IGCSE Bonding Revision Questions Answers
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Marta MariaIGCSE Bonding Revision Questions Answers
Uploaded by
Marta MariaBonding Revision
Bold italic = Paper 2 only
Some useful phrases:
Strong electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely-charged ions require a lot of energy to
break
Weak intermolecular forces of attraction require little energy to break
Giant lattice of positive ions in a sea of delocalized electrons
Electrostatic attraction between positive ions and delocalized electrons
Layers of positive ions slide over each other
Strong electrostatic attraction between a shared pair of electrons and the nuclei of both atoms
making up the bond
Don’t get mixed up:
Ionic substances conduct electricity when molten/in aqueous solution because IONS are free to
move
Metals conduct electricity because delocalized ELECTRONS are free to move
Graphite conducts electricity because delocalized ELECTRONS are free to move
Do not:
Mention the words molecules/intermolecular forces when talking about ionic compounds
Get mixed up between ammonia (NH3 – a covalent molecule) and ammonium (NH4+ an ion)
Get mixed up between sulfide (S2-) and sulfate (SO42-) or between nitride (N3-) and nitrate
(NO3-)
Mention the word ‘electrons’ when explaining why ionic compounds conduct electricity
Remember:
Intermolecular forces are between molecules Covalent bonds are between atoms.
When a covalent molecular substance melts/boils only the weak intermolecular forces of attraction
are broken – this does not require much energy.
If a compound contains a metal it is almost certainly ionic (exceptions will be things like
ammonium chloride)
Diamond and graphite have giant structures but C60 fullerene has a simple molecular structure
Covalent molecular substances with higher relative molecular masses usually have higher
melting/boiling points because the intermolecular forces are stronger.
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Bonding Revision
1 Complete the sentences:
positive ions are formed when atoms …LOSE electrons
negative ions are formed when atoms …GAIN…. electrons
2 Give the charges on the ions followed by the following atoms:
K Al Cl S Ca N
K+ Al3+ Cl- S2- Ca2+ N3-
3 Give the formulae of the following ions:
Hydroxide Nitrate Sulfate Carbonate Ammonium Silver iron(II) Zinc lead(II)
OH- NO3- SO42- CO32- NH4+ Ag+ Fe2+ Zn2+ Pb2+
4 Draw dot and cross diagrams showing the ions present in each of the following – you only
need to show outer shell electrons
Lithium fluoride sodium oxide
Calcium Oxide Magnesium Chloride
5 Work out the formulae of the following compounds:
Potassium Calcium Magnesium Barium Ammonium Sodium
oxide chloride hydroxide nitrate sulfate carbonate
K2O CaCl2 Mg(OH)2 Ba(NO3)2 (NH4)2SO4 Na2CO3
Copper(II) Lead(II) Silver Zinc iron(II) iron(III)
sulfate nitrate bromide sulfate hydroxide chloride
CuSO4 Pb(NO3)2 AgBr ZnSO4 Fe(OH)2 FeCl3
6 Fill in the gaps:
(a) Ionic bonding is a …STRONG… electrostatic attraction between
OPPOSITELY-CHARGED ions
(b) An ionic crystal is a GIANT three-dimensional LATTICE structure
held together by the attraction between OPPOSITELY-CHARGED IONS
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Bonding Revision
7 Explain the following in terms of structure and bonding:
(a) ionic compounds have high melting points
Strong electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely-charged ions throughout the giant
structure require a lot of energy to overcome
(b) ionic compounds conduct electricity only when molten or in solution
In solid state – ions held tightly in place in the lattice structure – cannot move (other than vibrate)
Molten/in solution – ions free to move
8 Use the following words to fill in the gaps. Each word may be used once, more than once or
not at all.
electrons nuclei electrostatic sharing both transfer
pair shared electromagnetic ions molecule weak
Ionic bonding involves the …… transfer ……….. of electrons from one atom to
another. Covalent bonding involves the … sharing ……of a … pair.. of … electrons …
The atoms in a covalent bonds are held together by the …… electrostatic …….. attraction
between the … nuclei …… of …… both …. atoms making up the bond and the
… shared ….. …… pair ….. of …… electrons …….
9 State the type of structure and bonding for each of the following by putting ticks in boxes
SUBSTANCE IONIC COVALENT SIMPLE GIANT
MOLECULAR
Potassium chloride
Water
Ammonia
Magnesium oxide
Sulfur dioxide
Diamond
Graphite
C60 fullerene
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Bonding Revision
10 Draw dot and cross diagrams (showing outer shells only) for the following:
H2 HCl F2 C2H6
NH3 H2O CH4 CH3Cl
N2 C2H4 O2 CO2
11 Methane, CH4, has a simple molecular structure. Explain whether you would expect it to
have a high or low melting/boiling point?
Melting/boiling point: High Low circle the correct answer
Explanation: only weak intermolecular forces of attraction must be broken
These require little energy to overcome
Boiling point / oC
12 The boiling point of the halogens are shown in the
table. Fluorine, F2 -188
Chlorine, Cl2 -34
Bromine, Br2 59
(a) State the type of structure and bonding in these Iodine, I2 184
substances:
Structure: simple molecular Bonding:…covalent
(b) Explain the trend in boiling point in terms of structure and bonding
intermolecular forces of attraction must be broken
these increase in strength as relative molecular mass increases
therefore I2 has stronger intermolecular forces of attraction than F2 and so more energy must be
supplied to overcome them
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Bonding Revision
13 Diamond has a giant covalent structure. Explain whether you would expect it to have a high
or low melting/boiling point?
Melting/boiling point: High Low circle the correct answer
Explanation: strong covalent bonds throughout the giant structure must be broken
This requires a large amount of energy
14 Complete the table by putting ticks in the appropriate boxes.
Structure Melting point Hardness Electrical
conductivity
SUBSTANCE SIMPLE GIANT High Low Hard Soft Good Poor
MOLECULAR
Diamond
Graphite
C60 fullerene
15 Explain why fullerene, C60, has a lower melting point than diamond
C60 has a simple molecular structure but diamond has a giant structure
C60 only weak intermolecular forces of attraction must be broken - these require little energy to
overcome
Diamond: strong covalent bonds throughout the giant structure must be broken - this requires a
large amount of energy
16 Delete words as appropriate to make the following paragraph correct.
Covalent compounds are usually poor conductors of electricity. This is because
they don’t contain charged particles that are free to move
Extension Question
17 A student gives the following answer in an exam:
I would expect ethene (C2H4) to have a higher boiling point than ethane (C2H6) because
there is a double bond between the carbon atoms in ethane but only a single bond between
the carbon atoms in ethane. A double bond is stronger than a single bond, therefore more
energy is needed to break it and therefore ethane has a higher boiling point.
Discuss the student’s answer
This is incorrect because ethane and ethane are both covalent molecular substances;
only intermolecular forces of attraction are broken when they boil and not covalent bonds;
therefore it makes no difference whether there are double bonds between the C atoms or single
bonds;
The boiling point is determined by the strength of the intermolecular forces;
Ethene has a higher relative molecular mass than ethane and so it could have a higher boiling
point than ethane;
because intermolecular forces get stronger as relative molecular mass increases (although other
factors can also play a role);
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Bonding Revision
Metallic Bonding – Paper 2 only
18 Draw a labelled 2D diagram to show the structure of a metal and describe its structure.
Diagram Description
Giant lattice structure of positive ions in a sea
of delocalised electrons.
19 Complete the following sentence by inserting appropriate words in the spaces.
Metallic bonding is the ELECTROSTATIC attraction between POSITIVE IONS
and DELOCALISED ELECTRONS
20 Explain the following in terms of structure and bonding:
(a) metals are malleable
Layers of positive ions
slide over each other
(b) metals are good conductors of electricity
Delocalised electrons
are free to move
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