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Bee Experiment 5 Open Circuit and Short Circuit Test

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460 views10 pages

Bee Experiment 5 Open Circuit and Short Circuit Test

Uploaded by

adityaofficial1641
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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EXPERIMENT NO.

OPEN CIRCUIT AND SHORT


CIRCUIT TEST

Name of student

Class

Roll No.

D.O.P.

D.O.S.

Grade

Lab Incharge

Sign

Circuit Diagram:
AIM: - To perform open circuit and short circuit test on a single
phase transformer.
APPARATUS: - Voltmeter, Wattmeter, Ammeter, Auto-
transformer, Tapped transformer.

THEORY:TRANSFORMER TESTS: The performance of a


transformer can be calculated on the basis of its equivalent circuit
which contains four main parameters:
I. The equivalent resistance R0, as referred to primary (or
secondary RO2).
II. The equivalent leakage reactance XO1 as referred to primary
(or secondary XO2).
III. The core loss conductance Co (or resistance Ro).
IV. The magnetising susceptance B0 (or reactance Xo).These
constants can be easily determined by two tests:
● Open Circuit Test
● Short Circuit Test
These tests are economical and convenient, because they furnish
the required information without actually loading the transformer.
1. Open Circuit or No Load test
The purpose of this test is to determine no loss or core loss
and no load to which is helpful in finding R o, Xoand Rs.
One winding of the transformer, whichever is convenient but
usually high voltage winding is left open and other is
connected to its supply of normal voltage and frequency.
● A wattmeter W, voltmeter V and an ammter A are
connected in the low voltage winding i.e primary.
● With normal voltage applied to the primary normal flex
will set up in the core, hence normal from losses will
occur which one recorded by wattmeter.
● As the primary no load current Io (as measured by
ammeter) is small (usually 2 to 10% of rated load
current).Copper loss is negligibly small in primary and
nil in secondary (it is being open).
● Hence the wattmeter reading represents practically the
core loss under no load condition.
● It should be noted that since Io is itself very small, the
pressure coils of the wattmeter the voltmeter is
connected such that the current in there does not pass
through the current coil of the wattmeter.
● Sometimes a high resistance voltmeter is connected
across the Secondary. The reading of the voltmeter
gives the induced emf in the secondary winding. This
helps to find transformation ratio K.
● We know the no-load vector diagram. If W is he
wattmeter reading, then
W = V1I0cosɸ0
Cosɸo = W/V1I0
IM =I0sinɸ0
IN =I0cosɸ0
Therefore, Current is practically an existing current when a
transformer is on no load (i.e. I0 ≅ IM ) and as the voltage drop in
primary leakage impedance is small, hence exciting admittance is
Yo of transformers is given by I0 = V1Y0 or Y0 = I0/V1
The exciting conductance G0 → W = V12G0
G0 = W/ V12
The exciting susceptance Bo =√ Y02-G02

2) Short Circuit or Impedance Test:-


This is an economical method for determining the following:
● Equivalent impedance (Zo1 or Zo2) of the transformer as
referred to primary winding in which the measuring
instruments are placed.
● Cu loss at full load (at any desired load). This loss is used
in calculating the efficiency of transformer.
● Keeping Zo1 or Zo2, the total voltage drop in the
transformer as referred to primary or secondary can be
calculated and hence regulation of the transformer is
determined.
● On winding, usually the low voltage winding is slightly
short circuited by a thick conductor (or through an
ammeter) which may serve additional purpose of the
indicating rated load current.
● A low voltage (usually 5% to 10% of normal primary
voltage) at correct frequency is applied to the primary
and is continuously and cautiously increased till full load
currents are flowing (through) both in primary and
secondary (as indicated by the respective ammeters).
● In this test, the applied voltage is a small percentage of
the normal voltage, the mutual flux produced is also a
small percentage of it’s normal value.
Hence, core values are very small with the result that the
wattmeter reading represents the full load Cu loss or I 2R
loss for the whole transformer i.e. both primary Cu loss
and secondary Cu loss.

The equivalent circuit at the transformer under short


circuit conditions is shown in the figures 2 and 3.
If Vsc is voltage required to circulate rated load currents,
Then Zo1 = Vsc/I1 and W = I12/Ro1
Ro1 = W1/I2
X01 = = (Z 012-R012)

OBSERVATION TABLE:-
⮚ For open circuit test

Sr.No V1(V) Io (A) Wo(W) V2(V)


1

⮚ For short circuit test

Sr.No VSC(V) ISC(A) PSC(W) V2(V)


1

CALCULATIONS:-
Procedure:-
⮚ For open circuit
● Connect voltmeter in parallel with 230V, 1ɸ, 50 Hz AC
Supply.
● Connect ammeter in series with AC supply and M terminal
of the wattmeter.
● Short M and C terminals of the wattmeter to P, of the
primary of the transformer.
● Connect V terminal of wattmeter to P2 terminal of the
transformer and neutral auto transformer terminal.
● Connect second voltmeter in parallel across S 1 and S2 of
secondary transformer.
● Set the variance to zero and switch on the AC supply and
set rated primary voltage at 230 V to the auto
transformer. Note it as Vo .
● Measure the reading at ammeter. Note it as Io and
measure wattmeter reading and note it as Po .

⮚ For short circuit


● Set primary voltage such that rated current flows through

∴
primary terminal. Note it as Isc

∴
Irated = Prated/ Vrated = 1000/230 = 4.347 A

Irated = Isc = 4.347 A

● Connect voltmeter in parallel with 230 V, 50 Hz AC supply.


Note it as Vsc. Connect ammeter in series with voltmeter and
wattmeter. Note it as Psc.
● Short M and C terminals of wattmeter is to P1 i.e. primary of
the transformer.
● Connect the V terminal of wattmeter to Pa terminal of the
transformer and neutral terminal of auto transformer.
● Short S1 and S2 terminals of secondary of the transformers.
RESULTS:-

⮚ For open circuit test

Magnetising resistance (Roc): ______ Ω


Magnetising reactance (Xoc): ______ Ω

⮚ For short circuit test

Equivalent resistance (Rsc): ______ Ω


Magnetising reactance (Xsc): ______ Ω

CONCLUSIONS:-

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