Methods, Standards,

Work Design
IE11
Work Study and Measurement

James Louie R. Meneses, PhD, CIE, AAE

Learning Outcomes

•Ability to describe the works of Frederick Taylor

and Frank Gilbreth, the fathers of Motion and
Time Study
•Ability to describe what it means to be
productive and solve productivity problems
•Ability enumerate and explain the procedure of
methods engineering and identify
Outline

1. Productivity Importance
2. Methods and Standards Scope
3. Historical Development
Productivity Importance

Productivity is commonly defined as a ratio between the

output volume and the volume of inputs. In other words, it
measures how efficiently production inputs, such as labor
and capital, are being used in an economy to produce a
given level of output.
The fundamental tools that result in increased
productivity are:
▪ methods,
▪ time study standards
▪ work design.
Traditional Areas of Opportunity for
Industrial Engineers

(1) Work measurement

Traditional Areas of Opportunity for
Industrial Engineers

(2) Work Methods and Design

Traditional Areas of Opportunity for
Industrial Engineers
(3) Production Engineering
Traditional Areas of Opportunity for
Industrial Engineers
(4) Manufacturing Analysis and Control
Traditional Areas of Opportunity for
Industrial Engineers
(5) Facilities planning
Traditional Areas of Opportunity for
Industrial Engineers
(6) Wage Administration
Traditional Areas of Opportunity for
Industrial Engineers
(7) Ergonomics and Safety
Traditional Areas of Opportunity for
Industrial Engineers

(8) Production and Inventory Control

Traditional Areas of Opportunity for
Industrial Engineers

(9) Quality Control

The objective of the manufacturing manager:

“To produce a quality product, on schedule, at the lowest

possible cost, with a minimum of capital investment and a
maximum of employee satisfaction.”

The focus of the reliability and quality control manager:

“To maintain engineering specifications and satisfy

customers with the product’s quality level and reliability over
its expected life.”
• The production control manager is principally
interested in establishing and maintaining
production schedules.
• The manager of methods, standards, and work
design is mostly concerned with combining the
lowest possible production cost with maximum
employee satisfaction without sacrificing
workplace safety.
• The maintenance manager is primarily concerned
with minimizing facility downtime due to
unscheduled breakdowns and repairs.
A—Cost is largely determined by manufacturing methods.
B—Time standards are the bases of standard costs.
C—Standards (direct and indirect) provide the bases for measuring the performance of production
departments
D—Time is a common denominator for comparing competitive equipment and supplies.
E—Good labor relations are maintained with equitable standards and a safe work environment.
F—Methods work design and processes strongly influence product designs.
G—Standards provide the bases for preventive maintenance.
H—Standards enforce quality.
Methods and Standards Scope
Methods engineering includes designing, creating, and
selecting the best manufacturing methods, processes tools,
equipment, and skills to manufacture a product based on the
working drawings that have been developed by the product
engineering section.
Furthermore there is the responsibility to see that:
(a) Predetermined Standards are met;
(b) Workers are adequately compensated for their
output, skills, responsibilities, and experience; and
(c) Workers have a feeling of satisfaction from the
work that they do.
Methods and Standards Scope
Methods engineering includes designing, creating, and
selecting the best manufacturing methods, processes
tools, equipment, and skills to manufacture a product
based on the working drawings that have been developed
by the product engineering section.

Furthermore there is the responsibility to see that:

(a) Predetermined Standards are met;
(b) Workers are adequately compensated for their
output, skills, responsibilities, and experience; and
(c) Workers have a feeling of satisfaction from the
work that they do.
Methods Engineering
• The terms operation analysis, work design and
simplification, and methods engineering and corporate
re-engineering are frequently used synonymously.

• The methods engineer is

first responsible for designing and developing the
various work centers where the product will be
produced.
Second, that engineer must continually re-study the
work centers to find a better way to produce the
product and to improve its quality.

• Methods engineering implies the utilization of

technological capability.
Leading countries by gross research and development
(R&D) expenditure worldwide in 2020
Principal Steps in Methods Study
Program
Select Project
Get and Present Data
Analyze Data
Develop Ideal Method
Present And Install Method
Develop Job Analysis
Establish Time Standards
Follow up
Principal Steps in Methods Study
Program
Select Project >New plant and plant
expansion
Get and Present Data >New products, new methods
Products with high cost/ low
Analyze Data profit
>Products unable to meet
Develop Ideal Method competition
>Manufacturing difficulties
Present And Install Method >Bottleneck operations/
exploratory tools
Develop Job Analysis
Establish Time Standards

Follow up
Principal Steps in Methods Study
Program
Select Project >Obtain production
requirements
Get and Present Data >Procure engineering data
>Procure manufacturing and
Analyze Data cost data
>Develop description and
Develop Ideal Method sketches of workstation and
tools
Present And Install Method
>Construct operation process
charts
Develop Job Analysis
>Construct flow process for
individual items
Establish Time Standards

Follow up
Principal Steps in Methods Study
Program
Select Project
Get and Present Data >Use 9 primary
approaches to operation
Analyze Data analysis
Develop Ideal Method >Question every detail
Use : why, where, what,
Present And Install Method who, when, how

Develop Job Analysis

Establish Time Standards

Follow up
Principal Steps in Methods Study
Program
Select Project >Worker and machine
process chart
Get and Present Data >Mathematical techniques
>Eliminate, combine, simplify,
Analyze Data rearrange step
>Principles of work design
Develop Ideal Method with respect to:
- Motion economy, manual
Present And Install Method
work, workplace
- Equipment, tools, safety,
Develop Job Analysis work environment
Establish Time Standards

Follow up
Principal Steps in Methods Study
Program
Select Project
>Use decision-making
Get and Present Data tools
Analyze Data >Develop written and
oral presentation
Develop Ideal Method >Overcome resistance
>Sell method to
Present And Install Method
operators, supervisor,
Develop Job Analysis and management
>Put method to work
Establish Time Standards

Follow up
Principal Steps in Methods Study
Program
Select Project
Get and Present Data

Analyze Data
Develop Ideal Method
>Job analysis
Present And Install Method
>Job description
Develop Job Analysis >Accommodation of
differently abled to
Establish Time Standards workers
Follow up
Principal Steps in Methods Study
Program
Select Project
Get and Present Data

Analyze Data
Develop Ideal Method
Present And Install Method >Stopwatch time study
>Work sampling
Develop Job Analysis
>Standard data
Establish Time Standards >Formulas
Predetermined time system
Follow up
 Select Project
Get and Present Data

Analyze Data
Develop Ideal Method
Present And Install Method >Verify saving
>Assure that installation is
Develop Job Analysis
correct
Establish Time Standards >Keep everyone sold
>Repeat methods
Follow up procedure
Work Design
• As part of developing or maintaining the
new method, the principles of work
design must be used to fit the task and
workstation ergonomically to the human
operator.
Standards
• Standards are the end result of time study or work
measurement. This technique establishes a time
standard allowed to perform a given task, based on
measurements of the work content ( that is time taken
to manufacture the product or to perform the
operation if the design or specification of product or
service provided were perfect) of the prescribed
method, with due consideration for fatigue and for
personal and unavoidable delays.
Time study analysts use several techniques to
establish a standard:

• a stopwatch time study

• computerized data collection
• standard data,
• predetermined time systems
• work sampling, and estimates based on
historical data.
The principal objectives of methods, standards,
and work design are:

(a) to increase productivity and product

reliability safely
(b) to lower unit cost
Historical Development
FREDERICK W. TAYLOR
Frederick W. Taylor is known as the father of scientific
management and industrial engineering.
• He is the first person to use a stopwatch to study work
content. Many years later, he established his four
Principles of Scientific Management:
1. Develop a science for each element of a person’s
work.
2. Select the best worker for each task and train that
worker in the prescribed method.
3. Develop a spirit of cooperation between
management and labor in carrying out the prescribed
methods.
4. Divide the work into almost equal shares between
management and labor, each doing what they do best.
FREDERICK W. TAYLOR
• pig-iron experiment
• Shoveling experiment
• Taylor–White process of
heat treatment for tool
steel
FRANK AND LILLIAN GILBRETH
• Frank and Lillian Gilbreth were the founders of
the modern motion study technique, which
may be defined as the study of the body
motions used in performing an operation, to
improve the operation by eliminating
unnecessary motions, simplifying necessary
motions, and then establishing the most
favorable motion sequence for maximum
efficiency.
• They developed theories of efficient motions
through defining terminology of the entire
range of manual motions. These 17 elementary
subdivisions of motion, later engineers named
a short word, therblig.
HENRY LAURENCE GANTT
• Henry Laurence Gantt invented the task and
bonus system or earned-hour plan. Rather
than penalizing the less proficient worker as
Taylor did with his multiple piecework plans,
Gantt advocated a livable wage with a
sizable bonus for performance over 100%.
• While Taylor emphasized the analytical and
organizational aspects of work, Gantt was
more interested in operator selection,
training, and motivation.
RALPH M. BARNES
• Dr. Barnes was one of the first and
best-known professors of
engineering in the field of work
measurement. His achievements
included writing the longest
published text on work
measurement, a thorough
description of the Gilbreths’ micro-
motion study, time study, and the
procedure for work sampling.
• He conducted numerous methods
studies of activities with motion
picture cameras and developed
rating films for training time study
technologists.
Emergence of Work Design
• Work design is a relatively new science that deals
with designing the task, work station, and working
environment to fit the human operator better.
• In the United States, it is more typically known as
human factors, while internationally it is better
known as ergonomics, which is derived from the
Greek words for work (erg) and laws (nomos).
• Obviously, the growth of computers and
technology will keep human factors specialists
and ergonomists busy designing better
workplaces and products and improving the
quality of life and work for many years to come.
Organizations
• Technical organizations have contributed much toward bringing
the science of time study, work design, and methods engineering
up to present-day standards.
• The Institute of Industrial Engineers (IIE) was founded in 1948 with
the purposes of:
• maintaining the practice of industrial engineering on a professional
level;
• fostering a high degree of integrity among the members of the
industrial engineering profession;
• encouraging and assisting education and research in areas of
interest to industrial engineers;
• promoting the interchange of ideas and in formation among
members of the industrial engineering profession (e.g., publishing
the journal IIE Transactions);
Organizations
• In the area of work design, the first professional
organization, the Ergonomics Research Society,
was founded in the United Kingdom in 1949. It
started the first professional journal, Ergonomics,
in 1957.

• Currently, there are well over 5,000 members

organized in 20 different technical groups.
Present Trends
• Practitioners of methods, standards, and work design have
come to realize that such factors as age, health and well-
being, physical size and strength, training attitudes, job
satisfaction, and motivation response have a direct bearing
on productivity.
• Today’s practitioners must use the “humane” approach.
They must be well versed in the study of human behavior
and accomplished in the art of communication. They must
also be good listeners, respecting the ideas and thinking
of others, particularly the worker at the bench.
Present Trends
• Today, there is a greater intrusion by the government in the
regulation of methods, standards, and work design. For
example, military equipment contractors and
subcontractors are under increased pressure to document
direct labor standards as a result of MIL-STD 1567A
• Similarly, in the area of work design, Congress passed the
OSH Act establishing the National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), are search
agency for developing guidelines and standards for worker
health and safety, and the Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA) an enforcement agency to maintain
these standards.
That’s All!

End of Presentation
Activity No.1
1. Using the eight steps in methods engineering cite
an example applying it in your real-life activities and
discuss it in the class.