Institute of Chemical and Environmental Engineering

Assignment No. 1
Engineering physics (PHYS-1123)
Topic: Optics: Lenses and Mirrors, and
fundamentals of electromagnetism
Submitted By : Hasnat Ahmad

Submitted To : Engr. Dr. Umair Azhar

Registration No. : CHEN221101024

Class : BS-CHEN-3

BS Chemical Engineering
Submission Date
27th November 2023

Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering & Information Technology Abu Dhabi Road, Rahim Yar
Khan. Tel: +92 68 5882448 Fax: +92 68 5882405 www.kfueit.edu.pk
 1. Optics: Lenses and mirrors
Optics:
Optics is the branch of physics that deals with the study of light and its interactions with matter. Lenses and
mirrors are optical devices that manipulate the behavior of light for various purposes.

Lenses:
Lenses are transparent optical components with curved surfaces that can converge or diverge light. There
are two main types of lenses:

Convex Lens (Converging Lens):

A convex lens is thicker at the center than at the edges. It converges light rays that are parallel to its principal
axis, bringing them together at a focal point. Convex lenses are commonly used in devices such as cameras,
telescopes, and magnifying glasses.
Concave Lens (Diverging Lens):
A concave lens is thinner at the center than at the edges. It diverges light rays that are parallel to its principal
axis. Concave lenses are used in correcting vision problems like nearsightedness.
The basic terms associated with lenses include:
Focal Point:
The point where parallel rays of light either converge (convex lens) or appear to diverge from (concave
lens) after passing through the lens.
Focal Length:
The distance between the lens and its focal point. It is denoted by the symbol "f."
Lens Equation: The lens equation relates the focal length, object distance, and image distance:
1 1 1
= 𝑑𝑜 + 𝑑𝑖
𝑓

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Mirrors:
Mirrors are reflective surfaces that can produce images by reflecting light. There are two main

types of mirrors:
Concave mirror.
Convex mirror.
Concave Mirror:
A concave mirror curves inward, and it can converge parallel rays of light to a focal point. Concave
mirrors are used in applications such as makeup mirrors, headlights, and reflecting telescopes.
Convex Mirror:
A convex mirror curves outward, and it diverges parallel rays of light. Convex mirrors are
commonly used in side mirrors of vehicles to provide a wider field of view.
The basic terms associated with mirrors include:
Focal Point (Mirror):
The point where parallel rays of light either converge (concave mirror) or appear to diverge from
(convex mirror) after reflection.
Focal Length (Mirror):
The distance between the mirror and its focal point.
Mirror Equation: The mirror equation relates the focal length, object distance, and image distance
for mirrors:
1 1 1
= 𝑑𝑜 + 𝑑𝑖
𝑓

Understanding the properties and behaviors of lenses and mirrors is crucial in various optical
systems, including photography, astronomy, and vision correction.

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 2. Fundamentals of Electromagnetism.

Electromagnetism is a branch of physics that deals with the study of electric and magnetic fields
and their interactions. It is a fundamental force that plays a crucial role in the behavior of charged
particles. Here are some key fundamentals of electromagnetism:

Electric Charge:
Charge Types: There are two types of electric charge - positive and negative. Like charges repel
each other, and opposite charges attract.
Quantization of Charge:
Electric charge is quantized, meaning it exists in discrete packets. The elementary charge is the
charge of a single electron or proton.
Electric Field:
Definition:
An electric field surrounds an electric charge and exerts a force on other charges placed in the
field.

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Electric Field Lines:
Imaginary lines that represent the direction and strength of the electric field. They point away
from positive charges and toward negative charges.
Coulomb's Law:
Force Between Charges: Coulomb's law describes the electrostatic force between two charged
objects. The force is directly proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional
to the square of the distance between them.
𝑞 𝑞
*Mathematical Expression:𝐹 = 𝑘 𝑟1 2 2, where F is the electrostatic force, q1 and q2 are the
charges, r is the separation distance and k is coulombs constant.
Electric Potential and Voltage:
Electric Potential Energy:
The energy associated with the position of charged particles in an electric field.
Voltage (Electric Potential Difference):
The work done to move a unit positive charge from one point to another in an electric field. It is
measured in volts (V).
Relation Between Voltage and Electric Field:
V=E⋅d, where V is the voltage, E is the electric field strength, and d is the separation distance

Magnetic Field:
Magnetic Field Lines:
Similar to electric field lines, magnetic field lines indicate the direction and strength of the
magnetic field. They form closed loops and emerge from the north pole of a magnet and enter the
south pole.
Magnetic Force on Moving Charges:
Charged particles moving through a magnetic field experience a magnetic force perpendicular to
both the particle's velocity and the magnetic field direction.
Ampère's Law and Biot-Savart Law:
Ampère's Law: Relates the magnetic field around a closed loop to the electric current passing
through the loop.
Biot-Savart Law:
Describes the magnetic field produced by a current-carrying wire segment.

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Faraday's Law and Lenz's Law:
Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction:
Changing magnetic fields induce an electromotive force (EMF) in a conductor, producing an
electric current.
Lenz's Law:
The direction of the induced current is such that it opposes the change in magnetic flux that
produced it
Maxwell's Equations:
Unified Description: Maxwell's equations provide a unified description of electric and magnetic
fields and their interactions. They are a set of four fundamental equations that form the basis of
classical electrodynamics.
Understanding electromagnetism is crucial in various fields, including electronics,
telecommunications, and the study of electromagnetic waves, such as light. The principles of
electromagnetism laid the foundation for many technological advancements.