elexnead él has at Jeast one smplement in ib => Bub Lattice :- Aa non-empty Gubsel of a os.hic Leis) i aid be Bub labbie —_ WY abes . avis & anbe Ex- (Pt) urose A. $42.33ZAI s fate Deere Hilo kk aie: : fF at ne Dg Sse % )7,aut I 3 as i fe tenes} Bs St Bit9% he — | dip Bes 828 45 ile ty “4 [fii By S$ Ba aah en ay Jui awe du b. lodd ice vWk LLLILY A \ iP isloal| Cena] ala la fe lab | by Piel BL (aay v onay wlan a by fa. |4]o ky ala }al? 4 AA fa la jv ai ayA ALL @ sing foul. Able [| (2) using Laws —af— _nfexence —___— er =e ee - = —_ Es aa aula 7 ®t Demis | e3Sait iam 2 Sat fe alo > eS ae—— pee f | ts) Cons tauctive dilemma (6) fsouption a7 | ts leg) pg e —fvs es Popes) | [Poe ave evi ease ve | - eet J K-77 [ay Siieapi fications __(8)_Cenjucctinn _ 7 ane 4. | eo is tT | to) Aditi, i retain sera saber iy On ee e pp yee et sigh Hp eicainns ot Lows 0 —inference.t= ——— chee the wally af the _angstrnect = | 3 A Cf : E iI]EWE 2 SEAFLRTONG PSSST Tey 4 7 ea Peel abel cabal DD [fellny i HH Wn_ jel I ae eg a plete te tata a sf dstiSel peomdatin ME nse Goji ee 8ee ———— tirana digit auraless com. be astenged ey. sing tid sige Skt ite alg 7 A th ae ait ae adit —xepeated? feliege VAVA\\aa\) Je pesh fsDate sy tL — a Se |__| selected “inne 1 fand oe be ied |}-———1—tehol te posh tek Lh — Prva 7 .. Fern —Pheny, fe ae oS PB ae p88 et a -——— ils ane studi “ c as _-—_——_—_. ea f, }_ . on i at ore: and | L in be es _ in 4 otis au gil ov es | Aas Arde