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Ch01 PPT04

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17 views

Ch01 PPT04

.

Uploaded by

Kanishk Sehra
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Hydromechanics

Fluid property: Density and pressure


and compressibility

Basudev Biswal,
Civil Engineering Department, IIT Bombay 1
Mass density

https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-I-ItbvkEdP0/V6G2PriTaVI/AAAAAAAAB3g/EYnB6q_ar8kdfg2926_d0bN4KNhw4QiAQCLcB/s1600/density.jpg

Density (ρ): mass per unit volume.

Specific volume(𝜗): volume occupied by unit mass of fluid (m3/kg),


which is 1/ρ.

Specific weight (γ = ρg): weight per unit volume N/m3.

Specific gravity or relative density: density of the liquid to density of


pure-water in case of liquid and air in case of gas.
2
Densities of common substances
Substance Density (kg/m3)
hydrogen (at STP) 0.09
Air (at STP) 1.293
Ice 920
Coconut oil 924
Mustard oil 969
Human (average) 985
water at 20°C 998
water at 4°C 1,000
seawater 1,003
Dead-sea water (saturated saltwater) 1,240
Earth (average) 5,515
Iron 7,800
Mercury 13,600
Osmium 22,600
Black hole (estimated) 1× 1018 3
The Dead Sea is not that deadly

https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-36477284

4
Density and temperture

https://www.quora.com/Which-has-a-higher-density-mercury-or-water-and-why

For most materials density decreases with temperature as rise of


temperature increases distance between molecules.

Water is an expectation to this rule; the density of ice is less than that
of water. 5
How do fish survive in frozen lakes

https://media.gettyimages.com/photos/high-angle-view-of-fish-in-frozen-lake-picture-id1126072214

Density of water is higher than that of ice, which makes it possible for the
aquatic life to survive winter in cold regions. Ice floats in water and creates a
protective layer, which prevents release of heat. 6
Fluid pressure: the common explanation
𝑃𝑠 𝛿s
𝑃𝑦 𝛿y

𝑃𝑥 𝛿x

Let’s assume that apart from pressure force there is no other force on
the prismatic element. In X direction force per unit length, 𝑷𝒚 𝜹𝒚 =
𝑷𝒔 𝜹s ⋅ 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 , and in Y direction, 𝑷𝒙 𝜹𝒙 = 𝑷𝒔 𝜹s ⋅ 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝜽). Since 𝛿𝑦 = 𝛿s ⋅
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 and 𝛿𝑥 = 𝛿s ⋅ 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃), 𝑷𝒙 = 𝑷𝒚 = 𝑷𝒔 : i.e. pressure is constant for
all the three faces!

Of course this analysis is valid only for fluids because they cannot
withstand shear stress.
7
Another explanation

https://www.featurepics.com/StockImage/20101028/golf-balls-stock-illustration-1690257.jpg

What holds the golf balls in the figure together? The answer is
friction. Hence, pressure (force per unit area) everywhere is not the
same due to friction.

Since, fluid molecules work like rigid friction-less balls, there won’t
be any friction when there is no relative movement between the
fluid layers, and hence pressure in all direction will be constant.
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Hydraulic press

The non-directional property of fluids can be exploited for many


practical applications. Since pressure is equal everywhere, a little
amount of force can help us to lift a heavy object!

But, as we will see later in this chapter, no work is done for free.

Joseph Bramah (1795) filed patent for hydraulic press that accelerated
industrial revolution in Europe.
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Compressibility

https://slideplayer.com/2770826/10/images/4/Compressibility.jpg

Change in volume when a substance is subjected to pressure is called


compressibility.

The reciprocal of coefficient of compressibility (𝛽) is the bulk modulus


𝒅𝒑
of elasticity (𝐸𝑣 ): 𝛽 = 1/𝐸𝑣 . 𝑬𝒗 = − .
𝒅𝑽/𝑽

In most practical applications, liquids are assumed to be incompressible10


Importance of compressibility

https://www.aircraftsystemstech.com/p/high-speed-aerodynamics-high-speed.html

In certain cases, compressibility is important, e.g. in water hammer


studies (will study in pipe flow chapter).

Groundwater studies incorporate compressibility in certain scenarios.

Compressibility is very important for high-speed aerodynamic studies.


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