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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am extremely obliged and thankful to our

respected H.O.D. of Chemistry teacher
Mr.Bajrangi Jha Sir for his constant
supervision and guidance for the completion
of this project . He gave his constant
encouragement and useful suggestion .

OM JAISWAL
XII – “B”
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CERTIFICATE

This is certify that Om Jaiswal of class

XII-“B” of Saraswati Shishu Mandir Senior
Secondary School has complete his
Physics project under my supervision. He
has taken proper care and shown it most
sincerity in completion of this project .

I certify that this project is to my

expectation and as per the guidelines
issued by CBSE , New Delhi .

Om Jaiswal
XII – “B”
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Contents
1. Introduction
2. Objectives
3. Principle
4. Construction
5. Theory
6. Efficiency
7. Circuit Daigram
8. Energy Losses In Transformer
9. Uses
10.Applications
11.Precautions
12.Bibliography

INTRODUCTION
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The Transformer is a device used for converting

a low alternating voltage to a high alternating
voltage or a high alternating voltage into a low
alternating voltage. A transformer which
increases the a.c. voltage is called a “step up
transformer”

STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER

A step-down transformer is one whose

secondary voltage is less than its primary
voltage. It is designed to reduce the voltage
from the primary winding to the secondary
winding. This kind of transformer “step down”
the voltage applied to it As a step-down unit,
the transformer convert high-voltage, low-
current power into low-voltage, high-current
power.
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OBJECTIVE
Prepare a project on “STEP DOWN
TRANSFORMER”

PRINCIPLE
A Transformer based on the Principle of mutual
induction according to this principle, the
amount of magnetic flux linked with a coil
changing, an e.m.f is induced in the
neighbouring coil.

CONSTRUCTION

A transformer consists of a rectangular shaft

iron core made of laminated sheets, well
insulated from one another. Two coils p1 & p2
and s1 & s2 are wound on the same core, but
are well insulated with each other. Note that the
both the coils are insulated from the core, the
source of alternating e.m.f is connected to
p1p2, the primary coil and a load resistance R is
connected to s1 s2, the secondary coil through
an open switch S. thus there can be no current
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through the sec. coil so long as the switch is

open.

For an ideal transformer, we assume that the

resistance of the primary & secondary winding
is negligible. Further, the energy loses due to
magnetic the iron core is also negligible.

THEORY

When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the

primary coil p1p2, an alternating current starts
falling in it. The altering current in the primary
produces a changing magnetic flux, which
induces altering voltage in the primary as well
as in the secondary. In a good- transformer,
whole of the magnetic flux linked with primary
is also linked with the secondary, then the
induced e.m.f. induced in each turn of the
secondary is equal to that induced in each turn
of the primary. Thus if Ep and Es be the
instantaneous values of the e.m.f.’s induced in
the primary and the secondary and Np and Ns
are the no. of turns of the primary secondary
coils of the transformer and
Dфь / dt = rate of change of flux in each turnoff
the coil at this instant, we have

Ep = -Np dфь/dt ---------------- (1)

Es = -Ns dфь/dt ----------------- (2)
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Since the above relations are true at every

instant, so by dividing 2 by 1, we get

Es / Ep = - Ns / Np ----------------(3)

As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f

induced in the primary coil p1, so the
instantaneous current in primary coil is due to
the difference (E – Ep ) in the instantaneous
values of the applied and back e.m.f. further if
Rp is the resistance o, p1p2 coil, then the
instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is
given by
Ip = E – Ep / Rp
E – Ep = Ip Rp

When the resistance of the primary is small, Rp

Ip can be neglected so therefore

E – Ep = 0 or Ep = E

Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f Hence equation 3

can be written as Es / Ep = Es / E = output e.m.f
/ input e.m.f = Ns / Np = K Where K is constant,
called turn or transformation ratio.
 10. In a step down transformer Es < E so K <
1, hence Ns < Np If Ip = value of primary
current at the same instant t And Is = value of
sec. current at this instant, then Input power at
the instant t = Ep Ip and Output power at the
same instant = Es Is If there are no losses of
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power in the transformer, then Input power =

output power Or Ep Ip = Es Is Or Es / Ep = Ip / Is
=k
 12. Efficiency:- Efficiency of a transformer is
defined as the ratio of output power to the input
power. i.e. η = output power / input power = Es
Is / Ep Ip Thus in an ideal transformer, where
there is no power losses, η = 1. But in actual
practice, there are many power losses,
therefore the efficiency of transformer is less
than one. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM ENERGY LOSSES:-
 13. Following are the major sources of energy
loss in a transformer: 1. Copper loss is the
energy loss in the form of heat in the copper
coils of a transformer. This is due to joule
heating of conducting wires. 2. Iron loss is the
energy loss in the form of heat in the iron core
of the transformer. This is due to formation of
eddy currents in iron core. It is minimized by
taking laminated cores. 3. Leakage of magnetic
flux occurs inspite of best insulations.
Therefore, rate of change of magnetic flux
linked with each turn of S1S2 is less than the
rate of change of magnetic flux linked with each
turn of P1P2. 4. Hysteretic loss is the loss of
energy due to repeated magnetization and
demagnetization of the iron core when A.C. is
fed to it. 5. Magneto striation i.e. humming
noise of a transformer. USES OF TRANSFORMER
 14. A transformer is used in almost all a.c.
operations 1· In voltage regulator for T.V.,
refrigerator, computer, air conditioner etc. 2. In
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the induction furnaces. 3. A step down

transformer is used for welding purposes. 4. A
step down transformer is used for obtaining
large current. 5. In transmission of a.c. over
long distance. APPLICATIONS
 15. A major application of transformer is to
increases voltage before transmitting electrical
energy over long distance through wires. Wires
have resistance and so dissipate electrical
energy at a rate proportional to the square of
the current through the wire. By transforming
electrical power to a high-voltage (and there for
low- current) form for transmission and back
again afterward, transformers enable
economical transmission of power over long
distance. Consequently, transformers have
shaped the electrical supply industry,
permitting generation to be located remotely
from points of demand. All but a tiny fraction of
the world’s electrical power has passed through
a series of transforms by the time it reaches the
consumer. Transformer are also used
extensively in electronic products to step down
the supply voltage to a level suitable for the low
voltage circuits they contain. The transformer
also used electrically isolates the end user from
contact with the supply voltage. Transformer
range in size from a thumbnail-sized coupling
transformer hidden inside a stage microphone
to huge unit weighing hundreds of tons used in
power stations, or to interconnect portions of
power grids. All operate on the same basic
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principles, although the range of designs is

wide. While new technologies have eliminated
 16. the need for transformers in some
electronic circuits, transformers are still found
in nearly all electronic devices designed for
household (“mains”) voltage. Transformer are
essential for high-voltage electrical power
transmission, which makes long-distance
transmission economically practical. Single and
audio transformer are used to couple stages of
amplifier and to match devices such as
microphones and record players to the input of
the amplifiers. Audio transformer allowed
telephone circuit to carry on a two-way
conservation over a single pair of wires. A balun
transformer converts a single that is referenced
to ground to a signal that has balanced voltage
to ground, such as between external cables and
internal circuits. PRECAUTIONS
 17. 1. The loss of power in the transmission
lines is I2 R, where I is strength of current and R
is the resistance of wires. To reduce the power
loss, a.c. is transmitted over long distance at
extremely high voltages. This reduces I in the
same ratio. Therefore, I2 R becomes negligibly
low. 2. Permeability of magnetic material of
transformer core must be high. 3. Oiling in
transformer provides insulation as well as
cooling. 4. The transformer core must be
laminated to minimize loss of energy due to
eddy currents. 5. Safety from high voltage is
maintained.
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 18. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Physics textbook for

class XII ,1st Edition NCERT (2007). 2. Concepts
of Physics, H.C.VERMA, 1ST Edition, Bharti
bhawan(1993). 3. Fundamentals of Physics ,
David Halliday, Robert resnick and Jearl walker,
7th Edition, Wiley-India(2004) 4. Practical
physics for class XII, J.S.Jaiswaland Dr.Rajendra
singh ,3rd Edition ,Laxmi Publications(2009).
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