JAWAHAR HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL, NEYVELI

BIOLOGY PROJECT

MENSTRUAL CYCLE

Kuojartee
seud Corpus
luteum
12
Menstruaio 5
alan

2 Growing 28
follicde
20
Proliferauve p
Oocyte
19 10

•sed

13
15 14
Onilation

NAME:Deekshana V
REGISTRATION NUMBER:
 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

NAME
DEEKStANA V
CLASS
XII -F
sUBJECT
BIOLOGy
REGISTRATION NUMBER

This to certifty that the above-mentioned student of Class XII - F section, Jawahar
Higher Secondary School, Neyveli has completed the Biology project during the academic
year 2024 - 2025 for the AISSE as prescribed by CBSE.

Submitted on :

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Iwish to express my sincere gratitude to our Principal,Mrs. M. Sethumani

for providing all facilities to complete this project successfully.

Iextend my hearty thanks to our Biology teacher, Mrs. R. Subbulakshmi,

for her valuable guidance and support in completing this project work.

I wouldalso like to extend my sincere thanks to my parents and friends who

helped me with their valuable suggestions and guidance in project
completion.
 INDEX

1. Reproductive cycle
2. Menstrual cycle
3. Hormones
4. Phases of menstrual cycle
5. Duration of different phases
6. Menstruation
7. Follicular phase
8. Ovulation phase
9. Luteal phase
10. Events of menstruation cycle
11. Hormonal levels during different
phases
12. Signs of menstruation
13. Menarche and menopause
14. Menstrual cycle disorder
15. Menstrual taboos
16. Bibliography
 REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE
The female of placental mammals exhibits cyclical changes in the
activities of ovaries and accessory ducts as well as hormones during the
reproductive phase known as reproductive cycle.

There are two types which are as follows;

1.0ESTRUS CYCLE
The estrous cycle or oestrus cycle is that recurring physiological
changes that are induced by reproductive hormones in most
mammalian therein females. Estrous cycle start after sexual
maturity in females and are interrupted by anestrous phases or by
pregnancies.

2.MENSTRUAL CYCLE
The menstrual is the regular natural change that occurs in the
female reproductive system that makes pregnancy possible.
Menstruation is the technical term for getting your periods .If
pregnancy does not occur, this thickened lining is shed,
accompanied by bleeding usually last for 3-8 day.
 MENSTRUAL CYCLE

The menstrual cycle iscomplex and controlled by

many different glands and the hormones that these
glands produce. The four phases of the menstrual
cycle are menstruation, the follicular phase,
ovulation and the luteal phase.

- In human female, Menstruation is repeated at an

average interval of about 28-29 day.

a The cycle of the event from one menstruation till

the next one is known as menstrual cycle.

SyTtRtCm
 HORMONES
A Anterior Pituitary Hormone
I Luteinizing Hormone(LH)
It is a hormone produced by gonadotropiccells in the anterior
pituitary gland. In females, an acute rise of LH triggers ovulation and
development of corpus luteum.

II. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

It is a ganadotropin, a glycoprotein polypeptide hormone. FSH is
synthesized and secreted by the gandotrophic cell of the anterior
pituitary gland and regulates the development, and reproductive
processes of body.
Ovarian Hormone

Estrogen
It is the primary female sex hormone. It is responsible for the
development and regulation of female reproductive and
secondary sex characteristics.

II. Progesterone
It is an endogenous steroid and progesterone sex hormone
involved in the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and
embryogenesis of humans and other species.
 PHASES OF MENSTRUAL CYCLE

A
change in the level of anterior pituitary hormone and
Overlain hormone induces changes in ovary and uterus
in the different phases.

" Menstrual Cycle can be divided into 3 phases:

1. Menstrual Phases

2. Follicular (Estrogen) Phase

3. Ovulation
4. Luteal Phase
Fllopian e
Tabe Folicular Phase Menstrual
Ovary Developing Egg
Uterus
Endometrium Cycle
Ovulation Phase "Vagina

Endometrium
Shede

Menstrual
Thickening of Ess gets Releaed Phase
Endometrium
Luteal Phase
9wwwWImedindia.net
 DURATION OF MENSTRUAL
CYCLE

" The duration of menstrual cycle is 28 days

" Cycle can range anywhere from 21 to 35 days in adults.
" The range for the early teens range between 21 to 45
days.

PhaseOf Menstrual Cycle Average Start And End Day

Menstrual Phase 1-4

Proliferative Phase 5-13

Ovulation 13-16

Secretory Phase 16-28

 MENSTRUAL PHASE

- Menstrual cycle starts with menstrual phase.

a Menstruation
i. Menstrual bleeding. menses, periods.

ii. Discharge of bloody fluid containing endometrial cells,

glandular secretions and blood cells.

ii. Due to breakdown of endometrial lining of uterus and its

blood vessels.

iv. Result of the previous menstrual cycle.

V. Due to strong vasoconstriction and photolytic activity,

functional stratum of endometrial tissue dies and is
discharged during menstrual bleeding.

vi. It last for 3-5 days

 FOLLICULAR PHASE

Due to the rise of follicle stimulating hormones

during the first day of the cycle, several ovarian
follicles are stimulated.
" Follicle competes with each other for
development.
" Follicle matures into graffian follicle.
" As they mature, the follicles secret increasing
amount of estrogen which thickness the new
functional layer of endometrial in the uterus.
At the end of this phase, ovulation occurs

Prisay

eekoular
oe

Coryu

Regreein
Corpes ktes
Forres
Ovulatkoes
 OVULATION

" During the follicular phase, estrogen suppresses

production of luteinizing hormones [LH] from the pituitary
gland.
" When the ovum has nearly matured, levels of estrogen
reach a threshold above which they stimulate producing of
LH surge.
" After being released from ovary it is kept into fallopian
tube.

DAY2
DAY 1 uterus
DAY 34
ferilised egg
trypond
&cdl
DAY 4
cmpactod mrda
DAY0
fernilization innet col mas
DAY5

o pell DAY6-7
o0cyte
ovary late-s
blastoc
ovularion (hatching DAY &9

mplantation
of the
blastocyst
 LUTEAL PHASE

" Graffian follicle transform as corpus luteum

" The luteal phase is the latter phase of the menstrual
cycle.
It begins with the formation of the corpus luteum
and ends in either pregnancy or luteolysis.
" Corpus luteam secrets significant amount of
progesterone, which plays a vital role.
" The two opposite of the luteal phase, the rest of the
two weeks is called the follicular phase

FOLLICULAR PHASE LUTEAL PHASE

O7 14 21
PERIOD OVULATION

Ovarian Cycle
CHANGING HORMONE LEVEL DURING MENSTRUATION
CYCLE

hypothalamus
GnRH
anterior pituitary
mi peak of
FSH LH LH triggers ovulation)
Blood levels of FSH
LH leveis

FSH J LH JI LH

ovary
growth of follicle ovulation corpus
-luteum

progesterone,
estrogen estrogen
Blood levels of
endometrium estrogen progesterone
of uterus levels
progesterone,
estrogen estrogen
menstruation

days 4 14 28

FOLLICULAR PHASE OF LUTEAL PHASE OF

MENSTRUAL CYCLE MENSTRUAL CYCLE
 SIGN OF MENSTRUAL CYCLE

" AWoman May Experience:

a Fluid Retention

a Cramping

a Constipation

A Mood Swings

a Weight Gain

a Breast Tenderness

a Diarrhea
 MENARCHE AND MENOPHASE
" Menarche

A A woman's first menstruation.

A Typically occurs around age 12.

A Occurrence depends on the overall health and diet.

" Menopause:

A End of woman's reproductive phase.

a Commonly occurs between ages 45 and 55,

- Age of menopause is largely the result of genetics.

 BIBLIOGRAPHY

www.ncert.com
www.google.com
www.yahoo.com
" www.wikipedia.com