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How Rocks Behave Under Stress

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Edison Batula
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11 views

How Rocks Behave Under Stress

Uploaded by

Edison Batula
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 72

How rocks behave

under different
types of stress
Objectives
⊷ Understand how rocks are
deformed by stress and undergo
solid deformation.

⊷ Explain how tension, compression,


and shear stresses produce
geological structures.

3
But before our lesson, let’s play

4
5
SESTRS
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STRESS
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8
STURC
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CRUST
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STANIR
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STRAIN
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14
TEALSIC
15
ELASTIC
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CORK
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ROCK
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Stress Vs.
Strain
Stress

⊷ The forces acting on rock are


called stress. Stress is the
force applied on a rock per
unit area.

22
Strain
⊷ When rocks deform they are
said to strain.

⊷ A strain is a change in size,


shape, or volume of a
material.

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Types of
Stress
Types of Stress

⊷ Tensional Stress
⊷ Compressional Stress
⊷ Shear Stress

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Tensional Stress

⊷ Tension stresses act in


opposite directions, pulling
rock apart or stretching it

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Tensional Stress
Compressional Stress

⊷ Compression stresses act


toward each other, pushing
or squeezing rock together.

27
Compressional Stress
Shear Stress

⊷ Shear stresses may act


toward or away from each
other, but they do so along
different lines of action,
causing rock to twist or tear.

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Shear Stress
Stages of
Deformation
Stages of Deformation

⊷ Elastic Deformation
⊷ Ductile Deformation
⊷ Fracture

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Elastic Deformation

⊷ wherein the
strain is reversible.

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Ductile Deformation

⊷ wherein the strain


is irreversible.

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Fracture

⊷ irreversible strain
wherein the material
breaks.

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Factors
Affecting
Deformation
FACTORS AFFECTING
DEFORMATION

⊷ Temperature
⊷ Confining Pressure
⊷ Strain Rate
⊷ Composition

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Temperature
⊷ At high temperature
molecules and their bonds
can stretch and move, thus
materials will behave in more
ductile manner. At low
Temperature, materials are
brittle.

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Confining Pressure
⊷ At high confining pressure
materials are less likely to
fracture because the
pressure of the surroundings
tends to hinder the formation
of fractures. At low confining
stress, material will be brittle
and tend to fracture sooner.
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Strain Rate
⊷ At high strain rates material
tends to fracture. At low
strain rates more time is
available for individual atoms
to move and therefore ductile
behavior is favored

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Composition
⊷ Some minerals are very brittle.
This is due to the chemical bond
types that hold them together.
Thus, the mineralogical
composition of the rock will be a
factor in determining the
deformational behavior of the
rock.

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Strike And
Dip
Strike

⊷ Strike is the compass


direction of any horizontal
line on the plane.

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Dip
⊷ The dip is the angle
between a horizontal plane
and the inclined plane,
measured perpendicular to
the direction of strike.

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Strike and Dip
ROCK
BEHAVIORS
Rock Behaviors

⊷ Brittle
⊷ Ductile

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Fracture of Brittle
Rocks

⊷ Joint
⊷ Fault

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Joint
⊷ A joint is a fracture along
which no movement has
taken place, usually
caused by tensional
forces.

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Fault
⊷ A fault is a fracture or
break in the rock along
which movement has
taken place

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Types Of
Faults
Types OF Faults

⊷ Dip-Slip Fault
⊷ Strike-Slip Fault
⊷ Oblique-Slip Fault

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Deformation of Ductile
Rocks
⊷ When rocks deform in a
ductile manner, instead of
fracturing to form faults or
joints, they may bend or fold,
and the resulting structures
are called folds.

57
Folds
⊷ Folds result from
compressional stresses or
shear stresses acting over
considerable time.

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Kinds of
Folds
Kinds of Folds
⊷ Monoclines
⊷ Anticlines
⊷ Synclines

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Monoclines
⊷ Monoclines are the simplest
types of folds. Monoclines
occur when horizontal strata
are bent upward so that the
two limbs of the fold are still
horizontal.

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Anticlines
⊷ Anticlines are folds where the
originally horizontal strata has
been folded upward, and the
two limbs of the fold dip away
from the hinge of the fold.

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Synclines
⊷ Synclines are folds where the
originally horizontal strata
have been folded downward,
and the two limbs of the fold
dip inward toward the hinge
of the fold.

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QUIZ
ENUMERATION

1-3 Types of Stress


4-6 Stages of Deformation
7-10 Factors Affecting Deformation
11-13 Types of Faults
QUIZ
14. is the compass direction of any
horizontal line on the plane.

15.The is the angle between a horizontal


plane and the inclined plane, measured
perpendicular to the direction of strike.
ANSWERS
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ANSWERS
1. Tensional Stress 12. Strike-Slip Fault
2. Compressional Stress 13. Oblique-Slip Fault
3. Shear Stress 14. Strike
4. Elastic Deformation 15. Dip
5. Ductile Deformation
6. Fracture
7. Temperature
8. Confining Pressure
9. Strain Rate
10. Composition
11. Dip-Slip Fault
Thanks!
ANY QUESTIONS?

72

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