UNIT I LINEAR DATA STRUCTURES – LIST

Abstract Data Types (ADTs) – List ADT – array-based implementation – linked list
implementation ––singly linked lists- circularly linked lists- doubly-linked lists– applications of
lists –Polynomial Manipulation – All operation (Insertion, Deletion, Merge, Traversal)

Data:
A collection of facts, concepts, figures, observations, occurrences or instructions in a
formalized manner.
Information:
The meaning that is currently assigned to data by means of the conventions applied to
those data(i.e. processed data)
Record:
Collection of related fields.
Data type:
Set of elements that share common set of properties used to solve a program.
Data Structures:
Data Structure is the way of organizing, storing, and retrieving data and their relationship
with each other.
Characteristics of data structures:
1. It depicts the logical representation of data in computer memory.
2. It represents the logical relationship between the various data elements.

3. It helps in efficient manipulation of stored data elements.

4. It allows the programs to process the data in an efficient manner.

Operations on Data Structures:

1.Traversal

2.Search

3.Insertion

4.Deletion
CLASSIFICATION OF DATA STRUCTURES

DATA STRUCTURES

PRIMARY DATA STRUCTURES SECONDARY DATA STRUCTURES

INT, CHAR, FLOAT DOUBLE

LINEAR DATA NON LINEAR DATA
STRUCTURES STRUCTURES

ARRAYS STACKS QUEUES TREES GRAPHS

LISTS

Primary Data Strucutres/Primitive Data Structures:

Primitive data structures include all the fundamental data structures that can be directly

manipulated by machine-level instructions. Some of the common primitive data structures

include integer, character, real, boolean etc

Secondary Data Structures/Non Primitive Data Structures:

Non primitive data structures, refer to all those data structures that are derived from one or
more primitive data structures. The objective of creating non-primitive data structures is to form
sets of homogeneous or heterogeneous data elements.

Linear Data Structures:

Linear data structures are data strucutres in which, all the data elements are arranged in i, linear
or sequential fashion. Examples of data structures include arrays, stacks, queues, linked lists, etc.

Non Linear Structures:

In non-linear data strucutres, there is definite order or sequence in which data elements are
arranged. For instance, a non-linear data structures could arrange data elements in a hierarchical
fashion. Examples of non-linear data structures are trees and graphs.

Static and dynamic data structure:

Static Ds:

If a ds is created using static memory allocation, ie. ds formed when the number of data items
are known in advance ,it is known as static data static ds or fixed size ds.
 Dynamic Ds:

If the ds is created using dynamic memory allocation i.e ds formed when the number of data
items are not known in advance is known as dynamic ds or variable size ds.

Application of data structures:

Data structures are widely applied in the following areas:

Compiler design
Operating system
Statistical analysis package
DBMS
Numerical analysis
Simulation
Artificial intelligence
Graphics

ABSTRACT DATA TYPES (ADTS):

An abstract Data type (ADT) is defined as a mathematical model with a collection of operations
defined on that model. Set of integers, together with the operations of union, intersection and set
difference form a example of an ADT. An ADT consists of data together with functions that
operate on that data.
Advantages/Benefits of ADT:
1.Modularity
2.Reuse
3. code is easier to understand
4. Implementation of ADTs can be changed without requiring changes to the program that uses
the ADTs.

THE LIST AI)T:

List is an ordered set of elements.

The general form of the list is A1 ,A2 , ……,AN

A1 - First element of the list

A2- 1st element of the list

N –Size of the list

If the element at position i is Ai, then its successor is Ai+1 and its predecessor is Ai-1
Various operations performed on List

1. Insert (X, 5)- Insert the element X after the position 5.

2. Delete (X) - The element X is deleted

3. Find (X) - Returns the position of X.

4. Next (i) - Returns the position of its successor element i+1.

5. Previous (i) Returns the position of its predecessor i-1.

6. Print list - Contents of the list is displayed.

7. Makeempty- Makes the list empty.

Implementation of list ADT:

1. Array based Implementation

2. Linked List based implementation

Array Implementation of list:
Array is a collection of specific number of same type of data stored in consecutive memory
locations. Array is a static data structure i.e., the memory should be allocated in advance and the
size is fixed. This will waste the memory space when used space is less than the allocated space.

Insertion and Deletion operation are expensive as it requires more data movements

Find and Print list operations takes constant time.

The basic operations performed on a list of elements are

a. Creation of List.
b. Insertion of data in the List
c. Deletion of data from the List
d. Display all data‟s in the List
e. Searching for a data in the list
Declaration of Array:

#define maxsize 10
int list[maxsize], n ;
Create Operation:
Create operation is used to create the list with „ n „ number of elements .If „ n „ exceeds the
array‟s maxsize, then elements cannot be inserted into the list. Otherwise the array elements are
stored in the consecutive array locations (i.e.) list [0], list [1] and so on.
void Create ( )
{
int i;
printf("\nEnter the number of elements to be added in the list:\t");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("\nEnter the array elements:\t");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
scanf("%d",&list[i]);
}

If n=6, the output of creation is as follows:

list[6]

Insert Operation:
Insert operation is used to insert an element at particular position in the existing list. Inserting the
element in the last position of an array is easy. But inserting the element at a particular position
in an array is quite difficult since it involves all the subsequent elements to be shifted one
position to the right.
Routine to insert an element in the array:
void Insert( )
{
int i,data,pos;
printf("\nEnter the data to be inserted:\t");
scanf("%d",&data);
printf("\nEnter the position at which element to be inserted:\t");
scanf("%d",&pos);
if (pos==n)
printf (“Array overflow”);
for(i = n-1 ; i >= pos-1 ; i--)
list[i+1] = list[i];
list[pos-1] = data;
n=n+1;
Display();}
Consider an array with 5 elements [ max elements = 10 ]

10 20 30 40 50

If data 15 is to be inserted in the 2nd position then 50 has to be moved to next index position, 40
has to be moved to 50 position, 30 has to be moved to 40 position and 20 has to be moved to
30 position.

10 20 30 40 50

10 20 30 40 50

After this four data movement, 15 is inserted in the 2nd position of the array.
 10 15 20 30 40 50

Deletion Operation:
Deletion is the process of removing an element from the array at any position.
Deleting an element from the end is easy. If an element is to be deleted from any particular
position ,it requires all subsequent element from that position is shifted one position towards
left.
Routine to delete an element in the array:
void Delete( )
{
int i, pos ;
printf("\nEnter the position of the data to be deleted:\t");
scanf("%d",&pos);
printf("\nThe data deleted is:\t %d", list[pos-1]);
for(i=pos-1;i<n-1;i++)
list[i]=list[i+1];
n=n-1;
Display();
}
Consider an array with 5 elements [ max elements = 10 ]

10 20 30 40 50

If data 20 is to be deleted from the array, then 30 has to be moved to data 20 position, 40 has to
be moved to data 30 position and 50 has to be moved to data 40 position.

10 20 30 40 50
After this 3 data movements, data 20 is deleted from the 2nd position of the array.

10 30 40 50

Display Operation/Traversing a list

Traversal is the process of visiting the elements in a array.
Display( ) operation is used to display all the elements stored in the list. The elements are stored
from the index 0 to n - 1. Using a for loop, the elements in the list are viewed
Routine to traverse/display elements of the array:
void display( )
{
int i;
printf("\n**********Elements in the array**********\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
printf("%d\t",list[i]);
}

Search Operation:
Search( ) operation is used to determine whether a particular element is present in the list or not.
Input the search element to be checked in the list.
Routine to search an element in the array:
void Search( )
{
int search,i,count = 0;
printf("\nEnter the element to be searched:\t");
scanf("%d",&search);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
if(search == list[i])
count++;
}
 if(count==0)
printf("\nElement not present in the list");
else
printf("\nElement present in the list");
}

Program for array implementation of List

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#define maxsize 10
int list[maxsize],n;
void Create();
void Insert();
void Delete();
void Display();
void Search();
void main()
{
int choice;
clrscr();
do
{
printf("\n Array Implementation of List\n");
printf("\t1.create\n");
printf("\t2.Insert\n");
printf("\t3.Delete\n");
printf("\t4.Display\n");
printf("\t5.Search\n");
printf("\t6.Exit\n");
printf("\nEnter your choice:\t");
scanf("%d",&choice);
switch(choice)
{
case 1: Create();
break;
case 2: Insert();
break;
case 3: Delete();
break;
case 4: Display();
break;
case 5: Search();
break;
case 6: exit(1);
 default: printf("\nEnter option between 1 - 6\n");
break;
}
}while(choice<7);
}
void Create()
{
int i;
printf("\nEnter the number of elements to be added in the list:\t");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("\nEnter the array elements:\t");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
scanf("%d",&list[i]);
Display();
}
void Insert()
{
int i,data,pos;
printf("\nEnter the data to be inserted:\t");
scanf("%d",&data);
printf("\nEnter the position at which element to be inserted:\t");
scanf("%d",&pos);
for(i = n-1 ; i >= pos-1 ; i--)
list[i+1] = list[i];
list[pos-1] = data;
n+=1;
Display();
}
void Delete( )
{
int i,pos;
printf("\nEnter the position of the data to be deleted:\t");
scanf("%d",&pos);
printf("\nThe data deleted is:\t %d", list[pos-1]);
for(i=pos-1;i<n-1;i++)
list[i]=list[i+1];
n=n-1;
Display();
}
void Display()
{
int i;
printf("\n**********Elements in the array**********\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
printf("%d\t",list[i]);
}
 void Search()
{
int search,i,count = 0;
printf("\nEnter the element to be searched:\t");
scanf("%d",&search);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
if(search == list[i])
{
count++;
}
}
if(count==0)
printf("\nElement not present in the list");
else
printf("\nElement present in the list");
}
Output

Array Implementation of List

1.create
2.Insert
3.Delete
4.Display
5.Search
6.Exit
Enter your choice: 1

Enter the number of elements to be added in the list: 5

Enter the array elements: 12345

**********Elements in the array**********

1 2 3 4 5

Array Implementation of List

1.create
2.Insert
3.Delete
4.Display
5.Search
6.Exit
 Enter your choice: 2

Enter the data to be inserted: 3

Enter the position at which element to be inserted: 1

**********Elements in the array**********

3 1 2 3 4 5

Array Implementation of List

1.create
2.Insert
3.Delete
4.Display
5.Search
6.Exit

Enter your choice: 3

Enter the position of the data to be deleted: 4

The data deleted is: 3

**********Elements in the array**********

3 1 2 4 5

Array Implementation of List

1.create
2.Insert
3.Delete
4.Display
5.Search
6.Exit

Enter your choice: 5

Enter the element to be searched: 1

Element present in the list

Array Implementation of List

 1.create
2.Insert
3.Delete
4.Display
5.Search
6.Exit
Enter your choice:6

Advantages of array implementation:

1. The elements are faster to access using random access
2.Searching an element is easier

Limitation of array implementation

An array store its nodes in consecutive memory locations.
The number of elements in the array is fixed and it is not possible to change the number
of elements .
Insertion and deletion operation in array are expensive. Since insertion is performed by
pushing the entire array one position down and deletion is performed by shifting the
entire array one position up.
Applications of arrays:
Arrays are particularly used in programs that require storing large collection of similar type data
elements.
Differences between Array based and Linked based implementation

Array Linked List

Definition Array is a collection of elements Linked list is an ordered collection
having same data type with common of elements which are connected by
name links/pointers
Access Elements can be accessed using Sequential access
index/subscript, random access
Memory structure Elements are stored in contiguous Elements are stored at available
memory locations memory space
Insertion & Deletion Insertion and deletion takes more time Insertion and deletion are fast and
in array easy
Memory Allocation Memory is allocated at compile time Memory is allocated at run time i.e
i.e static memory allocation dynamic memory allocation
Types 1D,2D,multi-dimensional SLL, DLL circular linked list
Dependency Each elements is independent Each node is dependent on each
other as address part contains
address of next node in the list